884:
875:
promulgated the sect in
Maratha country. Stevenson (1843) goes further, suggesting he might have been a Jain or a Buddhist, since Varkari tradition is a combination of Jain and Buddhist morals, and Vithoba is viewed as Vishnu in his form as Buddha. Frazer, Edwards and P.R. Bhandarkar (1922) all suggest that Pundalik tried to unify Shiva and Vishnu, and that this sect originated in Karnataka. Ranade (1933) thinks that Pundalik, a Kannada saint, was not only the founder of the Varkari sect but also the first great devotee or first high priest of the Pandharpur temple. Upadhyaya supports the priest theory but declines the Kannada origin theory. According to M. S. Mate, Pundalik was instrumental in coaxing the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana to build the Pandharpur temple to Vishnu, placing him in the early 12th century. Other scholars like Raeside (1965), Dhanpalvar (1972), and Vaudeville (1974) have questioned the historicity of Pundalik altogether, and dismissed him as a mythical figure.
2106:
1853:
3022:, the kingdom of Krishna, and sat on his lap. Radha did not honour Rukmini, the chief queen of Krishna, nor did Krishna hold Radha accountable for the offence. Offended, Rukmini left Krishna and went to the forest of Dandivana near Pandharpur. Saddened by Rukmini's departure, Krishna searched for his queen and finally found her resting in Dandivana, near Pundalik's house. After some coaxing, Rukmini was pacified. Then Krishna visited Pundalik and found him serving his parents. Pundalik threw a brick outside for Krishna to rest on. Krishna stood on the brick and waited for Pundalik. After completing his services, Pundalik asked that Krishna, in the Vithoba form, remain on the brick with Rukmini, in her Rakhumai form, and bless his devotees forever.
295:
47:
1453:
628:
1978:
2064:
5748:
729:
3018:(infant Krishna). This version is found in manuscripts of both Puranas, Prahlada Maharaj, and the poet-saints, notably Tukaram. The remaining version of the Pundalik legend appears in Sridhara and as a variant in the Padma Purana. Pundalik, a Brahmin madly in love with his wife, neglected his aged parents as a result. Later, on meeting sage Kukkuta, Pundalik underwent a transformation and devoted his life to the service of his aged parents. Meanwhile, Radha, the milkmaid-lover of Krishna, came to
741:
believed to have been built in the 17th century, though addition to the temple has never ceased. The date the temple was first established is unclear to
Bhandarkar, but he insists there is clear evidence to suggest it existed by the 13th century. According to S. G. Tulpule, the temple stood as early as 1189. In fact, a monument dated 1189 records establishment of a small Vithoba shrine at the present location of the temple; thus, Tulpule concludes, the worship of Vithoba predates 1189.
1489:. 888). It is a distinct branch within Vaishnavism, centered on Vitthala (the Haridasa–Kannada name for Vithoba). Where Varkari are normally associated with Maharashtra, Haridasa are normally associated with Karnataka. The scholar Sharma considers Vithoba worship first emerged in Karnataka, only later moving to Maharashtra. He argues this on the basis of the reference by Dnyaneshwar, mentioned in section "Varkari sect" above. Lutgendorf credits the movement to
1100:
1644:(the cosmic serpent). His sleep begins on Shayani Ekadashi (literally the 'sleeping 11th') and he finally awakens from his slumber, four months later, on Prabodhini Ekadashi. The celebrations in Ashadha and Kartik continue until the full-moon in those months, concluding with torchlight processions. Inscriptions dating to the 11th century mention the Ekadashi pilgrimages to Pandharpur. On Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi, the
781:
2105:
1572:
6386:
545:-Shiva. Even though Vithoba is depicted with dark complexion, he is called a "white god". Bhandarkar explains this paradox, proposing that Panduranga may be an epithet for the form of Shiva worshipped in Pandharpur, and whose temple still stands. Later, with the increasing popularity of Vithoba's cult, this was also transferred to Vithoba. Another theory suggests that Vithoba may initially have been a
1296:
1162:
1003:
667:, which had cowherd ancestry, could have led to the glorification of Vithoba as Krishna, who is often depicted as a cowherd. This Vaishnavization of Vithoba also led to conversion of the Shaiva Pundarika shrine to the Vaishnava shrine of the devotee Pundalik, who—according to legend—brought Vithoba to Pandharpur. There may have been an attempt to assimilate Vithoba into
1690:
1553:(1479–1531) is believed to have visited Pandharpur at least twice and was ordered to marry by Vithoba (called Vitthalnath or Vitthalnathji in the sect) and have children so that he could be born as Vallabhacharya's son. Later, Vallabhacharya married. His second son and successor was recognized as a manifestation of Vithoba and named Vitthalnath, also known as
1050:(discus) or lotus flower in his right, all of which are symbols traditionally associated with Vishnu. Some images depict Vithoba's right hand making a gesture that has been traditionally misunderstood as a blessing; no gesture of blessing is present in the Pandharpur image. Though usually depicted two-armed, four-armed representations of the deity also exist.
1280:. The sect, according to Vaudeville, is a "Shaiva-Vaishnava synthesis" and "nominal Vaishnavism, containing a free mix of other religions". It is believed to have originated in Karnataka and migrated to Maharashtra. This last theory is based on a reference to Vithoba as "Kānaḍā" (belonging to Karnataka) in the work of the first of the poet-saints,
1379:, the maidservant of Namdev, wrote poetry dedicated to Vithoba. This Marathi poetry advocates pure devotion, referring to Vithoba mostly as a father, or in the case of the female saint Janabai's poetry, as a mother (Vithabai). Not only women, like Janabai, but also a wide variety of people from different castes and backgrounds wrote
3046:, the keeper of the royal grain store, who distributed grain to the people in famine. Vithoba came as an outcaste with a bag of gold to pay for the grain. Yet another story narrates how Vithoba resurrected the child of Gora Kumbhar (potter), who had been trampled into the clay by Gora while singing the name of Vithoba.
601:. Vithoba was probably later assimilated into the Shaiva pantheon and identified with the god Shiva, like most other pastoral gods. This is backed by because of the facts that the temple at Pandharpur is surrounded by Shaiva temples (most notably of the devotee Pundalik himself), and that Vithoba is crowned with the
1994:
invaders. It was later returned to
Pandharpur by Bhanudas (1448–1513), the great-grandfather of poet-saint Eknath. Today, the temple stands without a central image, though between 1516 and 1565, most important transactions, which would have been carried out previously in the presence of the original
1868:
There are many
Vithoba temples in Maharashtra, and some in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Goa and Andhra Pradesh. However, the main centre of worship is Vithoba's temple in Pandharpur. The temple's date of establishment is disputed, though it is clear that it was standing at the time of Dnyaneshwar
709:
worship—"interiorized adoration prescinding caste distinction and institutional priesthood .." Indologist Dr. Tilak suggests that
Vithoba emerged as "an alternative to the existing pantheon" of brahminical deities (related to classical, ritualistic Hinduism). The emergence of Vithoba was concurrent
1701:
Devotional works dedicated to
Vithoba can be categorised into the Varkari tradition, the Brahmin tradition and what Raeside calls a "third tradition", that includes both Varkari and Brahmin elements. The Varkari texts are written in Marathi, the Brahmin texts in Sanskrit, and the "third tradition"
1288:—which means "O Hari Vitthala (Vithoba), who has given a boon to Pundalik!" However, according to Zelliot, the sect was founded by Dnyaneshwar (also spelled Jnaneshwar), who was a Brahmin poet and philosopher and flourished during the period 1275–1296. Varkaris also give him credit with the saying—
549:
god (related to Shiva), only later identified with Vishnu, thus explaining the usage of
Panduranga for Vithoba. Crooke, however, proposed that Panduranga is a Sanskritised form of Pandaraga (belonging to Pandarga), referring to the old name of Pandharpur. Another name, Pandharinath, also refers to
3074:
Sand (1990), p. 33 "According to
Raeside the Varkari tradition is essentially monotheistic and without ritual, and, for this tradition, Vithoba represents Hari Krsna, while for the badavas or hereditary priests "Vithoba is neither Visnu nor Siva. Vithoba is Vithoba (...)"; p. 34 "the more or less
1134:
region of
Maharashtra—was elevated to the status of the main consort, because of her affiliation with the region. According to Dhangar tradition, Rakhumai is worshipped by the community as Padmavati or Padubai, a protector of the community and cattle in particular. Dhangar folklore explains the
874:
below), is a major character in the legends of
Vithoba. He is commonly perceived to be a historical figure, connected with the establishment and propagation of the Vithoba-centric Varkari sect. Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar considers Pundalik to be the founder of the Varkari sect and the one who
756:
of Pundarik), on the river Bhimarathi, in the presence of the god Vishnu. Another stone inscription in Pandharpur narrates a sacrifice at Pandurangapura due to which "people and Vitthal along with the gods were gratified". Thus from the 13th century, the city is known as the city of Panduranga.
