Videotelephony - Knowledge

2523: 322: 1807:(MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software and others that are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterized according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units. 2110: 3429: 1989: 176: 1198: 168: 945:

the soundbar-shaped unit, rather only camera, microphone, and speakers. These systems are usually still classified as huddle room systems, but, like webcams, rely on a USB connection to an external device, usually a PC, to process the video codec responsibilities. Despite its name, video conferencing systems for Huddle Rooms prevent participants from huddling close together to be seen in the camera. All-in-one systems for these types of rooms range from wide angles such as 110° Horizontal field of view (FOV) to as much as 360° FOV that allow a full view of the room.

1864: 7405: 765: 306: 483: 1465: 1213: 8476: 1095:: Not all systems can readily interconnect; for example, ISDN and IP systems require a gateway. Popular software solutions cannot easily connect to hardware systems. Some systems use different standards, features, and qualities which can require additional configuration when connecting to dissimilar systems. Free software systems circumvent this limitation by making it relatively easy for a single user to communicate over multiple incompatible platforms. 1611:(IP) video transmissions over the public Internet without quality-of-service enhanced lines. This standard has enabled wide scale deployment of high definition desktop videoconferencing and made possible new architectures, which reduces latency between the transmitting sources and receivers, resulting in more fluid communication without pauses. In addition, an attractive factor for IP videoconferencing is that it is easier to set up for use along with 2423: 40: 783: 2652: 1140: 668: 8486: 8465: 7395: 1558: 8496: 1895: 6602: 1038:, perceived attention and intent, and other aspects of group communication. While traditional telephone conversations give no eye contact cues, many videoconferencing systems are arguably worse in that they provide an incorrect impression that the remote interlocutor is avoiding eye contact. Some telepresence systems have cameras located in the screens that reduce the amount of 377: 2534:. The United States and several other countries compensate companies to provide video relay services (VRS). Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign language interpreter, who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person's party. Video equipment is also used to do on-site sign language translation via 2065:(ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in 3507:. The movie was released shortly before AT&T began its efforts to commercialize its Picturephone Mod II service in several cities and depicts a video call to Earth using an advanced AT&T videophone—which it predicts will cost $ 1.70 for a two-minute call in 2001 (a fraction of the company's real rates on Earth in 1968). Film director 3420:) is a robotically controlled and motorized videoconferencing display to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in an office, home, school, etc. when one cannot be there in person. The robotic avatar device can move about and look around at the command of the remote person it represents. 401:(Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to use a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, and many other community-oriented organizations. 1089:: Most users are not technically experienced and want a simple interface. In hardware systems, an unplugged cord or an unresponsive remote control is seen as a failure, contributing to a perceived unreliability. Successful systems are backed by support teams who can provide fast assistance when required. 3556:, where the story's protagonist, Sam Bell, also calls home as well to communicate with loved ones. Bell, the lone occupant of a mining station on the far side of the Earth's moon, finally succeeds in making his video call after an extended work period, but becomes traumatized when viewing his daughter. 3586:

By the early 2010s videotelephony and videophones had become commonplace and unremarkable in various forms of media, in part due to their real and ubiquitous presence in common electronic devices and laptop computers. Additionally, TV programming increasingly used videophones to interview subjects of

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High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available and affordable, as has good-quality video capture and display hardware. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on webcams, personal computer systems, software compression, and the Internet have become progressively more

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or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they do not have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added

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video camera. These cameras can be controlled at a distance to pan left and right, tilt up and down, and zoom. They became known as PTZ cameras. The console contains all electrical interfaces, the control computer, and the software or hardware-based codec. Omnidirectional microphones are connected to

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located in the system are sufficient, in lieu of table or ceiling microphones in closer proximity to the in-room participants. Quality of service is comparable to standard videoconferencing systems, varying from moderate to high. Some manufacturers' huddle room systems do not include the codec within

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were the earliest form of videotelephony, dating back to initial tests in 1927 by AT&T. During the late 1930s, the post offices of several European governments established public videophone services for person-to-person communications using dual cable circuit telephone transmission technology. In

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systems now allow people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an offshore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that

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Press videoconferencing permits international press conferences via videoconferencing over the Internet. Journalists can participate on an international press conference from any location, without leaving their offices or countries. They need only be seated by a computer connected to the Internet in

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standard, which specified technical requirements for narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videophone services. It applied mostly to dedicated circuit-based switched network (point-to-point) connections of moderate or high bandwidth, such as

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to enable access to the local camera and microphone and establish a connection to the meeting. But WebRTC does not require any special software, instead a WebRTC-compliant internet browser itself provides the facilities for 1-to-1 and 1-to-many videoconferencing calls. Several enhancements to WebRTC

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are add-ons (hardware boards or software codec) to normal PCs and laptops, transforming them into videoconferencing devices. A range of different cameras and microphones can be used with the codec, which contains the necessary codec and transmission interfaces. Most of the desktops systems work with

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transmission modes due to the need to convey the very large amounts of data generated by their cameras and microphones. These systems are often intended for use in conference mode, that is by many people in several different locations, all of whom can be viewed by every participant at each location.

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The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s, both in the United States and in Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. The prerequisite knowledge arose from intensive research and experimentation

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Videoconferencing is also currently being introduced on online networking websites, in order to help businesses form profitable relationships quickly and efficiently without leaving their place of work. This has been leveraged by banks to connect busy banking professionals with customers in various

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Videoconferencing User Interfaces (VUI) can be either graphical or voice-responsive. Many in the industry have encountered both types of interface, and normally a graphical interface is encountered on a computer. User interfaces for conferencing have a number of different uses; they can be used for

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Videophones have historically employed a variety of transmission and reception bandwidths, which can be understood as data transmission speeds. The lower the transmission/reception bandwidth, the lower the data transfer rate, resulting in a progressively limited and poorer image quality (i.e. lower

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saw its earliest use with AT&T's Picturephone service in the early 1970s. Transmissions were analog over short distances, but converted to digital forms for longer calls, again using telephone transmission technology. Popular corporate video-conferencing systems in the present day have migrated

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website, November 1, 2014; also published in print as "Forever 2001: Why Stanley Kubrick's Sci-Fi Masterpience Is More Popular Now Than In 1968", November 1, 2014, p. E1, E10. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from TheStar.com. Quote: "Public esteem and critical estimation of 2001 has grown steadily ever

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whose staff speaks Spanish only, therefore the interpreter has to use ASL, spoken Spanish, and spoken English to facilitate the call for the deaf person), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable mental processing efforts on the part of the translator, since

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introduced the Online Media Briefing Center, a password-protected site available only to professional journalists. The site enables the IMF to present press briefings globally and facilitates direct questions to briefers from the press. The site has been copied by other international organizations

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Although videoconferencing has frequently proven its value, research has shown that some non-managerial employees prefer not to use it due to several factors, including anxiety. Some such anxieties can often be avoided if managers use the technology as part of the normal course of business. Remote

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networks can work as videophones using their internal cameras and are able to make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users anywhere. As of the second quarter of 2007, there are over 131 million UMTS users (and hence potential videophone users), on 134 networks in 59 countries. Mobile phones can

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came to prominence, referring to the taxing nature of spending long periods of time on videocalls. This fatigue refers to the psychological and physiological effects participants involved in videoconferencing. One experimental study from 2021 revealed a link between camera use in videoconferencing

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Videoconferencing provides students with the chance to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Because it is live, videotelephony allows teachers to access remote or otherwise isolated learners. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one

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The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources.

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A second psychological problem with videoconferencing is being on camera, with the video stream possibly even being recorded. The burden of presenting an acceptable on-screen appearance is not present in audio-only communication. Early studies by Alphonse Chapanis found that the addition of video

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said in 2001 that he used videoconferencing "three or four times a year", because digital scheduling was difficult and "if the overhead is super high, then you might as well just have a face-to-face meeting". Some observers argue that three outstanding issues have prevented videoconferencing from

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A more recent technology encompassing these functions is TV cams. TV cams enable people to make video calls using video calling services, like Skype on their TV, without using a PC connection. TV cams are specially designed video cameras that feed images in real time to another TV camera or other

3309:(a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple-party videoconferencing via web-based applications. 2312:

technology) is being used in industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare, insurance, government, and public safety. Live, visual interaction removes traditional restrictions of distance and time, often in locations previously unreachable, such as a manufacturing plant floor thousands of

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selectively chooses a feed to display at each endpoint, with the goal of showing the person who is currently speaking. This is done by choosing the feed (other than the viewer) which has the loudest audio input (perhaps with some filtering to avoid switching for very short-lived volume spikes).

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in cities around the world. Clients can book rooms and turn up for the meeting, with all technical aspects being prearranged and support being readily available if needed. The issue of eye contact may be solved with advancing technology, including smartphones which have the screen and camera in

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to the elderly, disabled, and to those in remote locations, where the ease and convenience of quickly obtaining diagnostic and consultative medical services are readily apparent. In one single instance quoted in 2006: "A nurse-led clinic at Letham has received positive feedback on a trial of a

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have envisioned a future where telephone conversations will take place as actual face-to-face encounters with video as well as audio. Sometimes it is simply not possible or practical to have face-to-face meetings with two or more people. Sometimes a telephone conversation or conference call is

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While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service uses of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM, which at the time were promoting a jointly developed

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In the United States, videoconferencing has allowed testimony to be used for an individual who is unable or prefers not to attend the physical legal settings or would be subjected to severe psychological stress in doing so, however, there is a controversy on the use of testimony by foreign or

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Researchers also find that attendees of business and medical videoconferences must work harder to interpret information delivered during a conference than they would if they attended face-to-face. They recommend that those coordinating videoconferences make adjustments to their conferencing

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systems can involve specially built teleconference rooms to allow expansive views with very high levels of audio and video fidelity, to permit an 'immersive' videoconference. When the proper type and capacity transmission lines are provided between facilities, the quality of service reaches

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can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those who are geographically isolated or economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

346:, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from 1521:

Currently, adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at data rates lower than the ITU-T broadband definition, with rates of 768 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s used for some videoconferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit/s used for videophones using

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Huddle room or all-in-one systems —low to midrange cost, newer endpoint category based on standard videoconferencing systems, but defined by the camera, microphone(s), speakers, and codec contained in a single piece of hardware. Typically used in small to medium spaces where

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are usually provided as two separate lines (for uplink/downlink) because each has limited upload speeds and cannot upload and download simultaneously at full speed. As Internet speeds increase, higher quality and high-definition videoconferencing will become more readily

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Very expensive videoconferencing systems continued to rapidly evolve throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Proprietary equipment, software, and network requirements gave way to standards-based technologies that were available for anyone to purchase at a reasonable cost.

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to be assessed by medics without traveling to a doctor's office or medical clinic." A further improvement in telemedical services has been the development of new technology incorporated into special videophones to permit remote diagnostic services, such as

6008:... innovations like iPads and Skyping have finally caught up with Kubrick's view of future living. Lockwood marvels at how he's now able to Skype his wife and daughter, just as he does his movie parents in the space-to-Earth communication scene in 2001." 1822:

While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

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platform. While additional software is required to patch together multiple video feeds for conference calls or convert between dissimilar video standards, SIP calls between two identical handsets within the same PBX were relatively straightforward.

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introduced its first high definition videoconferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high-definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.

