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of males led to an advantage in mental rotations. The results found by the researches support the notion that gender differences in spatial abilities arose during human evolution such that both sexes cognitively and neurologically developed to behave adaptively. However, the effect of socialization
171:
The gender difference in spatial ability was found to be attributed to morphological differences between male and female brains. The parietal lobe is a part of the brain that is recognized to be involved in spatial ability, especially in 2d- and 3d mental rotation. Researchers at the
University of
99:
involves giving participants a shape and a set of smaller shapes which they are then instructed to determine which combination of small shapes will fill the larger shape completely without overlapping. The Paper
Folding test involves showing participants a sequence of folds in a piece of paper,
120:
and colleagues ran a battery of cognitive tests on a set of participants and then determined which cognitive abilities correlated with performance on a computerized information search task. They found that the only significant predictors of performance were
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The
Surface Development test involves giving participants a flat shape with numbered sides and a three-dimensional shape with lettered sides and asking the participants to indicate which numbered side corresponds to which lettered side.
728:
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Older adults tend to perform worse on measures of spatial visualization ability than younger adults, and this effect seems to occur even among people who use spatial visualization frequently on the job, such as
142:(though they still perform better on the measures than others of the same age). It is, however, possible that the types of spatial visualization used by architects are not measured accurately by the tests.
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The construct of spatial visualization ability was first identified as separate from general intelligence in the 20th
Century, and its implications for computer system design were identified in the 1980s.
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and spatial visualization ability, and that those with high spatial visualization ability were twice as fast to perform the task as those with lower levels of spatial visualization ability.
92:. Though the descriptions of spatial visualization and mental rotation sound similar, mental rotation is a particular task that can be accomplished using spatial visualization.
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say that differences between men and women on some tasks that require spatial skills are largely eliminated after both groups play a video game for only a few hours. Although
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According to certain studies, men on average have one standard deviation higher spatial intelligence quotient than women. This domain is one of the few where clear
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through which a set of holes is then punched. The participants must choose which of a set of unfolded papers with holes corresponds to the one they have just seen.
626:
Downing, R. E.; Moore, J. L.; Brown, S. W. (2005). "The effects and interaction of spatial visualization and domain expertise on information seeking".
284:
Vicente, K. J.; Hayes, B. C.; Williges, R. C. (June 1987). "Assaying and isolating individual differences in searching a hierarchical file system".
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like the VZ-1 (Form Board), VZ-2 (Paper
Folding), and VZ-3 (Surface Development) tests from the Kit of Factor-Reference cognitive tests produced by
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Salthouse, T. A.; Babcock, R. L.; Skovronek, E.; Mitchell, D. R. D.; Palmon, R. (1990). "Age and experience effects in spatial visualization".
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Zhang, H.; Salvendy, G. (2001). "The implications of visualization ability and structure preview design for web information search tasks".
651:
580:
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Salthouse, T. A.; Mitchell, D. R. D (1990). "Effects of age and naturally occurring experience on spatial visualization performance".
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Feng, Jing; Spence, Ian; Pratt, Jay (2016-05-06). "Playing an Action Video Game
Reduces Gender Differences in Spatial Cognition".
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Ozer, D. J. (1987). "Personality, intelligence, and spatial visualization: Correlates of mental rotations test performance".
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17:
705:
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339:"Does men's advantage in mental rotation persist when real three-dimensional objects are either felt or seen?"
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McGlone, Matthew S.; Aronson, Joshua (2006). "Stereotype threat, identity salience, and spatial reasoning".
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613:"The effects of individual differences in spatial visualization ability on dual-task performance"
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Mitchell, J.; Kent, L. (2003). "Apparency of contingencies in single panel and pull-down menus".
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effect. The fear of fulfilling stereotypes negatively affects the performance which results in a
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of females led to a disadvantage in mental rotations, and that the larger surface areas of the
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Witkin, H. A.; Lewis, H. B.; Hertzman, M.; Machover, K.; Meissner, P. B.; Wapner, S. (1954).
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had claimed women are more "visually dependent" than men, this has recently been disputed.
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531:"Sex Differences in Parietal Lobe Morphology: Relationship to Mental Rotation Performance"
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Other studies suggest gender differences in spatial thinking may be explained by a
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and environment on the difference in spatial ability is still open for debate.
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The cognitive tests used to measure spatial visualization ability including
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and is predictive of user performance with some kinds of user interfaces.
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Koscik, Tim; Moser, David J.; Andreasen, Nancy C.; Nopoulos, Peg (2008).
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Ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures
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Barnett-Cowan, M.; Dyde, R. T.; Thompson, C.; Harris, L. R. (2010).
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Personality through perception: An experimental and clinical study
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Sex differences in intelligence § Spatial ability
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International
Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
337:Robert, Michèle; Chevrier, Eliane (October 2003).
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259:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
172:Iowa found that the thicker grey matter in the
60:figures. It is typically measured with simple
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219:(visual-spatial learning disorder)
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80:or mental cutting tasks like the
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491:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07199.x
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42:Spatial visualization ability
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158:sex differences in cognition
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752:10.1207/S15327590IJHC1301_5
629:Computers in Human Behavior
547:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.09.004
217:Nonverbal learning disorder
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160:appear. Researchers at the
90:Educational Testing Service
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719:10.1037/0012-1649.26.5.845
696:10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.128
665:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.129
300:10.1177/001872088702900308
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642:10.1016/j.chb.2004.03.040
706:Developmental Psychology
683:Developmental Psychology
190:self-fulfilling prophecy
27:Not to be confused with
52:to mentally manipulate
611:Alonso, D. L. (1998).
344:Memory & Cognition
271:10.1006/ijhc.1998.0200
46:visual-spatial ability
391:Psychological Science
162:University of Toronto
78:Mental Rotations Test
212:Graphical perception
18:Visual spatial tasks
535:Brain and Cognition
223:Proof without words
82:Mental Cutting Test
605:General references
358:10.3758/BF03196134
146:Gender differences
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118:Kim Vicente
68:Measurement
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239:References
202:Aphantasia
150:See also:
136:architects
123:vocabulary
738:CiteSeerX
500:1460-9568
400:CiteSeerX
367:0090-502X
308:0018-7208
140:surveyors
116:In 1987,
782:Aptitude
565:18980790
508:20584195
422:17894600
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196:See also
760:1576458
673:3612485
556:2680714
516:1153800
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324:5395157
316:3623569
108:History
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453:OCLC
418:PMID
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312:PMID
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138:and
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