594:, risky driving, tobacco use, violence, and suicideāare all predicted by low conscientiousness. Health behaviors are more strongly correlated with the "conventionality" rather than the "impulse-control" aspect of conscientiousness. Apparently, social norms influence many health-relevant behaviors, such as healthy diet, exercise, not smoking, and moderate drinking, and highly conscientious people adhere the most strongly to these norms. Conscientiousness is positively related to health behaviors such as regular visits to a doctor, checking smoke alarms, and adherence to medication regimens. Such behavior may better safeguard health and prevent disease. The only known health benefits of low conscientiousness are relaxation and reduced anxiety.
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Midlands, and most of the
Scottish Highlands. Low levels of conscientiousness were observed in London, Wales, and parts of the North of England. Higher mean levels of regional conscientiousness were positively correlated with voting for Toryism and the Conservative Party, and negatively correlated with voting for the Labour Party, in the 2005 and 2010 elections, and also correlated with a higher proportion of married residents, with higher life expectancy for men and women, fewer long-term health problems, and with lower rates of mortality from stroke, cancer, and heart disease. Higher regional conscientiousness was also correlated with lower median annual income in 2011.
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positive trait to possess, research suggests that in some situations it may be harmful for well-being. In a prospective study of 9,570 people over four years, highly conscientious people suffered more than twice as much if they became unemployed. The authors suggested this may be due to conscientious people making different attributions about why they became unemployed, or through experiencing stronger reactions following failure. This finding is consistent with perspectives which see no trait as inherently positive or negative, but rather the consequences of the trait being dependent on the situation and concomitant goals and motivations.
413:(Five-Factor Model), behavior geneticists began systematic studies of the full range of personality traits, and it soon became clear that all five factors are substantially heritable. Identical twins showed very similar personality traits even when they had been separated at birth and raised apart, and this was true for both character traits and temperament traits. Parents and communities influence the ways in which conscientiousness is expressed, but they apparently do not influence its level.
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spousal abuse, and alcohol use disorder. Conscientious behaviors may have a direct influence on relationship quality, as people low in conscientiousness are less responsible, less responsive to their partners, more condescending, and less likely to hold back offensive comments. More conscientious people are better at managing conflict and tend to provoke fewer disagreements, perhaps because they elicit less criticism due to their well-controlled and responsible behavior.
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mini-markers. Thompson revised these measures to develop the
International English Mini-Markers which has superior validity and reliability in populations both within and outside North America. Internal consistency reliability of the International English Mini-Markers for the Conscientiousness measure for native English-speakers is reported as .90, that for non-native English-speakers is .86.
485:, which is characterized in part by problems with concentration, organization, and persistence. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies suggest that conscientiousness is relatively low among adolescents but increases between 18 and 30 years of age. Conscientiousness generally increases with age from 21 to 60, though the rate of increase is slow.
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subfactor of conscientiousness show less innovative behavior, especially if coupled with a low score on the industrious subfactor. Group conscientiousness has a negative effect on group performance during creative tasks. Groups with only conscientious members have difficulty solving open-ended problems.