740:
Scholastic investigation of Vithoba's history often begins with consideration of the dating of the chief temple at Pandharpur, which is believed to be the earliest Vithoba temple. The oldest part of the temple dates to the Yadava period of the 12th and 13th centuries. Most of the temple is
1989:
and the most important of Vitthala's temples outside Maharashtra. Constructed in the 15th century, the temple is believed to have housed the central image from Pandharpur, which the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya took "to enhance his own status" or to save the image from plunder by
1006:
This bronze image from a home shrine inherits the traditional attributes of Vithoba's Pandharpur image like the conical headgear, the fish shaped earrings, the gem stubbed necklace, and the brick. This image shows Vithoba's right hand making a blessing gesture and his left hand holding a
2979:
There are three versions of the Pundalik legend, two of which are attested as textual variants of the Skanda Purana (1.34–67). According to the first, the ascetic Pundarika (Pundalik) is described as a devotee of god Vishnu and dedicated to the service of his parents. The god
1796:, although this attribution is questioned. A text called "Tirthavali-Gatha", attributed to Namdev or Dnyaneshwar but possibly a collection of writings of many poet-saints, also centers on the propagation of Varkari faith and Vithoba worship. Other devotional works include
3000:
mark (described above), a head-dress of peacock feathers, resting his hands on his waist and keeping his cow-stick between his thighs. Pundarika asks Krishna to remain in this form on the banks of the river Bhima. He believes that Krishna's presence will make the site a
899:
Primarily, there are three Hindu deities associated with Vithoba: Vishnu, Krishna and Shiva. Gautama Buddha is also associated with Vithoba, consistent with Hindu deification of the Buddha as the ninth incarnation of Vishnu. However, Varkari consider Vithoba to be the
714:(priestly) control, Vithoba, "the God of the subaltern, became increasingly human." Vithoba is often praised as the protector of the poor and needy. Stevenson (1843) suggests that Vithoba could have been a Jain saint, as the Vithoba images were similar to Jain images.
573:
Reconstruction of the historical development of Vithoba worship has been much debated. In particular, several alternative theories have been proposed regarding the earliest stages as well as the point at which he came to be recognised as a distinct deity. The
1011:
All Vithoba images are generally modelled on his central image in Pandharpur. The Pandharpur image is a black basalt sculpture that is 3 feet 9 inches (1.14 m) tall. Vithoba is depicted as dark young boy. The poet-saints have called him
3041:
had ordered Sena to be arrested for not coming to the palace despite royal orders. As Sena was engrossed in his prayers to Vithoba, Vithoba went to the palace in the form of Sena to serve the king, and Sena was saved. Another tale deals with a saint,
285:
The historiography of Vithoba and his sect is an area of continuing debate, even regarding his name. Though the origins of both his sect and his main temple are likewise debated, there is clear evidence that they already existed by the 13th century.
1284:. However, this word can also be interpreted as "difficult to understand". Varkaris and scholars who believe Pundalik to have been a historical figure also consider him to be founder of the cult of Vithoba. This is evidenced by the liturgical call—
1053:
The Pandharpur image, when not clothed by its attendant priest to receive devotees, provides Vithoba with the detailed features distinctive of a male body, visible in full relief. However, close inspection of the stonework reveals the outline of a
845:
style architecture, the statue of Vithoba is of an earlier style so may have been carved for an earlier, smaller shrine that existed in Pandharpur. The workmanship of the image is earlier than the style of the Yadava (1175–1318), the Anhivad
1516:
Haridasas consider the temple of Pandharpur to be sacred, as well that of Hampi, and worship Vitthala along with forms of Krishna. Haridasa literature generally deals with praise dedicated to Vitthala and Krishna. Haridasa poets like
431:(meaning 'father' in Marathi) were appended for reverence, producing the names Vitthala and Vithoba. This corruption of Vishnu to Vitthu could have been due to the tendency of Marathi and Kannada people to pronounce the Sanskrit
397:, supported this explanation. The prescribed iconography of Vithoba stipulates that he be shown standing arms-akimbo upon a brick, which is associated with the legend of the devotee Pundalik. However, the Varkari poet-saint
1122:, on his left side. Rakhumai (or Rakhamai) literally means 'mother Rukmini'. Rukmini is traditionally viewed as the wife of Krishna. Hindus generally consider Krishna to be a form of Vishnu, hence his consort as a form of
1191:" (the place of residence of Vishnu on earth) by devotees. Devotees, from across Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana, have visited Vithoba's central temple at Pandharpur, since the times of Dnyaneshwar (13th century).
249:
who is credited for bringing the deity to Pandharpur, and around Vithoba's role as a saviour to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. The Varkari poet-saints are known for their unique genre of devotional lyric, the
1016:
with a dark complexion". He wears high, conical headgear or a crown, interpreted as Shiva's symbol—the Linga. Thus, according to Zelliot, Vithoba represents Shiva as well as Vishnu. The first Varkari poet-saint,
854:(685–1193) eras. Although no other existing Vishnu temple has iconography like Pandharpur's Vithoba, Deleury finds similarities between the Pandharpur image and the third-century, arms-akimbo Vishnu images at
1681:, Krishna's birthday, when devotees dance and sing in front of Vithoba for nine days. Other sacred days include Wednesdays, Saturdays and all other Ekadashis, all of which are considered holy in Vaishnavism.
654:
or pre-Vedic", hence pre-dating the worship of Krishna. According to this theory, Vithoba is an amalgam of various local heroes, who gave their lives to save their cattle. He was first worshipped by the
3037:, narrates how Vithoba helped female saints like Janabai in their daily chores, such as sweeping the house and pounding the rice. He narrates how Vithoba came to the aid of Sena the barber. The king of
1336:(literally 'repeating') form of singing to praise the glory of his Lord. Public performance of this musical devotion led to the spread of the Vithoba faith, which accepted women, Shudras and outcaste "
1187:(family deity). The main temple of Vithoba, which includes a distinct, additional shrine for his consort Rakhumai, is located at Pandharpur. In this context, Pandharpur is affectionately called "Bhu-
3011:. The location is identified with modern-day Pandharpur, which is situated on the banks of the Bhima. The description of Krishna resembles the characteristics of the Pandharpur image of Vithoba.
470:
alias Bittidev to build the Pandharpur temple dedicated to Vishnu. The deity was subsequently named as Vitthala, a derivative of Bittidev, by the builder-king. Other variants of the name include
5633:
3991:
620:
suggests that Vithoba's worship migrated from Karnataka to the formerly Shaiva city of Pandharpur some time before 1000 CE; but under the possible influence of a Krishna-worshipping
4665:
3332:
Stevenson (1843) pp. 5–6 "The want of suitable costume in the images (of Vithoba and Rakhumai) as originally carved, in this agreeing exactly with images the Jains at present worship."
794:(image) of Vithoba at Pandharpur, and various textual references to it, have inspired theories relating to Vithoba worship. Sand concludes, from a version of Pundalik's legend in the
4024:—such as Ashadha, Chaitra, Magha, and Kartik—is divided into two fortnights of 15 days each. The moon waxes over the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha), from day 1 to day 15 (
1931:, which host fairs on Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi; Madhe — a refuge of the Pandharpur image when it was moved to protect from Muslim invaders and finally at the
838:), in this case facing east, on the hill where the current temple has stood since about 1189. Thus, Sand proposes that the worship of Vithoba may predate the temple itself.
752:(food offering) for "Vitthala". An inscription on a copper plate, dated 1249, records the Yadava king Krishna granting to one of his generals the village Paundrikakshetra (
5195:
1985:
Vithoba was introduced to South India during the Vijayanagara and Maratha rule. In South India he is generally known as Vitthala. The Hampi temple (mentioned above) is a
921:, and view Vithoba as a Shaiva god rather than a Vaishnava one. Underhill proposes that the shrine of Pandharpur is a combined form of Vishnu-Shiva established by the
1605:(visual adoration) of the deity. The ritual worship by the priests is restricted to five days each around the Ashadha (June–July) and Kartik (October–November)
1482:
682:(devotees) that can be compared to the love of the mother for her children pining for the presence of his devotees the way a cow pines for her far-away calf."
2956:
Legends regarding Vithoba usually focus on his devotee Pundalik or on Vithoba's role as a savior to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. As discussed in the
757:
Inside the temple, a stone inscription records gifts to the temple between 1272 and 1277 from various donors, notably the Yadava king Ramachandra's minister
624:
sect, the town was transformed into a Vaishnava center of pilgrimage. This proposal is consistent with contemporary remnants of Shaiva worship in the town.
3648:
1254:
for putting the god to sleep. In addition to the rites at the main temple in Pandharpur, Haridasa traditions dedicated to Vitthala flourish in Karnataka.
963:
original). Despite this, some priests of the temple point to marks on the Vithoba image's chest as proof of Vithoba being Vishnu, in his form as Krishna.
914:, who rose in the 13th century as a Krishna-worshipping sect, not only dismissed the notion that Vithoba is Krishna but also frequently vilified Vithoba.
3560:
3472:
1911:, are in and around the temple. Other significant temples in Maharashtra are located: at Dehu, the birthplace of Tukaram, which attracts visitors at all
5614:
3176:
2075:, the central panel depicts Vithoba (standing dark figure, left) waiting on the brick as Pundalik (centre) serves his parents, the right panel depicts
1340:", something forbidden in classical brahminical Hinduism. In the times of Muslim rulers, the faith faced stagnation. However, after the decline of the
1079:—said to be a curl of white hair, usually found on the breast of Vishnu and Krishna images. The image is also dignified with a ring-shaped mark called
1021:(13th century), states that Vithoba (Vishnu) carries Shiva, who according to Vaishnavism is Vishnu's first and foremost devotee, on his own head.
