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called a "kill cord" (for powered boats use around the wrist is not recommended, as it may slip off without cutting the engine). If the helmsman goes overboard or is forced away from the controls, the engine cuts out. This prevents the boat from continuing under power but out of control, risking injury to anyone in or out of the water including passengers who may have fallen out or may still be in the boat, and collision damage to any property in the path of this out of control boat; this in turn prevents or limits damage to the boat itself from striking other objects. It is a common and dangerous practice to defeat the kill cord by fixing it to part of the boat instead of the operator; for convenience. This has been the cause of accidents, some of which were fatal or caused limb loss.
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driver leaves their hands off for more than a minute, then the car will engage its hazard warning lights and bring the car to a stop. This is done because the
Autopilot system is not capable of full-self driving, and requires that the driver be able to take over operation of the vehicle without warning, should the car encounter a problem it does not know how to solve. This system uses a torque sensor on the steering wheel of the vehicle: when a driver is simply holding the wheel, they are still applying a small amount of torque to the wheel, confirming for the car that the driver is being attentive; if the driver turns the wheel with more force, all vehicle controls are handed back to the driver immediately.
517:. An example of a software-based dead man's switch is one that starts when the computer boots up and can encrypt or delete user-specified data if an unauthorized user should ever gain access to the protected computer. Google's Inactive Account Manager allows the account holder to nominate someone else to access their services if not used for an extended period (the default is three months). Some solutions available to the public utilize the growing market of mobile devices. Instead of sending an automated e-mail, they will send a push notification directly to the mobile device, and can alert family and friends in a much more convenient way.
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switch on the engine. While mowing, the operator must always squeeze the lever against the handle. If the operator ever loses grip of the handle, the blade will disengage or the engine will stop, stopping the blades from spinning and (if equipped) any drive wheels from turning. On mowers where the engine stops, this switch configuration also acts as the engine's main kill switch; when the operator wants to stop the engine, he can release the dead man's switch intentionally.
538:, and is also used extensively in nuclear power control systems. System components on a spacecraft that put it into a safe mode or cause it to execute default behaviors when no command is received within a predefined time window can be considered a dead man's switch, but hardware or software that attempts to receive a command from human operators through an alternate channel is an auto-recovering or adaptive communications system, not a dead man's switch.
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pressed continuously, typically with the palm of the hand so that the button was flush with the top of the handle. Another method used, particularly with some lever-type controllers, which are rotated rather than pushed or pulled, requires that the handle on the lever be turned through 90 degrees and held in that position while the train is in operation. Some dead man's controls only work in the mid position and not with full pressure (see
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386:), where drivers must release and re-press the pedal in response to an audible signal. This prevents it from being defeated by the above circumstances and is a standard feature on most British DSD systems. If the timer period is beginning to expire, a visual and audible warning is given. If the operator fails to acknowledge the warning, a
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Fireman
Matlock knew something was wrong and stepped to the engineer's side of the engine. He found Young dead and immediately stopped the train. There is a wound on the left side of the engineer's head, and the supposition is that a piece of rock fell from the side of a high cut through the mountains and killed him instantly.