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more often than conscientious people. High conscientiousness is associated with more careful planning of shopping trips and less impulse buying of unneeded items. While conscientiousness is generally linked to a lower level of anti-social behaviour, it is not always the case, and conscientiousness is
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The orderliness/dependability subfactors (order, dutifulness, and deliberation) of conscientiousness correlate negatively with creativity while the industriousness/achievement subfactors (competence, achievement striving, and self-discipline) correlate positively. People who score high on the order
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Relationship quality is positively associated with partners' levels of conscientiousness. Highly conscientious people are less likely to get divorced due to their own fault. Conscientiousness is associated with lower rates of behavior associated with at-fault divorce, such as extramarital affairs,
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People who score high on the trait of conscientiousness tend to be more organized and less cluttered in their homes and offices. For example, their books tend to be neatly shelved in alphabetical order, or categorized by topic, rather than scattered around the room. Their clothes tend to be folded
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use adjectives that reflect conscientiousness traits, such as "efficient" and "systematic", and are very space- and time-efficient for research purposes. Goldberg developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers. Saucier developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word
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Terms such as "hard-working", "reliable", and "persevering" describe desirable aspects of character. Because conscientiousness was once believed to be a moral evaluation, it was overlooked as a psychological attribute. The reality of individual differences in conscientiousness has now been clearly
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Conscientiousness has distinct sub-components, including two major branches (i.e., orderliness and industriousness). The largest set of meta-analyses found that these branches of conscientiousness have disparate connections with cognitive abilities. Orderliness has negative correlations with some
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A 2008 meta-analysis found that conscientiousness has a positive relationship with subjective well-being, particularly satisfaction with life. Highly conscientious people tend to be happier with their lives than those who score low on this trait. Although conscientiousness is generally seen as a
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A large scale survey of residents of Great
Britain found that average levels of all the Big Five, including conscientiousness, vary across regional districts in England, Wales, and Scotland. High levels of conscientiousness were found throughout much of Southern England, scattered areas of the
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Currently, little is known about conscientiousness in young children because the self-report inventories typically used to assess it are not appropriate for that age group. There are likely individual differences in this factor at an early age. It is known, for example, that some children have
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A study from 2006 found that those scoring low on conscientiousness make better decisions after unanticipated changes in the context of a task. Specifically, the subfactors order, dutifulness, and deliberation negatively correlated with decision-making quality, but not competence, achievement
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tend to comprise more words than lexical measures, so consume more research instrument space and more respondent time to complete. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, often forget to put things back in their proper place, or are careful to avoid making mistakes. Some
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and emotional stability may also be important, particularly in jobs that involve a significant amount of social interaction. Of all manager/leader types, top executives show the lowest level of rule-following, a conscientious trait. Conscientiousness is not always positively related to
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established by studies of cross-observer agreement. Peer and expert ratings confirm the self-reports that people make about their degrees of conscientiousness. Furthermore, both self-reports and observer ratings of conscientiousness predict real-life outcomes such as academic success.
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Although right-wing authoritarianism is one of the most powerful predictors of prejudice, a large scale meta-analysis found that conscientiousness itself is uncorrelated with general prejudice. Rebellion against control is significantly negatively correlated with conscientiousness.
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cognitive abilities (e.g., fluid reasoning abilities, math knowledge, lexical knowledge, and science knowledge) whereas industriousness has strikingly positive correlations with multiple abilities (e.g., general mental ability, memory, processing speed, and knowledge).
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of the sample. For example, with students who are low on one trait and high on the other (negative relationship) using the strong one to compensate and pass the selection, while students who are low on both (positive relationship) are removed by the selection.
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Some previous studies in selected samples (e.g., job candidates, university students) have found negative correlations between conscientiousness and intelligence. One potential explanation is that these negative correlations may be artificially
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and arranged in drawers or closets instead of lying on the floor. The presence of planners and to-do lists are also signs of conscientiousness. Their homes tend to have better lighting than the homes of people who score low on this trait.
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in their behavior. People who score low on conscientiousness tend to be laid back, less goal-oriented, and less driven by success, if they also score high on Big Five
Agreeableness; otherwise, they are also more likely to engage in
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Low conscientiousness is linked to anti-social behavior, blue-collared crimes, and crimes of passion, as well as unemployment and homelessness. Low conscientiousness and low agreeableness taken together are also associated with
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Carter, Nathan L.; Guan, Li; Maples, Jessica L.; Williamson, Rachel L.; Miller, Joshua D. (2015). "The downsides of extreme conscientiousness for psychological wellbeing: The role of obsessive compulsive tendencies".
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Hence, conscientiousness is associated only with rule compliance, obedience, and integrity, not necessarily with right-wing authoritarianism, which requires reduced Big Five
Agreeableness as well.
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Murray, A.L.; Johnson, W.; McGue, M.; Iacono, W.G. (2014). "How are conscientiousness and cognitive ability related to one another? A re-examination of the intelligence compensation hypothesis".
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on over 1,500 gifted adolescent
Californians, "The strongest predictor of long life was conscientiousness." Specific behaviors associated with low conscientiousness may explain its influence on
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Higgins, D.M.; Peterson, J.B.; Lee, A.; Pihl, R.O. (2007). "Prefrontal cognitive ability, intelligence, Big Five personality and the prediction of advanced academic and workplace performance".
