787:
478:
638:
493:. Its engine fired for 55 seconds, ten seconds short of the hoped-for maximum of 65, but the rocket flew on course and reached an altitude of 51 mi (82 km)—deemed a good start to the program. Viking 2, launched four months later, also suffered from premature engine cutoff and only made it to 33 mi (53 km). Both had suffered from leaks in their turbines, the intense heat of the steam breaking the seal of the turbine casing. The solution was to weld the casing shut, there being no reason to access the turbine wheel again after a flight.
368:
575:. The new Viking design was nearly half as wide again as its precursor, affording the highest fuel-to-weight ratio of any rocket yet developed. The tail fins no longer supported the weight of the rocket, as had previously been the case. Now, the Viking rocket rested on the base of its fuselage. This allowed the tail fins to be made much lighter, allowing the rocket to carry a heavier tank without weighing more than the first Viking design.
621:
rifle round into the tank, equalizing the pressure and saving the rocket. Three hours after the attempted launch, the last of the alcohol propellant had been drained from Viking 10. The launch team was able to salvage the instrument package of cameras, including X-ray detectors, cosmic ray emulsions, and a radio-frequency mass-spectrometer, valued at tens of thousands of dollars, although there was concern that the rocket was irreparable.
629:
time, Viking 10 blasted off from its pad at the White Sands
Missile Range, reaching an altitude of 136 mi (219 km)—a tie with the highest altitude ever reached by a first-generation Viking (Viking 7 on 7 August 1951). Data was received from the rocket for all stages of the flight, and its scientific package, including an emulsion experiment, returned the first measurement of positive ion composition at high altitudes.
1073:
552:
464:
enlarged airframe of improved design. The diameter was increased to 114 centimetres (45 in), while the length was reduced to 13 m (43 ft), altering the missile's "pencil shape". The fins were made much smaller and triangular. The added diameter meant more fuel and more weight, but the "mass ratio", of fueled to empty mass, was improved to about 5:1, a record for the time.
452:(RCS) jets on the fins. Compressed gas jets stabilized the vehicle after the main power cutoff. Similar devices are now extensively used in large, steerable rockets and in space vehicles. Another improvement was that initially the alcohol tank, and later the LOX tank also, were built integral with the outer skin, saving weight. The structure was also largely
646:
issued from the vehicle, but these accidental excitations of the rocket's roll jets did no harm. Viking 11 ultimately reached 158 mi (254 km) in altitude, a record for the series, taking the highest altitude photographs of the Earth to date. Viking 11 carried a successful emulsions experiment, measuring cosmic rays at high altitudes.
322:
as a research vehicle, the Viking was the most advanced large, liquid-fueled rocket developed in the United States in the late 1940s, providing much engineering experience while returning valuable scientific data from the edge of space between 1949 and 1955. Viking 4, launched in 1950, was the first
612:
plant where it had been built. At the moment of liftoff, the tail of Viking 10 exploded, setting the rocket afire. Water was immediately flooded into the rocket's base to try to extinguish the fire, but flames continued to burn in the East
Quadrant of the firing platform. Half an hour after launch,
496:
The fix worked, and Viking 3, launched 9 February 1950 and incorporating an integrated (rather than discrete) oxygen tank, reached 50 mi (80 km) and could have gone higher. However, after 34 seconds of accurately guided flight, the rocket veered westward and threatened to leave the launch
582:
With lessons learned from the Viking 8 failure, the successful 9 December static firing of Viking 9 was followed on 15 December by a successful launch from White Sands. The rocket reached an altitude of 135 miles (217 km), roughly the same as that of the first-generation Viking 7, launched in
578:
On 6 June 1952, Viking 8 broke loose of its moorings during a static firing test. After it was allowed to fly for 55 seconds in the hope that it would clear the immediate area and thus pose no danger to ground crew, Nat Wagner, head of the "Cutoff group", delivered a command to the rocket to cease
762:
communications technology and network as well as both the civilian nature and the greater growth potential of the Viking/Vanguard rocket. The contract authorizing the construction of two more Viking rockets to continue upper atmospheric research was expanded to include development of the
Vanguard
463:
Vikings 1 through 7 were slightly longer (about 15 m (49 ft)) than the V-2, but with a straight cylindrical body only 81 centimetres (32 in) in diameter, making the rocket quite slender. They had fairly large fins similar to those on the V-2. Vikings 8 through 14 were built with an