281:, the device that regulates traction power. If pressure is not maintained on the controller, the train's emergency brakes are applied. Typically, the controller handle is a horizontal bar, rotated to apply the required power for the train. Attached to the bottom of the handle is a rod that when pushed down contacts a
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avionics suite capable of automatically diverting an aircraft to the nearest airport and landing it in the event a pilot fails to interact with the aircraft's controls or respond to system prompts. This automation capability has been made possible by advancements in computing, control, and navigation
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Many spacecraft use a form of dead man's switch to guard against command system failures. A timer is established that is normally reset by the receipt of any valid command (including one whose sole function is to reset the timer). If the timer expires, the spacecraft enters a "command loss" algorithm
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Some types of locomotive are fitted with a three-position pedal, which must normally be kept in the mid position. This lessens the likelihood of accidentally defeating it, although it may still be possible to deliberately do so. Adding a vigilance function to this type of pedal results in a very safe
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Passengers on an
Incoming Knoxville & Ohio River Railroad train rode several miles this afternoon with the hand of a corpse at the throttle of the engine. The train left Buckeye, Tenn., on time and ran through to Careyville, the next station. When Engineer A. C. Young ran through the latter town
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and lawn mowers. On saws for example, they incorporate a squeeze throttle trigger into the handle. If the user loses grip of the saw, the springs in the throttle trigger will push it back out to the off or idle setting, stopping the blade from spinning. Some tools go further and have a trigger guard
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is spinning. On riding lawn mowers, the switch is often more extreme where the switch will cut the engine even if the mower is parked and the blades are not spinning. Seat switches can also be used to keep small children from even starting the vehicle since they would not weigh enough to completely
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to the dead man's system. A buzzer or bell sounds every minute or so in order to alert the motorman or engineer. If they do not respond by moving a controller, or releasing and then re-applying the dead man's handle, the system will automatically initiate an emergency brake application. Most major
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system in 1918, though not caused by driver incapacitation, did spur the need for universal deployment of such devices to halt trains in the event of the operator's disability. According to a
Manhattan borough historian, there have been at least three instances where the dead man's switch was used
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The main safety failing with the basic dead man's system is the possibility of the operating device being held permanently in position, either deliberately or accidentally. Vigilance control was developed to detect this condition by requiring that the dead man's device be released momentarily and
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A pedal can be used instead of a handle. While some pedal switches must simply be held down in order for the machine to function (this system is often found on amusement rides, where the operator is likely to remain in a standing position for a lengthy period of time while the ride is in motion),
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electric vehicles. When the driver has engaged the semi-autonomous driving system "Autopilot", they must keep their hands on the steering wheel. If the driver takes their hands off the steering wheel for more than 30 seconds, a loud alarm will sound inside the car to wake sleeping drivers; if the
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Though there are ways that this type of dead man's control could conceivably fail, in practice they have proven highly reliable. On some earlier equipment, pressure was not maintained on the entire controller, but on a large button protruding from the controller handle. This button also had to be
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mounted on the dead man's switch. Should the rider fall off the vehicle or the operator at least move away from the controls, the cord will be pulled out of the dead man's switch, turning off the engine or setting the throttle position to "idle". On powered boats in particular this cord is often
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Every walk-behind mower sold in the US since 1982 has a dead man's switch called an "operator-presence control", which by law must stop the blades within three seconds after the user releases the controls. Attached across the handle is a mechanical lever connected by a flexible cable to the kill
131:. The switch that arms the device is only kept in its "off" position by continued pressure from the user's hand. The device will activate when the switch is released, so that if the user is knocked out or killed while holding the switch, the bomb will detonate. The
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have this feature. In the case of treadmills, the dead man's switch usually consists of an external magnet attached to a cord that clips to the user. If the user falls or walks away without turning off the treadmill, the switch cuts power to the treadmill belt.
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More recent safety standards do not consider this to be adequate, as the driver may slump over the dead man's handle and continue to hold it down even though they are not capable of controlling the train. Modern trains overcome this risk with the addition of a
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devices. On some machines, these switches merely bring the machines back to a safe state, such as reducing the throttle to idle or applying brakes while leaving the machines still running and ready to resume normal operation once control is reestablished.
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While having some similarities to a dead man's switch, this type of device (a command loss timer) is not actually a dead man's switch, because it aims to recover from a hardware failure rather than the absence of human operators. It is generally called a
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are activated. Gloves, if worn, have to be finger-less for the touch sensor to operate. A backup dead-man's switch button is provided on the side of the controller for use in the case of a failed touch sensor or if it is too cold to remove gloves.
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The dead man's switch can also be located beneath the seat of a vehicle or machine and engages if the operator is not in the seat holding the switch down. On modern tractors, the switch will cut the engine while the transmission is engaged or the
329:. Only when the user presses in the trigger guard first will it then release its lock on the trigger and allow the trigger to be pressed in. Typically, trigger guards can only be pressed in while the user has a firm grip of the handle.
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system. However, isolation devices are still provided in case of equipment failure, so a deliberate override is still possible. These isolation devices usually have tamper-evident seals fitted for that reason.
