332:
666:
401:
1059:. It is well documented to have seriously harmed the health of rayon workers in developed countries, and emissions may also harm the health of people living near rayon plants and their livestock. Rates of disability in modern factories (mainly in China, Indonesia, and India) are unknown. This has raised ethical concerns over viscose rayon production. As of 2016, production facilities located in developing countries generally do not provide environmental or worker safety data.
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359:
1202:
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1027:. Later research of oceanic microfibers instead found cotton being the most frequent match (50% of all fibers), followed by other cellulosic fibers at 29.5% (e.g., rayon/viscose, linen, jute, kenaf, hemp, etc.). Further analysis of the specific contribution of rayon to ocean fibers was not performed due to the difficulty in distinguishing between natural and man-made cellulosic fibers using FTIR spectra.
409:
475:. This material is allowed to depolymerize to an extent. The rate of depolymerization (ripening or maturing) depends on temperature and is affected by the presence of various inorganic additives, such as metal oxides and hydroxides. Air also affects the ripening process, since oxygen causes depolymerization. The alkali cellulose is then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose
297:(1990), and at the Grimsby plant (1998). In January 1993, the Mobile Tencel plant reached full production levels of 20,000 tons per year, by which time Courtaulds had spent ÂŁ100 million and 10 years on Tencel development. Tencel revenues for 1993 were estimated as likely to be ÂŁ50 million. A second plant in Mobile was planned. By 2004, production had quadrupled to 80,000 tons.
439:-free cellulose as a starting material. The use of woody sources of cellulose makes viscose cheaper, so it was traditionally used on a larger scale than the other methods. On the other hand, the original viscose process generates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. Newer technologies use less water and have improved the quality of the wastewater.
38:
1874:
1038:
came on the same platform with CanopyPlanet to focus on these issues. CanopyPlanet subsequently started publishing a yearly Hot Button report, which puts all the man-made cellulosics manufacturers globally on the same scoring platform. The scoring from the 2020 report scores all such manufacturers on
836:
like cotton. HWM rayons are also known as "polynosic". Polynosic fibers are dimensionally stable and do not shrink or get pulled out of shape when wet like many rayons. They are also wear-resistant and strong while maintaining a soft, silky feel. They are sometimes identified by the trade name Modal.
228:
and
Clayton Beadle, patented their artificial silk in 1894. They named it "viscose" because its production involved the intermediacy of a highly viscous solution. Cross and Bevan took out British Patent No. 8,700, "Improvements in Dissolving Cellulose and Allied Compounds" in May, 1892. In 1893, they
763:
The durability and appearance retention of regular viscose rayons are low, especially when wet; also, rayon has the lowest elastic recovery of any fiber. However, HWM rayon (high-wet-modulus rayon) is much stronger and exhibits higher durability and appearance retention. Recommended care for regular
54:
comes into contact with sulfuric acid, the cellulose begins to precipitate from the solution. The acid reacts with a complex compound of copper and dissolves it, and thin blue fibers of rayon are formed. After some time, the acid reacts with the complex compound and washes out the copper salts from
1146:
Studies have found the production of rayon can be harmful to the health of factory workers. Workers in factories utilizing the viscose process may be exposed to high levels of carbon disulfide, which can cause coronary heart disease, retinal damage, behavioral changes, impaired motor function, and
724:
716:
705:
1133:
Japan has reduced carbon disulfide emissions per kilogram of viscose rayon produced (by about 16% per year), but in other rayon-producing countries, including China, emissions are uncontrolled. Rayon production is steady or decreasing except in China, where it is increasing, as of 2004.
759:
in a wide range of colors. Rayon fabrics are soft, smooth, cool, comfortable, and highly absorbent, but they do not always insulate body heat, making them ideal for use in hot and humid climates, although also making their "hand" (feel) cool and sometimes almost slimy to the touch.
621:, resulting in the formation of rayon filaments. The acid is used as a regenerating agent. It converts cellulose xanthate back to cellulose. The regeneration step is rapid, which does not allow proper orientation of cellulose molecules. So to delay the process of regeneration,
1179:
shares many traits with viscose rayon and was formerly considered the same textile. However, rayon resists heat, while acetate is prone to melting. Acetate must be laundered with care either by hand-washing or dry cleaning, and acetate garments disintegrate when heated in a
692:
Fibres. Lenzing's Tencel is an example of a lyocell fiber. Unlike the viscose process, the lycocell process does not use highly toxic carbon sulfide. "Lyocell" has become a genericized trademark, used to refer to the lyocell process for making cellulose fibers.
275:
tried unsuccessfully to commercialize the process. The operating name for the fibre inside the Enka organization was "Newcell", and the development was carried through pilot plant scale before the work was stopped. The basic process of dissolving cellulose in
849:
less than cotton due to fiber properties and lower surface friction. The trademarked Modal is made by spinning beech-tree cellulose and is considered a more eco-friendly alternative to cotton, as the production process uses on average 10â20 times less water.
41:
799:
The physical properties of rayon remained unchanged until the development of high-tenacity rayon in the 1940s. Further research and development led to high-wet-modulus rayon (HWM rayon) in the 1950s. Research in the UK was centred on the government-funded
40:
45:
44:
39:
288:
Fibres under the brand name "Tencel" in the 1980s. In 1982, a 100 kg/week pilot plant was built in
Coventry, UK, and production was increased tenfold (to a ton/week) in 1984. In 1988, a 25 ton/week semi-commercial production line opened at the
46:
1065:
Control technologies have enabled improved collection of carbon disulfide and reuse of it, resulting in a lower emissions of carbon disulfide. These have not always been implemented in places where it was not legally required and profitable.
813:
Industrial applications of rayon emerged around 1935. Substituting cotton fiber in tires and belts, industrial types of rayon developed a totally different set of properties, amongst which tensile strength and elastic modulus were paramount.
339:
Rayon is produced by dissolving cellulose, then converting this solution back to insoluble fibrous cellulose. Various processes have been developed for this regeneration. The most common methods for creating rayon are the
43:
258:
Manufacturers' search for a less environmentally-harmful process for making Rayon led to the development of the lyocell method for producing Rayon. The lyocell process was developed in 1972 by a team at the now defunct
323:, which combined it with their "Lenzing Lyocell" business, but maintained the brand name Tencel. It took over the plants in Mobile and Grimsby, and by 2015 were the largest lyocell producer at 130,000 tonnes/year.
2618:"On the Identification of Rayon/Viscose as a Major Fraction of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Discrimination between Natural and Manmade Cellulosic Fibers Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy"
631:
The spinning of viscose rayon fiber is done using a wet-spinning process. The filaments are allowed to pass through a coagulation bath after extrusion from the spinneret holes. The two-way mass transfer takes
610:
The "yellow crumb" is dissolved in a caustic solution to form viscose. The viscose is set to stand for a period of time, allowing it to "ripen". During this stage the molecular weight of the polymer changes.
1137:
Rayon production has largely moved to the developing world, especially China, Indonesia and India. Rates of disability in these factories are unknown, as of 2016, and concerns for worker safety continue.
240:(later known as Avtex Fibers), to produce their formulation in the US in 1910. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and
3011:
Gelbke, Heinz-Peter; Göen, Thomas; MÀurer, Mathias; Sulsky, Sandra I. (2009). "A review of health effects of carbon disulfide in viscose industry and a proposal for an occupational exposure limit".