1047:, formerly Bell Communications Research, owns a patent for eye-to-eye videoconferencing using rear projection screens with the video camera behind it, evolved from a 1960s U.S. military system that provided videoconferencing services between the 97:

The concept of videotelephony was conceived in the late 19th century, and versions were available to the public starting in the 1930s. Early demonstrations were installed at booths in post offices and shown at various world expositions. In 1970,

240:. This occurred in part, at least with AT&T, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone. A number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. Attempts at using normal 1850:. Cloud-based systems can handle either 2D or 3D video broadcasting. Cloud-based systems can also implement mobile calls, VOIP, and other forms of video calling. They can also come with a video recording function to archive past meetings. 1789:(RTCP). The RTP and UDP normally carry information such the payload type which is the type of codec, frame rate, video size, and many others. RTCP on the other hand acts as a quality control Protocol for detecting errors during streaming. 4071: 3293: 2241:

professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in

2522: 2323:, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film 1739:

protocol also supports videophone calls natively, using the protocol's own capabilities to transport alternate media streams. A few hobbyists obtained the Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone cheaply in 2010 as surplus after

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that uses the knowledge of audio output to monitor audio input and filter from it noises that echo back after some time delay. If unattended, these echoes can be re-amplified several times, leading to problems including:

6982:, January 10, 2012 (online), January 11, 2012 (in print, New York Edition, pg. A1). Retrieved online January 11, 2012. Synopsis: a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private, individual, music lessons. 2545:

technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech-impaired users a greater ability to communicate with the same ease as others. Some wireless operators have even started free sign language gateways.

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can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for

3504: 6325: 1641:(UCIF), a non-profit alliance between communications vendors, launched in May 2010. The organization's vision is to maximize the interoperability of UC based on existing standards. Founding members of UCIF include 1770:

Conference Control performs resource allocation, management, and routing. This layer along with the User Interface creates meetings (scheduled or unscheduled) or adds and removes participants from a conference.

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for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favorable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.

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corporate offices. Telepresence conference rooms use state-of-the-art room designs, video cameras, displays, sound systems and processors, coupled with high-to-very-high capacity bandwidth transmissions.

2000:, also available through the use of public access videoconferencing rooms. A higher level of videoconferencing that employs advanced telecommunication technologies and high-resolution displays is called 4635:

Chapanis, A; Ochsman, R; Parrish, R (1977). "Studies in interactive communication II: The effects of four communication modes on the linguistic performance of teams during cooperative problem solving".

2294:. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to videoconferencing used it "all of the time" or "frequently". 827:

systems are a newer, more advanced subset of videoconferencing systems, meant to allow higher degrees of video and audio fidelity. Such high-end systems are typically deployed in corporate settings.

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launched two new versions of its Portal video-calling devices, the Portal Go and Portal Plus. The new video calling devices include the first portable variety of the hardware and number of updates.

2054:, videoconferencing systems are used for initial court appearances. The systems link jails with courtrooms, reducing the expenses and security risks of transporting prisoners to the courtroom. 3285: 858: 3256:

in verb form differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as

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on hand-held mobile devices have also extended video-conferencing capabilities to locations previously unreachable, such as a remote community, long-term care facility, or a patient's home.

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These are some of the reasons many organizations only use the systems internally, where there is less risk of loss of customers. An alternative for those lacking dedicated facilities is the

1502:, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or greater is more concisely considered broadband Internet. The 7159:, a movie reel news clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office 'Viewphone' at Taplow, Buckinghamshire; (February 1, 1970; video, 1:16 seconds length) 6624: 5064: 4972: 2630:

are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRS and VRI interpretation requires all parties to have the

1956:, which is intended to support communication between a caller using sign language and another party using spoken language, videoconferencing can be used directly between two deaf signers. 2590:, who can also translate as well across principal languages (such as a multilingual interpreter interpreting a call from a deaf person using ASL to reserve a hotel room at a hotel in the 279:

using specially equipped trucks, and much later via special satellite videophones in a briefcase. This technique was very expensive, though, and was not adopted for applications such as

4524: 4068: 1693:(SMTP). H.323 is still used, but more commonly for business videoconferencing, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. A number of call-setup methods based on 5005: 2499:

specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition and to offer remote control and a powerful

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The components within a videoconferencing system can be divided up into several different layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signaling Plane, and Media Plane.

6958:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky". 4538:, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky". 229:. An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt (post office) videotelephone network serving Berlin and several German cities via coaxial cables between 1936 and 1940. 524:

video standards, and online telecommunication programs that promoted low cost, albeit lower quality, videoconferencing to virtually every location with an Internet connection.

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conducted a two-year development campaign from 1997 to 1999 that resulted in the release of the VP-210 Visual Phone, the first mobile colour videophone that also doubled as a

6764:, April 19, 2010. Article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months. 5376: 7037: 5560: 4057: 6335: 7150: 6088: 2062: 1395:

can be accessed using a URL sent by the meeting organizer, and various degrees of security can be attached to the virtual room. Often the user must download and install a

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simply displays all participants at the same time, usually with the exception that the viewer either does not see their own feed, or sees their own feed in miniature.

1332:: a data processing unit that ties together the other components, does the compressing and decompressing, and initiates and maintains the data linkage via the network. 903:

networks—lowest direct cost, assuming the users already possess computers at their respective locations. Quality of service can range from low to very high, including

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Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of videoconferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with

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Typical uses of the various technologies described above include calling one-to-one or conferencing one-to-many or many-to-many for personal, business, educational,

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Individual videoconferencing are usually portable devices, meant for single users, and have fixed cameras, microphones, and loudspeakers integrated into the console.

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Vertegaal, "Explaining Effects of Eye Gaze on Mediated Group Conversations: Amount or Synchronization?" ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2002.

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Using such video equipment in the present day, the deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired can communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using

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video available on the latest model webcams. A related and similar device is a TV camera which is usually small, sits on top of a TV, and can connect to it via its

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of typical digital videotelephone systems from 15 to 30 frames per second, and reduced the cost from $ 100,000 to $ 12,000. The company also secured a patent for a

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The development of videotelephony as a subscription service started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by

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and TV programs that are set in the future, videophones were used as a primary method of communication. One of the first movies where a videophone was used was

1078:: In some countries, it is difficult or expensive to get a high-quality connection that is fast enough for good-quality videoconferencing. Technologies such as 4868: 3784:"German Postoffice To Use Television–Telephone For Its Communication System", (Associated Press) The Evening Independent, St. Petersburg, Fl, September 1, 1934 2017:

programs. Thus an activity that was disappointing as a separate service has found a niche as a minor feature in software products intended for other purposes.

5467: 2073:. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in 895:

videophone and videoconferencing systems, either stand-alone or built-in, that serve as complements to personal computers, connected to other participants by

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With the development of lower-cost endpoints, the integration of video cameras into personal computers and mobile devices, and software applications such as

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Control (Signaling) Plane contains the stacks that signal different endpoints to create a call and/or a conference. Signals can be, but are not limited to,

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systems require specially designed rooms which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to fit out their rooms with codecs, integration equipment (such as

7740: 6936: 2460:—two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including 2285:

Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as

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Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as

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observed by the users. This issue is also being addressed through research that generates a synthetic image with eye contact using stereo reconstruction.

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channels routinely use this type of videotelephony when reporting from distant locations. The news media were to become regular users of mobile links to

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service, available in select cities. However, the system was a commercial failure, chiefly due to consumer apathy, high subscription costs, and lack of

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Shockley, Kristen M.; Gabriel, Allison S.; Robertson, Daron; Rosen, Christopher C.; Chawla, Nitya; Ganster, Mahira L.; Ezerins, Maira E. (2021-08-01).

3305:) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a 1834:

convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.

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networks. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the

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Cloud-based videoconferencing can be used without the hardware generally required by other videoconferencing systems, and can be designed for use by

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The Media Plane controls the audio and video mixing and streaming. This layer manages Real-Time Transport Protocols, User Datagram Packets (UDP) and

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The highest ever video call (other than those from aircraft and spacecraft) took place on May 19, 2013, when British adventurer Daniel Hughes used a

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The transmission of speech is an old story; the transmission of images by means of sensitive mirrors connected by wires is a thing but of yesterday.

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Mulbach, Lothar; Bocker, Martin; Prussog, Angela (1995). "Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact".

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scheduling, setup, and making a video call. Through the user interface, the administrator is able to control the other three layers of the system.

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and Zoom, videoconferencing has changed from just a business-to-business offering to include business-to-consumer (and consumer-to-consumer) use.

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interest and to present live coverage by news correspondents, via the Internet or by satellite links. In the mass market media, the popular U.S.

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that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real time over secure networks, independent of location.

6562:, University of Gothenburg: Department of Applied Information Technology, pp. 6–18, October 5, 2012. Web. January 23, 2013 (PDF). 6949: 4521: 1948:

individuals have a particular role in the development of affordable high-quality videotelephony as a means of communicating with each other in

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digital phone protocol or a fractionated high bandwidth T1 lines. Modern products based on H.320 standard usually support also H.323 standard.

6277: 5730: 4784: 4607: 1109:), high fidelity sound systems, and furniture. Monthly charges may also be required for bridging services and high-capacity broadband service. 8525: 4995: 1638: 5410:

Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (2022).

5199: 5091: 3366: 3204:, resulting in a variety of names and terms being used worldwide, and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as 8448: 8420: 8415: 7440: 6135: 4549: 5987: 5887: 1488:

resolution and/or frame rate). Data transfer rates and live video image quality are related but are also subject to other factors such as

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in the late 1990s allowed digital videophones to provide high-quality low-cost color service between users almost any place in the world.

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are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via personal computers, and can be used with many

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Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world, including museums and other cultural and educational sites. Such

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monitoring. Such units are capable of relaying both regular audio-video plus medical data over either standard (POTS) telephone or newer

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and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, and converse with the hearing party, and vice versa. Much like

2136:

will continue to be present. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze, and share information and ideas with one another.

1231:(coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled 6868: 5530: 4100: 833:

systems are another recent development, combining the use of video, audio, and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation

933:

line service for higher image resolutions and sound quality. Quality of service for standalone videophones can vary from low to high;

6742: 4480:

Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord.

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The core technology used in a videotelephony system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or

417:

streams to be transmitted over the Internet, which was previously difficult due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of

8518: 5926: 5373: 4956: 3859: 2526:

A deaf or hard-of-hearing person uses a Video Relay Service at his workplace to communicate with a hearing person in London (2007).

2140: 1685:, which is often easier to set up in home networking environments. It is a text-based protocol, incorporating many elements of the 1355:

Large group videoconferencing are built-in, large, expensive devices used for large rooms such as conference rooms and auditoriums.

638:

reported a 600 percent increase in national call volumes. Videoconferencing became so widespread during the pandemic that the term

6677: 4054: 6986: 4452: 3970: 3656: 1938:

connection, along with software-based videophone apps to make calls to any video-capable Internet user, whether mobile or fixed.

1507: 1051:

and various other government and military facilities. This technique eliminates the need for special cameras or image processing.

955:

or other bridging services to allow multiple parties on videoconference calls. Quality of service can vary from moderate to high.

6085: 1358:

Small group videoconferencing are either non-portable or portable, smaller, less expensive devices used for small meeting rooms.

8442: 6855: 5765: 5748:

Ferran, Carlos and Watts, Stephanie. "Videoconferencing in the field: A heuristic processing model", Management Science 54, no.

4413:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain" 4333:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain" 4175:"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain" 3272:

for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a

7114:

Jaur, Francis. "Usage Domestiques du Visiophone", Technologies de l'Information et Société, 2, 1990, pp. 89–102. (French)

5867: 4795: 8437: 8427: 8407: 8209: 7125:, Berlin: Hausmitteilungen Aus Forshunsg Und Betrieb Der Fernseh Aktiengellschaft, July 1939, pp. 138–143. (PDF, German) 6828: 6584: 6540: 6496: 6426: 6402: 6219: 6194: 5652: 4829: 4708: 4504: 3839: 2349:

to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

2273:, etc., can be used in conjunction with videoconferencing equipment to transmit data about a patient. Recent developments in 1578: 732: 5027: 4929: 4724: 4511:

students had the option to install a webcam on their end (a basic webcam costs about $ 40.00) to view the class in session."

4484: 3819: 321: 5621: 704: 7574: 6738:, November 10, 2009 on line, and November 11, 2009, in print, p. B3. Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications. 6018: 5135: 3135: 8789: 8499: 8432: 8278: 7289: 7189: 6973: 6382: 6359: 5391: 5355: 2476: 2297:

Intel Corporation have used videoconferencing to reduce both costs and environmental impacts of its business operations.