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Conscientiousness correlates with successful academic performance in students and workplace performance among managers and workers. Low levels of conscientiousness are strongly associated with
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Because conscientiousness is positively related to job performance, conservative service workers have been shown to earn higher ratings, evaluations, and tips than their liberal counterparts.
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Brown, Tom J.; Mowen, John C.; Donavan, D. Todd; Licata, Jane W. (2002). "The
Customer Orientation of Service Workers: Personality Trait Effects on Self-and Supervisor Performance Ratings".
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A person's level of conscientiousness is generally assessed using self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either
533:; sometimes the opposite is true. Being too conscientious could lead to taking too much time in making urgent decisions and to being too attached to the rules and lacking innovation.
429:. Deciding which measure of either type to use in research is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of the study being undertaken.
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such as stealing and fighting with other employees. Furthermore, conscientiousness is the personality trait that correlates the most with performance across all categories of jobs.
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can be hard for non-native
English-speakers to understand, suggesting internationally validated measures might be more appropriate for research conducted with non-North Americans.
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Lepine, Jeffrey; Colquitt, Jason; Erez, Amir (2000). "Adaptability to changing task context: effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience".
409:. Temperament traits were thought to be biologically based, whereas character traits were thought to be learned either during childhood or throughout life. With the advent of the
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Rentfrow, Peter J.; Gosling, Samuel D.; Potter, Jeff (2008). "A Theory of the
Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics".
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Neal, Andrew; Yeo, Gillian; Koy, Annette; Xiao, Tania (2011-01-26). "Predicting the form and direction of work role performance from the Big 5 model of personality traits".
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Dewitt, S.; Schouwenburg, H. C. (2002). "Procrastination, temptations, and incentives: The struggle between the present and the future in procrastinators and the punctual".
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is the only one that scores in the top ten for this personality trait. The four states with the lowest scores on conscientiousness on average were, in descending order,
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Individual differences are strongly preserved, meaning that a careful, neat, and scrupulous 30-year-old is likely to become a careful, neat, and scrupulous 80-year-old.
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Piedmont, R.L.; Chae, J.H. (1997). "Cross-cultural generalizability of the five-factor model of personality ā Development and validation of the NEO PI-R for
Koreans".
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statement-based measures of conscientiousness have similarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, but their generally
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De Fruyt, F.; Van De Wiele, L.; Van Heeringen, C. (2000). "Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality".
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Conscientiousness in psychology is defined, as noted above, by notions such as "orderliness and industriousness", not by reference to the ordinary language notion of
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Soto, C.J. (2019). "How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project".
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Goldberg, L.R.; Johnson, J.A.; Eber, H.W.; et al. (2006). "The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures".
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Robert, Christopher; Cheung, Yu Ha (April 2010). "An examination of the relationship between conscientiousness and group performance on a creative task".
590:. Nine different behaviors that are among the leading causes of mortalityāalcohol use, disordered eating (including obesity), drug use, lack of exercise,
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Sibley, Chris G.; Osborne, Danny; Duckitt, John (2012). "Personality and political orientation: Meta-analysis and test of a Threat-Constraint Model".
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Chen, Philip G.; Palmer, Carl L. (2017-08-04). "The Prejudiced Personality? Using the Big Five to Predict Susceptibility to Stereotyping Behavior".
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Mount, M.K.; Barrick, M.R.; Stewart, G.L. (1998). "Five-factor model of personality and Performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions".
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associated with conscientiousness are frequently assessed by self-report integrity tests given by various corporations to prospective employees.
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rather than spontaneous behavior; and they are generally dependable. Conscientiousness manifests in characteristic behaviors such as being neat,
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Roberts, B.W.; Jackson, J.J.; Fayard, J.V.; Edmonds, G.; Meints, J. (2009). "25. Conscientiousness". In Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (eds.).
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Davidson, Alexander; Theriault, Derek A. (2021-03-25). "How Consumer Experience Is Shaped by the Political Orientation of Service Providers".
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2007:"Demographic and personality predictors of intelligence: a study using the Neo Personality Inventory and the MyersāBriggs Type Indicator"
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Walton, K.E.; Roberts, B.W. (2004). "On the relationship between substance use and personality traits: abstainers are not maladjusted".
