1790:
393:(27 BC–14 AD), soon replaced Vermand as the main settlement. During the Roman period, Augusta Viromandorum reached a size of 40–60ha, in the average of Gallo-Roman chief towns. During the 4th century, the settlement was apparently deserted or at least saw its population considerably reduced. Some scholars have argued that Augusta (Saint-Quentin) was replaced by Virmandis (Vermand) as the chief town of the civitas during this period, and that it eventually regained its position in the 9th century, although this has been doubted by other scholars.
257:
20:
501:
492:
surprised the Romans by charging out of the woods while the legions were still constructing the Roman camp. In the initial part of the battle, the Romans lost their camp and took heavy losses, prompting their Gallic allies to desert them. However, they reformed their lines and were finally able to
508:
The
Viromandui and Nervi used cavalry in very small numbers, concentrating on infantry whenever possible. Defensively, they often defeated their enemies' cavalry by forming defensive "hedges", described by Caesar as impenetrable walls of sharpened branches and skillfully cut saplings wrapped in
1297:
Ben Redjeb, Tahar; Amandry, Michel; Angot, Jean Pierre; Desachy, Bruno; Talon, Marc; Bayard, Didier; Collart, Jean Luc; Fagnart, Jean-Pierre; Laubenheimer, Fanette; Woimant, Georges-Pierre (1992). "Une agglomération secondaire des
Viromanduens : Noyon (Oise)".
497:, wiping out the Nervii, who reportedly “fought to the last, fighting on top of the corpses of their brethren.” After this battle Caesar went on to destroy all the strongholds of all the Belgic tribes, breaking their power and making them part of the Roman Empire.
1684:
408:(late 3rd c. AD) as a station on the route between Amiens and Reims. By the 6th century, the influence of the town could rival other settlements of the region, and it became a local religious centre of power after the bishop
374:. Some have also proposed that it was erected as a military camp by Belgic auxiliaries serving in the Roman army. The site remained densely occupied from the Augustan era until the beginning of the 5th century AD.
2446:
482:
in the Battle of the Sabis, around 57 BC, named for the river that split the battlefield. We know about this battle because it is described extensively in Julius Caesar’s
2866:
2346:
366:, was situated on a promontory east of the Omignon river. Fortifications and continuous occupation emerged relatively late on the site, just before or during the
2836:
431:. Gouy was occupied from the 1st century AD until at least the 3rd century. Located in the vicinity of Saint-Quentin, it reached a size of 12ha at its height.
445:
533:
religious site of the Champ des Noyers (Marteville, 1 km from
Vermand) was probably erected on an older Gallic sanctuary, where some weapons of the
2919:
2944:
1434:
Collart, Jean-Luc (2007). "Au Bas-Empire la capitale des
Viromandui se trouvait-elle à Saint-Quentin ou à Vermand ?". In Hanoune, Roger (ed.).
2381:
1148:
2376:
1132:
448:, large-scale migrations occurred in the northern part of Gaul in the late 4th–early 3rd century BC, which may correspond to the coming of the
2851:
2841:
2977:
2929:
2901:
2876:
2856:
2613:
2475:
2296:
517:
The
Viromandui probably gained the status of civitas during the 1st century AD. Roman-era inscriptions mention two Viromanduan serving as
3209:
2939:
2886:
2821:
2046:
2811:
2728:
2436:
1804:
1695:
1628:
de
Muylder, Marjolaine; Aubazac, Guillaume; Broes, Frédéric; Dubois, Stéphane; Dubuis, Bastien; Font, Caroline; Morel, Alexia (2015).
2326:
2316:
1819:
1276:
Beaujard, Brigitte; Prévot, Françoise (2004). "Introduction à l'étude des capitales "éphémères" de la Gaule (Ier s.-début VIIe s.)".