2009:

Today the principles, if not the precise mechanisms, of a videophone are employed by many users worldwide in the form of

1064:: The information transport of digital signals in many steps need time. In a telecommunicated conversation, an increased 7006: 6901: 5508: 5107:"Motion Media Unveils Two New Healthcare Videophones—CareStation 156s and CareStation 126s", Business Wire, May 3, 2004. 4751: 4038: 8764: 8204: 7091: 6004:

since, even as the title date has come and gone with very few of its far-out advancements having been realized—although

4966: 4769: 4603:, ACM CHI 1993. More recently gaze correction systems using only a single camera have been shown, such as. Microsoft's 4148: 1477:-type videophone meant for home offices and small businesses, with a lens cover which can be rotated upward for privacy 5173: 4020: 2160:

researchers collaborating with colleagues at other institutions on a regular basis without loss of time due to travel;

1803:

Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible in a hardware-based system by means of a

711: 8298: 7304: 6915: 6881: 6716: 6650: 6576: 6532: 6488: 6418: 6394: 5311: 5268: 4496: 3935: 3920: 3831: 3595:

incorporated videotelephony into her TV program on a regular basis from May 21, 2009, with an initial episode called

2691: 2516: 2495:(formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone 1829:, where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central 1590: 1515: 1179: 1069: 873: 790:

Videotelephony can be categorized by its functionality and intended purpose, and also by its method of transmission.

751: 17: 6888: 6503:

Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff (2004). "On The Persistence Of Lackluster Demand—The History Of The Video Telephone".

5967: 4865: 4574: 3793:

Peters, C. Brooks, "Talks On 'See-Phone': Television Applied to German Telephones Enables Speakers to See Each Other

3535:

movie scene a central character, Dr. Heywood Floyd, calls home to contact his family, a social feature noted in the

298:—with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call, and 8759: 8083: 7631: 7433: 7284: 5161: 5098:, Aberdeen Press & Journal (UK), published in Europe Intelligence Wire, 13 November 2006, retrieved 2009-04-14; 4930:"PDS and Vidtel Enable Affordable, Cloud-Based, Interoperable Video Conferencing for Southeast Michigan Businesses" 2471:

The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow

7019: 6156: 5464: 2549:

Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present day where one of the parties is

2491:

Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the United States in 2003 when

1208:

system and camera used for videoconferencing, with two displays for simultaneous broadcast from separate locations

978:

experts have shown that poorly configured or inadequately supervised videoconferencing systems can permit an easy

8784: 8541: 8194: 5590: 5484: 2669: 2368:

workers can also adopt certain behaviors and best practices to stay connected with their co-workers and company.

2109: 1232: 1157: 685: 718: 8189: 7309: 6261: 2673: 2058: 1678: 1161: 689: 1343:

have all required components packaged into a single piece of equipment, usually a console with a high quality

8754: 8214: 6785: 5547: 3066: 2512: 2457: 2391: 2334: 1690: 604: 476: 4848: 3994: 1024:

becoming a widely adopted form of communication, despite the ubiquity of videoconferencing-capable systems.

837:

broadcasting over secure networks, enabling multi-party conferencing in real time, independent of location.

8577: 8489: 8250: 8147: 7690: 7485: 7457: 4908: 3723: 3498: 3433: 1988: 1843: 1258: 700: 6729: 5772:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, pp. 134–153 & 160–187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969. 4671: 1422:

Often, if no remote parties are currently speaking, the feed with the last speaker remains on the screen.

8774: 8690: 8479: 7986: 7426: 7299: 6942: 3343: 2472: 2410: 1779: 1686: 1682: 1607:(SVC) is a compression standard that enables videoconferencing systems to achieve highly error resilient 1566: 918: 644: 310: 248:, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient 107: 31: 6560:

Like a window in your living room: Video-mediated communication for extended families separated by space

6302: 5813: 4808:

The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

4123:"StarLeaf | StarLeaf Reveals Scale of Uptake in Video Conferencing Services During Coronavirus Pandemic" 3559:

Other earlier examples of videophones in popular culture included a videophone that was featured in the

3008: 2996: 2023:

A study conducted by Pew Research in 2010, revealed that 7% of Americans have made a mobile video call.

1782:(SIP) Protocols. These signals control incoming and outgoing connections as well as session parameters. 1593:(PSTN) or videoconferencing over integrated services digital networks. While still prevalent in Europe, 1569:-only device. Such devices need to route calls through a Video Communication Server to be able to reach 1492:. Some early videophones employed very low data transmission rates with a resulting poor video quality. 1456:

Echo cancellation is a processor-intensive task that usually works over a narrow range of sound delays.

102:

launched the first commercial personal videotelephone system. In addition to videophones, there existed

8338: 8260: 8199: 7906: 6835: 6811: 5942: 5579:, Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers, Control Engineering, May 28, 2009 5028:""Cloud-Based Interoperability Platform for Video Conferencing" in Patent Application Approval Process" 4254: 3111: 3098: 3039: 3026: 1430: 1072:

is another major technical requirement for the communication channel for interactive videoconferencing.

6559: 5465:

Adena Health System Uses Lifesize High Definition Video to Bring Remote Specialists to Infant Patients

4216:"Videoconference fatigue? Exploring changes in fatigue after videoconference meetings during COVID-19" 2627: 2587: 647:" highlighted a study linking negative attitudes with the use of "self-view" when videoconferencing. 8794: 8587: 8110: 8071: 7916: 7816: 7745: 7678: 7505: 7279: 3257: 2535: 2508: 2435: 2176:

administrators on tight schedules collaborating on budget preparation from different parts of campus;

1482: 1197: 218: 162: 6274: 4855:, International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC), April 1, 2001 to November 16, 2004. 3497:

Other notable examples of videophones in popular culture include an iconic scene from the 1968 film

8647: 8469: 7711: 7646: 7599: 7559: 7399: 7274: 7129: 6632: 6628: 6612: 6028:, IDG News Service, February 16, 2010. Retrieved via Computerworld.com's website, February 18, 2010 4604: 3577:(1944), as well as a device with the same functionality has been used by the comic strip character 2020:

According to Juniper Research, smartphone videophone users will reach 29 million by 2015 globally.

2013:

videocalls using personal computers, with inexpensive webcams, microphones, and free video calling

1126:, and computers with built-in audio and webcams removes the need for expensive dedicated hardware. 1003:

exchanges are adequate. However, videoconferencing adds another option and can be considered when:

6962: 2414:

since its inception. More than 4,000 journalists worldwide are currently registered with the IMF.

643:

and a prediction of fatigue occurrence an individual. Furthermore, a 2022 article in the journal "

8749: 8600: 8308: 8293: 8137: 8088: 8011: 7911: 7589: 7475: 7470: 7269: 7182: 5342: 5088: 3888: 3686: 3306: 2662: 2634:. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera remotely, in order to 2507:

Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the

2387: 2381: 1804: 1798: 1409:

Videoconferencing systems use several methods to determine which video feed or feeds to display.

1150: 1106: 952: 678: 622:

resulted in a significant increase in the use of videoconferencing. Berstein Research found that

351: 7156: 6371:, Real time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser-based audio and videotelephony. 5196: 4557: 2561:. In such cases the interpretation flow is normally within the same principal language, such as 8572: 8567: 8562: 8230: 8016: 7831: 7776: 7771: 7584: 7549: 6386: 5285: 3490: 3470:. The first example was probably the cartoon "Edison's Telephonoscope" by George du Maurier in 2623: 2574: 2390:

was developed in October 2007 by the PanAfrican Press Association (APPA), a Paris France-based

2346: 1534: 1044: 626:

added more subscribers during the first two months of 2020 alone than in the entire year 2019.

175: 167: 7067:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 269–282. 7060:, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 289–298. 5214: 4884: 3578: 8632: 8132: 7936: 7901: 7821: 7801: 7723: 7611: 7532: 6820:, October 1, 2009 online, and October 2, 2009, in print, p. B7. Discusses the acquisition of 6777:, September 15, 1993. Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred 6755: 6546: 6038: 5814:"Bandwidth Requirements for Video Transmission of American Sign Language and Finger Spelling" 5785: 5232: 5158:

Virtual Confrontation: Is Videoconference Testimony by an Unavailable Witness Constitutional?

4482:

Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information Technology Education

3910: 3666: 2570: 2566: 1934:

also use broadband wireless Internet, whether through the cell phone network or over a local

1065: 904: 556: 437: 422: 314: 305: 213:

Simple analog videophone communication could be established as early as the invention of the

190: 71: 7465: 6703: 5527: 4214:

Bennett, Andrew A.; Campion, Emily D.; Keeler, Kathleen R.; Keener, Sheila K. (2021-03-01).

3583:, who often used his "2-way wrist TV" to communicate with police headquarters. (1964–1977). 1442:

The remote party hearing their own voice coming back at them (usually significantly delayed)

725: 8779: 8046: 8006: 7976: 7733: 7668: 7490: 7137: 6910:, September 25, 2011, pg. ST1. Also published September 23, 2011 online at www.nytimes.com. 6123: 5830: 5684:"Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters" 4294:"The fatiguing effects of camera use in virtual meetings: A within-person field experiment" 3728: 3633: 3119: 2578: 2562: 2483:

and the advent of lower-cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.

2309: 2274: 2051: 1786: 853:

are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via

830: 592: 460: 290:

Decades of research and development culminated in the 1970 commercial launch of AT&T's

7063:

Fischer, K.; Ebel, H.; "Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone" in:

6798: 3474:

1878. In «In the year 2889», published 1889, the French author Jules Verne predicts that «

3220:, which was the world's first commercial videophone produced in volume. The compound name 2577:(ASL) also to spoken English (since BSL and ASL are completely distinct from each other), 1058:

actually impaired communication, possibly because of the consciousness of being on camera.

509:

capable of displaying 65,000 colors, and was able to process two video frames per second.

171:

Videotelephony predicted to be in use by 2000, as envisioned in 1910 (artist's conception)

86:

and computers are capable of video calling, reducing the demand for separate videophones.

8: 8665: 8056: 7996: 7755: 7717: 7515: 7500: 7371: 7294: 7118: 7104: 7011: 5412:"Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment: A Rapid Review" 5116: 3327: 2479:. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient and powerful 2431: 2330: 2182:

researchers answering questions about grant proposals from agencies or review committees;

1953: 245: 6620: 5834: 5117:

Smartphone Video Call Users to reach 29 million by 2015 Globally, finds Juniper Research

3855: 2246:

used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a

1877:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

74:. Today, videotelephony is widespread. There are many terms to refer to videotelephony. 8769: 8283: 8240: 8171: 8041: 7971: 7946: 7881: 7728: 7449: 7175: 7130:"The Next Best Thing To Being There"—Ein Überblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung 7042: 6978: 6954: 6906: 6893: 6873: 6860: 6840: 6816: 6803: 6790: 6773: 6760: 6747: 6734: 6721: 6708: 6695: 6682: 6524: 6466: 5923: 5891: 5447: 4698: 4653: 4532: 3950: 3628: 3511:

strove for scientific accuracy, relying on interviews with scientists and engineers at

3335: 2751: 2591: 2325: 2266: 2218: 2118: 1941: 1616: 1384: 576: 540: 418: 284: 138: 6516: 3967: 3624: 841:

is another alternative mode, focused on the flexibility of small group conversations.

94:, whose goal is to create the illusion that remote participants are in the same room. 8680: 8660: 8655: 8557: 8323: 8245: 8159: 8142: 8105: 7951: 7781: 7750: 7616: 7510: 7409: 7376: 7248: 6930: 6580: 6572: 6536: 6528: 6492: 6484: 6458: 6450: 6422: 6414: 6398: 6390: 6215: 6190: 6163:, (TV Documentary) first released on 13 January 2001 (UK), presented and narrated by 5904: 5846: 5821: 5746: 5451: 5439: 5431: 5307: 5264: 4962: 4825: 4704: 4500: 4492: 4434: 4393: 4354: 4313: 4274: 4235: 4196: 3916: 3835: 3827: 3702: 3611: 3550:

A portable videophone is also featured prominently in the 2009 science fiction movie

2441: 2395: 2234: 2125: 1694: 1608: 1530: 1489: 1396: 1244: 975: 948: 930: 854: 817: 619: 410: 370: 335: 249: 7991: 6470: 5762: 4657: 2250:

70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $ 10,000 per transfer.