960:
183:
171:
159:
6232:
4169:
4990:
1769:
by the Brahmin Sridhara (consisting of 750 verses), and another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj (consisting of 181 verses).
1198:
priests of the Badva family; and spiritual worship by the Varkaris. The ritual worship includes five daily rites. First, at about 3 am, is an
5249:
1869:
in the 13th century. Along with Vithoba and his consorts—Rukmini, Satyabhama and Rahi—other Vaishnava deities are worshipped. These include:
1792:(hymns), some of them originating from the Haridasa tradition. The best known of these is "Pandurangastaka" or "Pandurangastrotra", attributed to
537:), also spelt as Pandurang and Pandaranga, is another popular epithet for Vithoba, which means 'the white god' in Sanskrit. The Jain author-saint
5640:
4944:
2883:
3999:
3682:
1575:
Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), holding the footwear of the saint, is carried with honour in a silver bullock cart from Alandi to Pandharpur.
4898:
4674:
994:, an Indian political leader and Buddhist convert, suggested that the image of Vithoba at Pandharpur was in reality the image of the Buddha.
1135:
reason behind separate shrines for Vithoba and Padubai as the outcome of Vithoba invoking a curse on his consort, and his non-attachment to
990:), since they consider Vithoba to be the ninth—namely Buddha—avatar of Vishnu. Some of the poet-saints praised Vithoba as a form of Buddha.
883:
768:
and referring to Vitthala and Rakhumai, is the oldest related to Vithoba, and dates it to 1209. However, the name Pandaranga is found on a
5605:
917:
In some traditions though, Vithoba is also worshipped as a form of Shiva. The Dhangars still consider Vithoba to be a brother of the god
589:, Vithoba was first worshiped as the pastoral god Krishna as early as the 6th century. Vithoba's arms-akimbo iconography is similar to
4833:
2831:
978:
artists sculpted an image of Pandharpur's Vithoba in the Buddha's place on a panel showing Vishnu's avatars. This can be found in the
1270:(Pilgrim Tradition) is one of the most important Vaishnava sects in India. According to Raeside, it is an essentially monotheistic,
2836:
1348:
region, the Muslim rulers had to accept the faiths of Maharashtra in order to gather the support of its people. In this period,
5100:
710:
with the rise of a "new type of lay devotee", the Varkari. While Vishnu and Shiva were bound in rigid ritualistic worship and
6225:
5558:(Pune: Deccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute (Original from the University of Michigan) ed.). Magis Books.
5455:
5434:
5311:
5232:
5178:
4794:
4740:
4636:
4607:
4524:
4203:
3949:
2943:
1529:, Venugopala Vitthala and Mohana Vitthala assumed pen-names ending with "Vitthala", as an act of devotion. The Haridasa poet
4084:, which narrates the legend of Pundalik and also tells stories of reported interactions between the saints and Vithoba, see
772:
copper plate inscription, dated 516. Citing this, Pande infers that Vithoba's cult was well established by the 6th century.
6753:
3939:
1844:
by assuming a subtle body for the sake of devotees, fulfilling their wishes, the deity Panduranga resides in that temple."
1126:. Just like her consort, Rakhumai is also depicted in the arms-akimbo posture, standing on a brick. She has an independent
4537:
5737:
5520:
4480:
1505:
of the Vijayanagara empire. Vitthala enjoyed royal patronage in this era. Krishnadevaraya is also credited with building
1372:. 1568–1650), a Vaishya grocer, further propagated the Vithoba-centric tradition throughout the Maharashtra region.
697:), which was later identified with Vishnu in his form as Krishna, and that Pundalik transformed the Puranic, ritualistic
4597:
744:
A stone inscription dated 1237, found on an overhead beam of the present Vithoba temple, mentions that the Hoysala king
5907:
5622:
214:. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his consort
4417:
1194:
Two distinct traditions revolve around the worship of Vithoba in Maharashtra: ritual worship inside the temple by the
1038:(fish-shaped earrings) that the poet-saint Tukaram relates to the iconography of Vishnu. Pandharpur's Vithoba holds a
5672:
5530:
5503:
5482:
5222:
5211:
5075:
5048:
4887:
4843:
4822:
4767:
4703:
4583:
4547:
4489:
4457:
4427:
4400:
4784:
6218:
2044:
1645:
910:(manifestation) of Vishnu like Krishna, despite legends and consorts linking Vithoba to Krishna. However, even the
266:
songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. The most important festivals of Vithoba are held on
6079:
5966:
3180:
5472:
3656:
4875:
3564:
1667:) before Vithoba, accompanied with torchlight processions. Other observances at the Pandharpur temple include:
1526:
5804:
5493:
4720:
4384:
1149:
are worshipped too.The three consorts are considered the consorts of Krishna and incarnations of the goddess
1062:(waist belt), traced by thin, light carvings. Other images and pictures depict Vithoba clothed, usually with
5445:
5168:
5065:
4757:
4693:
4624:
4471:
4447:
1181:
but not in the same numbers. Vithoba is worshipped and revered by most Marathis, but he is not popular as a
6748:
5373:
5322:
4443:
1589:, towns closely associated with poet-saints Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram respectively. Along the way, they sing
414:
4173:
3025:
Other legends describe Vithoba coming to the rescue of his devotees in the form of a commoner, an outcast
1024:
Vithoba is shown standing arms-akimbo on the brick thrown by the devotee Pundalik. He wears a necklace of
452:
440:
6569:
5017:
2972:
by a Brahmin called Sridhara; another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj; and also in the
413:(one who accepts), thus meaning 'one who accepts innocent people who are devoid of knowledge'. Historian
31:
1919:), in memory of Ghadge Bova, which has a fair on the fifth day of the bright fortnight (waxing moon) in
1636:(in the waxing half of Kartik), are associated with Vishnu. Hindus believe that Vishnu falls asleep in
6199:
6145:
6049:
5823:
5809:
5301:
5282:
2202:
1613:. In smaller numbers, the Varkaris also visit the temple on two other Ekadashis—in the Hindu months of
967:
723:
672:
242:
4971:
6738:
6099:
5689:
2936:
2596:
2020:
1649:
664:
3494:
6743:
6689:
6525:
5881:
5250:"The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure"
4925:
4283:
2534:
1996:
929:
means. However, for the chief priests of the Pandharpur temple—Brahmins of the Badva family —"
617:
329:
tradition suggests that the name Vitthala (also spelled as Vitthal, Viththal, Vittala and Vithal;
5817:
2549:
1856:
The chief gate of Vithoba's Pandharpur temple. The first step of the temple is regarded as saint
1430:(maternal house of a bride) is accepted as a Varkari by the sect irrespective of the barriers of
17:
4575:
3014:
The second version of the legend depicts Vithoba appearing before Pundalik as the five-year-old
1506:
1070:
and various gold ornaments—the manner in which he is attired by the priests in the daily rites.
6071:
6054:
5994:
5983:
5602:
1091:) embedded in the ground between the legs, and double ring and pearl bracelets on the elbows.
3913:
1737:. All these texts describe the legend of Pundalik. The Brahmin texts include: two versions of
6089:
5665:
5385:
5334:
5323:"On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the religion of the Hindus of the Dekhan"
4860:
2988:
as a cowherd, accompanied by his grazing cows, to meet Pundarika. Krishna is described as in
2841:
2504:
2004:
841:
Deleury suggests that although the temple may have been built in the 13th century, given the
643:
459:
1599:(palanquins) of the poet-saints. Varkaris do not engage in ritual worship but only practice
1585:(pilgrimages) of the Varkaris. The pilgrims travel to the Pandharpur temple from Alandi and
6696:
6504:
6059:
5104:
3987:
2929:
2581:
2087:
2036:
1932:
1928:
1165:
A modern painting of Vithoba, adorned with fine clothes and jewelry, with a Varkari (left).
322:) is known by many names, including: Vitthala, Panduranga, Pandharinath, Hari and Narayan.
5477:(Originally published: Calcutta: Association Press ed.). Asian Educational Services.
2482:
1877:; Garuda and Hanuman (see previous section). Shaiva deities are also worshipped, such as:
1648:
or a minister of Maharashtra state performs ritual components of worship on behalf of the
8:
6619:
6374:
5944:
5918:
2878:
2711:
1986:
1886:
1804:
sing of Vithoba, who wears yellow garments (a characteristic of Vishnu) and is served by
1800:
like "Yuge atthavisa vitevari ubha" by Namdev and "Yei O Vitthala majhe mauli re". These
1678:
1633:
1341:
582:
of the 8th century, indicates that Vithoba worship had already existed at an early date.
275:
267:
5727:
5145:
4172:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1963). Archived from
3563:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1885). Archived from
3179:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1977). Archived from
2063:
1977:
1452:
490:(Lord) to Vitthala, which yields the name Vitthal-nath. The additional honorific suffix
294:
5789:
5747:
5423:
Tilak, Dr. Shrinivas (2006). "Emergence of Vitthala:divine advocate of the subaltern".