2816:
2301:
2066:
1726:
2218:
1963:
537:
period, including a voluntary-deformed sword, seem to have been involved in a tradition of religious offerings. Three temples (
2954:
1755:
1610:
1569:
1548:
1524:
1332:
556:
Vatumarus and deposed with an offering was found at the site, along with the statuette of a mother-goddess, depictions of
1369:"Le sanctuaire de Mesnil-Saint-Nicaise: Mutations d'un lieu de culte chez les Viromanduens du I er au IV e s. apr. J.-C"
504:
Stele erected by Bienus in honour of his father, the
Viromandian Gatus, his mother and his two brothers. (CIL XIII 8342)
3194:
1502:
771:
752:
3204:
1630:"Un grand domaine aristocratique de la cité des Viromanduens : la "villa" de la Mare aux Canards à Noyon (Oise)"
1495:
Dictionary of
Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
1463:
509:
thorns. Using these tactics they resisted the Romans by striking from the safety of their dense forests and marshes.
1392:
Collart, Jean Luc (1984). "Le déplacement du chef lieu des
Viromandui au Bas-Empire, de Saint-Quentin à Vermand".
1110:
1789:
638:
732:
728:
452:. By the end of the 3rd century BC, the Viromandui were probably already culturally integrated to the Belgae.
329:
in the south. The Oise river is traditionally regarded as the eastern border between the
Viromandui and Remi.
724:
590:
389:), founded closer to communication axis just 11 km away from the oppidum of Vermand during the reign of
1719:
192:
has also proposed the meaning 'those who trample upon men', by comparing the second element with the Welsh
1436:
Les villes romaines du Nord de la Gaule, Actes du XXVe colloque international de Halma-IPEL UMR CNRS 8164
333:, followed by some authors, has proposed that the Viromanduan territory stretched further east as far as
1675:
466:
The Viromandui are perhaps most famous for being a part of a Belgic alliance against the expansion of
2846:
1115:
271:
3131:
552:. A temple was erected on the site ca. 150 AD, then abandoned ca. 280–290 AD. A vase dedicated to
3106:
1712:
2366:
1766:
586:
565:
382:
424:
1690:
1456:
Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental
545:
386:
279:
240:
370:(58–50 BC), and it probably served only as a temporary refuge until the Roman invasion of
8:
3219:
3136:
1824:
1749:
1596:
1512:
1368:
1343:
1342:
Cocu, Jean-Sébastien; Dubois, Stéphane; Rousseau, Aurélie; Van Andringa, William (2013).
606:
530:
461:
189:
2288:
1413:
Collart, Jean-Luc; Gaillard, Michèle (2004). "Vermand /Augusta Viromanduorum (Aisne)".
594:
405:
1853:
534:
64:
2108:
1847:
1843:
1651:
1606:
1565:
1544:
1520:
1498:
1481:
1459:
1439:
1422:
1380:
1355:
1328:
1285:
557:
330:
1588:
270:
The territory of the Viromandui corresponded for the most part to the limits of the
2911:
2803:
2084:
1858:
1641:
1584:
1451:
1401:
1307:
484:
397:
3214:
2223:
1669:
1600:
1559:
1538:
1517:
La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies
1204:
1119:
764:
176:), which literally means 'horse-men' or 'male ponies'. It derives from the stem *
126:
1534:
1438:. Collection Art et Archéologie. Vol. 10. Revue du Nord. pp. 349–393.