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561:. People low in conscientiousness have difficulty saving money and their risky borrowing practices make them fall prey to subprime and
60:. Conscientiousness implies a desire to do a task well, and to take obligations to others seriously. Conscientious people tend to be
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not always negatively correlated with criminality. It has been shown that conscientiousness is positively correlated with business,
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development makes them less suited to use in other populations. For instance, statements in colloquial North American English like
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Conscientious employees are generally more reliable, more motivated, and harder working. They have lower rates of absenteeism and
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1672:"The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment"
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509:. Conscientiousness has a moderate to large positive correlation with performance in the workplace, and in contrast, after
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Kern, Margaret L.; Friedman, Howard S. (2008ā2009). "Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review".
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During most of the 20th century, psychologists believed that personality traits could be divided into two categories:
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J. F. Salgado (February 1997). "The five factor model of personality and job performance in the European community".
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General religiosity was mainly correlated with high Agreeableness and Conscientiousness among the Big Five traits.
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DeYoung, C.G.; Quilty, L. C.; Peterson, J.B. (2007). "Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five".
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Thompson, E.R. (October 2008). "Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers".
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1857:"The Longevity Project: Surprising Discoveries for Health and Long Life from the Landmark Eight-Decade Study"
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Sibley, Chris; Duckitt, John (2008). "Personality and Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Review".
1842:"Psychological Predictors of Long Life: An 80-year study discovers traits that help people to live longer"
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Ozer, D. J.; Benet-MartĆnez, V. (2006). "Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes".
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Saroglou, Vassilis (2002). "Religion and the five-factors of personality: A meta-analytic review".
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1323:"The Big Five Personality Traits, General Mental Ability, And Career Success Across The Life Span"
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Blickle, G.; Schlegel, A. (2006). "Some Personality Correlates of Business White-Collar Crime".
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Saucier, G (1994). "Mini-Markers ā a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers".
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also have relatively high average scores on conscientiousness. Among the eastern states,
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of personality and is an aspect of what has traditionally been referred to as having
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Rentfrow, Peter J.; Jokela, Markus; Lamb, Michael E. (March 24, 2015).
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Conscientiousness also appears in other models of personality, such as
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No best way: an evolutionary perspective on human resource management
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Conscientiousness correlates with conservative political attitudes.
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2385:"Procrastination and the five-factor model: a facet level analysis"
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Boyce, Christopher J.; Wood, Alex M.; Brown, Gordon D.A. (2010).
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According to a multi-decade study begun in 1921 by psychologist
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204:'s NEO-IPIP. According to these models, conscientiousness is a
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Moutafi, Joanna; Furnham, Adrian; Crump, John (January 2003).
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The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving
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698:. People living in the central part, including the states of
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Reiter-Palmon, Roni; Illies, Jody; Kobe-Cross, Lisa (2009).
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Carney, D.R.; Jost, J.T.; Gosling, S.D.; Potter, J. (2008).
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1509:"Which Personality Traits Are Most Important to Employers?"
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Kim, Lisa E.; Poropat, Arthur E.; MacCann, Carolyn (2016),
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1487:. New York/London: The Guildford Press. pp. 257ā273.
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Personality trait of being orderly and following the rules
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1562:"New research shows leaders are persuasive rule-breakers"
2466:"Which personality traits do innovative people possess?"
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In the NEO framework, Conscientiousness has six facets:
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Conscientiousness is one of the five traits of both the
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Hogan, Robert; Johnson, John; Briggs, Stephen (1997).
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Friedman, Howard S.; Martin, Leslie R. (March 2012).
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Steel, Piers; Schmidt, Joseph; Shultz, Jonas (2008).
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Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior
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Often forget to put things back in their proper place
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907:. Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources.
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767: ā Branch of psychology focused on personality
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196:that assess these traits are Costa and McCrae's
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1946:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1940:Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2023-06-06).
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258:Other Big Five personality traits such as low
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905:NEO personality Inventory professional manual
235:. Other models suggest a smaller set of two "
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2468:. Universiteit van Amsterdam. Archived from
1414:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1250:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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1051:McCrae, Robert (2004). "Conscientiousness".
938:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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694:Average levels of conscientiousness vary by
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104:(tending to think carefully before acting).
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1718:
1513:Association for Psychological Science - APS
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1012:The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality
902:
160:Conscientiousness is one of the five major
2960:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
2860:
2846:
2748:
2734:
2336:
2045:
1939:
1638:. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14
786:
784:
782:
780:
119:. Conscientious individuals are generally
2698:
2688:
2523:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 159.
2516:
2136:
1981:
1719:Wood, Alex M.; Tarrier, Nicholas (2010).
1625:
1426:
847:
517:do not aid in predicting career success.
385:Learn how and when to remove this message
2570:
2564:
1465:
1404:Schmidt, Frank L.; Hunter, John (2004).
1103:
1046:
1044:
811:
790:
536:
483:attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
208:dimension of personality, rather than a
3007:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
1584:Positively Related to Job Performance?"
1232:
1138:
777:
577:
14:
3941:
2573:Personality and Individual Differences
2389:Personality and Individual Differences
2382:
2054:Personality and Individual Differences
1235:Snoop: What your stuff says about you?
1050:
981:Personality and Individual Differences
972:
871:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127
793:Personality and Individual Differences
624:
513:is taken into account, the other four
274:are linked to high conscientiousness.
2841:
2729:
2619:Perspectives on Psychological Science
2600:
1590:
1320:
1041:
919:"International Personality Item Pool"
245:an intermediate level of organization
155:
2081:
1577:
1176:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
367:adding citations to reliable sources
338:
2992:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2812:International Personality Item Pool
465:Am careful to avoid making mistakes
312:. It is negatively associated with
283:Temperament and Character Inventory
24:
2558:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00214.x
2492:Journal of Research in Personality
2417:Handbook of Personality Psychology
2218:Journal of Organizational Behavior
2148:Journal of Research in Personality
1679:Journal of Research in Personality
1559:
1342:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x
1071:Journal of Research in Personality
1053:Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
903:Costa, P.T.; McCrae, R.R. (1992).
501:Academic and workplace performance
25:
3960:
2822:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
2345:(2). SAGE Publications: 276ā307.
2187:(1). SAGE Publications: 110ā119.
1861:Population and Development Review
1141:Journal of Personality Assessment
285:, in which it is related to both
2631:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x
2463:
2138:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.x
1873:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00481.x
1825:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00226.x
749:
689:
597:
522:counterproductive work behaviors
343:
2601:Simon, Stephanie (2008-09-23).
2591:
2537:
2510:
2483:
2457:
2434:
2420:. Academic Press. p. 856.
2407:
2376:
2290:
2247:
2169:
2072:
2011:European Journal of Personality
1998:
1933:
1890:
1831:
1804:
1777:
1712:
1663:
1578:Tett, Robert P. (1 July 1998).
1571:
1553:
1526:
1501:
1397:
1311:
1285:European Journal of Personality
1276:
1241:
1226:
1202:
1167:
1132:
1097:
657:striving, and self-discipline.
651:
606:
354:needs additional citations for
2945:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
2256:Journal of Consumer Psychology
1210:"Neurodevelopmental Disorders"
1055:. Academic Press. p. 470.
999:
929:
911:
660:
475:
416:
13:
1:
2585:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00233-6
2401:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00019-2
2181:Journal of Marketing Research
1547:10.1080/08959285.1998.9668029
1367:Journal of Applied Psychology
993:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00204-4
771:
668:
642:
491:
176:or OCEAN), which consists of
3594:
3585:
3562:
2690:10.1371/journal.pone.0122245
684:
446:
64:and organized as opposed to
7:
3691:
3528:
3505:
2867:
2757:Big Five personality traits
2615:Original research article:
2517:Colarelli, Stephen (2003).
2193:10.1509/jmkr.39.1.110.18928
1734:(7). Elsevier BV: 819ā829.
1685:(4). Elsevier BV: 535ā539.
1618:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138
1020:10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_7
859:Annual Review of Psychology
758:
515:Big Five personality traits
470:
10:
3965:
2339:American Politics Research
2066:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.014
1911:10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.505
1728:Clinical Psychology Review
1586:. Wright State University.