5405:
5354:
5132:
5124:
4568:
3482:
3002:
2861:
2726:
2721:
2681:
2631:
2554:
1825:
1777:
1323:
809:
627:
462:, Pundalik—who is assumed to be a historical figure—was instrumental in persuading the
5269:
1999:(a form of Shiva), were issued in presence of the central image of Vitthala. Three of
888:
728:
6763:
6557:
6084:
5526:
5499:
5478:
5451:
5430:
5409:
5397:
5358:
5346:
5307:
5274:
5228:
5207:
5174:
5136:
5116:
5071:
5044:
5009:
4963:
4917:
4883:
4839:
4818:
4790:
4763:
4736:
4699:
4632:
4603:
4579:
4543:
4520:
4485:
4453:
4423:
4396:
4199:
3945:
2915:
2716:
2706:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2529:
2492:
1694:
1046:
678:
Vithoba is associated more with "compassion, an infinite love and tenderness for his
354:
1228:. The image is then dressed to receive morning devotions. The third rite is another
6758:
6489:
6118:
6039:
5871:
5658:
5595:
5389:
5338:
5264:
5203:
5108:
4854:
4815:
Stories of Indian Saints: An English Translation of Mahipati's Marathi Bhaktavijaya
2586:
2519:
2472:
2422:
2343:
847:
510:
502:
394:
338:
330:
303:
255:
89:
4835:
Palkhi: a pilgrimage to Pandharpur — translated from the Marathi book Pālakhī
6715:
6444:
6429:
6253:
6177:
5971:
5626:
5609:
5424:
5036:
4732:
4392:
2791:
2656:
2466:
2427:
2398:
2283:
2071:
of a Pandharpur temple near Vithoba's central temple. The leftmost panel depicts
1916:
1821:
1707:
1566:
1502:
1461:
1419:
1384:
1130:
in the Pandharpur temple complex. According to Ghurye, Rukmini—a princess of the
851:
745:
699:
518:
346:
191:
1537:", often ended his Kannada language compositions with a salutation to Vitthala.
1169:
Vithoba is a popular deity in Maharashtra and Karnataka; devotees also exist in
494:
may be added, giving the name Vitthalnathji. This name is generally used in the
6343:
6153:
6004:
5702:
4475:
4467:
2985:
2981:
2766:
2731:
2671:
2462:
2330:
2224:
1557:. One of the sect's Nidhi Swaroops is Vitthalnathji with his consort Yamunaji.
1550:
1534:
1530:
1392:
1357:
1345:
1142:
991:
979:
975:
859:
855:
467:
423:) is a Kannada corruption of the name Vishnu adopted in Marathi. The suffixes -
390:
279:
238:
143:
52:
5393:
5342:
5112:
4831:
830:
riverbed, near the Pundalik shrine. The later murti, according to Sand, was a
298:
A statue of the Vithoba icon of Pandharpur adorned with jewellery and clothes.
6732:
6680:
6241:
6139:
5949:
5717:
5401:
5350:
5278:
5120:
5013:
4967:
4921:
4661:
2961:
2781:
2476:
2432:
2417:
2373:
2259:
2244:
1870:
1762:
1742:
1238:. Afternoon devotions are followed by a fourth rite for dinner at sunset—the
970:, when depicted as the ninth avatar of Vishnu, in some temple sculptures and
795:
5619:
5200:
The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature
4419:
The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature
4028:
day); and it wanes over the following dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) until
1852:
1757:, also from the Padma Purana; and a third devotional work, yet again called
1579:
The festivals associated with Vithoba primarily correspond to the bi-annual
6160:
6125:
6014:
5697:
5447:
Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu
3019:
3015:
2965:
2796:
2741:
2626:
2606:
2486:
2437:
2403:
2000:
1951:
1942:
Several temples are found in Goa, the well-known ones being the temples at
1793:
1750:
1713:
1510:
1400:
1274:
sect, focused on the worship of Vithoba and based on traditional Bhagavata
1104:
1073:
The Pandharpur image also bears, on the left breast, the mark known as the
1013:
651:
579:
389:, meaning 'standing'. Thus, Vitthala would mean 'one standing on a brick'.
6385:
6210:
5603:
Video of the Pandharpur Vithoba's "Maha-puja" (worship), Maharashtra Times
5426:
Understanding Karma: In Light of Paul Ricoeur's Philosophical Anthropology
4838:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 34–50 and 263–278.
1593:(devotional songs) dedicated to Vithoba and repeat his name, carrying the
1356:. 1533–99) revived the Varkari tradition. With the foundation of the
1245:
1239:
1233:
1209:
1203:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
531:
477:
471:
445:
433:
418:
375:
367:
325:
There are several theories about the origins and meanings of these names.
316:
77:
6673:
6648:
6589:
6363:
6245:
6187:
6132:
6109:
6019:
5934:
5769:
5563:
5005:
4959:
4913:
4880:
Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity
4563:
3965:
2905:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2786:
2776:
2746:
2611:
2524:
2442:
2380:
2367:
2219:
2150:
2095:
2076:
1637:
1629:
1522:
1518:
1490:
1396:
1281:
1224:
1040:
1018:
911:
842:
827:
769:
621:
562:
538:
195:
4876:"A Family Affair: Krishna comes to Pandharpur and makes Himself at Home"
4625:"The Pandharpur Stone inscription of the Yadava king Mahadeva Sake 1192"
605:, symbol of Shiva. However since the 13th century, the poet-saints like
6655:
6584:
6298:
5929:
5799:
5779:
5722:
5590:
3075:
anti-ritualistic and anti-brahmanical attitudes of Varkari sampradaya."
2910:
2873:
2846:
2601:
2591:
2496:
2362:
2357:
2254:
2182:
2048:
2040:
1959:
1908:
1900:
1861:
1546:
1422:(1560–1650). Anyone born Shaiva or Vaishnava who considers Vithoba his
1408:
1404:
1388:
1267:
1178:
1146:
694:
639:
632:
495:
222:
147:
99:
61:
5128:
2960:
section above, the Pundalik legend appears in the Sanskrit scriptures
1601:
550:
Vithoba as the lord of Pandhari (yet another variant for Pandharpur).
401:
proposed a different etymology—that Vitthala is composed of the words
6643:
6574:
6464:
6407:
6323:
6044:
6009:
5876:
5841:
5794:
5784:
5712:
5492:
Vaudeville, Charlotte (1987). Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (eds.).
5378:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
5327:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
5170:
Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi
4627:. In Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra; Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (eds.).
4025:
2900:
2890:
2851:
2771:
2736:
2691:
2646:
2641:
2621:
2393:
2234:
2229:
2172:
2032:
1971:
1967:
1943:
1841:
1726:
1188:
1174:
1099:
1055:
1030:
971:
922:
199:
117:
3061:
Zelliot and Berntsen (1988) p. xviii "Varkari cult is rural and non-
1860:'s memorial and the small blue temple in front of the gate is saint
1440:(meditative repetition of a divine name), and observe a fast on the
780:
6710:
6666:
6638:
6608:
6594:
6514:
6474:
6459:
6318:
6261:
6094:
6024:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5851:
4873:
4810:
4029:
3030:
2856:
2761:
2756:
2696:
2651:
2544:
2539:
2387:
2192:
2028:
2016:
1924:
1912:
1882:
1837:
1718:
1606:
1554:
1468:
1183:
1131:
1119:
1075:
887:
Vithoba (left, 4th from top) replaces Buddha in a depiction of the
668:
590:
558:
546:
246:
234:
215:
139:
71:
46:
5091:
Raeside, I. M. P. (1965). "The "Pāṇḍuranga-Māhātmya" of Śrīdhar".
1571:
1141:(the householder's life). Apart from Rakhumai, two other consorts
6660:
6633:
6494:
6469:
6449:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6328:
6308:
6303:
6293:
6288:
5901:
5774:
5707:
5681:
4088:(1988) by Mahīpati, Justin Edwards Abbott, and Narhar R. Godbole.
3995:
3251:
For Bir Kuar, Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv
3062:
2751:
2701:
2572:
2559:
2410:
2320:
2303:
2298:
2278:
2197:
2126:
2072:
2068:
2012:
1947:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1833:
1813:
1697:, Tamil Nadu. Here, Vithoba is depicted as an arms-akimbo Vishnu.
1660:
1618:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1304:
1300:
1263:
1195:
1150:
1137:
1123:
758:
733:
711:
656:
483:
463:
398:
326:
271:
259:
230:
211:
5518:
862:
but declares that they are from different schools of sculpture.
258:. Other devotional literature dedicated to Vithoba includes the
6604:
6599:
6564:
6552:
6542:
6509:
6499:
6434:
6353:
6333:
6271:
6266:
6192:
6182:
6029:
5856:
5846:
5153:. History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. 7. Aryabhushan Press.