645:
Viking 11, which was ready for erection on 5 May, also had a successful static test and was ready for launch, 24 May 1954. Again, the countdown went without hold, and Viking 11, the heaviest rocket yet in the series, was launched at 10:00 AM. Forty seconds into the flight, several puffs of smoke
628:
On 30 June 1953, the rebuilt rocket was once again ready for launch. A successful static firing took place at the end of April 1954, and launch was scheduled for 4 May. Control issues revealed in the static firing as well as gusty, sand-laden winds caused a delay of three days. At 10:00 am local
624:
A thorough investigation of the explosion began in July, but a cause could not be determined conclusively. In a report presented in
September, Milton Rosen noted that there had been no similar occurrence in more than 100 prior tests of the Viking motor. It was decided to rebuild Viking 10, and a
620:
Their efforts were successful but were then threatened by a slow leak in the propellant tank. The vacuum created by the escaping fuel was causing the tank to dimple, with the danger of implosion that would cause the rocket to collapse. Lieutenant Joseph Pitts, a member of the launch team, shot a
47:
538:
to measure air densities in the upper atmosphere. Viking 6, launched 11 December, carried a much lighter payload, but its experiments included a battery of custom built pressure gauges. The rocket underperformed, however, only reaching a maximum altitude of 40 miles (64 km).
607:
On 25 May 1953, Viking 10, originally planned to be the last of the
Vikings, arrived at White Sands Missile Range. A successful static firing on 18 June cleared the way for a 30 June launch date, a schedule that had been set months before, before the rocket had even left the
649:
The final Viking flight was that of Viking 12, launched 4 February 1955. Reaching an altitude of 143.5 mi (230.9 km), the rocket's K-25 camera took an infrared picture of the
Southwestern United States, from the Pacific coast to Phoenix, just after reaching its
354:
for a series of 10 large liquid-fueled rockets. The intent was to provide an independent U.S. capability in rocketry, and to provide a vehicle better suited to scientific research. Originally dubbed "Neptune," it was renamed "Viking" in 1947 to avoid confusion with the
740:(a 200 miles (320 km)) range surface-to-surface missile developed the prior year) combined with upper stages to put a satellite into orbit, which could be tracked optically., and the NRL plan to develop an orbital capability for the Viking (
444:, dispensing with the inefficient and somewhat fragile graphite vanes in the engine exhaust used by the V-2. The rotation of the engine on the gimbals was controlled by gyroscopic inertial reference; this type of guidance system was invented by
350:. The number of V-2s available for all research was limited and Hermes was an Army project. The U.S. Navy had the need to develop advanced missiles for both weapons and research purposes. The U.S. Navy issued a contract 21 August 1946 to the
803:
contains a full-size cutaway reconstruction of Viking 12, built from original blueprints and reconstructed from parts recovered from the original rocket. The vehicle was donated by the Martin
Marietta Corp in 1976 to the Smithsonian.
542:
The first generation of
Vikings reached its acme of performance with the flight of Viking 7, the sole Viking launch of 1951. Launched 7 August from White Sands, the rocket set a new world altitude record of 136 miles (219 km).
534:, for the detection of radiation across a wide variety of energies and types. The rocket also carried two movie cameras to take high altitude film of the Earth all the way to its peak height of 108 miles (174 km) as well as
682:, The success of the program, at a cost of under $ 6 million, suggested that, with a more powerful engine and the addition of upper stages, the Viking rocket could be made a vehicle capable of launching an Earth satellite.
519:, the fourth Viking became the first sounding rocket ever launched from a sea-going vessel. The flight was perfect, reaching 106.4 mi (171.2 km), more than double that reached by Vikings 1 and 3.
755:, announced that a satellite would officially be among the United States' contributions to the IGY. The Soviets responded four days later with their own announcement of a planned IGY satellite launch.
701:. In January 1955, Radio Moscow announced that the Soviet Union might be expected to launch a satellite in the near future. This announcement galvanized American space efforts; in the same month, the
504:
With successful tests of the engine and guidance systems conducted (though not on the same missions), Viking was deemed ready for its most ambitious test: shipboard launch from the deck of the
625:
program for closer monitoring of potential fail points was implemented for the next launch, scheduled for 1954. Ten months of salvage, testing, and troubleshooting followed the failed launch.