1437:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.162
1262:10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.298
1153:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8
950:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880
805:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013
696:state in the United States
540:
432:
29:
3875:
3793:
3620:
3547:
3497:
3020:
2918:
2875:
2799:
2763:
2504:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.005
2160:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.08.002
1798:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.01.002
1740:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.003
1691:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.001
1655:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1380:10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.30
1083:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
552:Problematic life outcomes
334:
2351:10.1177/1532673x17719720
2314:10.1177/1088868308319226
2096:10.1177/0956797619831612
1237:. New York: Basic Books.
1188:10.1177/0022022197282001
1118:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
1106:Psychological Assessment
618:created by the selection
227:, Achievement Striving,
30:Not to be confused with
2302:Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev
1966:10.1073/pnas.2212794120
1567:. Psychometrics Canada.
1321:Judge, Timothy (1999).
559:substance use disorders
3920:
3904:
3856:
3833:
3824:
3815:
2771:Openness to experience
2383:Watson, David (2001).
1606:Psychological Bulletin
1580:"Is Conscientiousness
821:Journal of Personality
765:Personality psychology
511:general mental ability
178:openness to experience
52:of being responsible,
36:conscientious objector
3409:Righteous indignation
2262:(4). Wiley: 792ā800.
2224:(2). Wiley: 175ā192.
2084:Psychological Science
592:risky sexual behavior
543:Subjective well-being
537:Subjective well-being
180:, conscientiousness,
2927:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
2817:Personality theories
2546:Personnel Psychology
2125:Political Psychology
1330:Personnel Psychology
1233:Gosling, S. (2008).
578:Health and longevity
363:improve this article
146:blue-collared crimes
144:behavior and commit
72:. They tend to show
2997:Theological virtues
2900:Positive psychology
2681:2015PLoSO..1022245R
1958:2023PNAS..12012794S
1952:(23): e2212794120.
625:Political attitudes
574:criminal behavior.
239:": orderliness and
82:aim for achievement
18:Vigilant (behavior)
3949:Personality traits
3429:Self-transcendence
3021:Individual virtues
2965:Nine Noble Virtues
2894:Nicomachean Ethics
2807:Facet (psychology)
1813:Applied Psychology
833:10.1111/jopy.12177
452:Statement measures
296:rule consciousness
156:Personality models
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3083:Conscientiousness
2950:Epistemic virtues
2835:
2834:
2776:Conscientiousness
2530:978-0-275-95739-1
2427:978-0-12-134645-4
2268:10.1002/jcpy.1233
1899:Health Psychology
1535:Human Performance
1494:978-1-59385-647-2
1029:978-3-319-28604-4
563:predatory lending
395:
394:
387:
318:sensation-seeking
287:self-directedness
194:personality tests
174:Five Factor Model
150:crimes of passion
109:Five Factor Model
50:personality trait
46:Conscientiousness
16:(Redirected from
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3424:Self-cultivation
2977:Prussian virtues
2940:Cardinal virtues
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1786:J. Res. Personal
1781:
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293:. The traits of
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1850:. June 5, 2012.
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229:Self-Discipline
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3560:
3558:
3557:
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3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Sportsmanship
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Righteousness
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Nonattachment
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Seven virtues
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:BrahmavihÄrÄs
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:Virtue ethics
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:About virtues
2874:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Agreeableness
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2472:on 2016-01-31
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:(3): 248ā79.
2307:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1792:(6): 515ā35.
1791:
1787:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
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1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1583:
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1563:
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1514:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:on 2011-10-28
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
924:
920:
914:
906:
899:
897:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
851:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
785:
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781:
776:
766:
763:
762:
756:
750:Great Britain
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:United States
682:
680:
676:
666:
658:
649:
640:
637:
633:
630:
622:
619:
613:
604:
598:Relationships
595:
593:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
564:
560:
549:
544:
534:
532:
527:
526:Agreeableness
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
498:
489:
486:
484:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
444:
441:
440:
430:
428:
424:
414:
412:
408:
404:
399:
389:
386:
378:
368:
364:
358:
357:
352:This section
350:
346:
341:
340:
332:
330:
326:
324:
320:
319:
316:
311:
308:
304:
303:
302:perfectionism
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
264:agreeableness
261:
256:
254:
250:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
216:" of person.
