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1259:"Виталий Гинзбург: с Ландау трудно было спорить — Юрий Медведев."Уравнение Гинзбурга – Ландау" — Российская Газета — Академику и нобелевскому лауреату Виталию Гинзбургу исполняется 90 лет. Накануне юбилея он рассказал в интервью "РГ", как стал физиком-теоретиком, будучи "плохим" математиком, и почему он брал расписки со своего друга и учителя – знаменитого Льва Ландау, с которым вместе работал над сверхпроводимостью. Именно за эту работу Гинзбург впоследствии получил Нобелевскую премию. "Общаясь с Ландау, я много думал о его феномене, о пределах возможностей человека, огромных резервах мозга", – признался он"
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908:(1949–1985), author of the “Collection of problems on general physics" (with co-authors, 1968, 1972, 1975). The second wife (since 1946) is a graduate of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, experimental physicist Nina Ivanovna Ginzburg (née Ermakova) (October 2, 1922 — May 19, 2019).
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to continue in even more secrecy, Ginzburg was not allowed to follow. Instead he stayed in Moscow and supported from afar, staying under watch due to his background and past. As the work got continuously more classified, Ginzburg was phased out of the project and allowed to pursue his true passion,
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Daughter — Irina
Vitalievna Dorman (born 1939), graduate of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University (1961), candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, historian of science (her husband is a cosmophysicist, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences Leib (Lev) Isaakovich Dorman).
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that would allow them to describe the behavior of the superconductor. These equations provided a model from which researchers can understand the transition between a normal and superconducting state, as well as be able to predict various properties of other superconductors. Using these equations,
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sent his condolences to
Ginzburg's family, saying "We bid farewell to an extraordinary personality whose outstanding talent, exceptional strength of character and firmness of convictions evoked true respect from his colleagues".
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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theory, which became paramount to later work on superconductors. Landau had been working on superconductors for years before their partnership, with Landau publishing many papers between 1941 and 1947 on the properties of
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This research on superconductors allowed many new technological advancements to unfold, including some we can see in everyday life. The use of superconductors can be seen in
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liquid helium in 1941. Before their collaboration, Landau had just done research on liquid helium and other quantum fluids, but
Ginzburg allowed them to go a step further.
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830:, in his letter of condolences, described Ginzburg as a "top physicist of our time whose discoveries had a huge impact on the development of national and world science."
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Ginzburg was an avowed atheist, both under the militantly atheist Soviet government and in post-Communist Russia when religion made a strong revival. He criticized
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they were also able to introduce the
Ginzburg-Landau Parameter. This parameter used a separate set of equations in order to classify if they were looking at a
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in Moscow on 4 October 1916— the son of an engineer, Lazar
Yefimovich Ginzburg, and a doctor, Augusta Wildauer who was a graduate from the Physics Faculty of
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Ginzburg introduced the concept of an order parameter, which would allow them to characterize the state of the superconductor. To do this, they derived a
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Vavilov Gold Medal (1995) – for outstanding work in physics, including a series of papers on the theory of radiation by uniformly moving sources
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in the former Soviet Union, he was very active in Jewish life, especially in Russia, where he served on the board of directors of the
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is a major institution where mostly all Nobel Prize laureates of physics from Russia have done their studies and/or research works.
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at extremely low temperatures. Lev Landau would later receive a Nobel Prize in 1962 for this research on the properties of the
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Granddaughter — Victoria Lvovna Dorman, American physicist, graduate of the physics department of Moscow State
University and
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1690:"Dmitry Medvedev sent his condolences to the family of Nobel Prize Winner Vitaly Ginzburg following the scientist's passing"
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superconductor. This advancement allowed
Anthony Leggett to build upon it and complete his own research on superconductors.
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Open letter to the
President Vladimir V. Putin from the Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences against clericalisation
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Yermakova), who had spent more than a year in custody on fabricated charges of plotting to assassinate the Soviet leader
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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3rd class (3 October 1996) – for outstanding scientific achievements and the training of highly qualified personnel
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A spokeswoman for the
Russian Academy of Sciences announced that Ginzburg died in Moscow on 8 November 2009 from
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Medal "For Valiant Labour. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
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both proposed ideas that would make it possible to build a hydrogen bomb. When the bomb project moved to
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In the 2000s (decade), Ginzburg was politically active, supporting the Russian liberal opposition and
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Ledenyov, Dimitri O.; Ledenyov, Viktor O. (2012). "Nonlinearities in Microwave Superconductivity".
