1302:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in United States. For women and men aged 15 and older the PRI is set at 1.6 mg/day. The PRI during pregnancy is 1.9 mg/day and the PRI for lactating females is 2.0 mg/day. For children aged 1–14 years the PRIs increase with age from 0.6 to 1.4 mg/day. These PRIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs. The EFSA also considered the maximum safe intake and like the U.S. National Academy of Medicine, decided that there was not sufficient information to set an UL.
2227:(EGRAC) provides a measure of tissue saturation and long-term riboflavin status. Results are expressed as an activity coefficient ratio, determined by enzyme activity with and without the addition of FAD to the culture medium. An EGRAC of 1.0 to 1.2 indicates that adequate amounts of riboflavin are present; 1.2 to 1.4 is considered low, greater than 1.4 indicates deficient. For the less sensitive "erythrocyte flavin method", values greater than 400 nmol/L are considered adequate and values below 270 nmol/L are considered deficient. Urinary excretion is expressed as nmol of riboflavin per gram of
521:
498:
470:
2231:. Low is defined as in the range of 50 to 72 nmol/g. Deficient is below 50 nmol/g. Urinary excretion load tests have been used to determine dietary requirements. For adult men, as oral doses were increased from 0.5 mg to 1.1 mg, there was a modest linear increase in urinary riboflavin, reaching 100 micrograms for a subsequent 24-hour urine collection. Beyond a load dose of 1.1 mg, urinary excretion increased rapidly, so that with a dose of 2.5 mg, urinary output was 800 micrograms for a 24-hour urine collection.
51:
1049:
1025:
2017:. However, riboflavin supplementation in large excess of requirements causes urine to appear more yellow than normal. With normal dietary intake, about two-thirds of urinary output is riboflavin, the remainder having been partially metabolized to hydroxymethylriboflavin from oxidation within cells, and as other metabolites. When consumption exceeds the ability to absorb, riboflavin passes into the large intestine, where it is catabolized by bacteria to various metabolites that can be detected in
1088:
1202:
2039:
riboflavin, typically a vitamin-mineral multi-supplement. For the non-supplement users, the dietary intake of adult women averaged 1.74 mg/day and men 2.44 mg/day. These amounts exceed the RDAs for riboflavin of 1.1 and 1.3 mg/day respectively. For all age groups, on average, consumption from food exceeded the RDAs. A 2001-02 U.S. survey reported that less than 3% of the population consumed less than the
1073:
42:
1287:
than EARs to provide adequate intake levels for individuals with higher than average requirements. The RDA during pregnancy is 1.4 mg/day and the RDA for lactating females is 1.6 mg/day. For infants up to the age of 12 months, the
Adequate Intake (AI) is 0.3–0.4 mg/day and for children aged 1–13 years the RDA increases with age from 0.5 to 0.9 mg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets
5386:
2127:. A deficiency of riboflavin can be primary (i.e. caused by poor vitamin sources in the regular diet) or secondary, which may be a result of conditions that affect absorption in the intestine. Secondary deficiencies are typically caused by the body not being able to use the vitamin, or by an increased rate of excretion of the vitamin. Diet patterns that increase risk of deficiency include
2259:, "yellow"). The reduced form, which occurs in metabolism along with the oxidized form, appears as orange-yellow needles or crystals. The earliest reported identification, predating any concept of vitamins as essential nutrients, was by Alexander Wynter Blyth. In 1879, Blyth isolated a water-soluble component of cows' milk whey, which he named "lactochrome", that
1933:), a more soluble form of riboflavin. The enrichment of bread and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals contributes significantly to the dietary supply of the vitamin. Free riboflavin is naturally present in animal-sourced foods along with protein-bound FMN and FAD. Cows' milk contains mainly free riboflavin, but both FMN and FAD are present at low concentrations.
2335:. In 1939, it was confirmed that riboflavin is essential for human health through a clinical trial conducted by William H. Sebrell and Roy E. Butler. Women fed a diet low in riboflavin developed stomatitis and other signs of deficiency, which were reversed when treated with synthetic riboflavin. The symptoms returned when the supplements were stopped.
807:, such as water and aqueous sodium chloride solutions, and slightly soluble in alcohols. It is not soluble in non-polar or weakly polar organic solvents such as chloroform, benzene or acetone. In solution or during dry storage as a powder, riboflavin is heat stable if not exposed to light. When heated to decompose, it releases toxic fumes containing
2320:
then isolate the factor from egg white, calling it ovoflavin. The same group then isolated the a similar preparation from whey and called it lactoflavin. In 1934, Kuhn's group identified the chemical structure of these flavins as identical, settled on "riboflavin" as a name, and were also able to synthesize the vitamin.
1993:
may underestimate absorption. Three riboflavin transporter proteins have been identified: RFVT1 is present in the small intestine and also in the placenta; RFVT2 is highly expressed in brain and salivary glands; and RFVT3 is most highly expressed in the small intestine, testes, and prostate. Infants
2319:
from yeast revealed the presence of a bright yellow-green fluorescent product that restored normal growth when fed to rats. The growth restored was directly proportional to the intensity of the fluorescence. This observation enabled the researchers to develop a rapid chemical bioassay in 1933, and
1249:
stated that high-dose riboflavin (400 mg) is "probably effective and should be considered for migraine prevention," a recommendation also provided by the UK National
Migraine Centre. A 2017 review reported that daily riboflavin taken at 400 mg per day for at least three months may reduce
2266:
In the early 1900s, several research laboratories were investigating constituents of foods, essential to maintain growth in rats. These constituents were initially divided into fat-soluble "vitamine" A and water-soluble "vitamine" B. (The "e" was dropped in 1920.) Vitamin B was further thought to
1527:
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For riboflavin labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1.7 mg, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised to 1.3 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A
1286:
updated the
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for riboflavin in 1998. The EARs for riboflavin for women and men aged 14 and over are 0.9 mg/day and 1.1 mg/day, respectively; the RDAs are 1.1 and 1.3 mg/day, respectively. RDAs are higher
2038:
Riboflavin deficiency is uncommon in the United States and in other countries with wheat flour or corn meal fortification programs. From data collected in biannual surveys of the U.S. population, for ages 20 and over, 22% of women and 19% of men reported consuming a supplement that contained
1511:, resulting in a bright yellow color known as flavinuria. During a clinical trial on the effectiveness of riboflavin for treating the frequency and severity of migraines, subjects were given up to 400 mg of riboflavin orally per day for periods of 3–12 months. Abdominal pains and
1008:. The former is converted to L-3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate while the latter is transformed in a series of reactions that lead to 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil. These two compounds are then the substrates for the penultimate step in the pathway, catalysed by the enzyme
2299:
symptoms similar to those seen in pellagra, but without the widespread peripheral skin lesions. For this reason, early in the history of identifying riboflavin deficiency in humans the condition was sometimes called "pellagra sine pellagra" (pellagra without pellagra).