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:agreeableness
183:
179:
175:
172:(also called
171:
167:
163:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
40:consciousness
37:
33:
19:
3912:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3864:
3848:
3841:
3807:
3800:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3683:
3676:
3671:Brahmacharya
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3609:
3602:
3577:
3570:
3554:
3536:
3520:
3513:
3469:Tranquillity
3419:Self-control
3389:Renunciation
3347:Philanthropy
3342:Perspicacity
3302:Magnificence
3255:Intelligence
3235:Impartiality
3155:Faithfulness
3082:
3043:Authenticity
2969:
2955:Five virtues
2932:
2925:
2905:Trait theory
2892:
2827:Trait theory
2781:Extraversion
2775:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2622:
2618:
2606:
2593:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2519:
2512:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2464:Bakx, Nina.
2459:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2416:
2409:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2342:
2338:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2221:
2217:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2151:
2147:
2128:
2124:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2017:(1): 79ā94.
2014:
2010:
2000:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1864:
1860:
1845:
1833:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1768:the original
1731:
1727:
1714:
1703:the original
1682:
1678:
1665:
1651:cite journal
1640:. Retrieved
1609:
1605:
1592:
1581:
1573:
1555:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1515:. 2014-09-25
1512:
1503:
1484:
1456:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1418:
1412:
1399:
1374:(1): 30ā43.
1371:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1333:
1329:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1112:(1): 26ā42.
1109:
1105:
1099:
1077:(1): 84ā96.
1074:
1070:
1052:
1033:, retrieved
1011:
1001:
984:
980:
974:
941:
937:
931:
923:ipip.ori.org
922:
913:
904:
862:
858:
824:
820:
813:
796:
792:
753:
732:Rhode Island
693:
672:
664:
655:
652:Adaptability
646:
638:
634:
631:
628:
614:
610:
607:Intelligence
601:
584:Lewis Terman
581:
572:premeditated
555:
546:
519:
504:
495:
487:
479:
464:
460:
451:
450:
438:
436:
426:
425:or based on
422:
420:
400:
396:
381:
372:
361:Please help
356:verification
353:
327:
313:
300:
294:
276:
260:extraversion
257:
249:productivity
233:Deliberation
218:
182:extraversion
159:
121:hard-working
113:HEXACO model
106:
45:
44:
3489:Workmanship
3379:Punctuality
3297:Magnanimity
3220:Hospitality
3170:Forgiveness
3115:Discernment
3073:Cleanliness
2791:Neuroticism
2395:: 149ā158.
865:: 401ā421.
661:Religiosity
476:Development
417:Measurement
403:temperament
310:16 PF model
291:persistence
272:neuroticism
225:Dutifulness
210:categorical
190:neuroticism
170:personality
142:anti-social
129:workaholics
3802:Auctoritas
3650:Aparigraha
3629:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
3611:Sophrosyne
3579:Eutrapelia
3464:Temperance
3444:Solidarity
3434:Simplicity
3394:Resilience
3369:Politeness
3337:Patriotism
3317:Moderation
3190:Good faith
3180:Generosity
3140:Equanimity
3120:Discipline
3078:Compassion
2476:2015-04-12
1642:2012-07-11
1627:1880/47915
1519:2021-03-16
1458:2010-07-12
1219:2021-03-09
1035:2024-01-26
772:References
716:New Mexico
675:conscience
669:Conscience
643:Creativity
492:Daily life
427:statements
270:, and low
253:work ethic
221:Competence
206:continuous
162:dimensions
137:compulsive
102:deliberate
90:systematic
70:disorderly
66:easy-going
32:conscience
3850:Humanitas
3596:Phronesis
3587:Philotimo
3439:Sincerity
3404:Reverence
3272:Judgement
3260:Emotional
3250:Integrity
3240:Innocence
3195:Gratitude
3175:Frugality
3165:Foresight
3145:Etiquette
3135:Endurance
3110:Diligence
3033:Alertness
2982:Scout Law
2883:Endowment
2579:: 15ā25.