3043:
2895:
2636:
2500:
2325:
2315:
2271:
2249:
2239:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2122:
2052:
1991:
1955:
1954:. Similarly temple festivals celebrated in Vitthala temples in
1936:
1920:
1857:
1809:
1805:
1788:
1734:
1641:
1614:
1595:
1416:
1349:
1332:
1319:
1311:
1276:
1112:
1108:
918:
906:
765:
705:
610:
606:
553:
Finally, Vithoba is also addressed by the names of Vishnu like
541:(1089–1172 AD) notes it is also used as an epithet for the god
251:
245:
is his main temple. Vithoba legends revolve around his devotee
226:
207:
203:
129:
124:
5374:"An Account of Bauddho-Vaishnavas of Vithal-Bhaktas of Dakhan"
5299:
5004:(10). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami
1295:
262:
hymns of the Haridasa and the Marathi versions of the generic
6628:
6547:
6479:
6439:
6424:
6348:
6313:
6276:
5999:
5961:
5866:
5861:
5764:
5522:
The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra
5143:
4958:(9). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami
4912:(8). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami
4539:
A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives
4442:
4021:
3038:
3026:
2616:
2352:
2293:
2207:
2162:
1836:), accepting the services of Pundarika and Kshetrapala (Kala-
1828:(16th century) refers to Vithoba, as Panduranga, in his poem
1782:
1689:
1673:
1581:
1457:
1431:
1412:
1337:
1127:
1067:
1025:
790:
660:
602:
598:
594:
542:
263:
5577:
Classical Marathi Literature: A History of Indian Literature
4759:
Songs on Yoga: Texts and Teachings of the Mahārāṣṭrian Nāths
1873:, a form of Vishnu; Mahalakshmi, a form of Vishnu's consort
891:—ten avatars (of Vishnu)—on the door of Sree Balaji Temple,
6579:
6519:
6484:
6454:
6394:
6368:
6358:
6338:
6283:
5954:
5263:(2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 183–197.
5157:
2866:
2288:
2187:
2130:
1817:
1668:
1586:
1494:
1477:) of Vishnu (Hari). According to Haridasa tradition, their
1473:
1436:
1299:
A Varkari journeys from Alandi to Pandharpur. He carries a
966:
Vithoba's image replaces the traditional representation of
554:
526:
362:
311:
5650:
5450:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87.
5224:
History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature
3986:
3549:
Raeside, I. M. P. (1965) p. 82. Cited in Sand (1990) p. 33
2031:, Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, Vitthala shrines are found in
1663:
night at Pandharpur, when devotees dance on a large slab (
1232:
involving re-dressing and lunch at noon. This is known as
1161:
1002:
4832:
Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna; Engblom, Philip C. (1987).
4631:(238 pages ed.). Popular Prakashan. pp. 42–52.
3992:"Devotees pour in to temple town Pandharpur, Maharashtra"
1632:
in the lunar month of Ashadha. Both Shayani Ekadashi and
1170:
892:
491:
5591:
Official site of Shri Vitthal Rukmini Temple, Pandharpur
3653:
Shri Viththal ek mahasamanvaya (official site of author)
1962:
attract a lot a pilgrims. Vitthal is also worshipped as
1624:
More than 800,000 Varkaris travel to Pandharpur for the
1111:, decorated with jewellery during the Hindu festival of
982:. Stevenson goes so far as to call devotees of Vithoba (
925:
sect that worships Vishnu-Shiva—the Lord, which is what
4852:
4109:
For a complete Marathi text and English translation of
3828:
see Pawar pp. 350–62 for a review of Varkari literature
3649:"Chapter 6: In search of the original idol of Viththal"
1330:(literally 'unbroken'), and used the call-and-response
5093:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4535:
4484:. Vol. 18. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 607–8.
4167:
3558:
3174:
1292:—which means "Dnyaneshwar laid the foundation stone".
822:, an image purposely sited near a holy body of water (
5495:
The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India
5491:
4813:; Abbott, Justin Edwards; Godbole, Narhar R. (1988).
4809:
1640:(a cosmic ocean of milk), while lying on the back of
1609:, when a large number of Varkaris participate in the
717:
5196:"The Legend of Puṇḍarīka: The Founder of Pandharpur"
5193:
3837:
Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvii
3238:
3236:
3234:
1881:, the elephant-headed god of wisdom and beginnings;
1387:(who was an orthodox Shaiva and teacher of Namdev),
4789:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 69, 70, 72.
3593:
Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv
3418:
3416:
3134:
Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvi
1693:A four-armed Vithoba, a 19th-century painting from
1464:, whose guru Vyasatirtha was a key Haridasa figure.
1118:Vithoba is usually depicted with his main consort,
27:
Hindu deity considered as a manifestation of Vishnu
5596:Images of the central image of Vithoba and Rukmini
5306:. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 11–3.
5063:
4782:
4755:
4664:(1968). "Ch.7: Religion and Gods of Maharashtra".
4567:
4382:
4193:
3729:Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1987) p. xxxv
5371:
5320:
5090:
4369:For the complete legend, see Mahipati pp. 286–289
3741:Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) pp. 7–10, 15
3231:
3142:
3140:
1677:(red powder) is sprinkled on the god's feet; and
1659:Apart from the four Ekadashis, a fair is held on
650:, opines that Vithoba worship may be even older—"
593:, associated with Krishna, the cattle-god of the
30:"Panduranga" redirects here. For other uses, see
6730:
4718:
4622:
4449:Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems
3413:
3199:
3197:
1103:Vithoba (left) with his consort Rakhumai at the
870:The devotee Pundalik, thrower of the brick (see
458:According to research scholar M. S. Mate of the
194:predominantly worshipped in the Indian state of
5639:. University of New South Wales. Archived from
5470:
4786:Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey
4595:
4562:
4542:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–40.
4452:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 124–27.
3680:
3121:
3119:
3117:
1765:. The "third tradition" is found in two works:
5574:
5553:
5220:
4988:
4942:
4896:
4874:Novetzke, Christian Lee; Beck, Guy L. (2005).
4691:
4660:
4514:
3908:
3906:
3259:
3257:
3137:
1533:or Purandara Vitthala (1484–1564), "father of
1481:, also known as Haridasa-kuta, was founded by
764:Ranade believes that an inscription, found in
585:According to Richard Maxwell Eaton, author of
408:
402:
385:, which may have originated from the Sanskrit
6226:
5666:
5631:
5498:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 223–24.
5429:. International Centre for Cultural Studies.
5166:
5099:(1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of
5067:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary
4673:. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Archived from
4281:
4221:T. Padmaja (2002) pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87
3301:
3299:
3194:
2937:
1087:(a three-stringed waist-belt), a long stick (
373:) is composed of two Sanskrit-Marathi words:
5579:. Vol. 9. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
5562:
5034:
4415:
4241:
4239:
4229:
4227:
3625:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) pp. 35–36
3114:
808:must have existed at Pandharpur—one each of
788:The physical characteristics of the central
613:and Tukaram identified Vithoba with Vishnu.
417:offers yet another possibility—that Vitthu (
289:
6240:
5519:Zelliot, Eleanor; Berntsen, Maxine (1988).
4504:
3903:
3749:
3747:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3254:
2023:—have Vitthala as their presiding deity. A
1780:devotional poems of the Varkaris, and many
736:of the Vithoba's chief temple at Pandharpur
6233:
6219:
5673:
5659:
5443:
5247:
5147:Indian Mysticism: Mysticism in Maharashtra
4466:
4360:For complete story, see Mahipati pp. 85–99
4302:
4300:
4217:
4215:
4194:Robert W. Bradnock, Roma Bradnock (2000).
4105:
4103:
3770:
3768:
3737:
3735:
3545:
3543:
3352:
3350:
3296:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
2968:. It is also documented in Marathi texts:
2944:
2930:
2104:
784:An arms-akimbo Vishnu from Udaygiri Caves.
689:, proposes that the image of Vithoba is a
568:
45:
5300:Singh, Kumar Suresh; Mehta, B.V. (2004).
5268:
5227:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 514–16.
4602:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 252–53.
4517:Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur
4351:For complete tale, see Mahipati pp. 22–27
4236:
4224:
4113:by Sridhara see Raeside (1965) pp. 81–100
4058:
4056:
4041:Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) p. 2
3958:
3698:
3696:
3676:
3674:
3439:
3437:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
1772:In addition to the above, there are many
1628:on Shayani Ekadashi, the 11th day of the
748:donated a village for the expense of the
5041:Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology
4509:(in Marathi). Pune: Shrividya Prakashan.
4385:"Devolutional Literature — Marathi"
4080:For the complete English translation of
3914:"The Artists of Nathadwar — Part 4"
3819:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 40
3783:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1990) p. 38
3744:
3642:
3640:
3605:
3507:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 37
3356:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 35
3340:
3338:
3289:
3287:
2062:
1976:
1851:
1688:
1570:
1451:
1294:
1160:
1098:
1001:
882:
779:
727:
626:
455:), attested since the 8th century.
293:
4574:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
4333:Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 35
4297:
4233:Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 42
4212:
4100:
3765:
3732:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3347:
3206:
3087:
1907:, and of devotees such as Pundalik and
1702:are Marathi texts written by Brahmins.
1375:All these poet-saints, and others like
1303:(lute) with saffron flag attached, and
254:, dedicated to Vithoba and composed in
221:Vithoba is the focus of an essentially
14:
6731:
5634:"The 'Palkhi' of Alandi to Pandharpur"
5144:Ranade, Ramchandra Dattatraya (1933).