3199:
2871:
2351:
2188:
2103:
2033:
1885:
371:
939:
937:
935:
3188:
3091:
2485:
2273:
1655:
1485:
1443:
1426:
1384:
1359:
1289:
1228:
1105:
716:
479:
467:
295:
294:', in an area partly surrounded by dense forests on the upper courses of the
103:
76:
256:
3096:
3064:
2896:
2411:
2331:
2123:
1958:
1760:
1405:
1344:"Un nouveau dieu provincial chez les Viromanduens : Apollon Vatumarus"
1320:
1311:
1072:
1060:
961:
932:
428:
359:
299:
68:
548:
which initially centred on a cremation platform used for the sacrifice of
3002:
2336:
2178:
2098:
2080:
2018:
1998:
1772:
1473:
416:
367:
72:
19:
3146:
3059:
2982:
2693:
2563:
2553:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2503:
2493:
2469:
2426:
2406:
2306:
2278:
2193:
2128:
2092:
2088:
2041:
2003:
1918:
1778:
1646:
1629:
518:
326:
291:
215:
56:
3161:
3054:
3012:
2987:
2967:
2924:
2826:
2793:
2788:
2753:
2743:
2698:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2638:
2623:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2513:
2465:
2421:
2356:
2248:
2233:
2153:
2148:
1938:
1933:
1913:
1903:
1868:
1478:
Gaulish Personal Names: A Study of Some Continental Celtic Formations
544:
From the beginning of the 1st century AD, a sanctuary was located in
494:
475:
318:
310:
287:
3141:
3111:
3101:
3036:
3031:
3020:
3007:
2997:
2934:
2861:
2831:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2723:
2713:
2668:
2628:
2558:
2538:
2518:
2498:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2416:
2311:
2263:
2243:
2198:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2143:
2118:
2061:
1948:
1943:
1923:
1908:
1898:
610:
549:
409:
390:
185:
155:
75:(58–50 BC), they belonged to the Belgic coalition of 57 BC against
902:
900:
3121:
3046:
3016:
2962:
2891:
2778:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2708:
2688:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2618:
2548:
2386:
2371:
2321:
2268:
2253:
2238:
2228:
2208:
2203:
2183:
2158:
2113:
2076:
2071:
2056:
2013:
2008:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1928:
1893:
1839:
1834:
1829:
799:
783:
598:
420:
363:
355:
351:
334:
306:
275:
262:
228:
200:
162:
148:
140:
60:
44:
28:
825:
500:
3151:
3126:
3116:
3069:
2992:
2881:
2718:
2703:
2543:
2508:
2461:
2401:
2391:
2361:
2341:
2258:
2213:
2138:
2133:
1983:
1973:
897:
602:
553:
489:
471:
449:
314:
239:(ca. 400 AD), but we do not know if it refers to Vermand or to
206:
52:
1341:
1234:
1210:
1048:
985:
3175:
3156:
3026:
2588:
2051:
1953:
1863:
1814:
1735:
1296:
1078:
1066:
967:
943:
574:
561:
401:
283:
223:
134:
1627:
1116:
English translation by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn (1869)
837:
2972:
2396:
1993:
1809:
1216:
1192:
1009:
744:
322:
111:
1415:
Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France
1278:
Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France
949:
885:
684:
VI, 32550 = 2822 et 32551 = 2821 (Rome, middle of III c.)
226:
of the Viromandui'), are named after the Belgic tribe. A
1704:
1691:
https://www.livius.org/a/battlefields/sabis/selle.html#2
1698:
from the French Ministry of Culture and Communication.
1170:
1168:
1038:
1036:
593:, and attests the presence of a public cult to the god
1681:
from the French Ministry of Culture and Communication.
1240:
1180:
1021:
997:
589:
mentions Suiccius, a Viromanduan priest honouring the
861:
1252:
1165:
1084:
1033:
973:
873:
849:
700:
698:
541:) were built during the Roman period at this site.
184:('pony'). It should perhaps be interpreted as the '
412:transferred his episcopal siege to Noyon in 531.
3186:
1367:Cocu, Jean-Sébastien; Rousseau, Aurélie (2014).
695:
1412:
1054:
991:
672:XIII, 3528 (Saint-Quentin, end of II or III c.)
415:Other secondary agglomerations were located at
1275:
906:
629:are also mentioned on following inscriptions:
572:('High Seer') is composed of the Gaulish root
1720:
1366:
1222:
1198:
675:
1727:
1713:
1561:Carte archéologique de la Gaule: 02. Aisne
1138:Vol. 36, No. 6. (Mar., 1941), pp. 337-345.