511:. Viking 4 was identical to Viking 3, the first of the series not incorporate design changes to fix a problem on a previous Viking.} On 10 May 1950, from a site in the Pacific Ocean between
599:
gel for tracking the path of individual high energy particles. The experiment package was recovered intact after it had secured measurements high in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
736:, was developed to manage the project to weigh and choose between the available satellite orbiting options. They were Project Orbiter, an Army plan to use a slightly modified
919:
Suffered catastrophic failure of the stabilizing fins late in powered flight causing loss of attitude control, which created very large drag and reduced maximum altitude.
1914:
1836:
947:
First rocket of improved airframe design; lost when it broke loose during static testing, flying to just 4 mi (6 km) before ground commanded cut-off.
786:
421:
was 179.6 s (1.761 km/s) and 214.5 s (2.104 km/s) respectively, with a mission time of 103 seconds. As was also the case for the V-2,
1196:
1186:"History of Rocketry & Space Travel", revised edition, Wernher von Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1969, p. 151
838:
Prolonged and trying period of ground firing tests. Altitude limited by premature engine cut-off traced to steam leakage from the turbine casing.
1888:
2065:
866:
Suffered from instability in a redesigned guidance system; had to be cut off by ground command when it threatened to fly outside launch range.
891:, almost the maximum possible for the payload flown, in a nearly perfect flight. Guidance system had been reverted to that of Viking 1 and 2.
724:
providing the rocket and launch facilities, and the civilian IGY National
Committee producing the satellite and its experimental package, the
501:
triggered charges in the rocket to separate the nose from the engine, and both tumbled to the ground, where they were recovered for analysis.
1354:
448:
amongst others, who had partial success with it before World War II intervened. Roll control was by use of the turbopump exhaust to power
758:
By 9 September, over
Stewart's objections, the Stewart Committee had chosen Vanguard over Orbiter, citing the Navy's impressive planned
686:
662:
The Viking series returned a bonanza of scientific information measuring temperature, pressure, density, composition and winds in the
852:
Early engine cut-off for same reason as Viking 1. Solved by welding rather than bolting turbine casing halves of subsequent engines.
689:(ICSU) adopted a proposal to undertake simultaneous observations of geophysical phenomena over the entire surface of the Earth. The
1483:
1532:
1366:
1460:
721:
579:
its thrust. 65 seconds later, the rocket crashed 4 miles (6 km) or 5 miles (8 km) downrange to the southeast.
713:
1237:
771:
in 1958. Vikings 13 and 14, substantially similar to Vikings 8 through 12, were used as suborbital test vehicles (
709:
690:
436:
Viking pioneered important innovations over the V-2. One of the most significant for rocketry was the use of a
2040:
1447:
800:
430:
17:
1204:
933:
Beat the old V-2 record for a single-stage rocket. Highest and last flight of the original airframe design.
705:' IGY committee established a Technical Panel on Rocketry to evaluate plans to orbit an American satellite.
693:(IGY), set for 1957–58, would involve the efforts of a multitude of nations in such farflung regions as the
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
702:
725:
583:
1950. In addition to cameras that photographed the Earth during flight, Viking 9 carried a full suite of
477:
359:. The Viking was the most advanced large, liquid-fueled rocket being developed in the U.S. at the time.
1525:
485:
On 3 May 1949, after two static firings (11 March and 25 April), the first Viking rocket took off from
1488:
1050:
733:
568:
560:
486:
315:
145:
1510:
1758:
505:
403:
153:
975:
Engine exploded on first launch attempt, 30 June 1953. Rocket was rebuilt and flown successfully.
1439:
609:
449:
351:
311:
68:
1372:
1283:
31:
1309:
1984:
1518:
523:
748:
356:
8:
1493:
330:
satellite launch vehicle, which launched America's second satellite into orbit in 1958.
1939:
1862:
1821:
1778:
1541:
1078:
527:
371:
Diagram showing both Viking rocket variants, Vikings 1 to 7 (left) and 8 to 12 (right).