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against charges of espionage put forth by the authorities. On 2 April 2009, in an interview to the
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were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003 for their groundbreaking work on the theory of
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and atheism. Because of this, some Orthodox Christian groups denounced him and said no science
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as an institution harmful to Russia and the ongoing expansion of its authority as a return to
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in 1995 – for outstanding achievement in the field of theoretical physics and astrophysics
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in Moscow, the resting place of many famous politicians, writers and scientists of Russia.
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In 1937, Ginzburg married Olga Zamsha. In 1946, he married his second wife, Nina Ginzburg (
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1486:Клирики против физика. Православные требуют привлечь к ответственности академика Гинзбурга
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in 1938. After attending his mother's alma mater, he defended his qualifications of the
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for their "pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids."
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As a renowned professor and researcher, Ginzburg was an obvious candidate for the
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Ginzburg, Vitaly (2009). "About atheism, religion and secular humanism". Moscow:
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Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class
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The first wife (in 1937–1946) is a graduate of the Faculty of Physics of
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Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin
1079:(2011). "Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg. 4 October 1916 – 8 November 2009".
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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1153:"Vitaly Ginzburg dies at 93; Nobel Prize-winning Russian physicist"
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Parizh, Michael; Lvovsky, Yuri; Sumption, Michael (January 2017).
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Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
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Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
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Vitalii Ginzburg papers, 1992, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1309:"About Academic Department of Physics and Astrophysics Problems"
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Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1503:"Lev Davidovich Landau, Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate".
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514:) dissertation in 1940, and his comprehensive thesis for the
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P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
1692:. President of Russia: Official Web Portal. November 9, 2009
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of the Soviet Union. Among his achievements are a partially
522:) qualification in 1942. In 1944, he became a member of the
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Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
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Ginzburg identified as a secular Jew, and following the
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as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the
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Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1987
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1174:"Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg — editor in chief of UFN"
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N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
1346:"Russia: Religious revival troubles Vitaly Ginzburg"
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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and wrote several books devoted to the questions of
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Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
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Olga Zamsha Ginzburg (1937–1946; divorced; 1 child)
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748:. The Nobel Prize recognized Ginzburg's work in
4191:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1529:Hohenberg, P. C.; Krekhov, A. P. (2015-04-04).
594:. From 1948 through 1952 Ginzburg worked under
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454:His career in physics was spent in the former
83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
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1189:"Physicists have nothing to do with miracles"
458:and was one of the leading figure in former
95:{{Translated|ru|Гинзбург, Виталий Лазаревич}}
4186:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
1660:"Russian bomb physicist Ginzburg dead at 93"
1006:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
4141:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
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1187:Nikonov, Vyacheslav (September 30, 2004).
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833:Ginzburg was buried on 11 November in the
637:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
428:; 4 October 1916 – 8 November 2009) was a
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1658:Osipovich, Alexander (November 9, 2009).
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1151:Thomas H. Maugh II (November 10, 2009).
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1592:Superconductor Science & Technology
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1033:Fellow of the American Physical Society
720:could excuse his verbal attacks on the
4231:Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
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1746:On Superconductivity and Superfluidity
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1784:November 14, 2009 (by Martin Childs).
1285:"Vitaly L. Ginzburg - Nuclear Museum"
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4211:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1411:"Vitaly L. Ginzburg – Autobiography"
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478:of the Russian Academy of Sciences (
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1039:Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"
724:. He was one of the signers of the
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4266:UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients
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938:Ginzburg reads a Nobel lecture in
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1239:The Rise and Fall of T.D. Lysenko
1122:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003"
979:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
554:); and a theory of the origin of
490:'s influence in Russian society.