82:, such as wood and related agricultural products. It has the same molecular structure as cellulose. Many types and grades of viscose fibers and films exist. Some imitate the feel and texture of
1954:
271:(AATCC) awarded Neal E. Franks their Henry E. Millson Award for Invention for lyocell. In 1966â1968, D. L. Johnson of Eastman Kodak Inc. studied NMMO solutions. In the decade 1969 to 1979,
1417:
Burchard, Walther; Habermann, Norbert; KlĂŒfers, Peter; Seger, Bernd; Wilhelm, Ulf (1994). "Cellulose in
Schweizer's Reagent: A Stable, Polymeric Metal Complex with High Chain Stiffness".
454:
to produce filaments, which are chemically solidified, resulting in fibers of nearly pure cellulose. Unless the chemicals are handled carefully, workers can be seriously harmed by the
1115:
996:âcan eat rayon, but damage was found to be minor, potentially due to the heavy, slick texture of the tested rayon. Another study states that "artificial silk readily eaten" by the
304:, Austria. When an explosion hit the plant in 2003 it was producing 20,000 tonnes/year, and planning to double capacity by the end of the year. In 2004 Lenzing was producing 40,000
880:. Bemberg performs much like viscose but has a smaller diameter and comes closest to silk in feel. Bemberg is now only produced in Japan. The fibers are finer than viscose rayon.
42:
1973:
3256:
Arnold Hard, the textile journalist, produced two books documenting the experiences of some of the pioneers in the early
British rayon industry the Hard, Arnold. H. (1933).
2911:"The effect of personal factors on the relationship between carbon disulfide exposure and urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid levels in rayon manufacturing workers"
1872:, Mcorsley, C., "Process for Shaped Cellulose Article Prepared from Solution Containing Cellulose Dissolved in a Tertiary Amine N-oxide Solvent", published 1981
1062:
Most global carbon disulfide emissions come from rayon production, as of 2008. As of 2004, about 250 g of carbon disulfide is emitted per kilogram of rayon produced.
828:, used for (viscose) rayon which is stretched as it is made, aligning the molecules along the fibers. Two forms are available: "polynosics" and "high wet modulus" (HWM).
1541:
2734:
1035:
984:
of various fibers in soil burial and sewage sludge was evaluated by Korean researchers. Rayon was found to be more biodegradable than cotton, and cotton more than
810:
is another modified version of viscose that has almost twice the strength of HWM. This type of rayon is typically used for industrial purposes such as tire cord.
565:
S), sulfur, and carbon disulfide. The thread made from the regenerated cellulose is washed to remove residual acid. The sulfur is then removed by the addition of
1127:
900:, is made by a slightly different solvent recovery process, and is considered a different fiber by the US FTC. Tencel lyocell was first produced commercially by
625:
is used in the bath, which converts cellulose xanthate to zinc cellulose xanthate, thus providing time for proper orientation to take place before regeneration.
5550:
268:
1613:
1119:
2665:
Suaria, Giuseppe; Achtypi, Aikaterini; Perold, Vonica; Lee, Jasmine R.; Pierucci, Andrea; Bornman, Thomas G.; Aliani, Stefano; Ryan, Peter G. (2020-06-01).
2048:
866:
are used within the rayon industry to label the type of rayon in the product. Viscose rayon was first produced in
Coventry, England in 1905 by Courtaulds.
3251:
1567:
3048:
2413:) that the commercial production of rayon was made viable. Hofstede Crull had supplied the solution for the problem of manufacturing rayon with his
1664:
1492:
1381:
1769:
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3046:
Balser, Klaus; Hoppe, Lutz; Eicher, Theo; Wandel, Martin; Astheimer, HansâJoachim; Steinmeier, Hans; Allen, John M. (2004). "Cellulose Esters".
787:
range from 1.5 to 15 denier and are mechanically or chemically crimped. Rayon fibers are naturally very bright, but the addition of delustering
580:
Production begins with processed cellulose obtained from wood pulp and plant fibers. The cellulose content in the pulp should be around 87â97%.
280:
was first described in a 1981 patent by
Mcorsley for Akzona Incorporated (the holding company of Akzo). In the 1980s the patent was licensed by
1587:
316:
1662:
KrÀssig, Hans; Schurz, Josef; Steadman, Robert G.; Schliefer, Karl; Albrecht, Wilhelm; Mohring, Marc; Schlosser, Harald (2002). "Cellulose".
1379:
KrÀssig, Hans; Schurz, Josef; Steadman, Robert G.; Schliefer, Karl; Albrecht, Wilhelm; Mohring, Marc; Schlosser, Harald (2002). "Cellulose".
1900:
244:. In Europe, though, the fabric itself became known as "viscose", which has been ruled an acceptable alternative term for rayon by the US
2573:
Lindsay, Eder (1940). "The biology of the silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudata Esch. with particular reference to its feeding habits".
5543:
3141:
1516:
1030:
For several years, there have been concerns about links between rayon manufacturers and deforestation. As a result of these concerns,
1925:
3788:
2839:"Carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide: Large-scale distributions over the western Pacific and emissions from Asia during TRACE-P"
1287:
5983:
1024:
928:
was a major manufacturer of cellulose-based fibers and yarns. Production facilities can be found throughout Europe, the U.S. and
382:). Due to the detrimental environmental effects of this production method, cuprammonium rayon is no longer being produced in the
315:, which combined the Tencel division with other fibre divisions under the Accordis banner, then sold them to private equity firm
3127:
5536:
3240:
2743:
2231:
2122:
2027:
607:
The aged "white crumb" is mixed in vats with carbon disulfide to form the xanthate. This step produces "orange-yellow crumb".
251:
Rayon was produced only as a filament fiber until the 1930s, when methods were developed to utilize "broken waste rayon" as
6744:
1991:
2065:
2616:
Comnea-Stancu, Ionela Raluca; Wieland, Karin; Ramer, Georg; Schwaighofer, Andreas; Lendl, Bernhard (20 September 2016).
344:
method, the viscose method, and the lyocell process. The first two methods have been practiced for more than a century.
1681:
1398:
801:
904:
in
England. The process, which dissolves cellulose without a chemical reaction, was developed by Courtaulds Research.
300:
Lenzing began a pilot plant in 1990, and commercial production in 1997, with 12 metric tonnes/year made in a plant in
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Rayon is a versatile fiber and is widely claimed to have the same comfort properties as natural fibers, although the
370:
Cuprammonium rayon has properties similar to viscose; however, during its production, the cellulose is combined with
331:
202:
650:
If filament fibers are desired, then the process ends here. The filaments are cut down when producing staple fibers.
6749:
5477:
3324:
2086:
949:
2909:
Chou, Tzu-Chieh; Shih, Tung-Sheng; Sheu, Hamm-Min; Chang, Shu-Ju; Huang, Chin-Chang; Chang, Ho-Yuan (2004-04-25).
1621:
6230:
2964:
Chou, Tzu-Chieh; Shih, Tung-Sheng; Tsai, Jui-Chen; Wu, Jyun-De; Sheu, Hamm-Min; Chang, Ho-Yuan (September 2004).
696:
As of 2018, the lyocell process is not widely used, because it is still more expensive than the viscose process.
2334:"Global Viscose Fiber Market Share, Size, Key Players Analysis, Revenue, Growth Rate and Future Outlook to 2025"
6708:
6697:
5330:
2358:
1704:
1569:
Kinetics of
Cellulose Dissolution in N-MethylMorpholine-N-Oxide and Evaporative Processes of Similar Solutions
1080:
Studies from the 1930s show that 30% of
American rayon workers experienced significant health impacts due to
389:
2966:"Effect of occupational exposure to rayon manufacturing chemicals on skin barrier to evaporative water loss"
1165:
is a derivative of cellulose that is soluble in organic solvents. It is mainly used as an explosive or as a
1122:, for instance, which reduces emissions by about 90%, was used in Europe, but not in the US, by Courtaulds.
771:
and its cross-section is an indented circular shape. The cross-sections of HWM and cupra rayon are rounder.