409:
developed in the United States up to that time, producing 92.5 kN (20,800 lb
2019:
1883:
1399:
1362:
1265:
1233:
1169:
1086:
717:
445:
422:
327:
1417:
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being intermediary between the two agencies. A committee, under the chairmanship of
1979:
1629:
1588:
881:
764:
741:
729:
667:
441:
418:
255:
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rockets. The Viking was thus incorporated as the first stage of NRL's three-stage
567:
prepared to launch the first second-generation Viking (RTV-N-12a), Viking 8, from
1999:
1989:
1969:
1909:
1831:
1826:
1773:
1768:
1227:
747:
On 28 July, confident that a satellite could be lofted during the IGY, President
737:
531:
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396:
388:
307:
229:
2009:
1994:
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347:
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1403:
1269:
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1031:
1011:
780:
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772:
752:
512:
406:
384:
280:
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were dispatched to put out the fire to salvage what remained of the rocket.
2004:
1904:
1846:
1841:
1727:
1712:
1707:
1634:
614:
564:
535:
498:
339:
326:
After twelve flights, the Viking was adapted into the first stage for the
1717:
1619:
675:
588:
375:
The Viking was roughly half the size, in terms of mass and power, of the
1624:
1054:
989:
Set altitude record for a Western single-stage rocket up to that time.
768:
698:
671:
663:
584:
572:
516:
490:
376:
367:
343:
379:. Both were actively guided rockets, fueled with the same propellant (
293:
1540:
759:
453:
426:
392:
1420:. U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command. 2017
1226:
Winter, Frank H. (1990). "Chapter 3 - Rockets Enter the Space Age".
905:
Engine thrust was about 5% low, slightly reducing maximum altitude.
2014:
596:
720:
to coordinate the implementation of a satellite program, with the
440:
chamber which could be swiveled from side to side on two axes for
1934:
1924:
1919:
1867:
1352:
888:
380:
276:
694:
651:
46:
1003:
Re-entry vehicle test, photography, and atmospheric research.
592:
457:
522:
Viking 5, launched 21 November 1950 carried a vast array of
429:
that fed fuel and oxidizer into the engine. XLR-10-RM-2 was
1964:
641:
Viking 12 infrared photo of the Earth taken 4 February 1955
551:
342:, the United States Army experimented with captured German
1317:. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. 29 August 1955
961:
First successful flight of the improved airframe design.
679:
319:
546:
323:
sounding rocket to be launched from the deck of a ship.
472:
1068:
1308:
1049:Vikings 1–12, excepting Viking 4, were flown from
783:, became available for test in the fall of 1957.
99:81 cm (32 in); 114 cm (45 in)
2032:
1163:
413:) (sea level) and 110.5 kN (24,800 lb
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
712:also endorsed a satellite program. On 8 June,
91:15 m (49 ft); 13 m (43 ft)
1526:
1393:
1197:"U.S. space-rocket liquid propellant engines"
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
685:In October 1952, the General Assembly of the
716:Charles Wilson directed Assistant Secretary
1475:
1533:
1519:
1448:International Missile and Spacecraft Guide
1410:
1353:Constance Green and Milton Lomask (1970).
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1301:
1098:
687:International Council of Scientific Unions
45:
1259:
1232:. Harvard University Press. p. 66.
1043:Carried a prototype Vanguard 3rd stage.
785:
636:
550:
476:
366:
318:(NRL). Designed to supersede the German
1329:
1219:
1057:. Vikings 13 and 14 were launched from
790:Viking 12 reconstruction at Smithsonian
657:
595:detectors, including sixteen plates of
460:used in the V-2, thus reducing weight.
27:American sounding rockets, 1949 to 1955
14:
2033:
1225:
2066:Sounding rockets of the United States
1514:
1481:
1387:
1189:
779:) before the first Vanguard vehicle,
613:two of the launch team under manager
547:Second model RTV-N-12a (Vikings 8-12)
1453:
1264:. Dominion of Canada: Viking Press.
425:was converted to steam to drive the
387:), which were fed to a single large
30:For the European rocket engine, see
1262:Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel
1253:
1168:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
1023:Telemetry and launch complex test.
807:
794:
722:United States Department of Defense
555:Viking 9 takes off 15 December 1952
24:
1418:"Installation History 1953 - 1955"
1315:Aviation Week and Space Technology
714:United States Secretary of Defense
473:First model RTV-N-12 (Vikings 1-7)
25:
2077:
1450:, N.Y., McGraw-Hill, 1960, p. 208
467:
51:Launch of Viking 10 on 7 May 1954
1310:"Viking Camera and the Far West"
1071:
632:
559:In the late spring of 1952, the
314:under the direction of the U.S.