266:of the Viromandui during the Roman period.
1685:Antiquité : Les origines de la ville
1645:
1492:
1450:
1325:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1101:
1099:
918:
843:
815:
400:: 'new market'), corresponding to modern
1595:
955:
499:
255:
188:' or as the ' virile in owning ponies'.
18:
1511:
1433:
1391:
1246:
1186:
1027:
1015:
1003:
891:
867:
337:, although this remains controversial.
3187:
1557:
1258:
1174:
1096:
1090:
1042:
979:
362:, corresponding to the modern town of
1756:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
1708:
1578:
1533:
1472:
1319:Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In
1318:
879:
855:
831:
704:
652:XIII, 8409, 8341 et 8342 (Koln, I c.)
1579:Schön, Franz (2006). "Viromandui".
662:XIII, 1688 (Lyon, autel des Gaules)
345:
13:
3210:Tribes involved in the Gallic Wars
1621:
1605:. University of California Press.
912:
14:
3231:
1663:
578:('soothsayer, seer') attached to
512:
439:
290:. It was located on the 'sill of
1788:
1687:from a website on Saint-Quentin.
1589:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12205660
1540:Toponymie générale de la France
1394:Revue archéologique de Picardie
1300:Revue archéologique de Picardie
1268:
1141:
1125:
616:
377:
1696:Archéologie en Picardie (2000)
1327:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200.
809:
793:
777:
758:
738:
710:
639:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
455:
340:
1:
1493:Falileyev, Alexander (2010).
1133:"Caesar's Camp on the Aisne".
688:
677:Avg(vstae) Viromandvorv(orum)
642:XIII, 1465 (Clermont-Ferrand)
274:, around the modern towns of
55:tribe dwelling in the modern
1670:The Celtic Tribes of Britain
834:, pp. 222–223, 286–289.
721:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
605:made of stone and depicting
404:, is first mentioned in the
251:
246:
214:in 1160), and the region of
7:
1055:Collart & Gaillard 2004
992:Collart & Gaillard 2004
666:Civit (ati) Vi(romanduorum)
524:
444:According to archaeologist
10:
3236:
1564:. Les Editions de la MSH.
907:Beaujard & Prévot 2004
804:Historiae Adversus Paganos
459:
434:
135:
3195:Historical Celtic peoples
3170:
3082:
3045:
2953:
2910:
2802:
2484:
2287:
2032:
1884:
1877:
1797:
1786:
1742:
1734:
1672:on www.Roman-Britain.org.
305:They dwelled between the
3205:Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul
1223:Cocu & Rousseau 2014
1199:Cocu & Rousseau 2014
493:rout the Viromandui and
31:by Édouard Fleury (1877)
1558:Pichon, Blaise (2002).
788:Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis,
203:, probably attested as
161:is a latinized form of
82:
1406:10.3406/pica.1984.1446
1312:10.3406/pica.1992.1643
1149:"Epigraphik Datenbank"
1136:The Classical Journal,
1079:Ben Redjeb et al. 1992
1067:Ben Redjeb et al. 1992
968:Ben Redjeb et al. 1992
944:Ben Redjeb et al. 1992
676:
560:, and effigies of the
505:
478:, they fought against
267:
87:They are mentioned as
32:
1767:First Transalpine War
923:Augusta Viromanduorum
749:Ab Urbe Condita Libri
503:
325:in the east, and the
272:Diocese of Vermandois
259:
218:, attested in 877 as
27:of the Viromandui at
22:
1676:Gallic Settlements:
1513:Lambert, Pierre-Yves
1018:, pp. 367, 377.
846:, pp. 215, 321.
587:Augusta Viromandorum
585:An inscription from
546:Mesnil-Saint-Nicaise
383:Augusta Viromandorum
235:is mentioned in the
180:('man') attached to
143:(2nd c. AD), and as
136:<Οὐι>ῥομάνδυες
71:periods. During the
1825:Gallo-Roman culture
1750:Battle of the Allia
1480:. Clarendon Press.