462:, working towards designs of the
460:Soviet program of nuclear weapons
4241:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
1470:Церковь ждет исповеди академиков
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686:P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute
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4271:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
4261:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates
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4216:Recipients of the Stalin Prize
4176:Moscow State University alumni
4161:Russian theoretical physicists
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1053:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
864:format but may read better as
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498:Vitaly Ginzburg was born to a
93:You may also add the template
1:
4221:Recipients of the Lenin Prize
1612:10.1088/0953-2048/30/1/014007
1565:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.01.001
1058:
466:. He became a member of the
426:Вита́лий Ла́заревич Ги́нзбург
121:Eastern Slavic naming customs
16:Russian physicist (1916–2009)
3937:Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
1744:including the Nobel Lecture
1493:(in Russian). July 24, 2007.
1311:(in Russian). Archived from
973:Order of the Badge of Honour
736:Vitaly Ginzburg, along with
611:superconductors. During the
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4106:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
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694:Russian Academy of Sciences
468:Russian Academy of Sciences
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4251:Nobel laureates in Physics
476:Lebedev Physical Institute
416:Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
174:Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
119:In this name that follows
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57:Machine translation, like
4131:Jewish Russian physicists
4121:Russian atheism activists
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1235:Medvedev, Zhores (1969).
994:Marian Smoluchowski Medal
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818:Prime Minister of Russia
632:Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
435:who was honored with the
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777:complex set of equations
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4256:Russian Nobel laureates
1996:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1348:. University World News
940:Moscow State University
930:Other honors and awards
898:Moscow State University
873:converting this article
755:His collaboration with
722:Russian Orthodox Church
684:Ginzburg worked at the
673:Ginzburg denounced the
648:Russian Jewish Congress
568:, thus allowing modern
542:in 1950; the theory of
504:Moscow State University
443:in 2003, together with
289:Nina Yermakova Ginzburg
245:Moscow State University
104:For more guidance, see
4101:Scientists from Moscow
4014:Nobel Prize recipients
3960:Physiology or Medicine
2344:Nobel Prize in Physics
1515::2004PhT....57Q..62..
1449:Cite journal requires
1332:Jewish Virtual Library
1289:ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/
1095:10.1098/rsbm.2011.0002
943:
692:in Moscow since 1940.
661:movement. He defended
536:Ginzburg–Landau theory
317:Nobel Prize in Physics
264:Ginzburg–Landau theory
3949:Anthony James Leggett
3939:(Soviet Union/Russia)
2227:Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
1848:Wolf Prize in Physics
1379:on September 11, 2012
1012:Wolf Prize in Physics
937:
644:collapse of communism
550:(for example, in the
464:thermonuclear devices
325:Wolf Prize in Physics
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
2016:Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1805:Archival collections
1712:"APS Fellow Archive"
1021:Lomonosov Gold Medal
981:, twice (1956, 1986)
975:, twice (1954, 1975)
917:Princeton University
835:Novodevichy Cemetery
619:of superconductors.
544:electromagnetic wave
486:and was critical of
400:Viatcheslav Mukhanov
333:Lomonosov Gold Medal
272:Transition radiation
216:Novodevichy Cemetery
1955:Albert J. Libchaber
1951:Mitchell Feigenbaum
1872:Giuseppe Occhialini
1770:The Daily Telegraph
1751:Ginzburg's homepage
1604:2017SuScT..30a4007P
1557:2015PhR...572....1H
1519::10.1063/1.2408530.
1265:. 20 September 2006
825:President of Russia
750:theoretical physics
592:Soviet bomb project
364:Theoretical physics
4276:Russian scientists
4146:Soviet astronomers
3875:Roderick MacKinnon
2231:Allan H. MacDonald
2202:Charles H. Bennett
2180:Robert P. Kirshner
2170:Juan Ignacio Cirac
1738:on Nobelprize.org
1736:Vitaly L. Ginzburg
1369:"2009 RFE/RL, Inc"
944:
875:, if appropriate.
700:Stance on religion
628:scientific journal
268:Ginzburg criterion
85:interlanguage link
4166:Superconductivity
4156:Soviet physicists
4136:Jewish scientists
4078:
4077:
3985:Economic Sciences
3817:
3816:
2306:
2305:
2146:Maximilian Haider
2081:Bertrand Halperin
2075:Masatoshi Koshiba
2071:Raymond Davis Jr.