386:. The process has been described as obsolete, but cuprammonium rayon is still made by one company in Japan.
2893:
2295:
2247:
1269:
237:
2333:
841:) in clothing and household items like pajamas, underwear, bathrobes, towels, and bedsheets. Modal can be
6121:
5976:
5291:
1023:. A 2016 study found a discrepancy in the ability to identify natural fibers in a marine environment via
684:
The process starts with cellulose and involves dry jet-wet spinning. It was developed at the now defunct
301:
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277:
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1869:
1614:"Over 100 years old and still going strong From Glanzstoff (artificial silk) factory to industry park"
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450:), which is chemically converted into a soluble compound. It is then dissolved and forced through a
6586:
6525:
6026:
5405:
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245:
113:
cellulose to allow turning the fibers into required form. Three common solubilization methods are:
1790:
The Rise and Fall of Great
Companies: Courtaulds and the Reshaping of the Man-Made Fibres Industry
1056:
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3847:
2592:
2454:"North American Rayon Corporation and American Bemberg Corporation in the Tennessee Encyclopedia"
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1904:
1827:
1111:
638:
The rayon filaments are stretched, in a procedure known as drawing, to straighten out the fibers.
507:. In this step, the xanthate groups are hydrolyzed to regenerate cellulose and carbon disulfide:
229:
formed the Viscose Syndicate to grant licences and, in 1896, formed the British Viscoid Co. Ltd.
221:
206:
17:
2431:, the Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabriek's successor, with the death of Hofstede Crull in 1938. (See
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51:
31:
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1318:"3 Basic Types of Fabric: Synthetic Fiber, Semi-Synthetic Fiber, & Natural Fiber Defined"
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821:
685:
503:
Rayon fiber is produced from the ripened solutions by treatment with a mineral acid, such as
272:
260:
156:
2773:
1542:"Regenerated cellulose by the Lyocell process, a brief review of the process and properties"
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derivative. The xanthate is then converted back to a cellulose fiber in a subsequent step.
264:
75:
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8:
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Pressing. The treated cellulose is then pressed between rollers to remove excess liquid.
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2742:(2 ed.). WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2000. Archived from
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A 2014 ocean survey found that rayon contributed to 56.9% of the total fibers found in
963:
873:
858:
In 2018, viscose fiber production in the world was approximately 5.8 million tons, and
353:
194:
118:
4103:
2453:
1245: â Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
1073:
and is lost before the rayon gets to the consumer; the rayon itself is basically pure
988:. The more water-repellent the rayon-based fabric, the more slowly it will decompose.
597:
The pressed sheets are crumbled or shredded to produce what is known as "white crumb".
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1974:"Explosion and fire halts 'Lyocell' output at Lenzing's Heiligenkreuz, Austria plant"
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To prepare viscose, pulp is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide (typically 16â19%
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is generally made by the viscose process, but dried into sheets instead of fibers.
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133:
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1184:. The two fabrics are now required to be listed distinctly on USA garment labels.
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1999:
1756:
The Manufacture of Artificial Silk With Special Reference to the Viscose Process
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After ripening, the viscose is filtered, degassed, and then extruded through a
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Kauffman, George B. (1993). "Rayon: the first semi-synthetic fiber product".
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966:(APR) of the country has an annual production capacity of 0.24 million tons.
842:
780:
618:
504:
466:
383:
83:
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North American Rayon Corporation of Tennessee was an American subsidiary of
2172:
1955:"INTERNATIONAL MANAGER: Freed of Textile Business, Courtaulds Is Doing Fine"
925:
106:. It can be woven or knit to make textiles for clothing and other purposes.
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604:. This is a depolymerization step and is avoided in the case of polynosics.
588:
341:
182:
110:
146:, which avoids producing neurotoxic carbon disulfide but is more expensive
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2028:"Rayon â The Multi-Faceted Fiber. Ohio State University Rayon Fact Sheet"
293:. The process was first commercialized at Courtaulds' rayon factories at
178:
143:
3289:
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2094:
1099:
were made to work in appalling conditions at the Phrix rayon factory in
779:
vary from 80 to 980 filaments per yarn and vary in size from 40 to 5000
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320:
312:
308:. In 1998, Lenzing and Courtaulds reached a patent dispute settlement.
285:
241:
233:
190:
3665:
3605:
3223:
For a description of the production method at a factory in Germany in
2535:
2518:
1358:
832:
is a modified version of viscose that is stronger when wet. It can be
644:
The fibers are then washed to remove any residual chemicals from them.
6494:
6489:
6369:
6364:
6318:
6300:
6208:
6131:
6076:
6066:
6061:
5863:
5835:
5830:
5764:
5754:
5683:
5370:
5101:
5051:
4975:
4769:
4708:
4663:
4478:
4403:
4398:
4298:
4218:
4208:
4188:
4168:
4043:
3963:
3953:
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2615:
2479:
2432:
2387:
2379:
1713:
1646:
1242:
1170:
1074:
1008:
959:
953:
915:
764:
viscose rayon is dry-cleaning only. HWM rayon can be machine-washed.
443:
417:
5214:
5199:
4073:
2366:
1088:
worked hard to prevent this information being published in Britain.
910:
is also a volume manufacturer of rayon. They have plants located in
862:
was the largest producer with about 65% of total global production.
217:
in 1904 made the artificial silk a product comparable to real silk.
6667:
6601:
6510:
6479:
6459:
6441:
6421:
6411:
6391:
6343:
6290:
6273:
6213:
6191:
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5935:
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5487:
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4358:
4328:
4318:
4148:
4108:
4088:
4023:
3998:
3933:
3923:
3746:
3591:
3523:
1851:
1110:
In the 1990s, viscose rayon producers faced lawsuits for negligent
1004:
993:
788:
476:
425:
198:
5337:
5010:
3358:
2667:"Microfibers in oceanic surface waters: A global characterization"
723:
715:
704:
677:
process relies on dissolution of cellulose products in a solvent,
335:
Cellulosic fibre production (total of 2.76 million tonnes) in 2002
232:
The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company
6576:
6550:
6474:
6285:
6278:
6240:
6198:
5950:
5792:
5774:
5698:
5638:
5571:
5512:
5224:
5187:
5136:
4894:
4864:
4854:
4759:
4673:
4668:
4621:
4601:
4583:
4548:
4538:
4503:
4488:
4413:
4378:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4333:
4248:
4213:
4193:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4083:
4018:
4008:
3978:
3943:
3889:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3655:
3363:
1201:
1166:
1100:
877:
838:
732:
674:
660:
375:
167:
139:
122:
5961:
5106:
3430:
2201:
1224: â French engineer, inventor of artificial silk (1839â1924)
435:
as a source of cellulose, whereas other routes to rayon require
420:
with a strong base, followed by treatment of that solution with
358:
6535:
6436:
6396:
6101:
6096:
6011:
6000:
5917:
5905:
5873:
5868:
5713:
5673:
5653:
5648:
5467:
5400:
5241:
5076:
5066:
5046:
4985:
4874:
4779:
4703:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4558:
4513:
4498:
4463:
4433:
4428:
4393:
4388:
4323:
4238:
4233:
4133:
4128:
4118:
4098:
4068:
4013:
4003:
3918:
3810:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3553:
3538:
3528:
3503:
3488:
3450:
3383:
3260:. Whittaker & Robinson, Manchester and Hard, Arnold (1944)
3142:"Rayon and Acetate Fabrics to be Separately Labelled in Future"
929:
888:
756:
748:
601:
436:
371:
210:
129:
95:
2320:"What is Modal fabric? Discover the eco-friendly fabric modal"
1661:
1378:
6616:
6328:
6146:
6046:
6031:
5759:
5723:
5643:
5618:
5472:
5410:
5175:
5131:
5111:
5081:
5071:
5002:
4822:
4683:
4648:
4628:
4553:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4438:
4338:
4178:
4173:
4113:
3815:
3768:
3751:
3455:
3445:
3420:
3398:
3388:
3333:
3208:
For a review of all rayon production methods and markets see
1416:
1156:
919:
911:
859:
752:
736:
408:
99:
6051:
5992:
5733:
5728:
5598:
5517:
5146:
5126:
5061:
5056:
5041:
4812:
4807:
4731:
4493:
4443:
3563:
3548:
3518:
3410:
3405:
3393:
3378:
962:
is one of the largest producers of rayon in the world, and
956:
produced viscose rayon until its closure in the year 2000.