1213:, pp. 315–316.
894:, pp. 378–380.
769:Naturalis Historia,
488:. He tells how the
462:Battle of the Sabis
190:Pierre-Yves Lambert
151:(early 5th c. AD).
3107:Basel-Münsterhügel
1647:10.4000/gallia.888
1597:Wightman, Edith M.
1543:. Librairie Droz.
958:, pp. 12, 26.
568:. The divine name
506:
446:Jean-Louis Brunaux
427:, and possibly at
425:Châtillon-sur-Oise
406:Antonine Itinerary
321:in the north, the
268:
220:Vermandensis pagus
210:in the 9th c. AD (
114:(late 1st c. BC),
33:
3182:
3181:
3078:
3077:
2109:Bituriges Vivisci
1612:978-0-520-05297-0
1581:Brill's New Pauly
1571:978-2-87754-081-0
1550:978-2-600-02883-7
1526:978-2-87772-089-2
1452:Delamarre, Xavier
1334:978-1-85109-440-0
1118:available on the
909:, pp. 32–33.
625:or their capital
597:. In the town of
331:Ernest Desjardins
313:in the west, the
172:
121:
106:(mid-1st c. BC),
98:
3227:
1882:
1881:
1792:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1659:
1649:
1616:
1592:
1575:
1554:
1530:
1508:
1489:
1469:
1447:
1430:
1409:
1388:
1363:
1338:
1315:
1293:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1235:Cocu et al. 2013
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1211:Cocu et al. 2013
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1123:
1111:De Bello Gallico
1106:C. Julius Caesar
1103:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
930:
916:
910:
904:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
813:
807:
797:
791:
781:
775:
762:
756:
742:
736:
714:
708:
702:
679:
485:De Bello Gallico
470:. Alongside the
346:Pre-Roman period
237:Notita Galliarum
170:
138:
137:
119:
96:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3166:
3084:
3074:
3041:
2949:
2906:
2798:
2480:
2283:
2028:
1873:
1854:La Tène culture
1793:
1784:
1738:
1733:
1699:
1666:
1624:
1622:Further reading
1619:
1613:
1572:
1551:
1527:
1505:
1474:Evans, D. Ellis
1466:
1335:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1120:Perseus Project
1104:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
933:
917:
913:
905:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
826:
814:
810:
798:
794:
782:
778:
763:
759:
743:
739:
715:
711:
703:
696:
691:
646:civi Viromanduo
619:
527:
515:
464:
458:
442:
437:
419:, Contraginum (
380:
348:
343:
254:
249:
131:(Ou̓i)romándues
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
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2955:Eastern Europe
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1781:(50 BC–476 AD)
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1664:External links
1662:
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1660:
1640:(2): 281–299.
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1602:Gallia Belgica
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1504:978-0955718236
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1339:
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1264:
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1251:
1249:, p. 249.
1239:
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1227:
1225:, p. 116.
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1201:, p. 109.
1191:
1189:, p. 376.
1179:
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1131:John N. Hough
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1083:
1071:
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1057:, p. 493.
1047:
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1030:, p. 378.
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996:
994:, p. 494.
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919:Falileyev 2010
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882:, p. 158.
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1535:Nègre, Ernest
1532:
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1465:9782877723695
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1321:Koch, John T.
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1261:, p. 84.
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1177:, p. 80.
1176:
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1169:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1093:, p. 74.
1092:
1087:
1081:, p. 74.
1080:
1075:
1069:, p. 37.
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 82.
1044:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
982:, p. 76.
981:
976:
970:, p. 40.
969:
964:
957:
956:Wightman 1985
952:
946:, p. 39.
945:
940:
938:
936:
928:
924:
920:
915:
908:
903:
901:
893:
888:
881:
876:
870:, p. 36.