2022:Benoît Mandelbrot
2010:Valentine Telegdi
2006:Maurice Goldhaber
2000:David J. Thouless
1969:Riccardo Giacconi
1945:Philippe Nozières
1921:Martin Lewis Perl
1907:Gerardus 't Hooft
1897:Kenneth G. Wilson
1846:Laureates of the
1670:on April 13, 2010
1367:Mikhail Sokolov.
1328:"Vitaly Ginzburg"
1157:Los Angeles Times
894:
893:
622:Ginzburg was the
598:to help with the
572:to return to the
538:, developed with
532:superconductivity
423:
413:
412:
396:Doctoral students
354:Scientific career
117:
116:
50:
46:
4283:
4151:Soviet inventors
4016:
4001:(United Kingdom)
3976:(United Kingdom)
3951:(United Kingdom)
3844:
3837:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3794:
3778:
3762:
3746:
3730:
3714:
3698:
3682:
3670:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3614:
3602:
3586:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3530:
3514:
3498:
3482:
3453:
3437:
3425:
3409:
3393:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3309:
3293:
3277:
3265:
3249:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3209:
3193:
3181:
3165:
3149:
3133:
3110:
3094:
3082:
3066:
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3042:
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3014:
3006:
2998:
2982:
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2922:
2910:
2894:
2882:
2866:
2854:
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2767:
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2706:
2698:
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2647:
2639:
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2624:
2616:
2608:
2596:
2577:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2482:
2474:
2472:Kamerlingh Onnes
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2374:
2362:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2176:James D. Bjorken
2160:Jacob Bekenstein
2095:François Englert
1961:Herbert Friedman
1917:Leon M. Lederman
1911:Victor Weisskopf
1868:George Uhlenbeck
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1797:
1789:
1756:Curriculum Vitae
1743:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:. Archived from
1655:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1550:
1526:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1494:
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1474:
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1459:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1417:. Archived from
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:. Archived from
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:on 21 June 2007.
1305:
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1177:
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1148:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1126:Nobel Foundation
1118:
1107:
1106:
1073:
889:
886:
880:
871:You can help by
853:
852:
845:
742:Alexei Abrikosov
667:Valentin Danilov
556:cosmic radiation
528:phenomenological
445:Alexei Abrikosov
427:
419:
385:Doctoral advisor
345:
337:
329:
321:
303:
301:
233:
231:
230:
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183:
181:
165:
155:
154:Виталий Гинзбург
142:
141:
96:
90:
63:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4126:Jewish atheists
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4012:
4004:
3995:(United States)
3993:Robert F. Engle
3979:
3974:Peter Mansfield
3970:(United States)
3954:
3943:Vitaly Ginzburg
3923:
3904:
3880:
3877:(United States)
3871:(United States)
3855:
3848:
3818:
3813:
3797:
3781:
3765:
3749:
3733:
3717:
3701:
3685:
3673:
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3561:
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3533:
3517:
3501:
3485:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3440:
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3412:
3403:Cohen-Tannoudji
3396:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3336:
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2393:
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2346:
2337:
2307:
2302:
2262:
2243:Anne L'Huillier
2223:Rafi Bistritzer
2211:
2206:Gilles Brassard
2140:Anton Zeilinger
2132:John F. Clauser
2120:
2105:Daniel Kleppner
2085:Anthony Leggett
2059:
2028:Vitaly Ginzburg
1984:
1979:Stephen Hawking
1941:Conyers Herring
1935:Theodore Maiman
1877:
1862:Chien-Shiung Wu
1850:
1844:
1807:
1795:
1787:
1781:The Independent
1732:
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1695:
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1687:
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1535:Physics Reports
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1523:
1511:(2): 62. 2004.