776:
744:
740:
432:
281:
91:
87:
1039:
a scale of 35, the highest scores having been achieved by
837:
Modal is used alone or with other fibers (often cotton or
236:
in November 1905. Courtaulds formed an American division,
6406:
5628:
3858:
3302:
2517:
Park, Chung Hee; Kang, Yun Kyung; Im, Seung Soon (2004).
1992:"Bulletin EU 6-1998 (en): 1.3.50 | Akzo Nobel/Courtaulds"
305:
159:(1838â1924) invented the first artificial textile fiber,
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
569:
solution, and impurities are oxidized by bleaching with
3252:"The Story of Rayon" published by Courtaulds Ltd (1948)
3045:
1238:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
735:
and slipperiness of rayon textiles are often more like
5335:
5311:
5282:
5248:
5239:
5185:
4626:
3085:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 20â21.
3010:
2779:
Horace L. Long, Jr., et al. v. Courtaulds Fibers, Inc.
2775:
Courtaulds Fibers, Inc. v. Horace L. Long, Jr., et al.
2664:
2543:
2446:
2204:
Classifications & Analysis of Textiles: A Handbook
557:
Aside from regenerated cellulose, acidification gives
284:
to Courtaulds and Lenzing. The fibre was developed by
269:
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
3250:
For a complete set of photographs of the process see
2889:(1946), translated into English by Barbara Mellor as
2593:"Abundance of microplastics in the world's deep seas"
2552:"Ability of the firebrat to damage fabrics and paper"
1437:
1155:
Related materials are not regenerated cellulose, but
3193:
Gupta, VB; Kothari, VK and Sengupta, AK eds. (1997)
3176:
Fake silk : the lethal history of viscose rayon
3098:"Synthetic Fabrics and Menswear â Rayon and Acetate"
1828:"Lyocell Fiber - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1728:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
1197:
404:
A device for spinning viscose rayon dating from 1901
708:A sample of rayon from a skirt photographed with a
173:(1818â1860) discovered that cellulose dissolved in
2407:De Internationale Spinpot Exploitatie Maatschappij
1588:"A Brief History of Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres"
1419:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
128:The viscose process, the most common today, using
3179:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 328.
2908:
2782:1971996 and 1972028. Decided: September 15, 2000.
2415:Driving Device For A Centrifugal Spinning Machine
2222:Kadolph, Sara J. & Langford, Anna L. (2001).
1452:
1218: â Thin, transparent sheet made of cellulose
6721:
5558:
2549:
2202:LaBat, Karen L. & Salusso, Carol J. (2003).
2047:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
102:. The types that resemble silk are often called
3212:(book â Edited by C R Woodings) Hardback 2001,
2221:
1749:
1747:
3245:Resistance: A Frenchwoman's Journal of the War
3049:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2963:
2832:
2830:
2115:Fake silk: the lethal history of viscose rayon
2081:
2079:
1786:
1665:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1515:Swan, Norman; Blanc, Paul (20 February 2017).
1382:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
600:The "white crumb" is aged through exposure to
416:The viscose process builds on the reaction of
412:Simplified view of the xanthation of cellulose
311:In 1998 Courtaulds was acquired by competitor
5977:
5544:
3874:
3318:
2797:Fake Silk The Lethal History of Viscose Rayon
2556:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
2296:"Viscose vs. Modal vs. Lyocell â Difference?"
2248:"Viscose vs. Modal vs. Lyocell â Difference?"
1725:
1491:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
845:without damage. The fabric has been known to
727:A blouse with a texture similar to the second
2821:"Carbon Disulfide Health Effects Assessment"
2575:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria
2566:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1868:
1744:
1581:
1579:
1412:
1410:
1050:
946:embedded in the fiber during manufacturing.
853:
2827:
2790:
2788:
2585:
2510:
2240:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2076:
1952:
892:are widely used forms of rayon produced by
319:. In 2000, CVC sold the Tencel division to
78:, made from natural sources of regenerated
5984:
5970:
5551:
5537:
3881:
3867:
3325:
3311:
3235:, London, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2008
2516:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2151:Monosson, Emily (2016). "Toxic textiles".
2060:
2058:
2030:. Archived from the original on 2010-03-31
1657:
1655:
794:
767:Regular rayon has lengthwise lines called
442:The raw material for viscose is primarily
3247:, Bloomsbury, USA, 2008) pp. 152â155
2862:
2706:
2641:
2534:
2493:"Textile: Indonesia's New Export Darling"
2266:
2264:
2101:
1590:. Woodings Consulting Ltd. Archived from
1576:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1514:
1407:
1236: â Effects of pollution on the brain
1107:to produce rayon across occupied Europe.
739:. It can imitate the feel and texture of
587:Immersion: The cellulose is treated with
3130:from the original on September 25, 2013.
3080:
2785:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2550:Austin, Jean; Richardson, C. H. (1941).
2150:
2139:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:New York, New York, Akzona Incorporated.
1780:
1455:"Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You?"
1336:
1147:various fertility and hormonal effects.
722:
714:
703:
664:
407:
399:
357:
330:
66:and commercialised in some countries as
36:
3095:
2733:"Chapter 5.4 : Carbon disulfide".
2572:
2519:"Biodegradability of cellulose fabrics"
2210:
2055:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1753:
1652:
1565:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1262:
1025:Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
969:
347:
14:
6722:
3233:RĂ©sistance: Memoirs of Occupied France
3108:from the original on November 5, 2012.
3096:Centeno, Antonio (21 September 2010).
3083:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
2891:RĂ©sistance, Memoirs of Occupied France
2799:. Yale University Press. p. 325.
2728:
2726:
2261:
1984:
1948:
1946:
1552:
1479:10.1038/scientificamericanearth0609-60
791:cuts down on this natural brightness.
719:Another skirt with a different texture
5965:
5532:
3862:
3306:
3172:
3039:
2836:
2794:
2761:
2195:
2112:
1882:
1730:. Taylor & Francis. p. 113.
1695:
1693:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
469:", which has the approximate formula
6692:
3843:
2014:
1807:
1758:. New York: D. Van Nostrand company.
1719:
1585:
1527:
1517:"The health burden of viscose rayon"
1499:
1150:
1126:and worker safety started to become
27:Cellulose-based semi-synthetic fiber
6704:
2723:
1971:
1943:
1315:
155:French scientist and industrialist
55:the fibers, which become colorless.
24:
3166:
3089:
2523:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
2474:that were absorbed into the Dutch
2390:'s original parent company's, the
1708:which merged into the Dutch based
1690:
1365:
802:British Rayon Research Association
121:process (not in use today), using
25:
6761:
5991:
3268:
2025:
1288:"WEAVING A STORY â Franklin Till"
1234:Neuroplastic effects of pollution
1230: â Highly flammable compound
1173:, were made from nitrocellulose.