1463:. National Air and Space Museum
1432:
1788:Surface-to-underwater missiles
1544:missile designations 1947–1962
1276:
1180:
880:Launched from the deck of the
710:U.S. National Security Council
691:International Geophysical Year
260:179.6 s (1.761 km/s)
13:
1:
1398:. Washington D.C.: geopress.
1092:
801:National Air and Space Museum
563:team under the management of
246:110.5 kN (24,800 lb
1898:Research and general testing
703:National Academy of Sciences
602:
240:92.5 kN (20,800 lb
7:
1747:Surface-to-surface missiles
1288:www.designation-systems.net
1064:
767:vehicle which launched the
726:National Science Foundation
161:near the Equator (Viking 4)
10:
2082:
1664:Air-to-underwater missiles
1361:. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
1040:202 km (126 mi)
1020:211 km (131 mi)
1000:232 km (144 mi)
986:254 km (158 mi)
972:219 km (136 mi)
958:217 km (135 mi)
930:219 km (136 mi)
902:174 km (108 mi)
877:169 km (105 mi)
333:
310:designed and built by the
29:
1957:
1897:
1876:
1855:
1814:
1807:
1787:
1746:
1700:
1694:Surface-launched missiles
1693:
1663:
1612:
1556:
1549:
1489:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1371:. SP-4202. Archived from
1051:White Sands Missile Range
820:
817:
814:
734:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
569:White Sands Missile Range
561:Naval Research Laboratory
487:White Sands Missile Range
362:
316:Naval Research Laboratory
290:
286:
272:
264:
254:
236:
225:
220:
216:
208:
200:
192:
184:
176:
168:
146:White Sands Missile Range
138:
130:
125:
121:
116:
111:
103:
95:
87:
82:
74:
64:
56:
44:
1484:"Viking Sounding Rocket"
1461:"Viking Sounding Rocket"
1284:"Martin RTV-N-12 Viking"
1164:Milton W. Rosen (1955).
916:64 km (40 mi)
863:80 km (50 mi)
849:51 km (32 mi)
835:80 km (50 mi)
60:Research sounding rocket
1779:SSM-N-9 (II) Regulus II
1701:Surface-to-air missiles
1613:Air-to-surface missiles
1260:Willy Ley (June 1951).
1166:The Viking Rocket Story
610:Glenn L. Martin Company
450:reaction control system
402:engine was the largest
352:Glenn L. Martin Company
312:Glenn L. Martin Company
306:was a series of twelve
69:Glenn L. Martin Company
1396:Opening Space Research
1394:George Ludwig (2011).
944:4 mi (6 km)
791:
642:
556:
482:
417:) (vacuum) of thrust.
372:
150:(Vikings 1–3 and 5–12)
32:Viking (rocket engine)
1915:RTV-N-6 Bumblebee XPM
1837:CTV-N-8 Bumblebee STV
1550:Air-launched missiles
789:
769:second U.S. satellite
640:
554:
524:photomultiplier tubes
480:
442:pitch and yaw control
370:
2041:1940s in spaceflight
1774:SSM-N-9 (I) Lacrosse
1440:Ordway, Frederick I.
1357:Vanguard — a History
751:'s press secretary,
749:Dwight D. Eisenhower
708:On 26 May 1955, the
674:, and recording the
658:Viking into Vanguard
393:turbine-driven pumps
357:Lockheed P-2 Neptune
2061:1955 in spaceflight
2056:1954 in spaceflight
2051:1952 in spaceflight
2046:1951 in spaceflight
1733:SAM-N-8 (II) Typhon
1557:Air-to-air missiles
1496:on 28 December 2016
1445:Wakeford, Ronald C.