5101:School of Oriental and African Studies
4723:Sri-Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvay (Marathi)
4667:Maharashtra – Land and Its People
4053:
3885:
3693:
3671:
3434:
3314:Deleury as quoted in Sand (1990) p. 38
3149:
2035:, Vittalapuram near thiruporur and in
6214:
5654:
5422:
5388:of Great Britain and Ireland: 64–73.
5257:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
5070:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 366–7.
3937:
3840:
3646:
3637:
3335:
3284:
2957:
974:in Maharashtra. In the 17th century,
5158:Rao, Mysore Venkata Krishna (1966).
4817:. Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidass.
4762:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 17.
4651:
3528:
3470:
1820:—an avatar of Vishnu). Finally, the
1028:-beads, embedded with the legendary
834:, located at a place of holy power (
826:), in this case facing west, on the
5337:of Great Britain and Ireland: 1–8.
5160:Purandara and the Haridasa Movement
4599:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
4481:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
4187:
3029:"untouchable" or a Brahmin beggar.
1899:(memorials) of saints like Namdev,
1753:(consisting of 1,200 verses);
1684:
1652:. This form of worship is known as
1426:(mother-father) and Pandharpur his
24:
5746:
5547:
5248:Shima Iwao (June–September 1988).
4729:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature
4698:. Popular Prakashan. p. 482.
4389:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature
1540:
1434:. Varkaris often practice Vithoba
904:(original) Vishnu himself, not an
878:
718:Pandharpur temple and inscriptions
202:. He is a form of the Hindu deity
25:
6775:
5584:
5270:10.18874/jjrs.15.2-3.1988.183-197
5173:. Orient Longman. pp. 54–5.
4943:Pande, Suruchi (September 2008).
4652:Iyer, Panchapakesa A.S. (2006) .
4152:
2051:and sculptures are also found in
1745:(consisting of 900 verses);
482:(Mother Vitthala). The people of
6384:
5818:Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives
5615:Article on the Pandharpur temple
5570:(in Marathi). Rajhans Prakashan.
5043:. Vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi.
5039:. In Panicker K. Ayyappa (ed.).
4882:. SUNY Press. pp. 113–138.
4853:Monier-Williams, Monier (2008).
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4158:Underhill (1991) pp. 165–66, 172
3864:Lutgendorf (2007) pp. 69, 70, 72
1447:
1266:Panth (Pilgrim Path) or Varkari
1218:that includes a bath with five (
775:
663:of Maharashtra. The rise of the
5991:Associated with Krishna's life
5967:48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra
4989:Pande, Suruchi (October 2008).
4536:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2005).
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4168:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006).
4161:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4116:
4091:
4074:
4065:
4044:
4035:
4014:
3980:
3931:
3894:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3756:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3628:
3619:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3559:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006).
3552:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3425:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3275:
3266:
3245:
3222:
3175:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006).
2984:, a form of Vishnu, comes from
1257:
1044:(conch) in his left hand and a
4897:Pande, Suruchi (August 2008).
4695:Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission
4282:M R Venkatesh (10 July 2011).
3477:(2008 ed.). p. 1276.
3128:
3105:
3078:
3068:
3055:
1545:The founder of the Hindu sect
1286:Pundalikavarada Hari Vitthala!
997:
850:(943–1210) and even the Ajmer
616:Christian Lee Novetzke of the
587:A Social History of the Deccan
13:
1:
5194:Sand, Erick Reenberg (1990).
5037:"Medieval Marathi Literature"
4629:Studies in Indian Archaeology
4507:Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya
4444:Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal
4375:
4284:"New abode for Vittala in TN"
3687:sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de
1981:Thennangur temple, Tamil Nadu
1307:tied to strings in his hands.
648:Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya
233:faith in Maharashtra and the
5632:Sane, Prajkta (March 2007).
5303:People of India: Maharashtra
4590:An Introduction to Hinduism.
3422:Bhandarkar (1995) pp. 125–26
3305:Vaudeville (1987) pp. 223–24
1889:, a form of Shiva's consort
1816:(the monkey god, devotee of
1560:
1326:in praise of Vithoba called
818:type. The earlier one was a
703:worship into more idealised
671:; today, both are viewed as
415:Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar
7:
6754:Titles and names of Krishna
5680:
5525:. SUNY Press. p. 170.
5064:Pillai, S. Devadas (1997).
4991:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur"
4945:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur"
4899:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur"
4856:Sanskrit-English Dictionary
4783:Lutgendorf, Philip (2007).
4756:Kiehnle, Catharina (1997).
4570:An Introduction to Hinduism
4519:. Oxford University Press.
4383:anonymous cited in (1987).
4196:Goa handbook 2, illustrated
1344:, when wars erupted in the
1246:
1240:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1094:
972:Hindu astrological almanacs
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
871:
865:
800:
532:
478:
472:
446:
434:
419:
381:, which means 'brick'; and
376:
368:
317:
78:
32:Panduranga (disambiguation)
10:
6780:
5372:Stevenson, Rev. J (1843).
5321:Stevenson, Rev. J (1843).
4719:Kelkar, Ashok R. (2001) .
3084:Novetzke (2005) pp. 115–16
2976:s of various poet-saints.
1847:
1564:
1460:, Karnataka, was built by
1222:) sweet substances called
1202:to awaken the god, called
1156:
804:below), that two distinct
724:Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur
721:
243:Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur
29:
6706:
6617:
6535:
6393:
6382:
6252:
6170:
6108:
6070:
5982:
5917:
5834:
5757:
5744:
5688:
5568:Aisa vitevara deva kothe!
5471:Underhill, M.M. (1991) .
5394:10.1017/s0035869x00155674
5384:(13). London: periodical
5343:10.1017/s0035869x00155625
5333:(13). London: periodical
5198:. In Bakker, Hans (ed.).
5113:10.1017/S0041977X00056779
4656:. Chennai: Zion Printers.
4654:Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra
4623:Gokhale, Shobana (1985).
4513:Translated into English:
3944:. Routledge. p. 23.
3392:Pande (2008) pp. 449, 508
2058:
1650:Government of Maharashtra
1509:at the then capital city
685:G. A. Deleury, author of
522:
514:
506:
358:
350:
342:
334:
307:
290:Etymology and other names
135:
123:
113:
105:
95:
85:
70:
60:
44:
39:
6690:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
5474:The Hindu Religious Year
4692:Keer, Dhanajay (2005) .
4596:Flood, Gavin D. (2003).
4086:Stories of Indian Saints
3968:. Nathdwara Temple Board
3855:Sharma (2000) pp. 514–16
3702:Pillai (1997) pp. 366–67
3681:Monier-Williams (2008).
3452:Ranade (1933) pp. 183–84
3374:Gokhale (1985) pp. 42–52
3203:Bhandarkar (1995) p. 125
3125:Bhandarkar (1995) p. 124
3102:Crooke (2003) pp. 607–08
3049:
1842:the wish fulfilling tree
1761:, which is found in the
1324:Marathi devotional poems
638:The religious historian
618:University of Washington
576:Pandurangashtakam stotra
5575:Tulpule, S. G. (1979).
5554:Deleury, G. A. (1960).
5221:Sharma, B.N.K. (2000).
4515:Feldhaus, Anne (2011).
4198:. Footprint Handbooks.
4149:Pande (2008) pp. 445–48
4140:Shima (1988) pp. 189–96
3990:(PTI) (July 11, 2011).
3941:The poetics of devotion
3846:Flood (2003) pp. 252–53
3810:Flood (1996) pp. 142–44
3801:Shima (1988) pp. 184–86
3774:anon. (1987) pp. 966–68
3537:Underhill (1991) p. 171
3344:Karve (1968) pp. 188–89
3323:Tilak (2006) pp. 243–46
3219:Eaton (2005) pp. 139–40
1885:, a form of Shiva; and
1705:The Varkari texts are:
1493:(1478–1539), the royal
1456:The Vitthala temple in
986:) Buddhist Vaishnavas (
578:, a hymn attributed to
569:Origins and development
6200:Guru–shishya tradition
5751:
5167:Rao, Vasudeva (2002).
5162:. Karnatak University.
4122:Novetzke (2005) p. 120
3938:Dwyer, Rachel (2001).
3584:Stevenson (1843) p. 64
3431:Stevenson (1843) p. 66
3401:Sand (1990) pp. 43, 58
3263:Novetzke (2005) p. 116
2080:
1982:
1915:of the year; at Kole (
1865:
1786:(songs of praise) and
1698:
1576:
1465:
1383:in praise of Vithoba:
1308:
1290:Dnyanadev rachila paya
1166:
1115:
1008:
896:
785:
737:
635:
409:
403:
299:
5750:
5620:The Haridasa movement
5386:Royal Asiatic Society
5335:Royal Asiatic Society
5035:Pawar, G. M. (1997).
4416:Bakker, Hans (1990).
4306:Sand (1990) pp. 41–42
3525:Zelliot (1988) p. 114
3461:Sand (1990) pp. 39–40
3293:Kelkar (2001) p. 4179
3228:Zelliot (1988) p. 170
2066:
2025:Vitthaleshwara temple
1980:
1855:
1830:Panduranga-Mahatmyamu
1692:
1574:
1455:
1393:Narhari the goldsmith
1318:. 1270–1350), a
1298:
1164:
1102:
1083:on the right breast,
1005:
886:
783:
731:
644:Sahitya Akademi Award
631:Pundalik's temple at
630:
476:(King Vitthala), and
297:
51:The central image at
5105:University of London
4505:Dhere, R.C. (1984).