1169:. Many early plastics, including
654:
395:
203:Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG
6703:
6691:
6682:
6681:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3288:
3274:
3264:, United Trade Press Ltd, London
3120:"Fiber Characteristics: Acetate"
2915:Science of the Total Environment
1953:Ipsen, Erik (25 February 1993).
1901:"Lenzing Acquires TENCELÂź, 2004"
1200:
1116:Emissions abatement technologies
950:North American Rayon Corporation
458:used to manufacture most rayon.
50:When a solution of cellulose in
6231:Oriented structural straw board
3134:
3112:
3074:
3004:
2957:
2935:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.001
2902:
2879:
2843:Journal of Geophysical Research
2813:
2658:
2609:
2485:
2460:
2351:
2326:
2312:
2288:
1965:
1918:
1862:
1844:
1762:
1726:Day, Lance; Ian McNeil (1998).
1639:Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabrieken
1628:
1606:
3210:"Regenerated Cellulose Fibres"
3197:. Chapman & Hall, London.
3013:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
2970:Journal of Occupational Health
2427:was fully integrated with the
2382:in 2000 after it had acquired
1705:Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken
1566:Tierney, John William (2005).
1330:
1309:
1280:
1141:
185:developed a method to produce
13:
1:
3293:The dictionary definition of
3279:The dictionary definition of
3195:Manufactured Fibre Technology
3058:10.1002/14356007.a05_419.pub2
2472:Vereinigte Glanstoff Fabriken
2394:(ENKA), a joint venture with
2392:Nederlandse Kunstzijdefabriek
2226:(9 ed.). Prentice Hall.
1852:"Millson Award for Invention"
1674:10.1002/14356007.a05_375.pub2
1391:10.1002/14356007.a05_375.pub2
1339:Journal of Chemical Education
1255:
699:
390:Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate
5559:Clothing materials and parts
2250:. Robert Owen Undershirts Co
1959:International Herald Tribune
1926:"Introducing Tencel lyocell"
1793:. OUP/Pasold Research Fund.
1635:Verinigte Glanstoff Fabriken
1118:had been consistently used.
175:tetraaminecopper dihydroxide
7:
6745:Products introduced in 1891
5336:
5312:
5283:
5249:
5240:
5186:
4627:
2272:"How to Wash Modal Clothes"
1193:
942:forms of viscose that have
679:N-methyl morpholine N-oxide
431:The viscose method can use
392:is also used as a solvent.
302:Heiligenkreuz im Lafnitztal
10:
6766:
6622:Non-timber forest products
6246:Structural insulated panel
3888:
3332:
3220:, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
3173:Blanc, Paul David (2016).
3081:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1965).
2795:Blanc, Paul David (2016).
2772:Supreme Court of Alabama.
2300:Robert Owen Undershirts Co
2206:. University of Minnesota.
1618:industriepark-oberbruch.de
1453:Nijhuis, Michelle (2009).
973:
658:
351:
326:
150:
109:Rayon production involves
29:
6677:
6569:
6503:
6450:
6357:
6309:
6266:
6160:
5999:
5926:
5849:
5787:
5742:
5706:
5697:
5564:
5460:
5419:
5348:
5155:
5001:
4918:
4840:
4788:
4745:
4722:
4639:
4592:
3903:
3896:
3828:
3717:
3684:
3636:
3613:
3604:
3582:
3469:
3349:
3340:
3025:10.3109/10408440903133770
2837:Blake, Nicola J. (2004).
2378:Acordis was a spinoff by
2117:. Yale University Press.
1270:"Viscose CV Introduction"
1251: â Polymer scientist
1095:, political prisoners in
1051:Carbon disulfide toxicity
902:Courtaulds' Grimsby plant
854:Producers and brand names
171:Matthias Eduard Schweizer
125:solutions of copper salts
6587:Destructive distillation
5503:Swatches and strike-offs
5406:Vitale Barberis Canonico
3147:The Southeast Missourian
2634:10.1177/0003702816660725
2429:Algemene Kunstzijde Unie
1754:Wheeler, Edward (1928).
1710:Algemene Kunstzijde Unie
1643:Algemene Kunstzijde Unie
755:. The fibers are easily
291:Grimsby, UK, pilot plant
246:Federal Trade Commission
6750:Pulp and paper industry
6607:Green building and wood
3052:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2173:10.1126/science.aak9834
2087:"Rayon Fiber (Viscose)"
1787:Owen, Geoffrey (2010).
1668:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1385:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1112:environmental pollution
896:. Tencel, generic name
795:Structural modification
224:and his collaborators,
222:Charles Frederick Cross
201:started in 1899 in the
193:in 1897. Production of
6251:Woodâplastic composite
6177:Glued laminated timber
6172:Cross-laminated timber
4544:Vinyl coated polyester
2736:Air Quality Guidelines
2691:10.1126/sciadv.aay8493
2470:which was part of the
2113:Blanc, Paul D (2017).
1481:(inactive 2024-04-08).
1431:10.1002/anie.199408841
1007:areas, the rest being
830:High-wet-modulus rayon
728:
720:
712:
670:
413:
405:
367:
336:
56:
52:cuprammonium hydroxide
32:Rayon (disambiguation)
6324:Corrugated fiberboard
6226:Oriented strand board
5420:Manufacturingindustry
3231:(tr. Barbara Mellor)
2437:American Enka Company
2420:U.S. patent 1,798,312
2070:www.asahi-kasei.co.jp
1832:www.sciencedirect.com
1222:Hilaire de Chardonnet
1128:cost-limiting factors
822:genericized trademark
726:
718:
707:
686:American Enka Company
668:
411:
403:
361:
334:
157:Hilaire de Chardonnet
49:
6709:WikiProject Forestry
5376:Holland & Sherry
3258:The Romance of Rayon
2864:10.1029/2003JD004259
2622:Applied Spectroscopy
2441:Rento Hofstede Crull
2396:Rento Hofstede Crull
2002:on 22 September 2008
1641:in 1929 to form the
1586:Woodings, Calvin R.
1292:www.franklintill.com
1069:Carbon disulfide is
1055:Carbon disulfide is
970:Environmental impact
872:is a trade name for
362:Aqueous solution of
348:Cuprammonium methods
265:Enka, North Carolina
76:semi-synthetic fiber
30:For other uses, see
6470:Ramial chipped wood
5478:History of textiles
3150:. February 12, 1952
3102:Real Men Real Style
2927:2004ScTEn.322...51C
2894:Kitson's review of
2855:2004JGRD..10915S05B
2683:2020SciA....6.8493S
2165:2016Sci...354..977M
2066:"Production System"
1471:2009SciAm..19f..60N
1459:Scientific American
1351:1993JChEd..70..887K
1120:Carbon-bed recovery
808:High-tenacity rayon
571:sodium hypochlorite
380:Schweizer's reagent
364:Schweizer's reagent
263:fibers facility at
6387:Cellulosic ethanol
5750:Artificial leather
5565:Garment structures
5331:Woodblock printing
4860:Conductive textile
4029:Cedar bark textile
3262:The Story of Rayon
2982:10.1539/joh.46.410
2749:on 18 October 2022
2468:J. P. Bemburg A.G.
2386:. It was through
1521:ABC Radio National
964:Asia Pacific Rayon
729:
721:
713:
671:
414:
406:
368:
354:Cuprammonium rayon
337:
213:). Improvement by
195:cuprammonium rayon
57:
6717:
6716:
6652:Wood preservation
6597:Engineered bamboo
6417:Pyroligneous acid
5959:
5958:
5783:
5782:
5592:Detachable collar
5526:
5525:
4885:Lenticular fabric
4836:
4835:
4534:Vegetable flannel
3856:
3855:
3824:
3823:
3600:
3599:
3243:(American title:
3241:978-0-7475-9597-7
2536:10.1002/app.20879
2497:The Jakarta Globe
2359:"Colbond History"
2233:978-0-13-025443-6
2124:978-0-300-20466-7
2097:on April 6, 2008.