1949:(corn) flour with riboflavin or riboflavin-5'-phosphate sodium. The amounts stipulated range from 1.3 to 5.75 mg/kg. An additional 16 countries have a voluntary fortification program. For example, the Indian government recommends 4.0 mg/kg for
2176:
and cranial nerve pathology. When untreated, infants with riboflavin transporter deficiency have labored breathing and are at risk of dying in the first decade of life. Treatment with oral supplementation of high amounts of riboflavin is lifesaving.
796:(FAD). FAD is the more abundant form of flavin, reported to bind to 75% of the number of flavin-dependent protein encoded genes in the all-species genome (the flavoproteome) and serves as a co-enzyme for 84% of human-encoded flavoproteins.
3331:"Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society"
4315:
Smedts HP, Rakhshandehroo M, Verkleij-Hagoort AC, de Vries JH, Ottenkamp J, Steegers EA, et al. (October 2008). "Maternal intake of fat, riboflavin and nicotinamide and the risk of having offspring with congenital heart defects".
1984:
occurring at high concentrations. Bile salts facilitate uptake, so absorption is improved when the vitamin is consumed with a meal. The majority of newly absorbed riboflavin is taken up by the liver on the first pass, indicating that
2102:
increase the risk of riboflavin deficiency. People with physically demanding lives, such as athletes and laborers, may require higher riboflavin intake. The conversion of riboflavin into FAD and FMN is impaired in people with
1291:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of riboflavin there is no UL, as there is no human data for adverse effects from high doses. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as
3382:
3940:"Direction under Section 16(5) of Foods Safety and Standards Act, 2006 regarding Operationalisation of Food Safety & Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulations, 2017 relating to standards for fortification of food"
894:) that are responsible for one- or two-electron redox reactions which capitalize on the ability of flavins to be converted between oxidized, half-reduced and fully reduced forms. FAD is also required for the activity of
2200:
The assessment of riboflavin status is essential for confirming cases with non-specific symptoms whenever deficiency is suspected. Total riboflavin excretion in healthy adults with normal riboflavin intake is about 120
2008:
When excess riboflavin is absorbed by the small intestine, it is quickly removed from the blood and excreted in urine. Urine color is used as a hydration status biomarker and, under normal conditions, correlates with
730:, causing the urine to have a bright yellow tint. Natural sources of riboflavin include meat, fish and fowl, eggs, dairy products, green vegetables, mushrooms, and almonds. Some countries require its addition to
741:. Biosynthesis takes place in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not animals. Industrial synthesis of riboflavin was initially achieved using a chemical process, but current commercial manufacturing relies on
4164:"Total Nutrient Intakes: Percent Reporting and Mean Amounts of Selected Vitamins and Minerals from Food and Beverages and Dietary Supplements, by Gender and Age, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-2018"
590:
2146:
There are rare genetic defects that compromise riboflavin absorption, transport, metabolism or use by flavoproteins. One of these is riboflavin transporter deficiency, previously known as
1503:
In humans, there is no evidence for riboflavin toxicity produced by excessive intakes and absorption becomes less efficient as dosage increases. Any excess riboflavin is excreted via the
3121:
Stahmann KP, Revuelta JL, Seulberger H (May 2000). "Three biotechnical processes using Ashbya gossypii, Candida famata, or
Bacillus subtilis compete with chemical riboflavin production".
3378:
1160:
strain number ATCC 49442), which develops a yellow color due to production of riboflavin while growing on pyridine, but not when grown on other substrates, such as succinic acid.
1941:
Some countries require or recommend fortification of grain foods. As of 2024, 57 countries, mostly in North and South
America and southeast Africa, require food fortification of
3167:
Eggersdorfer M, Laudert D, Létinois U, McClymont T, Medlock J, Netscher T, et al. (December 2012). "One hundred years of vitamins-a success story of the natural sciences".
1254:
headaches in adults. Research on high-dose riboflavin for migraine prevention or treatment in children and adolescents is inconclusive, and so supplements are not recommended.
3014:
1150:
In the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbons or aromatic compounds, some bacteria overproduce riboflavin, possibly as a protective mechanism. One such organism is
1921:
produced after milling of wheat has only 67% of its original riboflavin amount left, so white flour is enriched in some countries. Riboflavin is also added to ready-to-eat
3669:
3641:
632:
InChI=InChI=1S/C17H20N4O6/c1-7-3-9-10(4-8(7)2)21(5-11(23)14(25)12(24)6-22)15-13(18-9)16(26)20-17(27)19-15/h3-4,11-12,14,22-25H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,20,26,27)/t11-,12+,14-/m0/s1
2205:
per day, while excretion of less than 40 micrograms per day indicates deficiency. Riboflavin excretion rates decrease as a person ages, but increase during periods of
2955:
1043:
reaction. This generates one molecule of riboflavin and one of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino) uracil. The latter is recycled to the previous reaction in the sequence.
4247:
3778:
Batifoulier F, Verny MA, Chanliaud E, Rémésy C, Demigné C (2006). "Variability of B vitamin concentrations in wheat grain, milling fractions and bread products".
2059:), sore throat, painful red tongue, and hair loss. The eyes can become itchy, watery, bloodshot, and sensitive to light. Riboflavin deficiency is associated with
3617:
4644:
5441:
722:
is rare and is usually accompanied by deficiencies of other vitamins and nutrients. It may be prevented or treated by oral supplements or by injections. As a
4174:
154:
4210:
4079:
Ellis LA, Yates BA, McKenzie AL, Muñoz CX, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE (August 2016). "Effects of Three Oral
Nutritional Supplements on Human Hydration Indices".
4674:
3508:
4361:"Maternal nutrient intake and risks for transverse and longitudinal limb deficiencies: data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2003"
886:. The flavin coenzymes support the function of roughly 70-80 flavoenzymes in humans (and hundreds more across all organisms, including those encoded by
2001:; the reverse is accomplished by a phosphatase. From FMN to FAD is the function of magnesium-requiring FAD synthase; the reverse is accomplished by a
3950:
737:
In its purified, solid form, it is a water-soluble yellow-orange crystalline powder. In addition to its function as a vitamin, it is used as a
2482:
4200:"Nutrient Intakes from Food and Beverages: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, by Gender and Age, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-2018"
3820:
2063:. Prolonged riboflavin insufficiency may cause degeneration of the liver and nervous system. Riboflavin deficiency may increase the risk of
84:
3698:
937:. Dietary deficiency of riboflavin can decrease the production of NAD and NADP, thereby promoting niacin deficiency. Conversion of vitamin B
726:
vitamin, any riboflavin consumed in excess of nutritional requirements is not stored; it is either not absorbed or is absorbed and quickly
604:
1544:, Agricultural Research Service maintains a food composition database from which riboflavin content in hundreds of foods can be searched.