397:

desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years,

8702: 8328: 8288: 8268: 8235: 8164: 8122: 8036: 7891: 7876: 7851: 7826: 7786: 7636: 7495: 7480: 7101: 7077: 6807:, May 11, 2009 online, and in print on May 12, 2009, p. B6 of the New York edition. 6512: 6442: 5864: 5838: 5423: 5411: 5299: 5291: 5256: 5059: 4645: 4599:

Computer vision approaches to achieving eye contact appeared in the 1990s, such as

4424: 4411:

Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).

4385: 4344: 4331:

Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).

4305: 4266: 4227: 4186: 4173:

Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01).

3739: 3552: 3544: 3516: 3107: 3035: 2969: 2919: 2847: 2823: 2596: 2167: 2133: 2129: 2061:(SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its 1997: 1662: 1612: 1523: 1469: 1283: 1262: 1205: 983: 941: 896: 568: 527:

Videotelephony became even more widespread through the deployment of video-enabled

347: 299: 233: 119: 8510: 4453:"Facebook announces new Portal video-calling devices, Portal for Business service" 3264:

that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term

1716:

is also used by some cellphones that allow video calls, typically for use only in

7956: 7811: 7579: 7554: 7542: 7227: 7217: 7162: 7095: 7080: 7064: 7057: 7026: 6566: 6551: 6478: 6408: 6375: 6368: 6330: 6309: 6281: 6160: 6140: 6092: 6025: 5994: 5974: 5949: 5930: 5871: 5792: 5769: 5534: 5515: 5491: 5471: 5398: 5380: 5362: 5239: 5221: 5203: 5180: 5123: 5095: 5031: 4933: 4891: 4872: 4852: 4773: 4755: 4680: 4611: 4578: 4528: 4488: 4481: 4075: 4061: 4042: 4024: 3974: 3823: 3816: 3508: 3479: 3443: 3362: 3261: 3139: 3012: 3000: 2893: 2558: 2554: 2461: 2399: 2357: 2222: 2113:

Indonesian and U.S. students participate in an educational videoconference (2010)

1918:

affordable by the general public. The availability of freeware (often as part of

1642: 1349: 1291: 1236: 1217: 1123: 764: 623: 134: 6041:, Peoria, Arizona: Peoria Times, February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010; 8799: 8615: 8154: 8026: 8001: 7961: 7931: 7806: 7641: 7594: 7569: 7527: 7366: 7335: 7020:

Effects of Internet-Based Multiple-Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions

6446: 5260: 4649: 3707: 3599:, as part of a marketing agreement with the Internet telecommunication company 3297:

is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A

3132: 3131:

Reusable: can be plugged directly into other websites or as a WordPress plugin

2500: 2258: 2040: 1974: 1745: 1344: 877: 838: 547:, an advanced form of videoconferencing, has helped reduce the need to travel. 512:

Videotelephony was popularized in the 2000s via free Internet services such as

464: 295: 7056:

Ebel, H. "Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone" in

6105: 5295: 4623: 4429: 4412: 4389: 4349: 4332: 4191: 4174: 1504:

International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector

8743: 8723: 8685: 8670: 8303: 8076: 8066: 7981: 7871: 7866: 7856: 7841: 7663: 7522: 7340: 7314: 6454: 6164: 6071: 5796: 5435: 4748: 4438: 4397: 4358: 4317: 4293: 4278: 4239: 4215: 4200: 4035: 3979: 3691: 3592: 3540: 3166:

Pure web based means, it is using standardized web technologies only such as

2615: 2531: 2465: 2338: 2320: 2302: 2032:

unavailable witnesses via video transmission, regarding the violation of the

1949: 1907: 1446: 1388: 1336:

There are basically three kinds of videoconferencing and videophone systems:

1303:, CD/DVD player, cassette player, or any other source of PreAmp audio outlet. 1010:

Non-verbal (visual) information is an important component of the conversation

834: 612: 588: 501:

for still photos. The camera phone was the same size as similar contemporary

452: 414: 398: 358: 244:

networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by

126: 7088: 6480:

Understanding Telecommunications And Lightwave Systems: An Entry-Level Guide

5842: 4766: 4373: 482: 8181: 8021: 7966: 7896: 7861: 7796: 7695: 7685: 7537: 7222: 7153:, 1970 video courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, N.J. 6296: 5999: 5865:

Moving Picture Transmission at Low Bitrates for Sign Language Communication

5443: 5000: 4905:"2010 Bargain of the Year: Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone – Nerd Vittles" 4017: 3718: 3616: 3588: 3574: 3560: 3417: 3331: 3314: 2584: 2542: 2519:

in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.

2342: 2210: 2204: 2090: 2002: 1960: 1926: 1919: 1562: 1270: 1266: 1102: 1013:

The parties of the conversation cannot physically come to the same location

958: 917:—low to midrange cost. The earliest standalone models operated over either 869: 824: 802: 639: 544: 528: 502: 498: 291: 280: 256: 142: 91: 63: 44: 6856:

In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families

6462: 5850: 2151:

faculty members keeping in touch with classes while attending conferences;

8552: 8381: 8031: 7941: 7926: 7886: 7846: 7705: 7330: 6249:

Dick Tracy and American Culture: Morality and Mythology, Text and Context

6172: 5962: 5712:

Wolfe, Mark. "Broadband videoconferencing as knowledge management tool",

5303: 4571: 3681: 3676: 3651: 3565: 3051: 3045: 2600: 2480: 2291: 2238: 2214: 2191: 2074: 2044: 1978: 1970: 1753: 1542: 1464: 1392: 1310: 1118:

essentially the same place. In developed countries, the near-ubiquity of

1048: 1035: 1031: 938: 627: 506: 468: 343: 83: 6836:

Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up.

6153: 1212: 864:

Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, including

8625: 8386: 8093: 7791: 7700: 7656: 7626: 7604: 7232: 6991: 6168: 4309: 4270: 4231: 3697: 3570: 3486: 3318:

is a high-end videoconferencing system and service usually employed by

3171: 3144: 3062: 2802: 2676: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2496: 2449: 2317: 2254: 2173:

faculty members participating in thesis defenses at other institutions;

2147:

Some benefits that videoconferencing can provide to education include:

2078: 2014: 1633:

standard point-to-point videotelephony over regular (POTS) phone lines.

1626: 1620: 1300: 1287: 1164: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1119: 1020: 914: 892: 692: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 600: 472: 385: 362: 222: 214: 202: 150: 146: 5548:"Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel's Journey" 4932:. Information Technology Newsweekly. December 27, 2011. Archived from 2444:

to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when

1250:

The other components required for a videoconferencing system include:

845:

compatible computing devices like smartphones, tablets and computers.

490:

VP-210 Visual Phone was the first commercial mobile videophone (1999).

8637: 8620: 8371: 7836: 7651: 7418: 7345: 7253: 7198: 6235: 6056: 5427: 3712: 3512: 2948: 2635: 2604: 2361: 2262: 2230: 2082: 2066: 1982: 1965: 1903: 1646: 1434: 456: 276: 241: 237: 194: 79: 39: 6829:

Open source tool detects videoconferencing equipment vulnerabilities

6769:

More Than Just a Phone Call; Video Conferencing And Photocopies, Too

5253:

The Handbook of Technology and Second Language Teaching and Learning

5089:

Videophone Scheme Could Provide 'Virtual Care' for Elderly Residents

3694:—a large U.S. business and social services videoconferencing network 2651: 2638:

in and out or to point the camera toward the party that is signing.

2626:, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site 2422: 2163:

schools with multiple campuses collaborating and sharing professors;

1139: 911:

port, similar to how a webcam attaches to a computer via a USB port.

782: 667: 8697: 8366: 8356: 8273: 8098: 7921: 7212: 6945:, June 16, 2002. Discusses social issues related to videotelephony. 6821: 6631:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

5563:

Mobile video system visually connects global plant floor engineers"

5157: 4055:

Man makes the highest Skype video call ever on top of Mount Everest

2797: 2756: 2611:, different from the aural version of the same principal language. 2353: 2270: 2247: 2094: 2086: 2070: 1847: 1658: 1654: 1324: 1224: 1039: 995: 651: 635: 575:, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 560: 532: 444: 381: 4822:

SIP: Understanding the Session Initiation Protocol, Second Edition

4374:"The constant mirror: Self-view and attitudes to virtual meetings" 3938:, Science & Society Picture Library, retrieved August 9, 2013. 2641: 1681:

implementation was an exception), but newer videophones often use

1352:. There are several types of dedicated videoconferencing devices: 505:, but sported a large camera lens and a 5 cm (2 inch) colour 376: 106:

which exchanged still images between units every few seconds over

8605: 8361: 8346: 7564: 6264:, Skype Journal online, May 27, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 5327: 4845: 3319: 2445: 2185:

alternative enrollment structures to purely in-person attendance;

2098: 1709: 1650: 631: 580: 564: 494: 487: 99: 6299:

which showed that a phone could video-call as desktop computer.

6284:, CNNMoney.com online, May 21, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009. 4996:"Facebook CIO Supports Video Calls to Preserve Employee Culture" 4904: 3547:, discussing what type of present he should bring home for her. 3519:

of Bell Labs, discussing videophone research in the documentary

1922:) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many. 1348:

the console, as well as a TV monitor with loudspeakers and/or a

8675: 8610: 8391: 8351: 7673: 6778: 5909: 4954: 3531:... of Mr. Kubrick and the people who reported to him". In one 3482: 3446:

literature, names commonly associated with videophones include

3347: 3339: 3280: 3115: 2898: 2608: 2394:, to allow African journalists to participate in international 2010: 1945: 1899: 1817:

Multipoint Processors (MP), sometimes referred to as the mixer.

1741: 1623:

environment for live meetings, collaboration and presentations.

1557: 1527: 1378: 1274: 1000: 849: 772: 572: 543:. In the upper echelons of government, business, and commerce, 536: 6039:

New Video Conferencing System Streamlines Firefighter Training

5030:. Politics & Government Week. May 23, 2013. Archived from 4069:

First Skype Call Atop Mt. Everest Raises Thousands for Charity

2538:(VRI). The relatively low cost and widespread availability of 2209:

Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real time

1673:

Videoconferencing in the late 20th century was limited to the

1581:(ITU) has three umbrellas of standards for videoconferencing: 986:

and criminals into company premises and corporate boardrooms.

357:

In 1984, Concept Communication in the United States created a

309:

Multiple user videoconferencing first being demonstrated with

8595: 8376: 8313: 7621: 5763:

A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone

4556:(Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. Archived from 4291: 4079: 3999: 3661: 3600: 3247: 3058: 3005: 2993: 2943: 2619: 2226: 1992:

A Tandberg T3 high-resolution telepresence room in use (2008)

1935: 1894: 1846:, or larger international or multinational corporations like 1775: 1724: 1705: 1698: 1674: 1630: 1601: 1586: 1570: 1371: 1228: 865: 769: 521: 517: 513: 449:

first public videoconference between North America and Africa

434: 430: 426: 366: 226: 198: 111: 67: 7167: 7132:(An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing research) in: 7081:

Two-Way Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background

6106:"George du Maurier et le soi-disant téléphonoscope d'Edison" 3856:"Mr. Tobin has been awarded 15 patents in the past 40 years" 3806:

Robert Stults, Media Space, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA, 1986.