1359:10.1021/ed070p887
1177:Cellulose acetate
1151:Related materials
1124:Pollution control
874:cupramonium rayon
575:hydrogen peroxide
234:Courtaulds Fibres
226:Edward John Bevan
47:
16:(Redirected from
6757:
6740:Synthetic fibers
6730:Organic polymers
6707:
6706:
6695:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6642:Timber recycling
6637:Reclaimed lumber
6627:Natural building
6592:Dry distillation
6546:Split-rail fence
5986:
5979:
5972:
5963:
5962:
5704:
5703:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5508:Synthetic fabric
5341:
5317:
5307:Textile printing
5288:
5254:
5245:
5191:
4765:Machine knitting
4699:Velours du KasaĂŻ
4632:
3901:
3900:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3611:
3610:
3347:
3346:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3278:
3190:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2906:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2792:
2783:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2677:(23): eaay8493.
2671:Science Advances
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2422:
2400:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2365:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2093:. Archived from
2083:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2026:Smith, Joyce A.
2023:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1928:. Archived from
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1903:. Archived from
1897:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1824:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1772:. Archived from
1766:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1717:
1700:J. P. Bemberg AG
1697:
1688:
1687:
1659:
1650:
1637:merged with the
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:. Archived from
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1594:on 22 April 2012
1583:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1450:
1435:
1434:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1294:. Archived from
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:www.swicofil.com
1266:
1239:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1093:Second World War
1082:carbon disulfide
982:biodegradability
938:and HOPE FR are
559:hydrogen sulfide
546:
538:
533:
519:
514:
499:
490:
485:
473:
467:alkali cellulose
456:carbon disulfide
422:carbon disulfide
238:American Viscose
220:English chemist
215:J. P. Bemberg AG
134:carbon disulfide
48:
21:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6673:
6657:Wood processing
6565:
6499:
6446:
6353:
6305:
6262:
6192:parallel strand
6163:
6156:
6004:
5995:
5990:
5960:
5955:
5922:
5845:
5779:
5738:
5693:
5582:Clerical collar
5560:
5557:
5527:
5522:
5483:History of silk
5456:
5415:
5344:
5292:Roller printing
5164:
5151:
4997:
4986:Tartan or plaid
4914:
4850:Ballistic nylon
4832:
4784:
4741:
4718:
4635:
4594:
4588:
4454:Seerhand muslin
3892:
3887:
3857:
3852:
3820:
3713:
3680:
3632:
3623:Artificial silk
3596:
3578:
3465:
3336:
3331:
3271:
3187:
3169:
3167:Further reading
3164:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3094:
3090:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3044:
3040:
3009:
3005:
2962:
2958:
2907:
2903:
2898:in New York Sun
2885:AgnĂšs Humbert,
2884:
2880:
2849:(D15): D15S05.
2835:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2793:
2786:
2771:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2663:
2659:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2571:
2567:
2548:
2544:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2418:
2398:
2372:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2220:
2211:
2200:
2196:
2149:
2140:
2125:
2111:
2102:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1972:Beacham, Will.
1970:
1966:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1702:was one of the
1698:
1691:
1684:
1660:
1653:
1649:'s predecessor.
1633:
1629:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1577:
1564:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1513:
1500:
1484:
1483:
1451:
1438:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1377:
1366:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1249:Ray P. Dinsmore
1237:
1208:Clothing portal
1206:
1199:
1196:
1153:
1144:
1130:in production.
1053:
1041:Birla Cellulose
998:grey silverfish
978:
972:
940:flame retardant
908:Birla Cellulose
856:
797:
702:
663:
657:
617:into a bath of
564:
555:
554:
550:
544:
542:
536:
534:
531:
527:
523:
517:
515:
512:
501:
500:
497:
494:
488:
486:
483:
474:
471:
398:
356:
350:
329:
295:Mobile, Alabama
267:. In 2003, the
161:artificial silk
153:
142:process, using
104:artificial silk
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6763:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6689:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6582:Certified wood
6579:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6556:Timber framing
6553:
6548:
6543:
6541:Sawdust brandy
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Sandalwood oil
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:Particle board
6233:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
5997:
5996:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5280:
5278:Rogan printing
5275:
5273:Parchmentising
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5005:
5003:Textile fibers
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Linsey-woolsey
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:KijĆka-bashĆfu
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4204:Grenfell Cloth
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3638:Semi-synthetic
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3286:
3270:
3269:External links
3267:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3221:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3133:
3111:
3088:
3073:
3066:
3038:
3003:
2976:(5): 410â417.
2956:
2901:
2878:
2826:
2812:
2805:
2784:
2760:
2722:
2657:
2628:(5): 939â950.
2608:
2584:
2577:. New Series.
2565:
2542:
2509:
2484:
2459:
2445:
2417:in 1925 (1931
2350:
2325:
2311:
2287:
2260:
2239:
2232:
2209:
2194:
2138:
2123:
2100:
2075:
2054:
2013:
1983:
1964:
1942:
1917:
1881:
1861:
1843:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1776:on 2015-07-22.
1761:
1743:
1736:
1718:
1689:
1683:978-3527306732
1682:
1651:
1627:
1624:on 2009-03-22.
1605:
1575:
1551:
1526:
1498:
1436:
1425:(8): 884â887.
1406:
1400:978-3527306732
1399:
1364:
1329:
1308:
1279:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1228:Nitrocellulose
1225:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1192:
1163:Nitrocellulose
1159:of cellulose.
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1052:
1049:
971:
968:
855:
852:
796:
793:
701:
698:
659:Main article:
656:
655:Lyocell method
653:
652:
651:
645:
639:
633:
626:
611:
608:
605:
598:
595:
592:
567:sodium sulfide
562:
552:
548:
540:
529:
528: â
525:
521:
510:
509:
496:
495: â
492:
482:
481:
470:
397:
396:Viscose method
394:
352:Main article:
349:
346:
328:
325:
152:
149:
148:
147:
136:
126:
84:natural fibers
62:, also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6762:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6710:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6690:
6688:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6612:List of woods
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:Billet (wood)
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6382:Hemicellulose
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6107:Railroad ties
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5993:Wood products
5987:
5982:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5901:Hook-and-loop
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Manufacturing
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Carlo Barbera
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Warp printing
5319:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Sanforization
5295:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Mercerization
5256:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:(Manila hemp)
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Needlerun net
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Carbon fibers
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Donegal tweed
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Cloth of gold
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:AlmerĂan silk
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3299:at Wiktionary
3298:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3285:at Wiktionary
3284:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:AgnĂšs Humbert
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:1-85573-459-1
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:9780412540301
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3186:9780300204667
3182:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3067:9783527303854
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2806:9780300204667
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2562:(4): 357â365.
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2369:on 2009-09-23
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:(6315): 977.