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1193:Social Sciences
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1181:
1172:
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1140:
1130:
1128:
1120:
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1074:
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932:
922:Great cousin —
890:
884:
881:
870:
854:
850:
843:
828:Dmitry Medvedev
809:
761:Ginzburg-Landau
746:superconductors
738:Anthony Leggett
734:
702:
624:editor-in-chief
602:. Ginzburg and
570:genetic science
546:propagation in
524:Communist Party
496:
449:Anthony Leggett
402:
376:
348:
343:
335:
327:
319:
305:
302: 1946)
297:
293:
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241:Alma mater
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199:8 November 2009
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3989:
3987:
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3971:
3968:Paul Lauterbur
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
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3946:
3945:(Soviet Union)
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3912:
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3905:
3903:
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3901:(South Africa)
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3139:P. W. Anderson
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3119:
3115:
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3095:
3083:
3067:
3051:
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3007:
2999:
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2967:
2960:Goeppert Mayer
2951:
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2684:C. D. Anderson
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2240:
2237:Giorgio Parisi
2234:
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2210:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2157:
2143:
2128:
2126:
2122:
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2119:
2118:
2115:Peter Grünberg
2108:
2102:
2088:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2044:Yakir Aharonov
2041:
2035:
2032:Yoichiro Nambu
2025:
2019:
2013:
2003:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1924:
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1900:
1889:Michael Fisher
1885:
1883:
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1730:External links
1728:
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1496:
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1460:
1451:|journal=
1424:
1421:on 2006-07-11.
1415:nobelprize.org
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1390:
1373:Svobodanews.ru
1359:
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967:Order of Lenin
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842:
839:
820:Vladimir Putin
813:cardiac arrest
808:
805:
766:quantum fluids
733:
730:
701:
698:
596:Igor Kurchatov
566:Trofim Lysenko
495:
492:
470:and succeeded
411:
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404:Leonid Keldysh
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206:Moscow, Russia
205:
203:(aged 93)
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3900:
3899:J. M. Coetzee
3897:
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3391:R. Richardson
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879:is available.
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34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
4044:
3942:
3918:Shirin Ebadi
3507:
3247:von Klitzing
3239:Van der Meer
2295:
2192:Michel Mayor
2166:Peter Zoller
2136:Alain Aspect
2091:Robert Brout
2038:John Wheeler
2027:
1931:Peter Hirsch
1893:Leo Kadanoff
1796:(in Russian)
1788:(in Russian)
1779:
1773:11 Nov 2009.
1768:
1745:
1718:15 September
1716:. Retrieved
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1595:
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1490:
1479:
1463:
1442:cite journal
1427:
1419:the original
1414:
1405:
1393:
1383:November 11,
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1372:
1362:
1352:November 11,
1350:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1321:
1313:the original
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
1269:November 11,
1267:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1243:. New York:
1238:
1230:
1209:
1199:September 9,
1197:. Retrieved
1195:(3): 148–150
1192:
1182:
1156:
1129:. Retrieved
1086:
1080:
961:Stalin Prize
921:
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895:
882:
877:Editing help
859:
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683:
659:human rights
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456:Soviet Union
453:
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370:Institutions
353:
201:(2009-11-08)
136:
128:
81:edit summary
72:
43:
35:
4096:2009 deaths
4091:1916 births
3852:Nobel Prize
3291:Steinberger
3207:K. Siegbahn
3199:Bloembergen
2920:Chamberlain
2653:Schrödinger
2563:M. Siegbahn
2492:W. H. Bragg
2488:W. L. Bragg
2286:Mathematics
2271:Agriculture
2257:Martin Rees
2247:Paul Corkum
2186:Yoseph Imry
2150:Harald Rose
2111:Albert Fert
2099:Peter Higgs
1965:Bruno Rossi
1674:November 9,
1326:Hein, Avi.
1131:November 9,
1089:: 129–146.
1031:Elected a
985:Lenin Prize
732:Nobel Prize
728:of Russia.