930:
2844:
2563:
3611:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
2147:
1925:. It is difficult to incorporate riboflavin into liquid products because it has poor solubility in water, hence the requirement for
2772:"Covalent attachment of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to enzymes: The current state of affairs"
4463:
Hoey L, McNulty H, Strain JJ (June 2009). "Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: a systematic review".
1541:
1095:
growing on pyridine (left) and succinic acid (right). The pyridine culture has turned yellow from the accumulation of riboflavin.
3661:
3634:
2745:
5340:
4272:
Thakur K, Tomar SK, Singh AK, Mandal S, Arora S (November 2017). "Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research".
3045:
2691:
Macheroux P, Kappes B, Ealick SE (August 2011). "Flavogenomics--a genomic and structural view of flavin-dependent proteins".
2623:
2557:
2363:
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3715:
979:. Alleviating riboflavin deficiency in people who are deficient in both riboflavin and iron improves the effectiveness of
2189:
2951:
4714:
4236:
1000:
Biosynthesis takes place in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not animals. The biosynthetic precursors to riboflavin are
946:
3610:
2123:
Riboflavin deficiency is usually found together with other nutrient deficiencies, particularly of other water-soluble
121:
3756:
3542:
926:
624:
4032:"Clinical presentation and outcome of riboflavin transporter deficiency: mini review after five years of experience"
5357:
3692:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"
2094:. Pregnant or lactating women and their infants may also be at risk, if the mother avoids meat and dairy products.
1157:
4576:"Investigations on the vitamin B(2) complex: The differentiation of lactoflavin and the "rat antipellagra" factor"
4163:
1994:
with mutations in the genes encoding these transport proteins can be treated with riboflavin administered orally.
5029:
4199:
1997:
Riboflavin is reversibly converted to FMN and then FAD. From riboflavin to FMN is the function of zinc-requiring
1139:
that has been genetically modified to both increase the production of riboflavin and to introduce an antibiotic (
742:
255:
194:
102:
4388:
1299:
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950:
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4116:"The prebiotic concept and human health: a changing landscape with riboflavin as a novel prebiotic candidate?"
3231:"Collagen cross-linking: when and how? A review of the state of the art of the technique and new perspectives"
819:
Riboflavin is essential to the formation of two major coenzymes, FMN and FAD. These coenzymes are involved in
326:
3500:
2040:
1246:
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production, as well as normal growth and development. The coenzymes are also required for the metabolism of
5446:
1288:
1283:
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and food fortification. By 2012, over 4,000 tonnes per annum were produced by such fermentation processes.
516:
377:
4237:"What We Eat in America 2001-2002: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food Compared to Dietary Reference Intakes"
2910:
Fischer M, Bacher A (2008). "Biosynthesis of vitamin B2: Structure and mechanism of riboflavin synthase".
5436:
5416:
5038:
5020:
793:
674:
477:
3202:
Kuhn R, Reinemund K, Weygand F, Ströbele R (1935). "Über die
Synthese des Lactoflavins (Vitamin B 2 )".
788:, riboflavin is only one chemical compound. It is a starting compound in the synthesis of the coenzymes
5376:
2614:
Merrill AH, McCormick DB (2020). "Riboflavin". In BP Marriott, DF Birt, VA Stallings, AA Yates (eds.).
2158:
RDVT2 and RDVT3, respectively, are defective. Infants and young children present with muscle weakness,
2112:
1969:
in the stomach releases the coenzymes, which are subsequently enzymatically hydrolyzed in the proximal
1926:
934:
446:
17:
3939:
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, et al. (August 2017).
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3755:. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Release 28. 7 May 2019.
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Circa 1937, riboflavin was also referred to as "Vitamin G". In 1938, Richard Kuhn was awarded the
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5345:
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2055:, symptoms of which include chapped and fissured lips, inflammation of the corners of the mouth (
1965:
More than 90% of riboflavin in the diet is in the form of protein-bound FMN and FAD. Exposure to
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1056:
868:
132:
66:
3870:"Binding form of vitamin B2 in bovine milk: its concentration, distribution and binding linkage"
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2010:
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2843:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2013.
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Northrop-Clewes CA, Thurnham DI (2012). "The discovery and characterization of riboflavin".
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8:
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272:
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3980:"Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans"
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2255:", the ring-moiety that imparts the yellow color to the oxidized molecule (from Latin
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2005:. FAD appears to be an inhibitory end-product that down-regulates its own formation.
1998:
1981:
1131:
1099:
The industrial-scale production of riboflavin uses various microorganisms, including
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2021:. There is speculation that unabsorbed riboflavin could affect the large intestine
2014:
1977:
1922:
824:
533:
306:
216:
177:
167:
4951:
4946:
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3329:
Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E (April 2012).
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production, growth and development. Riboflavin is essential for the metabolism of
94:
5390:
5281:
4838:
4823:
3346:
2002:
1970:
1880:
1869:
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1143:) resistance marker, is employed at a commercial scale to produce riboflavin for
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requires FMN. Riboflavin is involved in maintaining normal circulating levels of
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4539:
Sebrell WH, Butler RE (1939). "Riboflavin
Deficiency in Man (Ariboflavinosis)".
4516:
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2481:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 11 May 2022.
867:; in riboflavin deficiency, homocysteine levels increase, elevating the risk of
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1111:
976:
4329:
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enzyme, which in adults has been associated with risk of high blood pressure.
5400:
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1229:, which increases corneal stiffness. Cross-linking is achieved by applying a
1100:
1024:
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723:
509:
465:
143:
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Riboflavin, FMN, and FAD are involved in the metabolism of niacin, vitamin B
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in pregnant women. Deficiency of riboflavin during pregnancy can result in
2064:
1990:
1966:
1825:
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808:
172:
162:
33:
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Other inborn errors of metabolism include riboflavin-responsive multiple
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3409:"Prophylaxis of migraine headaches with riboflavin: A systematic review"
1016:
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Steinert RE, Sadaghian
Sadabad M, Harmsen HJ, Weber P (December 2016).
3886:
3869:
3716:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
3425:
3408:
3066:"Riboflavin Production during Growth of Micrococcus luteus on Pyridine"
2618:. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 189–208.