3084: 1619:. These combined technologies enable users to have a richer 1510:

has defined broadband as a transmission capacity at 1.5 to 2

404: 8728: 8718: 8318: 6547:

Amazing New Picturephone: A Step Closer to In-Person Visits

5550:, MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61–74, 2012. 5528:

How We Work: Communication Trends of Business Professionals

3733: 3672:

List of video telecommunication services and product brands

3192:

List of video telecommunication services and product brands

3167: 2779:

App must be installed, does not require a Facebook account

2550: 2286: 2243: 2157:

guest lecturers brought in classes from other institutions;

1930: 1910: 1736: 1729: 1717: 1713: 1594: 1546: 1518:(United States) definition of broadband is 25 Mbit/s. 1474: 1240: 1079: 926: 922: 908: 900: 813: 798: 776: 421:. The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first practical 339: 302:

with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

260: 130: 6671:

Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom

5874:, Martlesham, England: British Telecom Laboratories, 1995. 5857: 5622:"Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez" 5501: 4410: 4330: 4213: 4172: 4064:, Neowin.net website, June 25, 2013; which in turn cites: 3760:

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447:

was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the

153:

organizations have used videotelephony for broadcasting.

90:

implies group communication. Videoconferencing is used in

7361: 7065:

4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony

7058:

4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony

6864:

website, August 7, 2012, pg. A15 of the New York Edition.

6525:

Videoconferencing Demystified: Making Video Services Work

5653:"Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature" 5540: 4152: 3954: 3881:"Entrepreneur of the Year Reveals Secrets to His Success" 3175: 2221:, consulting, prevention, treatment, and transmission of 1597:

was never widely adopted in the United States and Canada.

1320: 608: 479:

simultaneously across five continents in near-real-time.

369:

for full-motion videoconferencing, first demonstrated at

268: 264: 115: 6877:, July 18, 2011, pg.B3. Published online: July 17, 2011. 6063: 5474:(media release), Lifesize.com website, December 8, 2008. 5409: 4096:"With COVID-19 Spreading, Video Conferencing is Booming" 3960: 3200:

never became as standardized as its earlier counterpart

2426:

Video Interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations

7070:

Hall, A.D. "Experiments with Picturephone Service" in:

5980: 5101: 4514: 4255:"Understanding "Zoom fatigue": A mixed-method approach" 3523:, stated that in the mid-to late-1960s videophones "... 3128:

Recording max 3 minutes, does not work on old browsers

3079: 2539: 361:

for standard personal computers that doubled the video

272: 6691:

Videoconferencing: From Stage Fright to Stage Presence

4634: 2852: 2188:

student interviews with employers in other cities, and

1959:

Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of

1925:

The widest deployment of videotelephony now occurs in

6678:

Hewlett-Packard Sells Its Video Conferencing Business

6262:

Why Oprah's Skype Day Was Ineffective: Tone And Skype

5537:, Plantronics Inc., 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010. 3350:, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis. 3224:

slowly entered into general use after 1950, although

2179:

faculty committee auditioning scholarship candidates;

1629:: videoconferencing is generally compatibilized with 6432: 6326:"Beyoncé and Lady Gaga unite for 'Video Phone' clip" 3185: 3152:

Mixed. Proprietary server and client is open source

2975:

App must be installed, requires a Microsoft account

2829:

App must be installed, requires an Apple ID account

2464:

facility, have also conducted extensive research on

615:, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level. 338:

transmission networks became possible, such as with

8540: 6212:

Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays

6044: 5546:E. Curry, B. Guyon, C. Sheridan, and B. Donnellan, 5136:"7% Of All Americans Have Made A Mobile Video Call" 4866:

News & Analysis: Understanding The 3G-324M Spec

4601:

Teleconferencing Eye Contact Using a Virtual Camera

4541: 4476: 4474: 4253:Nesher Shoshan, Hadar; Wehrt, Wilken (2021-11-01). 4252: 2440:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for 1996:Videotelephony has also been deployed in corporate 929:lines, while newer models have largely migrated to 6214:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. 5933:, Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved April 13, 2009 3912:Intelligent Multimedia Data Hiding: New Directions 1573:systems, a process known as "interworking" (2009). 1115:rental of videoconferencing-equipped meeting rooms 78:are standalone devices for video calling (compare 7163:Whirlpool Forums: Movies that feature videophones 6615:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 6095:", "InfoWeek", 2013-11-01. Accessed Dec. 8, 2013. 5657:24700: News from California Institute of the Arts 5518:." September 30, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010. 4819: 4036:VCLink for Mobile Devices—AVer Video Conferencing 3946: 3944: 3606:Additionally, videophones have been featured in: 3539:. Floyd talks with and views his daughter from a 2925:App must be installed, requires a Google account 2154:faculty members attending conferences 'virtually' 883: 775:1535 IP model broadband videophone (2008), using 630:had a 20 percent increase in usage, according to 30:"Videophone" redirects here. For other uses, see 8741: 6935:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6799:A Meeting in New York? Can't We Videoconference? 6717:Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools 5977:, PC Magazine website. Retrieved August 19, 2010 5897: 5780: 5778: 4725:"F.C.C. Sharply Revises Definition of Broadband" 4471: 2047:witnesses have testified via videoconferencing. 1016:The expense or time of travel is a consideration 6571:, Focal Press, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005, 6378:An International History of the Formative Years 6136:Director Fritz Lang on the Making of Metropolis 5110: 4796:Collaboration Vendors Join for Interoperability 4703:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Cisco Press. p. 10. 4018:Polycom High-Definition (HD) Video Conferencing 3850: 3848: 3771: 3769: 2642:Comparison of Sign Language communication tools 2475:, coupled with the high cost of better quality 2308:Videoconferencing on hand-held mobile devices ( 2225:. With videoconferencing, patients may contact 1313:associated with the display device or telephone 6743:The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux 6704:As Travel Costs Rise, More Meetings Go Virtual 6209: 5799:, 19 August 1989, Vol.123, Iss.No.1678, pp.31. 5731:"How to stay connected while working remotely" 3941: 2166:schools from two separate nations engaging in 888:From the least to the most expensive systems: 805:are usually used on a person-to-person basis. 425:that was useful for online videoconferencing, 380:Global Schoolhouse students communicating via 217:. Such an antecedent usually consisted of two 8526: 7434: 7183: 7140:, April 2002, pp. 551–570 (PDF, German). 6950:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers 6502: 5882: 5880: 5775: 5591:"Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen" 5052: 4993: 4785:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum 4522:Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers 1639:Unified Communications Interoperability Forum 961:—highest capabilities and highest cost. Full 189:in several telecommunication fields, notably 6869:Transparent Government, Via Webcams in India 6756:Stranded Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing 6358:Santanu Brahma & Axlator Communications 5888:For the Deaf, Communication Without the Wait 5251:Dooly, Melinda (2017). "Telecollaboration". 4692: 4690: 4688: 3845: 3797:...", The New York Times, September 18, 1938 3766: 3288:for both video calls and videoconferencing. 2486: 2341:-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of 2237:or routine situations; physicians and other 2063:Office of Disability Adjudication and Review 1810:The MCU consists of two logical components: 861:for both video calls and videoconferencing. 797:the present day, standalone videophones and 8449:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 7050: 6505:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 6407:Daly, Edward A. & Hansell, Kathleen J. 5988:The Lasting Appeal of 2001: A Space Odyssey 5807: 5805: 5786:Telephones Come To Terms With Sign Language 5521: 5084: 5082: 4564: 3995:"High definition videoconferencing is here" 2034:Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment 1744:'s bankruptcy and deployed the sets on the 8533: 8519: 8485: 7441: 7427: 7190: 7176: 6918:. Archived from the original on 2002-06-16 5877: 3909:Huang, Hsiang-Cheh; Fang, Wai-Chi (2007). 3762:(5 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2004. 3527:captured the imagination of the public and 1537:format can deliver high-quality video at 2 1404: 596:allow for live and still image streaming. 388:between 0.9 and 3 frames per second (1993) 325:An AT&T Picturephone Model 2 from 1969 6999: 6974:With Enough Bandwidth, Many Join The Band 6812:Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for $ 3 Billion 6651:Learn how and when to remove this message 6483:, John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press, 2002, 6175:(video sequence from 0:23:00 to 0:24:20). 4700:Voice and video conferencing fundamentals 4696: 4685: 4550:"Michael J. Miller and Bill Gates: Uncut" 4428: 4348: 4190: 4149:"The reason Zoom calls drain your energy" 3908: 3228:likely entered the lexicon earlier after 3216:) and often by an early trademarked name 2692:Learn how and when to remove this message 1459: 1216:A videoconference meeting facilitated by 1180:Learn how and when to remove this message 752:Learn how and when to remove this message 405:Transition to internet and mobile devices 7157:British Pathé news clip: Videophone 1970 7134:Medien & Kommunikations-wissenschaft 7111:, April 1932, Vol. 11, pp. 118–142. 6902:When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away 6786:Videoconferencing's virtual leap forward 6565:Wilcox, James R. & Gibson, David K. 6019:Vidyo Packages Conferencing For Campuses 5905:"videomail-client source code on GitHub" 5811: 5802: 5755: 5509:Executives Demand Communications Arsenal 5283: 5191: 5189: 5079: 4955:Ralph Stair and George Reynolds (2013). 4885:Videoconferencing on the High End: H.320 4875:, EETimes.com website. January 21, 2003. 4093: 3936:Kyocera visual phone VP-210, Japan, 1999 3427: 2521: 2421: 2108: 1987: 1893: 1814:A single multipoint controller (MC), and 1704:Another protocol used by videophones is 1556: 1463: 1211: 1196: 781: 763: 481: 375: 320: 304: 174: 166: 38: 6882:The Business Case for Videoconferencing 6568:Video Communications: The Whole Picture 6238:, SBCC Film Reviews, November 20, 2009. 6052:"Video Chat Growing by Light-Year Leaps 5055:"Better Videoconferencing In The Cloud" 3929: 3817:Media Space: 20+ Years of Mediated Life 3657:Comparison of web conferencing software 1449:, which makes the voice channel useless 1383:use a web browser instead of dedicated 1319:: analog or digital telephone network, 1235:, which are then transmitted through a 1192: 559:videoconferencing systems, produced by 125:Applications of videotelephony include 14: 8742: 7448: 7087:, 1930, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, and 7033:, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006 6831:, Help Net Security, 17 February 2012. 6730:Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing 5650: 5340: 5146:from the original on 25 December 2013. 5067:from the original on February 24, 2014 5008:from the original on February 13, 2014 3968:Camera phones: A look back and forward 3573:used a videophone to communicate with 3340:inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries 2456:) was introduced to the public at the 2198: 1929:. Nearly all mobile phones supporting 1758: 1227:that performs compression is called a 271:) video links, one in each direction. 8514: 7422: 7171: 7007:Can Videoconferencing Replace Travel? 6318: 5619: 5613: 5284:Guth, Sarah; Helm, Francesca (2010). 5255:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 169–183. 5250: 5195:U.S. Social Security Administration. 5186: 4948: 4664: 4547: 4491:, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, p. 17, 4146: 3992: 3751: 3620:which depicted a Picturephone (1995). 2618:interpreters work remotely with live 2026: 1792: 1579:International Telecommunication Union 1034:plays a large role in conversational 925:telephone networks or more expensive 550: 8495: 7117:Schunack, Von Johannes; Maly, Rolf. 6880:Davis, Andrew W.; Weinstein, Ira M. 6595: 6287: 6184: 5659:. California Institute of the Arts. 5632:from the original on January 4, 2014 5620:Truax, Jackson (November 27, 2013). 5588: 5582: 4838: 4371: 3902: 3357:that have been used in English are: 2674:adding citations to reliable sources 2645: 2128:(in foreign language education) and 1857: 1787:Real-Time Transport Control Protocol 1425: 1400:are provided by independent vendors. 1162:adding citations to reliable sources 1133: 970: 690:adding citations to reliable sources 661: 455:with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in 451:took place, linking a technofair in 82:). In the present day, devices like 7105:Picture Transmission and Television 6429:, CIPD HD9697.T452D35 651.7'3-dc21. 6383:Institution of Electrical Engineers 5682:Kit, Zorianna (November 26, 2013). 5681: 5663:from the original on March 11, 2014 5651:Ziemba, Christine (March 3, 2014). 5507:By Alison Diane, InformationWeek. " 4810:, IETF, The Internet Society (2005) 4572:The Problem With Video Conferencing 3873: 3432:Dr. Heywood Floyd in the 1968 film 3342:, and videoconferencing to resolve 3160: 2581:(DGS) to spoken German, and so on. 2509:availability of high-speed Internet 2124:another through practices known as 2059:U.S. Social Security Administration 1541:Mbit/s, which is at the low end of 657: 24: 7074:, 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 114–120. 7038:The Next Best Thing to Being There 6591: 6527:, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002, 5936: 5917: 5601:from the original on 26 March 2014 5053:Nitin Pradhan (January 23, 2014). 4994:Stacy Collett (January 30, 2014). 4749:SVC vs. H.264/AVC Error Resilience 3951:First mobile videophone introduced 3627:pop single and music video called 3423: 3268:is now frequently used instead of 1591:public switched telephone networks 1093:Perceived lack of interoperability 25: 8811: 7144: 6941:, Department of Social Sciences, 6889:Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV 6884:, Wainhouse Research, March 2005. 6673:, Wainhouse Research, April 2009. 6555:, June 1968, pp. 46–47. 6086:Attack of the Telepresence Robots 4975:from the original on May 11, 2016 4961:. Cengage Learning. p. 288. 4958:Principles of Information Systems 4094:Beauford, Moshe (March 5, 2020). 3338:purposes. personal videocalls to 3186:Descriptive names and terminology 2517:Federal Communications Commission 1526:compression protocols. The newer 1516:Federal Communications Commission 8494: 8484: 8475: 8474: 8463: 8084:Free-space optical communication 7403: 7393: 6600: 6275:Oprah's Skypefest Draws Backlash 6267: 6254: 6241: 6228: 6203: 6178: 6147: 6128: 6122:Verne, Jules. «In the year 2889» 6116: 6098: 5761:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969) 5162:University of Chicago Law Review 4372:Kuhn, Kristine M. (2022-03-01). 4007:from the original on 2010-05-13. 3885:RTIR (Radio TV Interview Report) 2650: 2417: 1862: 1837: 1138: 1076:Bandwidth and quality of service 666: 208: 8542:Computer-mediated communication 7151:Debut of the First Picturephone 6916:"Videophones: The Real Problem" 6352: 6138:, May 15, 2010, retrieved from 6078: 6075:, November 24, 1966, No. 440/3. 6031: 6011: 5955: 5740: 5723: 5714:Journal of Knowledge Management 5706: 5675: 5644: 5553: 5477: 5458: 5403: 5385: 5367: 5349: 5334: 5320: 5277: 5244: 5226: 5208: 5167: 5150: 5128: 5046: 5020: 4987: 4922: 4911:from the original on 2017-06-08 4897: 4878: 4858: 4813: 4800: 4789: 4778: 4760: 4742: 4731:from the original on 2015-09-06 4717: 4628: 4617: 4593: 4584: 4445: 4404: 4365: 4324: 4285: 4246: 4207: 4166: 4140: 4115: 4087: 4047: 4029: 4011: 3986: 3887:. April 1, 2011. Archived from 3862:from the original on 2011-05-30 2661:needs additional citations for 2039:In a military investigation in 1149:needs additional citations for 677:needs additional citations for 6413:, Artech House, Boston, 1999, 6315:. Retrieved on March 20, 2007. 5589:Hogg, Trevor (26 March 2014). 4417:Journal of Vocational Behavior 4337:Journal of Vocational Behavior 4179:Journal of Vocational Behavior 4147:Jiang, Manyu (22 April 2020). 3809: 3800: 3787: 3778: 2513:sponsored video relay services 2406:order to ask their questions. 951:—midrange cost, usually using 884:By cost and quality of service 812:almost exclusively to digital 110:. The development of advanced 13: 1: 7197: 6987:Dude, Where's My Video Phone? 6517:10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00410-9 5952:, Online Etymology Dictionary 5341:Caines, Autums (2016-09-06). 4298:Journal of Applied Psychology 4220:Journal of Applied Psychology 3775:Mulbach et al, 1995. pg. 291. 2573:(BSL) to spoken English, and 2392:non-governmental organization 2335:Walt Disney Animation Studios 1728:through the medium-bandwidth 1691:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 1668: 1589:is known as the standard for 1129: 1099:Expense of commercial systems 1007:A live conversation is needed 872:, degrees of sophistication, 535:, plus videoconferencing and 27:Real-time video communication 8578:Virtual learning environment 8470:Telecommunication portal 8251:Telecommunications equipment 7400:Telecommunication portal 6334:. 2009-10-16. Archived from 6210:Kolker, Robert, ed. (2006). 6187:The Making of Kubrick's 2001 3736:(Virtual Researcher on Call) 3438:calls his daughter on Earth. 3044:Requires a web browser with 2595:sign languages are distinct 2462:British Telecom's Martlesham 2253:Special peripherals such as 2104: 1964:video-link which allowed 60 1898:A mobile video call between 1552: 1387:software. Solutions such as 857:, and can be used with many 835:hand-held electronic devices 645:Computers in Human Behaviour 108:conventional telephone lines 7: 8691:Voice chat in online gaming 7987:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 6943:Nottingham Trent University 6663: 6381:in IEE Publication Series, 5416:Annals of Internal Medicine 5197:New National Hearing Centre 4378:Computers in Human Behavior 3957:.com website, May 18, 1999. 3645: 3377:in other languages include 2411:International Monetary Fund 2280: 1780:Session Initiation Protocol 1687:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 1490:data compression techniques 1452:Howling created by feedback 989: 919:plain old telephone service 876:capacity requirements, and 607:to make a videocall to the 311:Stanford Research Institute 32:Videophone (disambiguation) 10: 8816: 8790:Telecommunication services 7691:Telecommunications history 7031:Telematics and Informatics 6848: 6447:10.1518/001872095779064582 6154:2001: The Making of a Myth 6060:, March 31, 2010, p. L01d. 5498:, March–April 2009, p. 22. 5261:10.1002/9781118914069.ch12 4820:Johnston, Alan B. (2004). 4650:10.1177/001872087701900201 4548:Gates, Bill (2001-09-04). 3569:, in which the female spy 3521:2001: The Making of a Myth 3515:in the United States. Dr. 3344:airline engineering issues 3189: 2588:sign language interpreters 2458:1964 New York World's Fair 2429: 2379: 2372:procedures and equipment. 