706:clericalism
520:Doktor Nauk
508:candidate's
437:Nobel Prize
223:Nationality
133:family name
4085:Categories
3886:Literature
3869:Peter Agre
3808:L'Huillier
3772:Hasselmann
3728:Strickland
3696:Kosterlitz
3620:Perlmutter
3359:Brockhouse
3064:Schrieffer
2936:Hofstadter
2888:C. N. Yang
2645:Heisenberg
2622:De Broglie
2154:Knut Urban
1927:Erwin Hahn
1294:2024-05-07
1059:References
999:Elected a
799:, and new
795:machines,
770:superfluid
757:Lev Landau
608:Arzamas-16
563:agronomist
552:ionosphere
540:Lev Landau
530:theory of
424:(Russian:
180:1916-10-04
129:Lazarevich
125:patronymic
45:(May 2019)
40:in Russian
3861:Chemistry
3854:laureates
3792:Zeilinger
3612:Novoselov
3580:Kobayashi
3504:Abrikosov
3351:J. Taylor
3331:de Gennes
3323:R. Taylor
3215:K. Wilson
3163:R. Wilson
3147:Van Vleck
3118:1976–2000
3108:Rainwater
3104:Mottelson
3080:Josephson
3028:Gell-Mann
2992:Schwinger
2980:Prokhorov
2940:Mössbauer
2900:Cherenkov
2892:T. D. Lee
2816:Cockcroft
2807:1951–1975
2606:C. Wilson
2585:1926–1950
2531:Guillaume
2420:Michelson
2380:Becquerel
2351:1901–1925
2340:Laureates
2281:Chemistry
2117:(2006–07)
2087:(2002–03)
2040:(1996–97)
2034:(1994–95)
1947:(1984–85)
1937:(1983–84)
1791:Biography
1620:0953-2048
1573:0370-1573
1548:1410.7285
1221:1206.4426
1014:in 1994/5
679:Stalinism
639:in 1968.
604:Igor Tamm
560:Mendelian
494:Biography
472:Igor Tamm
433:physicist
390:Igor Tamm
328:(1994/95)
282:Spouse(s)
276:Undulator
99:talk page
3800:Agostini
3688:Thouless
3680:McDonald
3668:Nakamura
3636:Wineland
3568:Grünberg
3524:Politzer
3508:Ginzburg
3496:Giacconi
3476:Ketterle
3431:'t Hooft
3415:Laughlin
3407:Phillips
3387:Osheroff
3315:Friedman
3287:Schwartz
3283:Lederman
3203:Schawlow
3179:Weinberg
2988:Tomonaga
2880:Brattain
2872:Shockley
2781:Blackett
2773:Appleton
2765:Bridgman
2712:Lawrence
2692:Davisson
2672:Chadwick
2555:Millikan
2539:Einstein
2428:Lippmann
2396:Rayleigh
2388:M. Curie
2384:P. Curie
2291:Medicine
1799:Obituary
1777:Obituary
1766:Obituary
1696:July 16,
1638:28626340
1541:: 1–42.
1491:Grani.ru
1103:71295700
1047:See also
1035:in 2003.
714:religion
613:Cold War
516:doctor's
421:ForMemRS
341:ForMemRS
218:, Moscow
187:Moscow,
137:Ginzburg
75:provide
3929:Physics
3788:Clauser
3752:Penrose
3736:Peebles
3692:Haldane
3660:Akasaki
3648:Englert
3640:Haroche
3624:Schmidt
3584:Maskawa
3536:Glauber
3528:Wilczek
3512:Leggett
3492:Koshiba
3472:Cornell
3463:present
3447:Kroemer
3443:Alferov
3435:Veltman
3419:Störmer
3339:Charpak
3319:Kendall
3303:Dehmelt
3271:Bednorz
3171:Glashow
3159:Penzias
3155:Kapitsa
3127:Richter
3100:A. Bohr
3076:Giaever
3056:Bardeen
3020:Alvarez
3004:Kastler
2996:Feynman
2876:Bardeen
2840:Zernike
2832:Purcell
2602:Compton
2547:N. Bohr
2436:Marconi
2368:Lorentz
2360:Röntgen
2342:of the
2297:Physics
1629:5472374
1600:Bibcode
1553:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1008:in 1991
987:in 1966
963:in 1953
797:engines
786:Type-II
708:in the
626:of the
548:plasmas
484:atheist
441:Physics