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678:
566:
357:
4624:
4591:
3298:
3281:
2409:
5301:
5293:
5210:
5176:
5002:
4971:
4901:
4778:
4768:
4745:
4113:
2279:
was tentatively identified to be the factor necessary for preventing
2202:
953:
292:
237:
88:
4552:
4360:
3166:
2542:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
2162:
deficits including hearing loss, sensory symptoms including sensory
1225:, a progressive thinning of the cornea. The condition is treated by
5079:
3868:
Kanno C, Kanehara N, Shirafuji K, Tanji R, Imai T (February 1991).
2280:
2223:(EGR), erythrocyte flavin concentration and urinary excretion. The
2140:
2128:
2095:
2091:
1986:
1930:
1723:
1512:
1267:
1251:
1185:
1120:
828:
803:
powder with a slight odor and bitter taste. It is soluble in polar
686:
666:
457:
406:
337:
116:
2291:) deficiency. The confusion was due to the fact that riboflavin (B
589:
4763:
4723:
4692:
4365:
Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
4359:
Robitaille J, Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Olney RS (September 2009).
2552:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 87–122.
2248:
2151:
2124:
1804:
1734:
1653:
1575:
1193:
1177:
887:
804:
800:
785:
766:
658:
1072:
5236:
5223:
5153:
3777:
3753:"USDA Food Composition Databases; Food Search; SR Legacy Foods"
3328:
3204:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)
2868:"The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia"
2311:
and physician T. Wagner-Jauregg, reported that rats kept on a B
2240:
2163:
2060:
2051:
Riboflavin deficiency (also called ariboflavinosis) results in
1890:
1836:
1713:
1702:
1691:
1597:
1504:
1266:(yellow-orange crystalline powder), and is designated with the
949:, which requires FMN. An enzyme involved in folate metabolism,
922:
891:
774:
746:
701:
437:
3817:"What nutrients are added to flour and rice in fortification?"
3528:
3526:
3458:"Effectiveness of riboflavin in pediatric migraine prevention"
963:
Riboflavin deficiency appears to impair the metabolism of the
4425:
GeneReviews (Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et Al., Editors)
4358:
4244:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
4207:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
4171:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
3537:(5th ed.). Wadsworth: CENGAG Learning. pp. 329–33.
2166:, feeding difficulties, and respiratory distress caused by a
2068:
2018:
1946:
1942:
1918:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1508:
879:
580:
417:
41:
3533:
Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL (2009). "Ch. 9: Riboflavin".
3201:
2744:. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 9 October 2021.
1233:
riboflavin solution to the cornea, which is then exposed to
482:
3867:
3523:
2170:
1901:
1858:
1847:
1814:
1777:
1664:
1631:
1609:
1586:
1564:
1528:
table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at
968:
799:
In its purified, solid form, riboflavin is a yellow-orange
784:, which occur in several chemically related forms known as
397:
3557:
3120:
1412:* Adequate intake for infants, no RDA/RDI yet established
3977:
3635:"Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals"
2977:
Wei Y, Kumar P, Wahome N, Mantis NJ, Middaugh CR (2018).
2641:
840:
4418:
4234:
1031:
In the final step of the biosynthesis, two molecules of
4419:
Cali E, Dominik N, Manole A, Houlden H (8 April 2021).
4078:
2395:
2082:
People at risk of having low riboflavin levels include
1076:
Riboflavin is the biosynthetic precursor of FMN and FAD
4271:
3978:
Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB (January 1996).
3947:
Food Safety & Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
3379:""Natural" remedies for migraine – should I try them?"
2769:
2225:
erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient
5374:
4235:
Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Cleveland L (September 2005).
2690:
2532:
2315:-free diet were unable to gain weight. Isolation of B
2267:
have two components, a heat-labile substance called B
933:, from tryptophan involves the FAD-dependent enzyme,
458:
3915:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards"
3282:"Corneal collagen crosslinking: a systematic review"
3040:(7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
3038:
Textbook of Biochemistry: with Clinical Correlations
2976:
2865:
1960:
925:. The synthesis of the niacin-containing coenzymes,
325:
3063:
2642:Lienhart WD, Gudipati V, Macheroux P (July 2013).
4462:
3811:
3809:
3532:
2479:"Riboflavin: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
792:(FMN, also known as riboflavin-5'-phosphate) and
5398:
4500:"Vitamine—vitamin. The early years of discovery"
2616:Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition
2613:
1213:
712:, and taken orally, may reduce the incidence of
665:. It is essential to the formation of two major
612:c12cc(C)c(C)cc1N=C3C(=O)NC(=O)N=C3N2C(O)(O)(O)CO
305:
27:Vitamin, dietary supplement, and yellow food dye
4622:
3874:Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology
3455:
3402:
3400:
2637:
2635:
2143:may cause or exacerbate riboflavin deficiency.
280:
3806:
3406:
3279:
2979:"Biomedical Applications of Lumazine Synthase"
2866:Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP (June 2000).
2327:for his work on vitamins, which had included B
898:, an essential enzyme in the formation of the
5442:World Health Organization essential medicines
4708:
4538:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3656:
3654:
3413:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
2909:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3507:. UK Food Standards Agency. 10 August 2023.
3397:
3228:
2632:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2283:, but that was later confirmed to be due to
120:
4029:
3973:
3971:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3605:
3603:
3059:
3057:
2770:Mewies M, McIntire WS, Scrutton NS (1998).
2195:
1059:FMN and FAD are carried out by the enzymes
912:
4834:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
4715:
4701:
4465:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4012:
3651:
2952:"Pathway: flavin biosynthesis III (fungi)"
2945:
2943:
2941:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
1277:
971:, which is essential to the production of
519:
496:
468:
365:
49:
40:
4599:
4515:
4497:
4491:
4131:
4055:
3995:
3902:
3885:
3583:
3560:"Dietary Reference Values for riboflavin"
3473:
3424:
3354:
3297:
3256:
3246:
3097:
2905:
2903:
2883:
2797:
2787:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2667:
2578:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
677:. These coenzymes are involved in energy
385:
3968:
3738:
3720:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
3640:. European Food Safety Authority. 2006.
3600:
3495:
3493:
3449:
3114:
3054:
2765:
2763:
2074:, including heart and limb deformities.
1086:
1071:
263:7,8-Dimethyl-10-benzopteridine-2,4-dione
4458:
4456:
4454:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
3841:
3819:. Food Fortification Initiative. 2021.
3535:Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism
3322:
3162:
3160:
3064:Sims GK, O'loughlin EJ (October 1992).