4272:Rao (2002) pp. 54–55
4263:Sharma (2000) p. 612
4245:Ranade (1933) p. 213
3988:Press Trust of India
3900:Kiehnle (1997) p. 39
3383:Ranade (1933) p. 183
2037:Tirunelveli district
1483:Achalananda Vitthala
1322:tailor, wrote short
1244:. The final rite is
659:, the cattle-owning
237:sect established in
6749:Regional Hindu gods
5962:Pilgrimage circuits
5945:Krishna Janmashtami
5556:The cult of Vithoba
5444:T. Padmaja (2002).
4861:Universität zu Köln
4342:Tilak (2006) p. 247
4315:Bakker (1990) p. 78
4111:Panduranga-Mahatmya
4050:Shima (1988) p. 189
4002:on October 16, 2012
3762:Flood (1996) p. 135
3753:Shima (1988) p. 188
3720:Karve (1968) p. 183
3711:Pande (2008) p. 447
3659:on 14 February 2011
3647:Dhere, R C (2009).
3634:Ranade (1933) p. 41
3616:Pande (2008) p. 448
3365:Shima (1988) p. 184
3242:Pande (2008) p. 508
3111:Pande (2008) p. 449
2970:Panduranga-Mahatmya
2712:Satyabhinava Tirtha
1987:World Heritage Site
1767:Panduranga-Mahatmya
1759:Panduranga-Mahatmya
1747:Panduranga-Mahatmya
1739:Panduranga-Mahatmya
1679:Krishna Janmashtami
1634:Prabodhini Ekadashi
1527:Jagannatha Vitthala
1397:Savata the gardener
1342:Vijayanagara empire
687:The cult of Vithoba
276:Prabodhini Ekadashi
6080:Hathibada Ghosundi
5752:
5625:2009-02-18 at the
5608:2009-06-28 at the
5206:. pp. 33–61.
4254:Eaton (2005) p. 83
4131:Singh (2004) p. 13
3918:The Sampradaya Sun
3873:Rao (1966) pp. 7–8
3602:Keer (2005) p. 482
3567:on 16 October 2009
3471:Williams, Monier.
2810:Related traditions
2727:Satyadhyana Tirtha
2722:Satyadharma Tirtha
2682:Raghavendra Tirtha
2632:Manavala Mamunigal
2555:Vaishnava-Sahajiya
2081:
1983:
1866:
1826:Tenali Ramakrishna
1723:Pundalika-Mahatmya
1699:
1577:
1466:
1411:the "untouchable"
1407:the dancing girl,
1309:
1167:
1116:
1009:
988:Bauddho-Vaishnavas
897:
786:
738:
636:
300:
225:, non-ritualistic
6724:
6723:
6208:
6207:
6085:Heliodorus pillar
5457:978-81-7017-398-4
5436:978-81-87420-20-0
5313:978-81-7991-100-6
5234:978-81-208-1575-9
5180:978-81-250-2297-8
4998:Prabuddha Bharata
4952:Prabuddha Bharata
4906:Prabuddha Bharata
4796:978-0-19-530921-8
4742:978-81-260-1221-3
4638:978-0-86132-088-2
4609:978-0-631-21535-6
4526:978-0-19-977759-4
4324:Sand (1990) p. 50
4205:978-1-900949-45-3
4097:Sand (1990) p. 34
4071:Sand (1990) p. 33
4062:Sand (1990) p. 56
3951:978-0-7007-1233-5
3891:Iyer (2006) p. 93
3474:mw1276-svadharman
3443:Sand (1990) p. 37
3410:Sand (1990) p. 35
3281:Sand (1990) p. 40
3183:on March 30, 2010
3146:Sand (1990) p. 38
3035:Pandurangastrotra
2954:
2953:
2717:Satyabodha Tirtha
2707:Satyanatha Tirtha
2677:Raghuttama Tirtha
2667:Pillai Lokacharya
2662:Padmanabha Tirtha
2574:Teachers—acharyas
2505:Acintyabhedabheda
2144:Important deities
1695:Tiruchchirappalli
1507:Vitthala's temple
1208:. Next comes the
1076:srivatsalanchhana
1058:, supported by a
166:), also known as
153:
152:
90:Sadh Vaishnavism
16:(Redirected from
6771:
6739:Forms of Krishna
6388:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6212:
6211:
6119:Bhagavata Purana
5728:Vāsudeva-Krishna
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5638:
5580:
5571:
5559:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5488:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5440:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5317:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5281:. Archived from
5272:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5217:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5163:
5154:
5152:
5140:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5016:. Archived from
4995:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4970:. Archived from
4949:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4924:. Archived from
4903:
4893:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4849:
4828:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4735:. p. 4179.
4715:
4713:
4712:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4592:
4573:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4530:
4510:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4463:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4370:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4234:
4231:
4222:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4107:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3998:. Archived from
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3910:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3882:Rao (1966) p. 28
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3763:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3742:
3739:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3655:. Archived from
3644:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3538:
3535:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3345:
3342:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3294:
3291:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3204:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3172:
3147:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3059:
2958:devotional works
2946:
2939:
2932:
2811:
2575:
2520:Ekasarana Dharma
2457:
2346:
2145:
2117:
2108:
2098:
2083:
2082:
1685:Devotional works
1654:sarkari-mahapuja
1513:(modern Hampi).
1249:
1243:
1237:
1213:
1207:
1107:Vitthal temple,
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
673:a form of Vishnu
642:, winner of the
535:
524:
516:
508:
486:add the suffix -
481:
475:
454:
449:
442:
437:
422:
412:
407:(ignorance) and
406:
379:
371:
360:
352:
344:
336:
320:
309:
278:in the month of
270:in the month of
268:Shayani Ekadashi
81:
49:
37:
36:
21:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6744:Forms of Vishnu
6729:
6728:
6725:
6720:
6716:Hindu mythology
6702:
6613:
6531:
6389:
6380:
6248:
6239:
6209:
6204:
6178:Svayam Bhagavan
6166:
6104:
6066:
5978:
5972:Vraja Parikrama
5913:
5835:Other relatives
5830:
5753:
5742:
5684:
5679:
5643:
5636:
5627:Wayback Machine
5610:Wayback Machine
5587:
5550:
5548:Further reading
5545:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5485:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5437:
5414:
5412:
5363:
5361:
5314:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5252:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5214:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5150:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5026:
5024:
5020:
4993:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4947:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4901:
4890:
4865:
4863:
4846:
4825:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4733:Sahitya Akademi
4731:. Vol. 5.
4710:
4708:
4706:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4586:
4564:Flood, Gavin D.
4554:
4552:
4550:
4527:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4476:Hastings, James
4460:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4393:Sahitya Akademi
4391:. Vol. 1.
4378:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4192:
4188:
4179:
4177:
4176:on 20 June 2008
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4022:12 Hindu months
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3936:
3932:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3689:. p. 1110.
3679:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:Novetzke p. 117
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3173:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3052:
2950:
2921:
2920:
2812:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2792:Vadiraja Tirtha
2657:Srinivasacharya
2577:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2467:Vishishtadvaita
2458:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2399:Divya Prabandha
2348:
2345:Holy scriptures
2344:
2336:
2335:
2146:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2118:
2115:
2096:
2061:
2009:s (monasteries)
1917:Satara district
1850:
1812:of Vishnu) and
1708:Bhaktalilamrita
1687:
1569:
1567:Pandharpur Vari
1563:
1543:
1541:Pushtimarg sect
1523:Gopala Vitthala
1519:Vijaya Vitthala
1503:Krishnadevaraya
1471:means servant (
1462:Krishnadevaraya
1450:
1444:of each month.
1420:Sheikh Muhammad
1415:, and even the
1401:Gora the potter
1389:Sena the barber
1385:Visoba Khechara
1260:
1159:
1097:
1000:
881:
879:Identifications
868:
778:
726:
720:
571:
292:
109:Chakra, Shankha
74:transliteration
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6777:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6670:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6625:
6623:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6154:Brahma Samhita
6150:
6149:
6148:
6146:Krishna's role
6143:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6005:Govardhan Hill
6002:
5997:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5703:Gopala-Krishna
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:on 2009-03-27.