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1932:on 2013-01-13
1931:
1927:
1921:
1907:on 2010-03-23
1906:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1800:9780199592890
1796:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1737:0-415-19399-0
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
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1685:
1679:
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1432:
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1413:
1411:
1402:
1396:
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1375:
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1371:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1312:
1298:on 2023-09-28
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1275:
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1265:
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1250:
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1244:
1241:
1235:
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1214:
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1198:
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1189:
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1178:
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1172:
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1160:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1105:forced labour
1103:. Nazis used
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1048:
1046:
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1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
976:Microplastics
967:
965:
961:
957:
955:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
879:
878:J. P. Bemberg
876:developed by
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
851:
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
805:
803:
792:
790:
786:
785:Staple fibers
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
725:
717:
711:
706:
697:
694:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
669:Lyocell shirt
667:
662:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:sulfuric acid
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
584:
581:
578:
576:
572:
568:
560:
508:
506:
505:sulfuric acid
480:
478:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
410:
402:
393:
391:
387:
385:
384:United States
381:
377:
373:
365:
360:
355:
345:
343:
333:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:American Enka
270:
266:
262:
261:American Enka
256:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:carbon fibers
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
164:
162:
158:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
115:
114:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
33:
19:
6696:
6666:
6561:Wooden masts
6531:Dugout canoe
6516:Bavin (wood)
6465:Black liquor
6402:Liquid smoke
6348:
6152:Utility pole
6137:Timber truss
6057:Log building
5896:Hook-and-eye
5859:Back closure
5789:Animal hides
5769:
5664:Shoulder pad
5587:Collar stays
5442:Preservation
5349:Fabric mills
5326:Waxed cotton
5116:
4931:Bizarre silk
4689:Polar fleece
4424:Saga Nishiki
4419:Russell cord
4224:Harris tweed
3969:Brilliantine
3949:Bedford cord
3915:(Medriñaque)
3784:Polyethylene
3670:
3295:
3281:
3261:
3257:
3244:
3232:
3225:World War II
3194:
3175:
3154:December 25,
3152:. Retrieved
3145:
3136:
3123:
3114:
3101:
3091:
3082:
3076:
3047:
3041:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2921:(1): 51â62.
2918:
2914:
2904:
2895:
2890:
2887:Notre Guerre
2886:
2881:
2846:
2842:
2815:
2796:
2778:
2774:
2751:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2735:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2597:ScienceDaily
2596:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2448:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:the original
2362:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2314:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:
2252:. Retrieved
2242:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2156:
2152:
2114:
2095:the original
2090:
2069:
2032:. Retrieved
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1986:
1978:ICIS Explore
1977:
1967:
1958:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1920:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1864:
1855:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1789:
1782:
1774:the original
1764:
1755:
1727:
1721:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1663:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:the original
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1568:
1546:BioResources
1545:
1520:
1487:cite journal
1465:(2): 60â65.
1462:
1458:
1422:
1418:
1380:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1186:
1182:tumble dryer
1175:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1109:
1097:Nazi Germany
1090:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:highly toxic
1054:
1029:
1002:
979:
958:
948:
935:
934:
924:
906:
897:
887:
883:
882:
869:
868:
857:
843:tumble-dried
829:
817:
816:
812:
807:
806:
798:
766:
762:
730:
695:
683:
672:
647:
641:
635:
628:
623:zinc sulfate
589:caustic soda
582:
579:
573:solution or
556:
502:
460:
441:
430:
415:
388:
369:
342:cuprammonium
338:
317:CVC Partners
310:
299:
257:
250:
231:
219:
183:Johann Urban
165:
160:
154:
119:cuprammonium
111:solubilizing
108:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
6662:Woodworking
6647:Wood drying
6632:Papermaking
6452:By-products
6358:Derivatives
6296:Pellet fuel
6037:Flitch beam
5452:Terminology
5437:Performance
5285:RĆketsuzome
5230:Heatsetting
5205:Calendering
5195:BĂČgĂČlanfini
5142:Spider silk
4956:Houndstooth
4951:Herringbone
4910:Windstopper
4755:Boiled wool
4274:Kente cloth
4264:Khaki drill
4244:Irish linen
4229:Herringbone
4094:Cotton duck
4054:Cheesecloth
3913:AbacĂĄ cloth
3615:Regenerated
3559:Spider silk
3124:Fabric Link
2439:, and also
2006:13 November
1345:(11): 887.
1142:Controversy
1091:During the
936:Visil rayon
864:Trade names
583:The steps:
465:) to form "
448:bamboo pulp
446:(sometimes
191:light bulbs
189:for use in
179:Max Fremery
144:amine oxide
72:cactus silk
6724:Categories
6504:Historical
6485:Wood flour
6334:Paperboard
6204:Fiberboard
6162:Engineered
6022:Bressummer
5879:Buttonhole
5386:Loro Piana
5381:Larusmiani
5314:Tsutsugaki
5302:Tenterhook
5210:Decatising
5087:Microfiber
4991:Tattersall
4971:Pinstripes
4946:Glen plaid
4870:E-textiles
4737:Cedar bark
4694:Terrycloth
4641:Pile woven
4529:Ultrasuede
4459:Seersucker
4384:Perpetuana
4309:Madapollam
4254:Kerseymere
4039:Char cloth
3994:Byrd Cloth
3974:Broadcloth
3959:Beta cloth
3764:Modacrylic
3759:Microfiber
3676:Triacetate
3628:Milk fiber
3494:Camel hair
3426:Lotus silk
2896:RĂ©sistance
2602:2024-09-26
2384:Courtaulds
2373:2016-10-11
2363:colbond.us
2305:2018-06-11
2281:2018-06-11
2276:The Spruce
2254:2018-06-11
2034:2017-12-04
1936:2012-09-02
1911:2010-01-13
1870:us 4246332
1837:2024-09-26
1323:2023-09-04
1302:2022-12-02
1256:References
1216:Cellophane
1188:Cellophane
1086:Courtaulds
1084:exposure.
1013:polyamides
1005:deep ocean
992:âlike the
990:Silverfish
974:See also:
894:Lenzing AG
834:mercerized
826:Lenzing AG
769:striations
710:macro lens
700:Properties
690:Courtaulds
577:solution.
424:to give a
321:Lenzing AG
313:Akzo Nobel
286:Courtaulds
242:cellophane
123:ammoniacal
68:sabra silk
6735:Cellulose
6526:Clapboard
6495:Woodchips
6490:Wood wool
6370:Cellulose
6365:Birch-tar
6319:Cardboard
6301:Wood fuel
6209:hardboard
6112:Reclaimed
6077:Panelling
6067:Log house
6062:Log cabin
5946:Waistline
5864:Belt hook
5851:Fasteners
5765:Polyester
5743:Synthetic
5684:Waistband
5498:Shrinkage
5447:Recycling
5371:E. Thomas
5220:Finishing
5158:Finishing
5102:Polyester
5052:Eisengarn
4976:Polka dot
4842:Technical
4770:Milliskin
4709:Velveteen
4664:Crimplene
4479:Shot silk
4404:Rayadillo
4399:Rakematiz
4299:Longcloth
4219:Haircloth
4209:Grosgrain
4199:Grenadine
4189:Ghalamkar
4184:Georgette
4169:Gabardine
4044:Charmeuse
3964:Bombazine
3954:Bengaline
3939:Barkcloth
3779:Polyester
3651:Diacetate
3606:Synthetic
3509:Chiengora
3019:: 1â126.
2990:1341-9145
2943:0048-9697
2699:2375-2548
2480:AkzoNobel
2433:AkzoNobel
2388:AkzoNobel
2380:AkzoNobel
2133:961828769
1770:"Blogger"
1714:AkzoNobel
1647:AkzoNobel
1572:(Thesis).
1316:Camille.
1243:Polyester
1171:celluloid
1075:cellulose
1043:(33) and
1009:polyester
960:Indonesia
954:Tennessee
916:Indonesia
629:Spinning.