430:Russian
304:
296:
292:
251:1938) (
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
3920:(Iran)
3804:Krausz
3798:2023:
3784:Aspect
3782:2022:
3776:Manabe
3768:Parisi
3766:2021:
3756:Genzel
3750:2020:
3744:Queloz
3734:2019:
3724:Mourou
3720:Ashkin
3718:2018:
3712:Thorne
3708:Barish
3702:2017:
3686:2016:
3676:Kajita
3674:2015:
3658:2014:
3646:2013:
3634:2012:
3618:2011:
3606:2010:
3590:2009:
3574:2008:
3562:2007:
3552:Mather
3550:2006:
3544:Hänsch
3534:2005:
3518:2004:
3502:2003:
3486:2002:
3480:Wieman
3470:2001:
3441:2000:
3429:1999:
3413:1998:
3397:1997:
3383:D. Lee
3381:1996:
3375:Reines
3369:1995:
3357:1994:
3345:1993:
3337:1992:
3329:1991:
3313:1990:
3299:Ramsey
3297:1989:
3281:1988:
3275:Müller
3269:1987:
3263:Rohrer
3259:Binnig
3253:1986:
3245:1985:
3235:Rubbia
3233:1984:
3227:Fowler
3221:1983:
3213:1982:
3197:1981:
3187:Cronin
3185:1980:
3169:1979:
3153:1978:
3137:1977:
3125:1976:
3098:1975:
3092:Hewish
3086:1974:
3070:1973:
3060:Cooper
3054:1972:
3046:1971:
3036:Alfvén
3034:1970:
3026:1969:
3018:1968:
3010:1967:
3002:1966:
2986:1965:
2972:Townes
2970:1964:
2964:Jensen
2956:Wigner
2954:1963:
2948:Landau
2946:1962:
2934:1961:
2928:Glaser
2926:1960:
2914:1959:
2898:1958:
2886:1957:
2870:1956:
2858:1955:
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2838:1953:
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2820:Walton
2814:1951:
2797:Powell
2795:1950:
2789:Yukawa
2787:1949:
2779:1948:
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2763:1946:
2755:1945:
2747:1944:
2739:1943:
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2690:1937:
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2670:1935:
2651:1933:
2643:1932:
2628:1930:
2620:1929:
2612:1928:
2600:1927:
2594:Perrin
2592:1926:
2571:Franck
2569:1925:
2561:1924:
2553:1923:
2545:1922:
2537:1921:
2529:1920:
2521:1919:
2515:Planck
2513:1918:
2507:Barkla
2505:1917:
2486:1915:
2478:1914:
2470:1913:
2462:1912:
2454:1911:
2446:1910:
2434:1909:
2426:1908:
2418:1907:
2410:1906:
2404:Lenard
2402:1905:
2394:1904:
2378:1903:
2372:Zeeman
2366:1902:
2358:1901:
2259:(2024)
2253:(2022)
2239:(2021)
2233:(2020)
2208:(2018)
2198:(2017)
2188:(2016)
2182:(2015)
2172:(2013)
2162:(2012)
2156:(2011)
2142:(2010)
2107:(2005)
2101:(2004)
2077:(2000)
2056:(1999)
2050:(1998)
2024:(1993)
2018:(1992)
2012:(1991)
2002:(1990)
1981:(1988)
1971:(1987)
1957:(1986)
1923:(1982)
1913:(1981)
1899:(1980)
1874:(1979)
1864:(1978)
1636:
1626:
1618:
1571:
1101:
996:(1984)
969:(1954)
957:(1948)
951:(1946)
860:is in
841:Family
782:Type-I
652:Israel
534:, the
488:clergy
360:Fields
344:(1987)
336:(1995)
320:(2003)
310:Awards
235:Russia
232:
123:, the
4045:2003
3910:Peace
3850:2003
3740:Mayor
3704:Weiss
3664:Amano
3652:Higgs
3628:Riess
3600:Smith
3596:Boyle
3576:Nambu
3556:Smoot
3520:Gross
3488:Davis
3461:2001–
3451:Kilby
3363:Shull
3347:Hulse
3255:Ruska
3191:Fitch
3175:Salam
3072:Esaki
3048:Gabor
3012:Bethe
2976:Basov
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