2938:
2912:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2648:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2550:, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
2350:
2348:
1542:United States Department of Agriculture
1163:
1082:
956:, requires FAD to form the amino acid,
843:. FAD contributes to the conversion of
492:
345:
14:
5399:
4573:
4036:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
3984:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3835:
3684:
3511:from the original on 26 September 2020
3407:Thompson DF, Saluja HS (August 2017).
3123:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
3070:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3035:
2954:. MetaCyc Metabolic Pathway Database.
2900:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2727:
2497:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2184:deficiency, also known as a subset of
1240:
510:
4696:
4625:"The Vitamin G Content of Some Foods"
4427:. University of Washington, Seattle.
3956:from the original on 17 December 2021
3490:
3456:Sherwood M, Goldman RD (March 2014).
3381:. UK National Migraine Centre. 2021.
2958:from the original on 21 November 2021
2949:
2847:from the original on 11 February 2010
2760:
2485:from the original on 24 February 2020
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2366:from the original on 30 December 2016
2046:
1427:
1424:
1318:
1315:
445:
425:
203:
111:
93:
4451:
4439:from the original on 6 December 2021
4403:
4253:from the original on 24 October 2021
4216:from the original on 2 November 2021
4180:from the original on 21 October 2021
3672:from the original on 28 October 2021
3623:from the original on 28 August 2017.
3157:
2398:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
2345:
2271:and a heat-stable substance called B
2263:yellow-green when exposed to light.
2251:, forms part of its structure) and "
2150:. Variants of the genes SLC52A2 and
176:
166:
4667:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938"
4623:Levine H, Remington RE (May 1937).
4421:"Riboflavin transporter deficiency"
3823:from the original on 8 October 2021
3704:from the original on 8 August 2016.
3647:from the original on 16 March 2016.
3385:from the original on 8 October 2021
3371:
2814:
2190:methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
761:Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B
405:
296:
79:lactochrome, lactoflavin, vitamin G
24:
5030:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
4722:
4647:from the original on 20 March 2024
3919:Global Fortification Data Exchange
3844:"Healthy Foods High in Riboflavin"
3501:"Approved additives and E numbers"
3280:Sorkin N, Varssano D (June 2014).
3017:from the original on 20 March 2024
2983:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
2748:from the original on 21 March 2021
2432:
2378:
2239:The name "riboflavin" comes from "
874:
25:
5458:
4391:from the original on 13 June 2020
3759:from the original on 3 April 2019
2566:from the original on 17 July 2015
2148:Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome
1961:Absorption, metabolism, excretion
1172:of riboflavin was carried out by
1055:Conversions of riboflavin to the
855:) and the conversion of vitamin B
5384:
4677:from the original on 8 July 2018
4030:Jaeger B, Bosch AM (July 2016).
3090:10.1128/AEM.58.10.3423-3425.1992
2705:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08202.x
2307:, in collaboration with chemist
1936:
1257:
1200:
1158:American Type Culture Collection
1047:
1023:
550:
544:
4659:
4616:
4567:
4532:
4352:
4308:
4265:
4228:
4192:
4156:
4107:
4072:
3932:
3861:
3771:
3708:
3627:
3551:
3273:
3222:
3195:
3029:
2970:
2859:
2188:, and the C677T variant of the
2090:athletes, and practitioners of
2077:
1308:Recommended Dietary Allowances
1270:, E101, in Europe for use as a
995:
947:pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase
882:are processes that involve the
637:Key:AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N
5039:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
5021:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3842:Sachdev P (23 November 2022).
2684:
2216:Indicators used in humans are
1976:Absorption occurs via a rapid
1300:European Food Safety Authority
1227:corneal collagen cross-linking
1033:6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine
951:5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
556:
538:
208: Dietary supplement
13:
1:
4318:European Journal of Nutrition
4286:10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104
2338:
2041:Estimated Average Requirement
2033:
2028:
1980:system, with some additional
1417:Population Reference Intakes
1289:tolerable upper intake levels
1247:American Academy of Neurology
1214:Treatment of corneal thinning
756:
4081:Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab
3780:European Journal of Agronomy
3347:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182535d0c
1989:appearance of riboflavin in
1973:to release free riboflavin.
1284:National Academy of Medicine
1245:In its 2012 guidelines, the
990:
814:
661:found in food and sold as a
7:
2135:. Diseases such as cancer,
1522:
1221:is the most common form of
1035:are combined by the enzyme
794:flavin adenine dinucleotide
675:flavin adenine dinucleotide
10:
5463:
2995:10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.002
2234:
1931:E101 when used as colorant
1789:
1676:
1549:
1535:
1428:PRI for riboflavin (mg/d)
1319:RDA for riboflavin (mg/d)
935:kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
528:Chemical and physical data
5335:
5319:
5292:
5064:
5055:
4970:
4900:
4829:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
4777:
4744:
4735:
4517:10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680
4330:10.1007/s00394-008-0735-6
4048:10.1007/s10545-016-9924-2
3800:10.1016/j.eja.2006.04.009
3662:"Riboflavin (Oral Route)"
3462:Canadian Family Physician
3248:10.1186/s40662-015-0030-6
2950:Caspi R (17 March 2009).
2924:10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.008
2885:10.1017/s1368980000000173
2660:10.1016/j.abb.2013.02.015
2644:"The human flavoproteome"
2118:
1498:
1416:
1411:
1307:
1293:Dietary Reference Intakes
745:methods using strains of
620:
600:
578:
565:
532:
527:
508:
476:
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
356:
336:
316:
291:
271:
251:
246:
236:
223:
215:
193:
188:
153:
131:
101:
83:
75:
65:
60:
48:
39:
4477:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230b
4093:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0244
3576:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4919
3216:10.1002/cber.19350680922
2325:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2196:Diagnosis and assessment
2186:glutaric acidemia type 2
1262:Riboflavin is used as a
1176:'s group. A substituted
913:Micronutrient metabolism
4580:The Biochemical Journal
4574:György P (March 1935).
3229:Mastropasqua L (2015).
1927:riboflavin-5'-phosphate
1278:Dietary recommendations
1208:
945:, involves the enzyme,
890:, bacterial and fungal
869:cardiovascular diseases
4274:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
3181:10.1002/anie.201205886
2789:10.1002/pro.5560070102
2182:acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
2011:urine specific gravity
1656:, cooked, thigh/breast
1530:Reference Daily Intake
1096:
1077:
1006:guanosine triphosphate
985:iron-deficiency anemia
943:pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
861:pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
4852:Dihydroergocalciferol
4541:Public Health Reports
4133:10.1038/ejcn.2016.119
3135:10.1007/s002530051649
2534:Institute of Medicine
2221:glutathione reductase
2109:adrenal insufficiency
1780:, cooked, brown/white
1623:, cooked, dark/breast
1600:, cooked, wild/farmed
1090:
1075:
1067:acting sequentially.