528:ionization chambers
117:Payload to {{{to}}}
41:
1832:CTV-N-6 Gorgon III
1827:CTV-N-4 Gorgon IIA
1822:CTV-N-2 Gorgon IIC
1589:AAM-N-7 Sidewinder
1542:United States Navy
1229:Rockets Into Space
1207:on 1 November 2015
1079:Spaceflight portal
792:
643:
557:
483:
481:Launch of Viking 4
373:
193:Partial failure(s)
39:
2028:
2027:
1953:
1952:
1884:PTV-N-2 Gorgon IV
1803:
1802:
1689:
1688:
1368:978-1-97353-209-5
1047:
1046:
955:15 December 1952
913:11 December 1950
899:21 November 1950
846:6 September 1949
718:Donald A. Quarles
446:Robert H. Goddard
423:hydrogen peroxide
301:
300:
75:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
2073:
1812:
1811:
1728:SAM-N-8 (I) Zeus
1698:
1697:
1630:ASM-N-5 Gorgon V
1604:AAM-N-11 Phoenix
1554:
1553:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1492:. Archived from
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1457:
1451:
1436:
1430:
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1427:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
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1273:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:. Archived from
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1161:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1017:4 December 1956
997:4 February 1955
860:9 February 1950
812:
811:
808:Table of flights
795:Current examples
765:Project Vanguard
742:Project Vanguard
730:Homer J. Stewart
668:electron density
664:upper atmosphere
456:, as opposed to
308:sounding rockets
294:edit on Wikidata
256:Specific impulse
49:
42:
38:
21:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
1949:
1893:
1872:
1851:
1799:
1783:
1769:SSM-N-8 Regulus
1759:XSSM-N-4 Taurus
1742:
1723:SAM-N-7 Terrier
1685:
1659:
1655:ASM-N-11 Condor
1650:ASM-N-10 Shrike
1640:ASM-N-7 Bullpup
1608:
1594:AAM-N-9 Sparrow
1584:AAM-N-6 Sparrow
1569:AAM-N-3 Sparrow
1564:AAM-N-2 Sparrow
1545:
1539:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1480:
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1466:
1464:
1459:
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1454:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1416:
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1411:
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1388:
1378:
1376:
1375:on 3 March 2016
1369:
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1307:
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1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1162:
1099:
1095:
1087:Vanguard rocket
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1029:
1009:
810:
797:
678:spectra of the
660:
635:
605:
549:
532:Geiger counters
475:
470:
438:gimbaled thrust
416:
412:
397:Reaction Motors
389:pump-fed engine
365:
346:as part of the
336:
297:
249:
245:
243:
230:Reaction Motors
212:4 February 1955
164:
160:
149:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
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1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:SSM-N-2 Triton
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1738:SAM-N-9 Typhon
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1681:AUM-N-6 Puffin
1678:
1673:
1671:AUM-N-2 Petrel
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:ASM-N-8 Corvus
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1599:AAM-N-10 Eagle
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:AAM-N-5 Meteor
1576:
1574:AAM-N-4 Oriole
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1474:
1452:
1431:
1409:
1386:
1367:
1328:
1300:
1275:
1252:
1238:
1218:
1188:
1179:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1066:
1063:
1059:Cape Canaveral
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
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984:
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949:
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942:
939:
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931:
928:
927:7 August 1951
925:
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826:
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809:
806:
796:
793:
659:
656:
634:
631:
604:
601:
548:
545:
474:
471:
469:
468:Flight history
466:
431:regeneratively
414:
410:
364:
361:
348:Hermes program
335:
332:
299:
298:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
274:
270:
269:
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262:
261:
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251:
247:
241:
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237:Maximum thrust
234:
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206:
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173:
170:
169:Total launches
166:
165:
163:
162:
151:
142:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
126:Launch history
123:
122:
119:
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109:
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100:
97:
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58:
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50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2067:
2064:
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2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
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1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1889:PTV-N-4 Cobra
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
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1860:
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1854:
1848:
1845:
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1835:
1833:
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1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:Test vehicles
1806:
1796:
1795:SUM-N-2 Grebe
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:SSM-N-6 Rigel
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:SAM-N-6 Talos
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:AUM-N-4 Diver
1674:
1672:
1669:
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1419:
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1401:
1397:
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1374:
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1364:
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1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1241:
1239:9780674776609
1235:
1231:
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1192:
1183:
1175:
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1120:
1118:
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1102:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:Vanguard TV-1
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:Vanguard TV-0
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
974:
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968:
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946:
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859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
823:
813:
805:
802:
788:
784:
782:
781:Vanguard TV-2
778:
777:Vanguard TV-1
774:
773:Vanguard TV-0
770:
766:
761:
756:
754:
753:James Hagerty
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
655:
653:
647:
639:
633:Final flights
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
611:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
553:
544:
540:
537:
536:Pirani gauges
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
513:Jarvis Island
510:
509:
502:
500:
494:
492:
488:
479:
465:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
408:
407:rocket engine
405:
404:liquid-fueled
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:liquid oxygen
382:
381:Ethyl alcohol
378:
369:
360:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
331:
329:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
295:
289:
285:
282:
281:liquid oxygen
278:
277:Ethyl alcohol
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
244:) (sea level)
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
158:
157:
152:
147:
144:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
78:United States
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:Viking rocket
1961:
1929:
1713:SAM-N-4 Lark
1708:SAM-N-2 Lark
1635:ASM-N-6 Omar
1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
1487:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1455:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1412:
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1358:
1355:
1319:. Retrieved
1314:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1261:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1228:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1200:
1191:
1182:
1165:
1048:
983:24 May 1954
941:6 June 1952
884:Norton Sound
883:
874:11 May 1950
818:Launch date
798:
757:
746:
707:
684:
661:
648:
644:
627:
623:
619:
615:Milton Rosen
606:
581:
577:
565:Milton Rosen
558:
541:
521:
508:Norton Sound
507:
503:
499:Range safety
495:
484:
462:
435:
399:
374:
340:World War II
337:
325:
303:
302:
201:First flight
156:Norton Sound
155:
139:Launch sites
65:Manufacturer
36:
1985:Diamondback
1620:ASM-N-2 Bat
1482:Mark Wade.