2202: 2116: 2036:of the U.S. Constitution. 1796: 1751: 1677:protocol (notably Cisco's 1480: 1431:Acoustic echo cancellation 477:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony 384:, shown here with a video 329: 263:used two radio-frequency ( 179:Videotelephone booth, 1922 160: 156: 29: 8765:Film and video technology 8711: 8646: 8588:Asynchronous conferencing 8586: 8548: 8458: 8400: 8337: 8299:Public Switched Telephone 8259: 8223: 8180: 8121: 8111:telecommunication circuit 8072:Fiber-optic communication 8055: 7817:Francis Blake (telephone) 7764: 7612:Optical telecommunication 7456: 7390: 7354: 7323: 7275:Communications satellites 7262: 7241: 7205: 7119:Die Fernseh-Sprechtechnik 6995:website, October 15, 2007 6955:The New York Times online 6236:Moon (Duncan Jones, 2009) 6110:Histoire de la television 5968:Definition: Video Calling 5812:Sperling, George (1980). 5496:Just for Canadian Doctors 5296:10.3726/978-3-0351-0013-6 5220:February 9, 2011, at the 4697:Firestone, Scott (2007). 4430:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984 4390:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107110 4350:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984 4192:10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984 3715:—the ancestral technology 2614:With video interpreting, 2569:(LSE) to spoken Spanish, 2536:Video Remote Interpreting 2487:21st-century improvements 2473:analog copper phone lines 2436:Video Remote Interpreting 1871:This article needs to be 1853: 1483:Broadband Internet access 1055:Appearance consciousness: 949:Videoconferencing systems 520:, web plugins supporting 287:, and business meetings. 219:closed-circuit television 183: 163:History of videotelephony 8648:Synchronous conferencing 8210:Orbital angular-momentum 7647:Satellite communications 7486:Communications satellite 7085:Bell Laboratories Record 7072:Bell Laboratories RECORD 7051:Historical and technical 6972:Saint Louis, Catherine. 5233:SSA Overview Performance 4894:Retrieved on 2009-06-18. 4772:January 4, 2010, at the 4754:August 10, 2009, at the 4577:January 4, 2006, at the 3915:. Springer. p. 41. 3745: 3724:U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge 3597:Where the Skype Are You? 3332:tele-medical, diagnostic 3328:deaf Video Relay Service 2565:(LSF) to spoken French, 2375: 2168:cross-cultural exchanges 1827:decentralized multipoint 1701:also now provide video. 1107:Multipoint Control Units 966:state-of-the-art levels. 953:multipoint control units 589:hand-held mobile devices 563:, were displayed at the 433:in 1988, and subsequent 255:During the first crewed 8760:Computing input devices 8601:Electronic mailing list 8089:Molecular communication 7912:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 7741:Undersea telegraph line 7476:Cable protection system 7270:Cable protection system 6389:(Great Britain), 1998, 6144:website, April 8, 2012. 6069:"A Viewphone Service", 5843:10.1126/science.7433998 5183:, Lifesize.com website. 5174:Case Study: Hall County 5164:, 2007, Vol. 74, No. 4. 3687:Press videoconferencing 3367:AT&T's Picturephone 3307:multipoint control unit 2515:authorized by the U.S. 2501:video compression codec 2477:ISDN (data) phone lines 2388:press videoconferencing 2382:Press videoconferencing 1805:Multipoint Control Unit 1799:Multipoint Control Unit 1549:broadband performance. 1506:(ITU-T) recommendation 1405:Videoconferencing modes 999:adequate. Other times, 555:In May 2005, the first 545:telepresence technology 352:initial public offering 315:NLS computer technology 8785:Science fiction themes 8573:Social network service 8568:Collaborative software 8563:Communication software 8231:Communication protocol 8017:Charles Sumner Tainter 7832:Walter Houser Brattain 7777:Edwin Howard Armstrong 7585:Information revolution 7123:Fernseh A.G.: 10 Jahre 7018:Coroama, V.C., et al. 7000:Environmental benefits 5886:Fitzgerald, Thomas J. 5343:"Digital Pedagogy Lab" 5328:"Virtually Connecting" 4610:June 22, 2006, at the 3439: 3348:maintenance facilities 3294:videoconference system 2875:App must be installed 2624:telephone interpreting 2575:American Sign Language 2559:speech-impaired (mute) 2527: 2427: 2347:Kristen Anderson-Lopez 2217:applications, such as 2114: 1993: 1914: 1574: 1478: 1460:Bandwidth requirements 1433:(AEC) is a processing 1419:Voice-Activated Switch 1239:of some kind (usually 1220: 1209: 1045:Telcordia Technologies 787: 779: 650:On 21 September 2021, 491: 438:video coding standards 429:, standardised by the 389: 326: 318: 221:systems connected via 180: 172: 48: 8633:Bulletin board system 8205:Polarization-division 7937:Narinder Singh Kapany 7902:Erna Schneider Hoover 7822:Jagadish Chandra Bose 7802:Alexander Graham Bell 7533:online video platform 7410:Telephones portal 6728:Miller, Claire Cain. 6715:Miller, Claire Cain. 6361:Audio Video Telephony 6185:Agel, Jerome (1970). 5924:Videophone definition 5287:Telecollaboration 2.0 4890:May 16, 2009, at the 4673:Understanding Latency 3858:. WilliamJTobin.com. 3667:Information appliance 3545:orbit above the Earth 3500:2001: A Space Odyssey 3435:2001: A Space Odyssey 3431: 3133:ninja-forms-videomail 2822:Apple hardware only ( 2571:British Sign Language 2567:Spanish Sign Language 2525: 2468:via video telephony. 2425: 2398:on developmental and 2112: 1991: 1942:Deaf, hard-of-hearing 1897: 1752:Further information: 1605:Scalable Video Coding 1560: 1467: 1215: 1200: 1087:Complexity of systems 1070:total round-trip time 785: 767: 485: 423:video coding standard 379: 324: 308: 191:electrical telegraphy 178: 170: 118:, and high-bandwidth 72:two-way communication 42: 8755:Assistive technology 8047:Vladimir K. Zworykin 8007:Almon Brown Strowger 7977:Charles Grafton Page 7632:Prepaid mobile phone 7560:Electrical telegraph 7372:Telephone newspapers 7138:Hans-Bredow-Institut 7089:viewable online here 6854:Adeshina, Emmanuel. 6725:, November 11, 2009. 6621:improve this article 6545:Stevenson Bacon, W. 6295:"The Farnsworth" in 6125:, Project Gutenberg. 6037:Jackman, Elizabeth. 5894:, December 18, 2003. 5483:Van't Haaff, Corey. 4507:. Note costing: "... 3729:Visual communication 3232:was coined in 1935. 2670:improve this article 2579:German Sign Language 2563:French Sign Language 2452:(trademarked as the 2316:In the increasingly 2310:mobile collaboration 2275:mobile collaboration 2052:Hall County, Georgia 1193:Components and types 1158:improve this article 994:For over a century, 959:Telepresence systems 921:(POTS) lines on the 831:Mobile collaboration 686:improve this article 605:BGAN satellite modem 593:Mobile collaboration 463:opening ceremony in 461:1998 Winter Olympics 246:AT&T Corporation 238:AT&T's Bell Labs 8666:Internet Relay Chat 7997:Johann Philipp Reis 7756:Wireless revolution 7718:The Telephone Cases 7575:Hydraulic telegraph 7295:Mobile phone signal 7109:Bell Labs Quarterly 7046:, October 13, 2009. 7012:Scientific American 6969:, November 7, 2008. 6784:Shannon, Victoria. 6676:Kopytoff, Verne G. 6669:Greenberg, Alan D. 6633:footnote references 6273:Julianne Pepitone, 5835:1980Sci...210..797S 5737:, December 3, 2014. 5374:LifeSize Case Study 5356:LifeSize Case Study 5156:Tokson, Matthew J. 5142:. 14 October 2010. 5140:theappwhisperer.com 4846:IMTC Press Coverage 4727:. 29 January 2015. 4570:Van Meggelen, Jim. 4459:. 21 September 2021 4067:Larson, Stephanie. 3315:telepresence system 3303:videoteleconference 3258:increased bandwidth 2719:Works on desktops? 2632:necessary equipment 2493:Sorenson Media Inc. 2432:Video Relay Service 2199:Medicine and health 2141:virtual field trips 1954:Video Relay Service 1759:Conferencing layers 1565:is an example of a 1496:Broadband bandwidth 1413:Continuous Presence 611:from the summit of 354:in November, 1984. 8775:Health informatics 8195:Frequency-division 8172:Telephone exchange 8042:Charles Wheatstone 7972:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 7947:Innocenzo Manzetti 7882:Reginald Fessenden 7617:Optical telegraphy 7450:Telecommunications 7285:Free-space optical 7094:2020-02-05 at the 7043:The Globe and Mail 7025:2013-06-03 at the 6979:The New York Times 6948:Perlroth, Nicole. 6907:The New York Times 6894:The New York Times 6874:The New York Times 6861:The New York Times 6841:The New York Times 6817:The New York Times 6804:The New York Times 6794:, August 29, 2007. 6791:The New York Times 6774:The New York Times 6767:Ramirez, Anthony. 6761:The New York Times 6748:The New York Times 6735:The New York Times 6722:The New York Times 6709:The New York Times 6699:, August 27, 1998. 6696:The New York Times 6683:The New York Times 6367:2021-01-19 at the 6308:2007-08-28 at the 6280:2017-03-31 at the 6251:, McFarland, 2003. 6247:Garyn G. Roberts, 6159:2017-02-10 at the 6134:French, Lawrence. 6091:2017-06-30 at the 6024:2014-07-04 at the 5993:2017-06-28 at the 5973:2012-10-12 at the 5948:2017-02-03 at the 5929:2017-02-04 at the 5892:The New York Times 5870:2017-07-02 at the 5791:2016-05-06 at the 5768:2012-06-23 at the 5729:Freeman, Michael, 5688:Studio System News 5569:on August 20, 2011 5533:2010-12-23 at the 5514:2010-11-20 at the 5490:2012-03-24 at the 5485:Virtually On-sight 5470:2017-07-07 at the 5397:2017-07-18 at the 5379:2012-07-23 at the 5361:2012-07-22 at the 5238:2017-05-06 at the 5202:2016-04-16 at the 5179:2012-07-22 at the 5122:2014-06-26 at the 5094:2013-05-11 at the 4871:2013-05-11 at the 4851:2017-03-31 at the 4679:2013-05-14 at the 4534:The New York Times 4527:2017-08-27 at the 4520:Perlroth, Nicole. 4487:2016-05-08 at the 4310:10.1037/apl0000948 4271:10.1111/apps.12360 4259:Applied Psychology 4232:10.1037/apl0000906 4074:2016-03-28 at the 4060:2017-05-19 at the 4041:2017-03-13 at the 4023:2016-04-16 at the 3973:2014-07-04 at the 3966:Yegulalp, Serdar. 3826:, Springer, 2009, 3822:2016-05-05 at the 3758:"Videotelephony". 3440: 3414:telepresence robot 3260:and sophisticated 3138:2018-01-19 at the 3011:2019-01-08 at the 2999:2019-01-08 at the 2752:Facebook Messenger 2728:Required hardware 2592:Dominican Republic 2528: 2442:telecommunications 2428: 2267:medical ultrasound 2119:Distance education 2115: 2027:Government and law 1994: 1915: 1793:Multipoint control 1697:protocols such as 1617:data collaboration 1575: 1479: 1385:native application 1221: 1210: 855:personal computers 788: 780: 577:display resolution 551:Additional history 541:Internet telephony 492: 419:uncompressed video 390: 371:AT&T Bell Labs 327: 319: 285:distance education 181: 173: 139:distance education 49: 8737: 8736: 8681:Videoconferencing 8661:Instant messaging 8656:Data conferencing 8558:Online discussion 8508: 8507: 8246:Store and forward 8241:Data transmission 8155:Network switching 8106:Transmission line 7952:Guglielmo Marconi 7917:Internet pioneers 7782:Mohamed M. Atalla 7751:Whistled language 7416: 7415: 7249:Answering machine 7128:Schulte, Olaf A. 7036:Pachner, Joanna. 7015:, March 18, 2009. 6985:Steinberg, Neil. 6741:Millman, Howard. 6661: 6660: 6653: 6585:978-1-57820-316-1 6541:978-0-07-140085-5 6523:Shepard, Steven. 6497:978-0-471-15032-9 6477:Nellist, John G. 6427:978-1-58053-023-1 6403:978-0-85296-914-4 6234:Marshall, Colin. 6221:978-0-19-517453-3 6196:978-0-451-07139-2 6084:Lehrbaum, Rick. " 6017:Lawson, Stephen. 5829:(4471): 797–799. 5694:on March 24, 2014 5215:ODAE Pubs: 70-067 4831:978-1-58053-168-9 4710:978-1-58705-268-2 4505:978-1-59904-964-9 3840:978-1-84882-482-9 3815:Harrison, Steve. 3703:Telecollaboration 3614:", an episode of 3301:(also known as a 3266:videoconferencing 3156: 3155: 3122:only for viewing 3074:100% proprietary 2988:100% proprietary 2938:100% proprietary 2888:100% proprietary 2842:100% proprietary 2792:100% proprietary 2702: 2701: 2694: 2597:natural languages 2396:press conferences 2269:imaging devices, 2134:language barriers 2126:telecollaboration 1892: 1891: 1695:instant messaging 1609:Internet Protocol 1535:audio compression 1426:Echo cancellation 1397:browser extension 1345:remote controlled 1341:Dedicated systems 1190: 1189: 1182: 976:Computer security 971:Security concerns 942:microphone arrays 931:Internet Protocol 809:Videoconferencing 786:USB webcam for PC 762: 761: 754: 736: 620:COVID-19 pandemic 411:video compression 336:digital telephony 250:video compression 145:, and overcoming 129:transmission for 88:Videoconferencing 70:for simultaneous 56:videoconferencing 18:Videoconferencing 16:(Redirected from 8807: 8795:Teleconferencing 8703:Web conferencing 8638:Online guestbook 8535: 8528: 8521: 8512: 8511: 8498: 8497: 8488: 8487: 8478: 8477: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8339:Notable networks 8329:Wireless network 8269:Cellular network 8261:Types of network 8236:Computer network 8123:Network topology 8037:Thomas A. Watson 7892:Oliver Heaviside 7877:Philo Farnsworth 7852:Daniel Davis Jr. 7827:Charles Bourseul 7787:John Logie Baird 7496:Data compression 7491:Computer network 7443: 7436: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7362:Fax transmission 7310:Submarine cables 7192: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7102:Ives, Herbert E. 7078:Ives, Herbert E. 6961:ProAV Magazine. 6940: 6934: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6844:, June 16, 2005. 6754:O'Brien, Kevin. 6751:, July 12, 2001. 6712:, July 22, 2008. 6656: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6636: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6558:Valinder, Anne. 6520: 6474: 6410:Visual Telephony 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6322: 6316: 6291: 6285: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6182: 6176: 6151: 6145: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6102: 6096: 6082: 6076: 6067: 6061: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6015: 6009: 6007: 5984: 5978: 5959: 5953: 5943:Video definition 5940: 5934: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5901: 5895: 5884: 5875: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5818: 5809: 5800: 5782: 5773: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5744: 5738: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5690:. Archived from 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5565:. Archived from 5557: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5525: 5519: 5505: 5499: 5481: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5428:10.7326/M21-3511 5407: 5401: 5389: 5383: 5371: 5365: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5248: 5242: 5230: 5224: 5212: 5206: 5193: 5184: 5171: 5165: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5132: 5126: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5060:Information Week 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5034:on June 11, 2014 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4936:on June 11, 2014 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4882: 4876: 4862: 4856: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4824:. Artech House. 4817: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4767:SVC White Papers 4764: 4758: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4694: 4683: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4632: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4545: 4539: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4304:(8): 1137–1155. 4289: 4283: 4282: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4194: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4091: 4085: 4082:, June 24, 2013. 4053:Callaham, John. 4051: 4045: 4033: 4027: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3990: 3984: 3964: 3958: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3852: 3843: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3740:Web conferencing 3638:... Sasha Fierce 3637: 3537:Making of a Myth 3530: 3526: 3397:(Spanish), both 3389:(Italian), both 3353:Other names for 3320:enterprise-level 3286:software clients 3262:software clients 3236:Videophone calls 3214:video telephones 3179: 3164: 2848:Glide (software) 2722:Mobile support? 