960:, from homocysteine.
896:glutathione reductase
884:transfer of electrons
790:flavin mononucleotide
765:, is a water-soluble
720:Riboflavin deficiency
671:flavin mononucleotide
5307:Dehydroascorbic acid
4811:7-Dehydrocholesterol
4498:Rosenfeld L (1997).
3997:10.1093/ajcn/63.1.54
2295:) deficiency causes
2209:and the use of some
2156:transporter proteins
1955:"atta" (whole wheat)
1164:Laboratory synthesis
1083:Industrial synthesis
1002:ribulose 5-phosphate
981:iron supplementation
751:genetically modified
683:cellular respiration
5447:Ophthalmology drugs
5201:Pyridoxal phosphate
4641:10.1093/jn/13.5.525
3792:2006EuJAg..25..163B
3175:(52): 12960–12990.
3082:1992ApEnM..58.3423S
2546:, Folate, Vitamin B
2243:" (the sugar whose
2100:lactose intolerance
1759:, cooked, fortified
1241:Migraine prevention
1196:in the final step:
1182:reductive amination
1037:riboflavin synthase
739:food coloring agent
36:
5437:Secondary alcohols
5417:E-number additives
5362:Never to phase III
4875:Dihydrotachysterol
4504:Clinical Chemistry
4471:(6): 1960S–1980S.
4377:10.1002/bdra.20587
3887:10.3177/jnsv.37.15
3426:10.1111/jcpt.12548
3036:Devlin TM (2011).
2872:Public Health Nutr
2211:prescription drugs
2057:angular stomatitis
2047:Signs and symptoms
1929:(FMN, also called
1893:, baked, with skin
1748:, baked, fortified
1648:0.23 (one, large)
1425:Age group (years)
1316:Age group (years)
1153:Micrococcus luteus
1119:, as well as the
1097:
1093:Micrococcus luteus
1078:
769:and is one of the
714:migraine headaches
663:dietary supplement
55:Chemical structure
32:
5372:
5371:
5315:
5314:
5267:Adenosylcobalamin
5242:Dihydrofolic acid
5051:
5050:
4592:10.1042/bj0290741
4280:(17): 3650–3660.
4126:(12): 1348–1353.
3668:. February 2021.
3299:10.1159/000357979
3169:Angewandte Chemie
3047:978-0-470-28173-4
2625:978-0-323-66162-1
2559:978-0-309-06554-2
2410:10.1159/000343111
2111:, and riboflavin
1999:riboflavin kinase
1982:passive diffusion
1923:breakfast cereals
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1787:
1786:
1674:
1673:
1496:
1495:
1489:Lactating females
1404:Lactating females
1250:the frequency of
1132:Bacillus subtilis
1101:filamentous fungi
1061:riboflavin kinase
1010:lumazine synthase
941:to its coenzyme,
821:energy metabolism
728:excreted in urine
645:
644:
591:Interactive image
478:CompTox Dashboard
207:
114:
16:(Redirected from
5454:
5432:Primary alcohols
5389:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5277:Hydroxocobalamin
5252:Levomefolic acid
5172:Pantothenic acid
5062:
5061:
4985:Phylloquinone (K
4742:
4741:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4416:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4241:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4135:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4027:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3911:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3749:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3722:. Archived from
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3428:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3301:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3210:(9): 1765–1774.
3199:
3193:
3192:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2693:The FEBS Journal
2688:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2611:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2530:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2430:
2429:
2393:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2362:. 22 July 2021.
2352:
2015:urine osmolality
1978:active transport
1870:Brussels sprouts
1799:(per 100 grams)
1791:
1790:
1686:(per 100 grams)
1678:
1677:
1667:, ground, cooked
1578:liver, pan-fried
1567:liver, pan-fried
1559:(per 100 grams)
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1481:Pregnant females
1396:Pregnant females
1305:
1304:
1204:
1051:
1027:
859:to the coenzyme
825:cell respiration
710:corneal thinning
704:. Riboflavin is
650:, also known as
593:
573:
558:
552:
546:
540:
523:
512:
501:
500:
486:
484:
472:
464:E101, E101(iii)
460:
449:
429:
409:
389:
369:
349:
329:
309:
299:
298:
284:
232:66 to 84 minutes
228:
205:
202:
180:
170:
124:
113:
110:
97:
53:
44:
37:
35:
31:
21:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5375:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5352:Clinical trials
5331:
5311:
5288:
5282:Methylcobalamin
5262:
5233:
5220:
5192:
5168:
5149:
5135:
5090:
5076:
5057:
5047:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4994:Menaquinones (K
4988:
4966:
4896:
4862:
4848:
4839:Calcitroic acid
4824:Cholecalciferol
4819:
4807:
4789:
4773:
4737:
4731:
4721:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4621:
4617:
4572:
4568:
4553:10.2307/4583104
4547:(48): 2121–31.
4537:
4533:
4496:
4492:
4461:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4417:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4357:
4353:
4313:
4309:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4120:Eur J Clin Nutr
4112:
4108:
4077:
4073:
4028:
4013:
3976:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:. 19 May 2017.
3942:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3726:on 7 April 2020
3714:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3531:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3454:
3450:
3405:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3341:(17): 1346–53.
3327:
3323:
3286:Ophthalmologica
3278:
3274:
3227:
3223:
3200:
3196:
3165:
3158:
3119:
3115:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2948:
2939:
2908:
2901:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2815:
2776:Protein Science
2768:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2699:(15): 2625–34.
2689:
2685:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2612:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2531:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2433:
2394:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2237:
2198:
2154:which code for
2121:
2080:
2049:
2043:of riboflavin.
2036:
2031:
2003:pyrophosphatase
1971:small intestine
1963:
1951:"maida" (white)
1939:
1881:Romaine lettuce
1798:
1708:0.25 (one cup)
1685:
1615:0.41 (one cup)
1558:
1538:
1525:
1515:were among the
1501:
1280:
1260:
1243:
1223:corneal ectasia
1216:
1211:
1170:total synthesis
1166:
1125:Corynebacterium
1117:Candida flaveri
1106:Ashbya gossypii
1085:
998:
993:
977:red blood cells
965:dietary mineral
940:
920:
915:
880:Redox reactions
877:
875:Redox reactions
858:
854:
817:
782:
764:
759:
698:
655:
641:
638:
633:
628:
627:
616:
613:
608:
607:
596:
571:
561:
555:
549:
543:
504:
480:
452:
432:
412:
392:
372:
352:
332:
312:
295:
287:
267:
264:
259:
258:
226:
217:Pharmacokinetic
211:
184:
134:
127:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5427:Food colorings
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5394:
5393:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5272:Cyanocobalamin
5269:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4980:Naphthoquinone
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4798:Ergocalciferol
4795:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4671:Nobelprize.org
4658:
4615:
4586:(3): 741–759.