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versions of dead man's switches are generally only used by people with technical expertise, and can serve several purposes, such as sending a stored message, a notification to friends, or deleting and
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This concept has been employed with computer data, where sensitive information has been previously encrypted and released to the public, and the "switch" is the release of the decryption key, as with
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459:(SWESS), that ensured the nuclear payload detonated in the event of the crew becoming incapacitated through enemy action. The purpose of this device, unlike other examples mentioned above, was
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where they stop a machine with no operator from a potentially dangerous action or incapacitate a device as a result of accident, malfunction, or misuse. They are common in such applications in
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that cycles through a predefined sequence of hardware or software modes (such as the selection of a backup command receiver) until a valid command is received. The spacecraft may also enter a
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operation. In the US, older locomotives produced before 1995 did not originally carry this feature, but given the modular nature of the system it is not uncommon to find them retrofitted.
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or switch inside the control housing. The handle springs up if pressure is removed, releasing the rod's contact with the internal switch, instantly cutting power and applying the brakes.
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With modern urban and suburban railway systems, the driver is typically alone in an enclosed cab. Automatic devices were already beginning to be deployed on newer installations of the
127:, since a spring-operated switch can be used to complete a circuit, not only to break it. This allows a dead man's switch to be used to activate a harmful device, such as a bomb or
154:. They contain orders on what action to take if the British government is destroyed in a nuclear attack. After a prime minister leaves office, the letters are destroyed unopened.
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program, which allows for either automatic or semiautomatic launch of nuclear missiles should a number of conditions be met, even if all
Russian leadership were to be killed.
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vehicles, the tram's speed controller is fitted with a capacitive touch sensor to detect the driver's hand. If the hand is removed for more than a short period of time, the
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In most trains, a basic level of protection is provided by a "dead man's handle" or pedal. If the driver is taken ill and releases this, the power will be shut off and an
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Handle-mounted dead man's switches are also used on many hand-held tools and lawn equipment, typically those that rotate or have blades such as saws, drills,
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technologies and is of particular importance in a general aviation setting since private aircraft are often flown by only a single pilot.
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There are some solutions to this issue that are now used in modern pedal systems. The pedal can have a vigilance function built in (a
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Many dead man's switches are mounted in the control handle of a vehicle or machine and engage if the operator ever loses their grip.
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210:, who could almost always bring the train to a stop if necessary. For many decades two people were assigned to electric and diesel
371:, south of Sydney, Australia, in 2003, the driver suddenly died of a heart attack, and his slumped body kept the pedal depressed.
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rail systems in the world use this equipment, both in their freight and passenger operations. It is also used on the
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424:, the user or operator has a cord or lanyard attached to their wrist or life jacket, that is in turn attached to a
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241:). Modern locomotive practice is to incorporate the dead-man's and vigilance functions under the control of the
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Dead man's switches are not always used to stop machines and prevent harm; such switches can also be used as a
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and power pedals. This layout has continued to be used on some modern trams around the world. In conventional
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that is designed to be activated or deactivated if the human operator becomes incapacitated, such as through
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or insurance file in which the release of damaging material is threatened if anything happens to a person.
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re-applied at timed intervals. There has also been a proposal to introduce a similar system to automotive
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is an application of this concept in the field of nuclear weapons. A more extreme version is Russia's
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trains, for example, the dead man's switch is incorporated into the train's speed control. On the
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car, the train operator must continually hold the lever in place in order for the train to move.
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The status and operation of both vigilance and dead man's switch may be recorded on the train's
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or electrically linked dead man's controls involve relatively simple modifications of the
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This article is about a safety device used on vehicles and equipment. For other uses, see
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1280:"What Happened to Julian Assange's Dead Man's Switch for the WikiLeaks Insurance Files?"
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On some vehicles, including the diesel-electric railway locomotives in Canada, and on
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Dead-man's vigilance device (here a pedal) on the cab car of a German InterCity train
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data. The "non-event" triggering these can be almost anything, such as failing to
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trains. The first widespread use came with the introduction of the mass-produced
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72:, it has since come to be used to describe other intangible uses, as in computer
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715:"HAND OF CORPSE AT THROTTLE. Engineer Killed at His Post, but the Train Ran On"
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The term "dead man's switch" is sometimes used to describe a form of defensive
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1046:"BusKill USB kill cord protects data on Linux, Windows, Mac OS devices"
1019:"BusKill USB Cable Now Available: A PC Kill Switch for Data Protection"
909:"Locomotive Repair Books, Record Cards, Manuals and Driver's Handbooks"
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as well, even though a single person could theoretically operate them.