869:
864:
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
828:
821:
817:
812:
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796:
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498:
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480:Julius Caesar
477:
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469:
468:Julius Caesar
463:
453:
451:
447:
432:
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418:
413:
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394:
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388:
387:Saint-Quentin
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280:Saint-Quentin
277:
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244:
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241:Saint-Quentin
238:
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187:
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157:
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146:
142:
132:
129:(1st c. AD),
128:
124:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
94:
90:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:) during the
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
3172:
3097:Argentomagus
3065:Tolistobogii
2897:Vertamocorii
2447:Vertamocorii
2412:Segovellauni
2332:Budenicenses
2124:Coriosolites
2023:
1959:Mediomatrici
1769:(125–121 BC)
1761:Galatian War
1752:(ca. 387 BC)
1677:
1637:
1633:
1601:
1580:
1560:
1539:
1516:
1494:
1477:
1455:
1435:
1418:
1414:
1397:
1393:
1376:
1372:
1351:
1347:
1324:
1306:(1): 37–74.
1303:
1299:
1284:(1): 17–37.
1281:
1277:
1269:Bibliography
1254:
1247:Collart 1984
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1187:Collart 2007
1182:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1109:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1028:Collart 2007
1023:
1016:Collart 2007
1011:
1004:Collart 2007
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
926:
922:
914:
892:Collart 2007
887:
875:
868:Lambert 1994
863:
851:
839:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
768:
760:
748:
740:
720:
712:
681:
669:
665:
659:
656:Viromand(uo)
655:
649:
645:
637:
633:
626:
622:
620:
617:Inscriptions
601:was found a
584:
579:
573:
569:
543:
538:
528:
516:
513:Roman period
507:
483:
465:
443:
414:
396:Noviomagus (
395:
381:
378:Roman period
360:Roman period
358:) until the
349:
304:
269:
261:
236:
233:Veromandorum
232:
227:
219:
211:
204:
199:The city of
198:
193:
181:
177:
173:
166:
158:
153:
144:
130:
122:
115:
107:
99:
92:
88:
86:
48:
40:
36:
34:
24:
23:Plan of the
16:Belgic tribe
3085:settlements
3003:Hercuniates
2852:Gallianates
2842:Bromanenses
2337:Camactulici
2289:Narbonensis
2179:Nitiobroges
2099:Bodiocasses
2081:Brannovices
2019:Veliocasses
1999:Silvanectes
1773:Gallic Wars
1700:(in French)
1519:. Errance.
1458:. Errance.
1259:Pichon 2002
1175:Pichon 2002
1091:Pichon 2002
1043:Pichon 2002
980:Pichon 2002
531:Gallo-Roman
519:magistrates
456:Gallic Wars
368:Gallic Wars
350:Their main
341:Settlements
174:Uiromanduos
167:Uiromanduoi
108:Viromanduos
93:Viromanduis
89:Viromanduos
73:Gallic Wars
49:Uiromanduoi
3220:Viromandui
3189:Categories
3147:Magetobria
3060:Tectosages
2983:Cornacates
2978:Britolagai
2930:Lactorates
2902:Votodrones
2877:Montunates
2857:Gennanates
2694:Savincates
2614:Cosuanetes
2564:Bodiontici
2554:Benacenses
2534:Ausuciates
2529:Aneuniates
2524:Ambisontes
2504:Adunicates
2494:Acitavones
2476:Vulgientes
2470:Tectosages
2427:Tricastini
2407:Segobrigii
2307:Allobroges
2297:Agesinates
2279:Viducasses
2194:Petrocorii
2129:Durocasses
2093:Eburovices
2089:Diablintes
2042:Abrincatui
2024:Viromandui
2004:Suessiones
1919:Caeracates
1779:Roman Gaul
1775:(58–50 BC)
1158:2020-05-22
1153:db.edcs.eu
927:Viromandis
880:Nègre 1990
856:Busse 2006
832:Evans 1967
820:Viromandui
705:Schön 2006
689:References
634:Viromanduo
623:Viromandui
603:bas-relief
582:('high').