1293:21 November
1037:1 May 1957
969:7 May 1954
832:3 May 1949
676:ultraviolet
589:ultraviolet
344:V-2 rockets
268:103 seconds
221:First stage
209:Last flight
177:Success(es)
2035:Categories
1877:Propulsion
1467:5 December
1424:1 February
1093:References
1055:New Mexico
994:Viking 12
980:Viking 11
966:Viking 10
699:Antarctica
672:ionosphere
585:cosmic ray
573:New Mexico
517:Kiritimati
491:New Mexico
400:XLR10-RM-2
273:Propellant
250:) (vacuum)
232:XLR10-RM-2
226:Powered by
204:3 May 1949
185:Failure(s)
1962:See also:
1856:Launching
1500:7 January
1404:845256256
1270:716327624
1201:b14643.de
1174:317524549
1028:Viking 14
1008:Viking 13
952:Viking 9
938:Viking 8
924:Viking 7
910:Viking 6
896:Viking 5
887:near the
871:Viking 4
857:Viking 3
843:Viking 2
829:Viking 1
821:Altitude
815:Viking #
760:Minitrack
603:Viking 10
427:turbopump
265:Burn time
112:Capacity
2020:Tiny Tim
2015:Sparoair
1945:RTV-N-16
1940:RTV-N-15
1935:RTV-N-13
1930:RTV-N-12
1925:RTV-N-10
1847:CTV-N-10
1065:See also
824:Remarks
738:Redstone
597:emulsion
454:aluminum
433:cooled.
328:Vanguard
96:Diameter
57:Function
1980:Dervish
1920:RTV-N-8
1910:RTV-N-4
1905:RTV-N-2
1868:LTV-N-4
1863:LTV-N-2
1842:CTV-N-9
1815:Control
1625:ASM-N-4
1379:6 April
1321:5 April
1245:24 June
1211:24 June
889:Equator
670:in the
497:range.
391:by two
334:Origins
134:Retired
1990:Gimlet
1402:
1365:
1268:
1236:
1172:
695:Arctic
652:apogee
591:, and
395:. The
363:Design
338:After
304:Viking
131:Status
104:Stages
88:Height
40:Viking
2000:Pilot
1970:Caleb
593:X-ray
458:steel
292:[
2010:RARE
1995:Hopi
1975:CROW
1965:BOAR
1502:2021
1469:2020
1426:2021
1400:OCLC
1381:2021
1363:ISBN
1323:2021
1295:2023
1266:OCLC
1247:2015
1234:ISBN
1213:2015
1170:OCLC
882:USS
799:The
775:and
697:and
666:and
530:and
515:and
506:USS
383:and
279:and
154:USS
83:Size
2005:Ram
744:).
732:of
680:Sun
571:in
489:in
419:Isp
377:V-2
320:V-2
2037::
1486:.
1443:;
1331:^
1313:.
1286:.
1199:.
1100:^
1061:.
1053:,
1034:)
1014:)
654:.
587:,
526:,
172:12
1534:e
1527:t
1520:v
1504:.
1471:.
1428:.
1406:.
1383:.
1325:.
1297:.
1272:.
1249:.
1215:.
1176:.
1030:(
1010:(
415:f
411:f
296:]
248:f
242:f
196:4
188:1
180:7
159:,
148:,
107:1
34:.
20:)
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