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844:"Tesla Rejected More Advanced Driver Monitoring Features on Its Cars"
825:"Tesla: Technology Helps to Keep Drivers Alert After Autopilot Crash"
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recovered from a command receiver failure with a command loss timer.
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Interest in dead man's controls increased with the introduction of
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hold down a switch adjusted to an adolescent's or adult's weight.
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An example of a passenger vehicle using a dead man's switch is on
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developed a dead man's switch for its nuclear bombers, known as
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trains, there was always a second person with the engineer, the
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for 7 consecutive days, not responding to an automated e-mail,
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992:"Cornwall speedboat accident: police pay tribute to rescuers"
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Handle switches are still used on modern trams and trains.
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The train ran perhaps eight miles after Young was killed.
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182:(streetcars in North America) and especially electrified
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Electro-pneumatic brake system on
British railway trains
258:"Dead man's handle" redirects here. For the novel, see
752:"Not the First Time the 'Dead-Man' Switch Did Its Job"
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to protect itself while waiting for further commands.
1308:"Section 9. Watchdog, Deadman, and Power-up Timers".
617:
862:"SAFETY STANDARD FOR WALK-BEHIND POWER LAWN MOWERS"
880:"Driver Vigilance Devices – Systems Review (T024)"
420:and snowmobiles, and on the control panel of many
190:, though dead-man equipment was fairly rare on US
554:application will be initiated to stop the train.
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1075:. Princeton University Press. pp. 187–188.
670:"'Dead Hand' Re-Examines The Cold War Arms Race"
567:and other New York City Subway cars while under
150:to the commanding officers of the four British
27:Device that reacts to the loss of the operator
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1348:Kill Cords: Lessons from the Milly RIB Report
690:"WikiLeaks Password Is an Anti-CIA JFK quote"
79:These switches are usually used as a form of
1200:"Voyager Support. DSN Progress Report 42-49"
807:"Autopilot and Full Self-Driving Capability"
432:Some luggage carts at airports and exercise
457:Special Weapons Emergency Separation System
133:Special Weapons Emergency Separation System
41:A pedal acting as a dead man's switch in a
1554:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
1549:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
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367:this method has some shortcomings. In the
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416:On recreational vehicles such as boats,
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230:successfully – in 1927, 1940, and 2010.
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1253:"Piper Bets Big on Envelope Protection"
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221:system in the early 20th century. The
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142:A similar concept is the handwritten
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148:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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1278:Bertorelli, Paul (11 April 2009).
1251:Bertorelli, Paul (13 April 2015).
1103:"How to Install a Deadman Switch?"
582:use vigilance control to minimize
325:built into the handle, similar to
32:Dead man's switch (disambiguation)
25:
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1044:Aufranc, Jean-Luc (15 Dec 2021).
664:Terry Gross & David Hoffman,
1127:"About Inactive Account Manager"
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188:Birney One-Man Safety (tram) Car
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725:. 1903-01-12. p. 1 col. 6
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1311:PIC32 Family Reference Manual
1198:Allen, J.; Nance, H. (1978).
1069:Sagan, Scott Douglas (1995).
1017:Shilov, Anton (15 Dec 2021).
990:Morris, Steven (6 May 2013).
842:O'Kane, Sean (May 14, 2018).
721:. Vol. 53, no. 12.
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750:Newman, Andy (May 7, 2010).
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152:ballistic missile submarines
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1259:. Aviation Publishing Group
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376:dead-man's vigilance device
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129:improvised explosive device
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941:Royal Yachting Association
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784:. Wabtec. Archived from
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369:Waterfall train disaster
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1564:Emergency brake (train)
675:15 October 2017 at the
646:Train protection system
380:driver vigilance device
245:or the event recorder.
1410:Counter-pressure brake
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227:Brooklyn Rapid Transit
164:A related device is a
144:letters of last resort
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1430:Electromagnetic brake
453:Strategic Air Command
390:application results.
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237:(commonly known as a
194:until the successful
62:loss of consciousness
40:
1228:"DSD Vigilance Unit"
1072:The Limits of Safety
933:"Use your kill cord"
813:. February 13, 2019.
719:Indianapolis Journal
442:information security
298:New York City Subway
223:Malbone Street Wreck
219:New York City Subway
1544:Diesel brake tender
1321:2013. DS60001114G.