327:Suessiones
292:Vermandois
216:Vermandois
159:Viromanduī
116:Veromandui
57:Vermandois
41:Veromanduī
37:Viromanduī
3162:Vertillum
3137:Entremont
3083:Pre-Roman
3055:Aigosages
3013:Scordisci
2988:Costoboci
2968:Arabiates
2940:Tarusates
2925:Cocosates
2912:Aquitania
2887:Subinates
2827:Arusnates
2822:Anesiates
2804:Cisalpina
2794:Vindelici
2789:Vesubiani
2754:Vediantii
2744:Triulatti
2699:Sebaginni
2684:Rucinates
2679:Quariates
2674:Nemeturii
2664:Nantuates
2639:Graioceli
2624:Eguiturii
2609:Ceutrones
2604:Caturiges
2599:Catubrini
2594:Catenates
2584:Calucones
2579:Brixentes
2574:Brigianii
2569:Brigantii
2514:Ambidravi
2466:Arecomici
2422:Tolosates
2357:Dexivates
2249:Tricasses
2234:Segusiavi
2154:Lemovices
2149:Latobrigi
2047:Ambiliati
1939:Catalauni
1934:Catuslugi
1914:Bellovaci
1904:Atrebates
1869:Vergobret
1844:Cisalpine
1656:0016-4119
1486:468437906
1444:1295-1315
1427:1951-6207
1385:0016-4119
1360:0016-4119
1290:1951-6207
806:, 6:7:14.
570:Vatumaros
495:Atrebates
476:Atrebates
319:Atrebates
311:Bellovaci
288:Moislains
252:Territory
247:Geography
145:Veromandi
51:) were a
3173:Part of:
3142:Gergovia
3132:Ensérune
3112:Bibracte
3102:Avaricum
3037:Varciani
3032:Taurisci
3021:Celegeri
3008:Latobici
2998:Eravisci
2935:Sotiates
2862:Insubres
2847:Cenomani
2832:Bagienni
2812:Anamares
2784:Vergunni
2774:Vennones
2769:Venostes
2764:Venisami
2759:Velaunii
2729:Suanetes
2724:Sogionti
2714:Segusini
2669:Nemaloni
2629:Gallitae
2559:Bergalei
2539:Avantici
2519:Ambilici
2499:Adanates
2457:Vocontii
2452:Verucini
2442:Tritolli
2437:Tricorii
2432:Tricores
2417:Suelteri
2347:Cenomani
2312:Anatilii
2264:Vellavii
2244:Tigurini
2199:Pictones
2174:Namnetes
2169:Mandubii
2164:Lingones
2144:Helvetii
2119:Carnutes
2085:Cenomani
2062:Andecavi
1949:Eburones
1944:Condrusi
1924:Caeroesi
1909:Atuatuci
1899:Aresaces
1859:Religion
1848:Galatian
1840:Language
1805:Ambactus
1763:(189 BC)
1599:(1985).
1537:(1990).
1515:(1994).
1497:. CMCS.
1476:(1967).
1454:(2003).
611:Rosmerta
550:caprinae
525:Religion
474:and the
410:Medardus
391:Augustus
385:(modern
356:hectares
302:rivers.