615:spinneret
452:spinneret
444:wood pulp
418:cellulose
366:or cuoxam
207:Oberbruch
80:cellulose
6687:Category
6668:Yakisugi
6602:Forestry
6570:See also
6511:Axe ties
6480:Tall oil
6460:Barkdust
6442:Wood gas
6422:Pine tar
6412:Methanol
6344:Pulpwood
6291:Firewood
6274:Charcoal
6267:Fuelwood
6214:Masonite
6142:Treenail
6042:Flooring
5941:Bustline
5936:Neckline
5841:Stingray
5816:Kangaroo
5699:Textiles
5488:Knitting
5391:Piacenza
5366:Dormeuil
5251:Katazome
5235:Indienne
5181:Beetling
5171:Androsia
5162:printing
5122:Sea silk
5097:Pashmina
5037:Cashmere
4981:Shweshwe
4919:Patterns
4905:SympaTex
4900:Stub-tex
4890:Silnylon
4880:Gore-Tex
4798:Bobbinet
4724:Nonwoven
4714:Zibeline
4679:Moquette
4659:Corduroy
4654:Chenille
4593:Figured
4574:Whipcord
4374:Paduasoy
4359:Osnaburg
4329:Nainsook
4319:Moleskin
4304:Mackinaw
4149:Eolienne
4109:Cretonne
4089:Corduroy
4024:Capilene
4019:Chambray
3999:C change
3934:Barathea
3924:Armazine
3838:Category
3747:Technora
3709:Metallic
3592:Asbestos
3534:Pashmina
3499:Cashmere
3128:Archived
3106:Archived
3033:19852562
2998:15492459
2951:15081737
2873:43793469
2717:32548254
2652:27650982
2581:: 35â83.
2423:). The
2405:, named
2224:Textiles
2189:45869497
2181:27884997
2091:afma.org
2043:cite web
1194:See also
1071:volatile
1047:(30.5).
994:firebrat
926:Accordis
789:pigments
773:Filament
681:(NMMO).
648:Cutting.
642:Washing.
636:Drawing.
477:xanthate
426:xanthate
199:textiles
86:such as
6698:Commons
6577:Biomass
6551:Tanbark
6475:Sawdust
6286:Firelog
6279:biochar
6241:Plywood
6199:I-joist
6117:Shingle
6072:Molding
5951:Hemline
5821:Ostrich
5793:leather
5775:Spandex
5755:Elastic
5707:Natural
5639:Placket
5572:Armscye
5513:Weaving
5461:Related
5361:Cerruti
5225:Fulling
5200:Burnout
5188:Bingata
5137:Spandex
5017:Acrylic
4966:Paisley
4895:Spandex
4865:Darlexx
4855:Ban-Lon
4760:Coolmax
4747:Knitted
4674:Mockado
4669:Fustian
4622:Songket
4602:Brocade
4584:Zorbeez
4549:Viyella
4539:Ventile
4504:Ticking
4489:Taffeta
4449:Scarlet
4414:Ripstop
4379:Percale
4364:Ottoman
4354:Organza
4349:Organdy
4344:Oilskin
4334:Nankeen
4249:Jamdani
4214:Habutai
4194:Gingham
4164:Fustian
4159:Foulard
4154:Flannel
4144:Drugget
4084:Cordura
4059:Chiffon
4049:Charvet
4034:Challis
4009:Cambric
3984:Bunting
3979:Buckram
3944:Batiste
3848:Commons
3806:Vinylon
3801:Vectran
3796:Spandex
3727:Acrylic
3719:Polymer
3686:Mineral
3666:Piñatex
3656:Lyocell
3646:Acetate
3584:Mineral
3514:Guanaco
3364:Bagasse
3342:Natural
3296:Bemberg
3282:viscose
2923:Bibcode
2851:Bibcode
2753:31 July
2708:7274779
2679:Bibcode
2643:5418941
2529:: 248.
2502:16 July
2403:De Vijf
2343:16 July
2338:Reuters
2161:Bibcode
2153:Science
1548:. 2018.
1467:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1167:lacquer
1101:Krefeld
1045:Lenzing
1021:acrylic
1017:acetate
986:acetate
898:lyocell
870:Bemberg
839:spandex
675:lyocell
661:Lyocell
463:by mass
376:ammonia
327:Process
255:fiber.
248:(FTC).
168:chemist
151:History
140:Lyocell
74:, is a
64:viscose
18:Viscose
6536:Potash
6437:Tannin
6397:Lignin
6311:Fibers
6256:lumber
6182:veneer
6122:Siding
6102:Rafter
6097:Purlin
6012:Batten
6005:timber
6001:Lumber
5918:Zipper
5906:Velcro
5874:Button
5869:Buckle
5714:Cotton
5674:Sleeve
5659:Ruffle
5654:Revers
5649:Pocket
5634:Lining
5609:Facing
5577:Collar
5468:Dyeing
5427:Design
5401:Scabal
5242:Kasuri
5215:Devoré
5092:Olefin
5077:Mohair
5067:Kevlar
5047:Cotton
5027:Angora
5022:Alpaca
4961:Kelsch
4926:Argyle
4875:Gannex
4790:Netted
4780:Velour
4775:Jersey
4704:Velvet
4617:Lampas
4612:Damask
4607:Camlet
4579:Zephyr
4564:Waffle
4559:Wadmal
4514:Tucuyo
4499:Tartan
4464:Sendal
4434:Sateen
4429:Samite
4394:Poplin
4389:Pongee
4369:Oxford
4324:Muslin
4314:Madras
4239:Hodden
4234:Himroo
4134:Dowlas
4129:Dornix
4119:Dimity
4099:Coutil
4074:Cloqué
4069:Chintz
4014:Canvas
4004:Calico
3989:Burlap
3919:Aertex
3890:Fabric
3811:Vinyon
3789:UHMWPE
3774:Olefin
3742:Kevlar
3737:Twaron
3732:Aramid
3704:Basalt
3699:Carbon
3569:Vicuña
3554:Tendon
3544:Rabbit
3539:Qiviut
3529:Mohair
3504:Catgut
3489:Byssus
3484:Angora
3479:Alpaca
3471:Animal
3451:Rattan
3441:Raffia
3384:Cotton
3369:Bamboo
3334:Fibers
3239:
3227:, see
3216:
3201:
3183:
3064:
3031:
2996:
2988:
2949:
2941:
2871:
2803:
2715:
2705:
2697:
2650:
2640:
2230:
2187:
2179:
2131:
2121:
1996:Europa
1876:
1797:
1734:
1716:today.
1712:(AKU)â
1680:
1598:26 May
1397:
1157:esters
944:silica
930:Brazil
889:Tencel
781:denier
775:rayon
749:cotton
632:place.
602:oxygen
437:lignin
372:copper
253:staple
211:Aachen
209:(near
166:Swiss
130:alkali
98:, and
96:cotton
6617:Mulch
6427:Pitch
6349:Rayon
6329:Paper
6147:Truss
6087:Plate
6082:Plank
6047:Joist
6032:Cruck
5928:Seams
5889:Shank
5836:Snake
5831:Sheep
5770:Rayon
5760:Nylon
5724:Linen
5679:Train
5669:Strap
5644:Pleat
5619:Lapel
5493:Pandy
5473:Fiber
5411:Zegna
5338:YĆ«zen
5263:Moire
5176:Batik
5132:Sisal
5117:Rayon
5112:Ramie
5082:Nylon
5072:Linen
5032:BashĆ
5011:AbacĂĄ
4941:Chiné
4936:Check
4828:Tulle
4823:Ninon
4684:Plush
4649:Baize
4629:Rinzu
4595:woven
4569:Wigan
4554:Voile
4524:Twill
4519:Tweed
4509:Toile
4484:Stuff
4474:Scrim
4469:Serge
4439:Satin
4339:Ninon
4294:Loden
4259:KhÄdÄ«
4179:Gazar
4174:Gauze
4139:Drill
4114:Denim
4104:CrĂȘpe
4064:Chino
3905:Woven
3897:Types
3816:Zylon
3769:Nylon
3752:Nomex
3694:Glass
3671:Rayon
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