418:personal watercraft
97:personal watercraft
89:aircraft refuelling
1625:Pearson's Coupling
1512:New York Air Brake
1503:Faiveley Transport
1472:Regenerative brake
1465:Railway disc brake
1425:Eddy current brake
1415:Countersteam brake
1353:2014-08-19 at the
1155:deadmantracker.com
1151:"Dead Man Tracker"
970:Chieftain Training
756:The New York Times
448:Altimeter switches
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1605:Dead man's switch
1455:Railway air brake
1450:Kunze-Knorr brake
1179:Deadmanswitch.com
593:became the first
471:Vigilance control
279:controller handle
260:Dead Man's Handle
93:freight elevators
50:dead man's switch
43:bucket lift truck
18:Vigilance control
16:(Redirected from
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677:Wayback Machine
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641:Security switch
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580:Some aeroplanes
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552:emergency brake
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484:cruise controls
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422:amusement rides
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117:medical imaging
113:amusement rides
101:outboard motors
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913:LocoDocs.co.uk
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782:"Bach-Simpson"
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235:event recorder
204:steam railroad
180:electric trams
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107:, treadmills,
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947:on 2013-01-17
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1508:Knorr-Bremse
1487:Vacuum brake
1330:. Retrieved
1310:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
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1261:. Retrieved
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1235:. Retrieved
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1210:. Retrieved
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1107:FordNews.org
1106:
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1053:. Retrieved
1050:CNX Software
1049:
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1028:. Retrieved
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1001:. Retrieved
997:The Guardian
995:
985:
974:. Retrieved
972:. 2020-02-14
969:
966:"Kill Cords"
960:
949:. Retrieved
945:the original
936:
927:
916:. Retrieved
912:
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892:. Retrieved
888:the original
883:
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790:. Retrieved
786:the original
776:
764:. Retrieved
760:the original
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727:. Retrieved
723:Indianapolis
718:
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698:. Retrieved
693:
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591:Garmin G3000
588:
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463:rather than
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412:Key switches
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347:track brakes
340:
337:Touch sensor
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322:snow blowers
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78:
49:
47:
1482:Track brake
1477:Steam brake
1131:Google Help
694:News.com.au
461:fail-deadly
291:pilot valve
212:locomotives
167:kill switch
125:fail-deadly
115:, and many
109:snowmobiles
105:snowblowers
85:locomotives
1653:Categories
1630:Pneumatics
1610:Drum brake
1460:Disc brake
1445:Hand brake
1337:(26 pages)
1332:2024-01-10
1237:2017-08-17
1184:2022-01-14
1160:2019-10-12
1136:2019-07-05
1112:2022-11-02
1088:2008-11-16
1055:2022-07-02
1030:2022-07-02
1003:2013-11-15
976:2020-06-03
951:2013-05-07
937:RYA.org.uk
918:2013-11-15
894:2018-08-04
884:RSSB.co.uk
792:2023-11-22
729:2020-06-06
700:2023-11-23
652:References
521:Spacecraft
499:encrypting
475:See also:
434:treadmills
296:In modern
192:streetcars
174:Background
1590:Air brake
1539:Brake van
1289:8 January
1284:Heavy.com
1257:avweb.com
848:The Verge
811:Tesla.com
666:Fresh Air
608:blackmail
602:Blackmail
540:Voyager 2
528:safe mode
465:fail-safe
316:Machinery
239:black box
146:from the
137:Dead Hand
81:fail-safe
1569:Retarder
1351:Archived
1323:Archived
1263:15 April
673:Archived
614:See also
575:Aircraft
495:Software
490:Software
283:solenoid
269:Vehicles
74:software
1212:4 March
866:GPO.gov
829:Fortune
636:BusKill
584:hypoxia
243:alerter
225:on the
208:fireman
159:Vault 7
70:machine
66:vehicle
1233:. 2010
1079:
766:May 7,
503:log in
254:Handle
54:switch
1600:Brake
1403:Types
1326:(PDF)
1315:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
546:Train
354:Pedal
309:Tesla
302:R142A
249:Types
200:brake
58:death
52:is a
1291:2021
1265:2015
1214:2009
1077:ISBN
768:2010
569:CBTC
565:R143
515:boot
509:, a
507:ping
477:Sifa
511:GPS
486:.
440:In
426:key
384:DVD
382:or
293:).
68:or
1655::
1317:.
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20:)
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