2716:Pure web based? 2704: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2654: 2646: 2301:locations using 2130:virtual exchange 1998:teleconferencing 1887: 1884: 1878: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1663:Juniper Networks 1613:web conferencing 1540: 1524:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC 1513: 1498:is often called 1470:Deutsche Telekom 1284:computer monitor 1206:Polycom VSX 7000 1185: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1142: 1134: 1124:tablet computers 1101:: Well-designed 984:computer hackers 859:software clients 757: 750: 746: 743: 737: 735: 701:"Videotelephony" 694: 670: 662: 658:Major categories 537:computer webcams 348:PictureTel Corp. 300:interoperability 234:John Logie Baird 120:Internet service 114:, more powerful 62:) is the use of 21: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8707: 8642: 8582: 8544: 8539: 8509: 8504: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8396: 8333: 8255: 8219: 8176: 8125: 8117: 8058: 8051: 7957:Robert Metcalfe 7812:Tim Berners-Lee 7760: 7580:Information Age 7452: 7447: 7417: 7412: 7404: 7402: 7394: 7392: 7386: 7367:Telephone calls 7350: 7319: 7258: 7237: 7228:Satellite phone 7218:Cable telephony 7201: 7196: 7147: 7136:, Baden-Baden: 7096:Wayback Machine 7053: 7027:Wayback Machine 7005:Biello, David. 7002: 6928: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6914: 6897:, July 2, 2010. 6851: 6834:Wayner, Peter. 6810:Vance, Ashlee. 6689:Lawlor, Julia. 6686:, June 1, 2011. 6666: 6657: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6618: 6609:This article's 6605: 6601: 6594: 6592:Further reading 6552:Popular Science 6369:Wayback Machine 6355: 6350: 6341: 6339: 6331:The Independent 6324: 6323: 6319: 6310:Wayback Machine 6292: 6288: 6282:Wayback Machine 6272: 6268: 6259: 6255: 6246: 6242: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6183: 6179: 6161:Wayback Machine 6152: 6148: 6141:Cinefantastique 6133: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6093:Wayback Machine 6083: 6079: 6068: 6064: 6049: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6026:Wayback Machine 6016: 6012: 6005: 5995:Wayback Machine 5986:Howell, Peter. 5985: 5981: 5975:Wayback Machine 5960: 5956: 5950:Wayback Machine 5941: 5937: 5931:Wayback Machine 5922: 5918: 5913:. 23 July 2022. 5903: 5902: 5898: 5885: 5878: 5872:Wayback Machine 5862: 5858: 5816: 5810: 5803: 5793:Wayback Machine 5784:New Scientist. 5783: 5776: 5770:Wayback Machine 5760: 5756: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5595:Flickering Myth 5587: 5583: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5541: 5535:Wayback Machine 5526: 5522: 5516:Wayback Machine 5506: 5502: 5492:Wayback Machine 5482: 5478: 5472:Wayback Machine 5463: 5459: 5408: 5404: 5399:Wayback Machine 5392:AVer Case Study 5390: 5386: 5381:Wayback Machine 5372: 5368: 5363:Wayback Machine 5354: 5350: 5339: 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8623: 8616:Internet forum 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8538: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8515: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8492: 8482: 8472: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8190:Space-division 8186: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8140: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8027:Camille Tissot 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 8002:Claude Shannon 7999: 7994: 7992:Tivadar Puskás 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7962:Antonio Meucci 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7932:Charles K. Kao 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7907:Harold Hopkins 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7807:Emile Berliner 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7746:Videotelephony 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7649: 7644: 7642:Radiotelephone 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7528:Internet video 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7414: 7413: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7336:Misdialed call 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7195: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7146: 7145:External links 7143: 7142: 7141: 7126: 7115: 7112: 7099: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7034: 7016: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6983: 6970: 6967:ProAV Magazine 6959: 6946: 6911: 6900:Hoffman, Jan. 6898: 6887:Fairlie, Rik. 6885: 6878: 6867:Bajaj, Vikas. 6865: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6832: 6825: 6808: 6797:Sharkey, Joe. 6795: 6782: 6765: 6752: 6739: 6726: 6713: 6700: 6687: 6674: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6613:external links 6608: 6606: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6563: 6556: 6543: 6521: 6511:(3): 197–216. 6500: 6475: 6441:(2): 290–305. 6430: 6405: 6387:Science Museum 6372: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6317: 6303:Lisa's Wedding 6301: 6300: 6286: 6266: 6253: 6240: 6227: 6220: 6202: 6195: 6177: 6167:; directed by 6146: 6127: 6115: 6097: 6077: 6062: 6043: 6030: 6010: 5979: 5954: 5935: 5916: 5896: 5876: 5863:Whybray, M.W. 5856: 5801: 5774: 5754: 5739: 5722: 5705: 5674: 5643: 5612: 5581: 5552: 5539: 5520: 5500: 5476: 5457: 5422:(2): 256–266. 5402: 5384: 5366: 5348: 5333: 5319: 5312: 5276: 5269: 5243: 5225: 5207: 5185: 5166: 5149: 5127: 5109: 5100: 5078: 5045: 5019: 4986: 4968:978-1285414775 4967: 4947: 4921: 4896: 4877: 4857: 4837: 4830: 4812: 4799: 4788: 4777: 4759: 4741: 4716: 4709: 4684: 4663: 4644:(2): 101–126. 4627: 4616: 4592: 4583: 4563: 4560:on 2001-11-06. 4540: 4513: 4470: 4444: 4403: 4364: 4323: 4284: 4265:(3): 827–852. 4245: 4226:(3): 330–344. 4206: 4165: 4139: 4114: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4046: 4028: 4010: 3985: 3959: 3940: 3928: 3921: 3901: 3872: 3844: 3808: 3799: 3786: 3777: 3765: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3708:Teleconference 3705: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3621: 3612:Lisa's Wedding 3448:telephonoscope 3425: 3422: 3365:equivalent to 3336:rehabilitative 3187: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085:Binary Kitchen 3082: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3003: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2700: 2699: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2488: 2485: 2419: 2416: 2380:Main article: 2377: 2374: 2282: 2279: 2223:medical images 2203:Main article: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2106: 2103: 2041:North Carolina 2028: 2025: 1975:blood pressure 1890: 1889: 1870: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1839: 1836: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1797:Main article: 1794: 1791: 1760: 1757: 1746:Asterisk (PBX) 1723:There is also 1670: 1667: 1635: 1634: 1624: 1598: 1554: 1551: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1443: 1427: 1424: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1375: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1314: 1304: 1294: 1277: 1204:: A mid-2000s 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1146: 1144: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1111: 1110: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1073: 1062:Signal latency 1059: 1052: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 991: 988: 972: 969: 968: 967: 956: 946: 934: 912: 885: 882: 839:Proximity chat 801:video-enabled 760: 759: 674: 672: 665: 659: 656: 567:trade show in 552: 549: 531:such as 2010s 471:conducted the 406: 403: 334:In the 1980s, 331: 328: 296:network effect 210: 207: 185: 182: 161:Main article: 158: 155: 52:Videotelephony 47:system in 2007 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8812: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8724:Microblogging 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8686:Voice over IP 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8671:LAN messenger 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8501: 8493: 8491: 8483: 8481: 8473: 8471: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8450: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8215:Code-division 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8200:Time-division 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126:and switching 8124: 8120: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8077:optical fiber 8075: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8067:Coaxial cable 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7982:Radia Perlman 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7872:Lee de Forest 7870: 7868: 7867:Thomas Edison 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857:Donald Davies 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7842:Claude Chappe 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7686:Smoke signals 7684: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7664:Semiconductor 7662: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7523:Digital media 7521: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7432: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7411: 7401: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341:Nuisance call 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7280:Fibre-optical 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6917: 6913:Miller, Hugh. 6912: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6702:Lohr, Steve. 6701: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6655: 6652: 6644: 6641:December 2016 6634: 6630: 6629:inappropriate 6626: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6577:1-57820-316-3 6574: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6533:0-07-140085-0 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6489:0-471-15032-0 6486: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6435:Human Factors 6431: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6419:1-58053-023-0 6416: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6395:0-85296-914-7 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6374:Burns, R.W., 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6338:on 2009-10-20 6337: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6165:James Cameron 6162: 6158: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6073: 6072:New Scientist 6066: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5815: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5797:New Scientist 5794: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5735:Highfive Blog 5732: 5726: 5715: 5709: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5352: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5313:9783035100136 5309: 5305: 5304:11577/2418350 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5272: 5270:9781118914069 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5104: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4670:Percy, Alan. 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4638:Human Factors 4631: 4625: 4624:Google Patent 4620: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497:1-59904-964-3 4494: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3980:Computerworld 3976: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3937: 3932: 3924: 3922:9783540711698 3918: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3891:on 2011-07-24 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832:1-84882-482-3 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692:Project DIANE 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3630: 3629:"Video Phone" 3626: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593:Oprah Winfrey 3590: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3541:space station 3538: 3534: 3522: 3518: 3517:Larry Rabiner 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3405:(Dutch), and 3404: 3400: 3399:beeldtelefoon 3396: 3395:videoteléfono 3392: 3388: 3387:videotelefono 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3246:) as well as 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3050:Apple blocks 3049: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2740:Technologies 2739: 2737:Specialities 2736: 2733: 2731:Installation 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2693: 2685: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2659:This section 2657: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:sign language 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532:sign 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1927:mobile phones 1923: 1921: 1920:chat programs 1912: 1909: 1908:Sony Ericsson 1905: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1883:February 2015 1874: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1838:Cloud storage 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1484: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1447:reverberation 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:Adobe Connect 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:Data 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UK based 628:GoToMeeting 507:TFT display 469:Seiji Ozawa 344:Media space 84:smartphones 76:Videophones 8744:Categories 8712:Publishing 8626:Imageboard 8428:Antarctica 8387:Toasternet 8309:Television 7792:Paul Baran 7724:Television 7708:(teletype) 7701:Telegraphy 7679:transistor 7657:Phryctoria 7627:Photophone 7605:Smartphone 7595:Mass media 7233:Photophone 6992:Forbes.com 6922:2002-06-16 6827:Wang, Ses 6781:locations. 6342:2010-02-10 6189:. Signet. 6169:Paul Joyce 5636:January 4, 4915:2015-01-19 4864:Orr, Eli. 4806:RFC 4168, 4735:2016-03-23 4605:GazeMaster 4423:: 103984. 4384:: 107110. 4343:: 103984. 4185:: 103984. 4158:30 October 4133:2020-07-24 4080:Skype blog 3895:2011-05-18 3866:2011-05-18 3698:Smartphone 3580:Dick Tracy 3571:Hatta Mari 3491:Metropolis 3478:» In many 3407:videofonía 3385:(German), 3381:(French), 3379:vidéophone 3375:videophone 3371:visiophone 3355:videophone 3274:video link 3244:video chat 3240:videocalls 3222:videophone 3198:videophone 3190:See also: 3172:JavaScript 3145:JavaScript 3063:JavaScript 2972:or mobile 2803:Apple Inc. 2746:Licensing 2497:videophone 2450:videophone 2337:hired the 2318:globalized 2231:physicians 2117:See also: 2079:New Mexico 2015:Web client 1966:pensioners 1906:made on a 1720:networks. 1669:Call setup 1627:ITU-T V.80 1621:multimedia 1500:high-speed 1481:See also: 1472:T-View 100 1309:: usually 1288:television 1130:Technology 1083:available. 1021:Bill Gates 893:Web camera 742:April 2024 712:newspapers 601:smartphone 539:which use 473:Ode to Joy 386:frame rate 363:frame rate 277:satellites 223:coax cable 215:television 203:television 151:News media 60:video call 8770:Groupware 8621:Textboard 8412:Americas 8401:Locations 8372:Internet2 8133:Bandwidth 7837:Vint Cerf 7734:streaming 7712:Telephone 7652:Semaphore 7543:streaming 7346:Phone tag 7254:Caller ID 7199:Telephony 6625:excessive 6455:0018-7208 6313:BBC.co.uk 6057:USA Today 5698:March 23, 5667:March 23, 5452:244923066 5436:0003-4819 4439:0001-8791 4398:0747-5632 4359:0001-8791 4318:1939-1854 4279:0269-994X 4240:1939-1854 4201:0001-8791 3713:Telephony 3563:cartoon, 3513:Bell Labs 3468:visiphone 3456:viewphone 3452:telephote 3403:videofoon 3391:videófono 3359:Viewphone 3270:videocall 3202:telephone 3196:The name 2949:Microsoft 2605:semantics 2362:BlueJeans 2356:, Skype, 2271:otoscopes 2235:emergency 2219:diagnosis 2105:Education 2083:Baltimore 2067:St. Louis 1983:broadband 1952:. 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