4566:
4531:
4510:(4): 680–685.
4490:
4450:
4402:
4351:
4307:
4264:
4227:
4191:
4155:
4106:
4071:
4011:
3967:
3931:
3901:
3860:
3834:
3805:
3770:
3737:
3707:
3683:
3650:
3626:
3599:
3550:
3543:
3522:
3489:
3448:
3419:(4): 394–403.
3396:
3370:
3321:
3272:
3235:Eye and Vision
3221:
3194:
3156:
3113:
3076:(10): 3423–5.
3053:
3046:
3028:
2989:(9): 2283–96.
2969:
2937:
2918:(2): 252–265.
2899:
2858:
2813:
2759:
2726:
2683:
2631:
2624:
2577:
2558:
2547:
2543:
2496:
2431:
2377:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2292:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2236:
2233:
2207:chronic stress
2197:
2194:
2131:and low-dairy
2120:
2117:
2105:hypothyroidism
2079:
2076:
2048:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
1962:
1959:
1938:
1935:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:, cooked, chop
1628:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:protein powder
1583:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1537:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:European Union
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1279:
1276:
1259:
1256:
1242:
1239:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1180:, produced by
1165:
1162:
1112:Candida famata
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1065:FAD synthetase
1053:
1052:
1029:
1028:
997:
994:
992:
989:
938:
918:
914:
911:
876:
873:
856:
852:
816:
813:
780:
762:
758:
755:
696:
653:
643:
642:
640:
639:
636:
634:
631:
623:
622:
621:
618:
617:
615:
614:
611:
603:
602:
601:
598:
597:
595:
594:
586:
584:
576:
575:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
547:
541:
536:
530:
529:
525:
524:
514:
506:
505:
503:
502:
489:
487:
474:
473:
462:
454:
453:
451:
450:
442:
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
422:
420:
414:
413:
411:
410:
402:
400:
394:
393:
391:
390:
382:
380:
374:
373:
371:
370:
362:
360:
354:
353:
351:
350:
342:
340:
334:
333:
331:
330:
322:
320:
314:
313:
311:
310:
302:
300:
289:
288:
286:
285:
277:
275:
269:
268:
266:
265:
262:
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
230:
221:
220:
213:
212:
210:
209:
199:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
183:
182:
159:
157:
151:
150:
137:
135:administration
129:
128:
126:
125:
107:
105:
99:
98:
91:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5459:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5392:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5327:Multivitamins
5325:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:Ascorbic acid
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Prosultiamine
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Fursultiamine
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:Acefurtiamine
5094:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5028:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5001:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4635:(5): 525–42.
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:(7): 357–65.
4323:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:(4): 356–62.
4086:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:(4): 559–64.
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:(2): 163–69.
3785:
3781:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3619:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:(8): e04919.
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3544:9780495116578
3540:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:(in German).
3205:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:(5): 509–16.
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2878:(2): 125–50.
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:(2): 150–62.
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:(3): 224–30.
2403:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2286:
2282:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:cranial nerve
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:heart disease
2134:
2133:vegetarianism
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2072:birth defects
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:Fortification
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:Females 14–18
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1310:United States
1306:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1272:food additive
1269:
1265:
1264:food coloring
1258:Food coloring
1255:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1235:ultraviolet A
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
988:
986:
983:for treating
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
952:
948:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
910:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
872:
870:
866:
862:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:carbohydrates
830:
826:
822:
812:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
772:
768:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:water-soluble
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
635:
630:
629:
626:
619:
610:
609:
606:
599:
592:
588:
587:
585:
582:
577:
570:
568:
564:
537:
535:
531:
526:
522:
518:
515:
513:
511:ECHA InfoCard
507:
499:
495:
494:DTXSID8021777
491:
490:
488:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
461:
455:
448:
444:
443:
441:
439:
435:
428:
424:
423:
421:
419:
415:
408:
404:
403:
401:
399:
395:
388:
384:
383:
381:
379:
375:
368:
364:
363:
361:
359:
355:
348:
344:
343:
341:
339:
335:
328:
324:
323:
321:
319:
315:
308:
304:
303:
301:
294:
290:
283:
279:
278:
276:
274:
270:
261:
260:
257:
250:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
229:
222:
218:
214:
201:
200:
198:
196:
192:
187:
179:
174:
169:
164:
161:
160:
158:
156:
152:
149:
145:
144:intramuscular
141:
138:
136:
130:
123:
118:
109:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
61:Clinical data
59:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
5320:Combinations
5247:Folinic acid
5206:Pyridoxamine
5177:Dexpanthenol
5138:
5126:Sulbutiamine
5106:Benfotiamine
5101:Allithiamine
5003:Menadione (K
4962:Tocofersolan
4890:Paricalcitol
4880:Calcipotriol
4870:Alfacalcidol
4866:D analogues
4816:Previtamin D
4679:. Retrieved
4670:
4661:
4649:. Retrieved
4632:
4628:
4618:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4468:
4464:
4441:. Retrieved
4424:
4393:. Retrieved
4371:(9): 773–9.
4368:
4364:
4354:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4243:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4206:
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4170:
4158:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4039:
4035:
3990:(1): 54–66.
3987:
3983:
3958:. Retrieved
3946:
3934:
3922:. Retrieved
3918:
3880:(1): 15–27.
3877:
3873:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3847:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3783:
3779:
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3728:. Retrieved
3724:the original
3719:
3710:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3665:
3629:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3534:
3513:. Retrieved
3504:
3468:(3): 244–6.
3465:
3461:
3451:
3416:
3412:
3387:. Retrieved
3373:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3292:(1): 10–27.
3289:
3285:
3275:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3172:
3168:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3073:
3069:
3037:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
2986:
2982:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2915:
2911:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2841:"Riboflavin"
2779:
2775:
2750:. Retrieved
2742:"Riboflavin"
2696:
2692:
2686:
2651:
2647:
2615:
2568:. Retrieved
2541:
2538:"Riboflavin"
2487:. Retrieved
2401:
2397:
2368:. Retrieved
2359:
2356:"Riboflavin"
2322:
2309:Richard Kuhn
2302:
2265:
2256:
2238:
2224:
2215:
2199:
2179:
2168:sensorimotor
2145:
2122:
2115:deficiency.