2367:142142664
2359:1532-673X
2284:233791649
2276:1057-7408
2238:0894-3796
2209:144095642
2201:0022-2437
2060:: 17ā22.
2039:143599504
2031:0890-2070
1974:0027-8424
1919:1930-7810
1881:0098-7921
1748:0272-7358
1699:0092-6566
1423:CiteSeerX
1196:145053137
1126:144709415
685:Geography
588:longevity
447:Statement
407:character
375:July 2023
315:impulsive
307:Cattell's
279:Cloninger
223:, Order,
117:character
78:dutifully
62:efficient
3943:Category
3843:Gravitas
3826:Dignitas
3572:Ataraxia
3454:Sympathy
3384:Religion
3374:Prudence
3332:Patience
3307:Meekness
3282:Kindness
3230:Humility
3225:Humanity
3160:Fidelity
3105:Courtesy
3068:Chivalry
3063:Chastity
3053:Charisma
3048:Calmness
3038:Altruism
2717:14827579
2709:25803819
2669:PLOS ONE
2647:17059908
2639:26158954
2453:: 27ā45.
2322:18641385
2112:96436304
2104:30950321
1992:37252971
1983:10266031
1927:18823176
1764:11952756
1756:20655136
1636:18193998
1445:14717634
1355:8 August
1270:17645401
1214:NeuronUP
1091:13274640
958:17983306
887:20451934
879:16318601
841:25858019
759:See also
712:Missouri
708:Oklahoma
704:Nebraska
471:Behavior
268:openness
202:Goldberg
198:NEO PI-R
125:reliable
111:and the
98:thorough
58:diligent
3898:Sadaqah
3884:Ganbaru
3817:Decorum
3809:Caritas
3764:ÅraddhÄ
3750:Shaucha
3715:Kshanti
3643:Akrodha
3498:Chinese
3399:Respect
3322:Modesty
3292:Loyalty
3277:Justice
3245:Insight
3205:Honesty
3200:Heroism
3130:Empathy
3088:Courage
3058:Charity
2971:PÄramÄ«s
2869:Virtues
2800:Related
2700:4372610
2677:Bibcode
2608:WSJ.com
2330:5156899
1954:Bibcode
1388:9119797
1350:1601484
1305:7065818
1161:7844738
966:8261816
728:Florida
724:Arizona
433:Lexical
423:lexical
325:model.
262:, high
237:aspects
164:in the
94:careful
86:planned
54:careful
48:is the
3866:Virtus
3858:Pietas
3777:Upekį¹£Ä
3770:SaddhÄ
3736:PrajƱÄ
3729:MuditÄ
3708:Kshama
3701:Karuį¹Ä
3664:Asteya
3657:Ärjava
3636:Ahimsa
3621:Indian
3604:Sophia
3479:Wisdom
3357:Filial
3265:Social
3210:Honour
2764:Traits
2715:
2707:
2697:
2645:
2637:
2527:
2424:
2365:
2357:
2328:
2320:
2282:
2274:
2236:
2207:
2199:
2110:
2102:
2037:
2029:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1925:
1917:
1879:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1697:
1634:
1582:Always
1491:
1443:
1425:
1386:
1348:
1303:
1268:
1194:
1159:
1124:
1089:
1026:
964:
956:
885:
877:
839:
744:Alaska
742:, and
736:Hawaii
722:, and
710:, and
700:Kansas
679:equity
570:, and
335:Origin
329:Traits
266:, low
231:, and
188:, and
135:, and
100:, and
80:, and
76:, act
3922:VirtĆ¹
3876:Other
3835:Fides
3794:Latin
3784:VÄ«rya
3743:Satya
3722:MettÄ
3685:Dhį¹ti
3564:Arete
3556:Agape
3548:Greek
3474:Trust
3459:Taste
3352:Piety
3312:Mercy
3185:Glory
3150:Faith
3098:Moral
3093:Civil
3012:Yamas
2713:S2CID
2643:S2CID
2363:S2CID
2326:S2CID
2280:S2CID
2205:S2CID
2108:S2CID
2035:S2CID
1771:(PDF)
1760:S2CID
1724:(PDF)
1706:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1602:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1452:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1346:S2CID
1326:(PDF)
1301:S2CID
1192:S2CID
1122:S2CID
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