212:Virmandi
186:Centaurs
156:ethnonym
65:Iron Age
59:region (
3122:Cenabum
3047:Galatia
3017:Dindari
2963:Anartes
2945:Vasates
2892:Taurini
2867:Libicii
2779:Veragri
2749:Ucennii
2739:Tebavii
2734:Suetrii
2709:Segovii
2689:Salassi
2659:Medulli
2654:Licates
2649:Ingauni
2644:Iemerii
2634:Genauni
2619:Ecdinii
2549:Belouni
2387:Nearchi
2372:Ligauni
2367:Libicii
2327:Bormani
2322:Avatici
2317:Atacini
2269:Venelli
2254:Tulingi
2239:Sequani
2229:Senones
2224:Santoni
2209:Redones
2204:Rauraci
2189:Parisii
2184:Osismii
2159:Lexovii
2114:Cadurci
2077:Aulerci
2072:Arverni
2057:Ambarri
2034:Celtica
2014:Triboci
2009:Treveri
1989:Paemani
1979:Nemetes
1969:Menapii
1929:Caletes
1894:Ambiani
1886:Belgica
1878:Peoples
1835:Oppidum
1830:Nemeton
1820:Eubages
1798:Culture
1743:History
1323:(ed.).
921:, s.v.
818:, s.v.
800:Orosius
784:Ptolemy
627:Augusta
607:Mercury
599:Condren
535:La Tène
435:History
421:Condren
398:Gaulish
372:Belgica
364:Vermand
354:(16–20
352:oppidum
335:Vervins
307:Ambiani
276:Vermand
263:civitas
229:civitas
207:castrum
201:Vermand
163:Gaulish
149:Orosius
141:Ptolemy
61:Picardy
45:Gaulish
29:Vermand
25:oppidum
3215:Belgae
3152:Noreia
3127:Cularo
3117:Bibrax
3092:Alesia
3070:Trocmi
2993:Gotini
2882:Orobii
2872:Marici
2817:Anauni
2719:Sentii
2704:Seduni
2544:Belaci
2509:Alauni
2486:Alpina
2462:Volcae
2402:Salyes
2392:Oxybii
2382:Memini
2362:Helvii
2352:Comani
2342:Cavari
2302:Albici
2274:Veneti
2259:Turoni
2214:Ruteni
2139:Gabali
2134:Esuvii
2067:Arouii
1984:Nervii
1974:Morini
1678:oppida
1654:
1634:Gallia
1609:
1568:
1547:
1523:
1501:
1484:
1462:
1442:
1425:
1383:
1373:Gallia
1358:
1348:Gallia
1331:
1288:
790:2:9:6.
717:Caesar
595:Vulcan
562:Nymphs
554:Apollo
490:Belgae
472:Nervii
450:Belgae
315:Nervii
194:mathru
182:mandos
125:-) by
104:Caesar
102:-) by
77:Caesar
53:Belgic
3200:Gauls
3176:Celts
3157:Tylis
3027:Serdi
2589:Carni
2219:Sagii
2052:Aedui
1964:Meldi
1954:Leuci
1864:Vātes
1815:Druid
1736:Gauls
772:4:106
765:Pliny
580:maros
575:vātis
558:Risus
429:Marcy
402:Noyon
296:Somme
284:Noyon
224:pagus
178:uiro-
171:sing.
139:) by
127:Pliny
69:Roman
3019:and
2973:Boii
2920:Boii
2837:Boii
2468:and
2397:Reii
1994:Remi
1810:Bard
1652:ISSN
1607:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1482:OCLC
1460:ISBN
1440:ISSN
1423:ISSN
1381:ISSN
1356:ISSN
1329:ISBN
1286:ISSN
925:and
745:Livy
733:2:23
729:2:16
621:The
609:and
564:and
539:fana
529:The
417:Gouy
323:Remi
317:and
309:and
300:Oise
298:and
286:and
260:The
154:The
120:var.
112:Livy
100:vero
97:var.
91:and
83:Name
67:and
35:The
1642:doi
1585:doi
1402:doi
1308:doi
753:104
725:2:4
682:CIL
670:CIL
660:CIL
650:CIL
566:Sol
423:),
147:by
123:uir
110:by
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39:or
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2091:,
2087:,
2083:,
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1396:.
1377:71
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1371:.
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1346:.
1302:.
1282:25
1280:.
1167:^
1151:.
1108:.
1098:^
1035:^
934:^
899:^
802:.
786:.
767:.
751:,
747:.
731:;
727:;
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668:=
658:=
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