2081:
2078:Risk factors
2065:preeclampsia
2050:
2037:
2007:
1996:
1991:blood plasma
1987:postprandial
1975:
1967:gastric acid
1964:
1940:
1916:
1826:Sweet potato
1726:, white, raw
1705:, whole milk
1643:Chicken eggs
1539:
1526:
1517:side effects
1502:
1418:
1309:
1297:
1281:
1261:
1244:
1217:
1174:Richard Kuhn
1167:
1151:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1127:ammoniagenes
1123:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1091:Cultures of
1054:
1030:
1012:in reaction
999:
996:Biosynthesis
962:
916:
878:
865:homocysteine
818:
809:nitric oxide
798:
760:
743:fermentation
736:
718:
651:
647:
646:
225:Elimination
195:Legal status
189:Legal status
103:License data
29:
5348:from market
5159:Niacinamide
5116:Octotiamine
4937:Tocotrienol
4443:20 November
4395:17 December
3960:30 November
3763:28 November
3666:Mayo Clinic
3505:food.gov.uk
3021:29 December
2962:21 November
2782:(1): 7–20.
2305:Paul Gyorgy
2275:. Vitamin B
2218:erythrocyte
2113:transporter
1797:Amount (mg)
1684:Amount (mg)
1557:Amount (mg)
1433:7–11 months
1380:Females 19+
1372:Males 14–18
1332:6–12 months
1219:Keratoconus
1137:B. subtilis
1041:dismutation
907:glutathione
903:antioxidant
801:crystalline
716:in adults.
574: g·mol
517:100.001.370
427:CHEBI:17015
247:Identifiers
148:intravenous
76:Other names
67:Trade names
5407:B vitamins
5401:Categories
5237:Folic acid
5197:Pyridoxine
5182:Pantethine
5139:Riboflavin
5012:Various (K
4910:Tocopherol
4885:Tacalcitol
4793:Ergosterol
4759:β-Carotene
4754:α-Carotene
4257:24 October
4220:24 October
4184:24 October
3676:28 October
2752:15 October
2339:References
2297:stomatitis
2287:(vitamin B
2261:fluoresced
2229:creatinine
2203:micrograms
2174:neuropathy
2088:vegetarian
2084:alcoholics
2053:stomatitis
2034:Prevalence
2029:Deficiency
2023:microbiome
1917:The white
1783:0.05/0.00
1768:Corn grits
1659:0.19/0.11
1626:0.38/0.21
1603:0.49/0.14
1519:reported.
1324:0–6 months
1168:The first
1141:ampicillin
973:hemoglobin
958:methionine
900:endogenous
851:(vitamin B
845:tryptophan
771:B vitamins
757:Definition
753:bacteria.
706:prescribed
679:metabolism
648:Riboflavin
579:3D model (
567:Molar mass
447:ChEMBL1534
387:TLM2976OFR
358:ChemSpider
318:IUPHAR/BPS
273:CAS Number
256:IUPAC name
122:Riboflavin
34:Riboflavin
18:Vitamin B2
5412:Coenzymes
5358:Phase III
5346:Withdrawn
5211:Pyritinol
5091:analogues
4769:Tretinoin
4651:5 October
4302:205692748
3827:8 October
3515:20 August
3389:8 October
3335:Neurology
2851:8 October
2570:29 August
2489:20 August
2370:8 October
2360:Drugs.com
2303:In 1935,
1945:flour or
1839:, roasted
1724:Mushrooms
1694:, cheddar
1388:Males 19+
1190:condensed
1057:cofactors
991:Synthesis
954:reductase
815:Functions
779:vitamin B
773:. Unlike
708:to treat
695:vitamin B
667:coenzymes
652:vitamin B
466:(colours)
238:Excretion
227:half-life
133:Routes of
95:Monograph
89:Drugs.com
5391:Medicine
5080:Thiamine
4724:Vitamins
4675:Archived
4645:Archived
4610:16745720
4485:19403631
4437:Archived
4433:26072523
4389:Archived
4385:19350655
4346:25548935
4338:18779918
4294:27029320
4248:Archived
4211:Archived
4209:. 2020.
4175:Archived
4173:. 2020.
4150:29319823
4142:27380884
4101:26731792
4066:26973221
3951:Archived
3821:Archived
3757:Archived
3699:Archived
3670:Archived
3642:Archived
3618:Archived
3616:. 2017.
3594:32625611
3509:Archived
3484:24627379
3443:29848028
3435:28485121
3383:Archived
3365:22529203
3316:32696531
3308:24751584
3267:26665102
3189:23208776
3143:10855708
3108:16348793
3015:Archived
3011:21729139
3003:29763607
2956:Archived
2932:18298940
2894:10948381
2845:Archived
2746:Archived
2721:22220250
2713:21635694
2678:23500531
2564:Archived
2536:(1998).
2483:Archived
2418:23183293
2364:Archived
2281:pellagra
2141:diabetes
2129:veganism
2125:vitamins
2096:Anorexia
2092:veganism
1872:, boiled
1817:, boiled
1737:, boiled
1523:Labeling
1513:diarrhea
1473:15–adult
1295:(DRIs).
1268:E number
1252:migraine
1186:D-ribose
1121:bacteria
1103:such as
1017:2.5.1.78
829:antibody
805:solvents
786:vitamers
687:antibody
459:E number
338:DrugBank
155:ATC code
140:By mouth
117:DailyMed
5422:Flavins
5058:soluble
4764:Retinol
4738:soluble
4601:1266542
4561:4583104
4526:9105273
4057:4920840
4006:8604671
3924:31 July
3896:1880629
3853:31 July
3788:Bibcode
3585:7010026
3475:3952759
3356:3335449
3258:4675057
3151:2471994
3078:Bibcode
2808:9514256
2799:2143808
2669:3684772
2426:7331172
2249:ribitol
2245:reduced
2235:History
2152:SLC52A3
1957:flour.
1904:, baked
1861:, green
1837:Peanuts
1805:Avocado
1794:Source
1735:Spinach
1714:Almonds
1681:Source
1654:Chicken
1645:, fried
1612:, whole
1576:Chicken
1554:Source
1536:Sources
1505:kidneys
1237:light.
1231:topical
1194:alloxan
1178:aniline
892:genomes
888:archeal
837:protein
767:vitamin
659:vitamin
657:, is a
572:376.369
534:Formula
347:DB00140
293:PubChem
282:83-88-5
175: (
173:S01XA26
171:)
165: (
163:A11HA04
119::
5377:Portal
5341:WHO-EM
5224:Biotin
5154:Niacin
5056:Water
4681:5 July
4629:J Nutr
4608:
4598:
4559:
4524:
4483:
4431:
4383:
4344:
4336:
4300:
4292:
4148:
4140:
4099:
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