5629:
5617:
5612:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5586:
5585:External links
5583:
5582:
5581:
5572:
5560:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5531:
5516:
5504:
5489:
5483:
5468:
5456:
5441:
5435:
5420:
5369:
5318:
5312:
5297:
5245:
5233:
5218:
5212:
5191:
5179:
5164:
5155:
5141:
5088:
5076:
5061:
5049:
5032:
4986:
4940:
4894:
4888:
4871:
4850:
4844:
4829:
4823:
4807:
4795:
4780:
4768:
4753:
4741:
4725:by R.C. Dhere"
4716:
4704:
4689:
4662:Karve, Irawati
4658:
4649:
4637:
4620:
4608:
4593:
4584:
4560:
4548:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4502:
4490:
4464:
4458:
4440:
4428:
4413:
4401:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4296:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4204:
4186:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4099:
4090:
4073:
4064:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4013:
3979:
3957:
3950:
3930:
3920:. May 29, 2005
3902:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3764:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3692:
3683:"Cologne Scan"
3670:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3433:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3253:
3244:
3230:
3221:
3205:
3193:
3148:
3136:
3127:
3113:
3104:
3086:
3077:
3067:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3033:, in his work
2994:makara-kundala
2992:form, wearing
2982:Gopala-Krishna
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Vedanta Desika
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Samarth Ramdas
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Purandara Dasa
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Radha Vallabha
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Guruvayurappan
2222:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2060:
2057:
1849:
1846:
1755:Bhima-Mahatmya
1686:
1683:
1669:Ranga-Panchami
1646:chief minister
1565:Main article:
1562:
1559:
1551:Vallabhacharya
1542:
1539:
1535:Carnatic music
1531:Purandara Dasa
1449:
1446:
1358:Maratha empire
1259:
1256:
1158:
1155:
1096:
1093:
1036:makara-kundala
999:
996:
992:B. R. Ambedkar
984:Vithal-bhaktas
980:Shivneri Caves
880:
877:
867:
864:
860:Madhya Pradesh
856:Udaygiri Caves
777:
774:
722:Main article:
719:
716:
665:Yadava dynasty
570:
567:
563:Vaishnava sect
468:Vishnuvardhana
460:Deccan College
391:William Crooke
291:
288:
241:in Karnataka.
239:Dvaita Vedanta
151:
150:
137:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
75:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
53:Vithoba Temple
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6776:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6727:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6681:Bhagavad Gita
6678:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:Other deities
6534:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6242:Hindu deities
6236:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6140:Bhagavad Gita
6137:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6100:Vasu Doorjamb
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:Other sites:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:Gita Mahotsav
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:Radha Krishna
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5534:
5532:0-88706-662-3
5528:
5524:
5523:
5517:
5507:
5505:81-208-0277-2
5501:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5484:81-206-0523-3
5480:
5476:
5475:
5469:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5288:on 2009-03-26
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5213:90-04-09318-4
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5077:81-7154-807-5
5073:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5052:
5050:81-260-0365-0
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5023:on 2008-11-21
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4977:on 2008-12-21
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4941:
4931:on 2008-12-21
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4889:0-7914-6415-6
4885:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4845:0-88706-461-2
4841:
4837:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4824:81-208-0469-4
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4771:
4769:3-515-06922-4
4765:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4707:
4705:81-7154-237-9
4701:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4680:on 2009-03-03
4676:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4585:0-521-43878-0
4581:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:0-521-25484-1
4545:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4491:0-7661-3695-7
4487:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4459:81-206-0122-X
4455:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:90-04-09318-4
4425:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4404:
4402:81-260-1803-8
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4038:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3967:
3961:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3934:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3496:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3065:in character"
3064:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2962:Skanda Purana
2959:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Viṭṭhalanātha
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2374:Bhagavad Gita
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Venkateshvara
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Nara-Narayana
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:Supreme deity
2112:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:in Karnataka—
2010:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:Venkateshwara
1863:
1859:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:Vishnu Purana
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:Skanda Purana
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:, and a long
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1448:Haridasa sect
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1235:madhyāhṇapūjā
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:pañcāmṛtapūjā
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1153:in Hinduism.
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1004:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
908:
903:
894:
890:
885:
876:
873:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
839:
837:
833:
832:kshetra murti
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
812:
807:
803:
802:
797:
796:Skanda Purana
793:
792:
782:
776:Central image
773:
771:
767:
762:
760:
755:
751:
747:
742:
735:
730:
725:
715:
713:
708:
707:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:in Hinduism.
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
646:for his book
645:
641:
634:
629:
625:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
534:
528:
520:
512:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
474:
469:
465:
461:
456:
450:
448:
438:
436:
430:
426:
421:
416:
411:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
378:
372:
370:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
328:
323:
321:
319:
313:
305:
296:
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:in Pandharpur
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6726:
6695:
6688:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6590:Gramadevatas
6524:
6373:
6161:Uddhava Gita
6159:
6152:
6138:
6131:
6126:Gita Govinda
6124:
6117:
5906:
5816:
5732:
5698:Bala Krishna
5641:the original
5576:
5567:
5564:Dhond, M. V.
5555:
5536:. Retrieved
5521:
5509:. Retrieved
5494:
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5446:
5425:
5413:. Retrieved
5381:
5377:
5362:. Retrieved
5330:
5326:
5302:
5290:. Retrieved
5283:the original
5260:
5256:
5238:. Retrieved
5223:
5199:
5184:. Retrieved
5169:
5159:
5146:
5096:
5092:
5081:. Retrieved
5066:
5054:. Retrieved
5040:
5025:. Retrieved
5018:the original
5001:
4997:
4979:. Retrieved
4972:the original
4955:
4951:
4933:. Retrieved
4926:the original
4909:
4905:
4879:
4864:. Retrieved
4855:
4834:
4814:
4800:. Retrieved
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4728:
4722:
4709:. Retrieved
4694:
4682:. Retrieved
4675:the original
4666:
4653:
4642:. Retrieved
4628:
4613:. Retrieved
4598:
4589:
4569:
4553:. Retrieved
4538:
4516:
4506:
4495:. Retrieved
4479:
4472:"Pandharpur"
4448:
4433:. Retrieved
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4388:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4287:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4195:
4189:
4178:. Retrieved
4174:the original
4163:
4154:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4110:
4093:
4085:
4082:Bhaktavijaya
4081:
4076:
4067:
4046:
4037:
4020:Each of the
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
4000:the original
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:"Vithalnath"
3960:
3940:
3933:
3922:. Retrieved
3917:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3792:Pawar p. 350
3788:
3779:
3758:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3686:
3661:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3652:
3630:
3621:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3569:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3554:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3427:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3277:
3268:
3247:
3224:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3177:"Pandharpur"
3130:
3107:
3080:
3070:
3057:
3034:
3024:
3016:Bala Krishna
3013:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2966:Padma Purana
2955:
2852:Jagannathism
2797:Yamunacharya
2742:Swaminarayan
2627:Madhvacharya
2607:Jiva Goswami
2550:Swaminarayan
2512:
2487:Dvaitadvaita
2477:Śuddhādvaita
2404:Gita Govinda
2386:
2379:
2372:
2264:
2045:Govindapuram
2024:
2006:
2001:Madhvacharya
1995:state deity
1984:
1963:
1952:Gokarna Math
1941:
1933:Birla Mandir
1894:
1867:
1864:'s memorial.
1840:), becoming
1829:
1801:
1797:
1794:Adi Shankara
1787:
1781:
1776:, the short
1773:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1751:Padma Purana
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:Bhaktavijaya
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1625:
1623:
1610:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1544:
1515:
1511:Vijayanagara
1498:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1353:
1338:untouchables
1331:
1327:
1315:
1310:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1258:Varkari sect
1251:
1241:aparāhṇapūjā
1229:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1199:
1193:
1182:
1168:
1136:
1117:
1088:
1084:
1081:shriniketana
1080:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1014:Para-brahman
1010:
987:
983:
965:
926:
916:
912:Mahanubhavas
905:
901:
898:
869:
840:
835:
831:
823:
820:tirtha murti
819:
814:
810:
805:
799:
789:
787:
763:
753:
749:
743:
739:
704:
698:
690:
686:
684:
679:
677:
647:
637:
615:
586:
584:
580:Adi Shankara
575:
572:
552:
530:
501:Panduranga (
500:
487:
457:
444:
432:
428:
424:
386:
382:
374:
366:
324:
315:
301:
284:
223:monotheistic
220:
187:
179:
175:
167:
163:
155:
154:
6674:Mahabharata
6585:Kuladevatas
6364:Vishvakarma
6188:Dashavatara
6133:Mahabharata
6020:Kurukshetra
5935:Vaishnavism
5770:Ashtabharya
5738:Other names
5204:E. J. Brill
5006:Vivekananda
4960:Vivekananda
4914:Vivekananda
3491:|work=
3272:Dhere p. 62
2906:Kabir panth
2827:Pancharatra
2822:Vaikhanasas
2817:Bhagavatism
2787:Vyasatirtha
2777:Vishnuswami
2747:Sripadaraja
2587:Chakradhara
2525:Mahanubhava
2456:Sampradayas
2381:Mahabharata
2368:Pancharatra
2220:Dhanvantari
2214:Other forms
2151:Dashavatara
2097:Vaishnavism
2077:Dnyaneshwar
2067:Image of a
1964:Vitthalnath
1665:ranga-shila
1642:Shesha-nāga
1638:Ksheersagar
1630:waxing moon
1491:Vyasatirtha
1282:Dnyaneshwar
1225:panchamrita
1066:– a yellow
1019:Dnyaneshwar
998:Iconography
935:is neither
889:Dashavatara
843:Hemadpanthi
770:Rashtrakuta
622:Mahanubhava
539:Hemachandra
395:orientalist
196:Maharashtra
192:Hindu deity
86:Affiliation
6733:Categories
6656:Upanishads
6575:Gandharvas
6299:Dattatreya
6050:Pandharpur
5984:Holy sites
5941:Festivals
5930:Krishnaism
5800:Mitravinda
5780:Satyabhama
5723:Shrinathji
5538:2008-09-20
5511:2008-09-20
5463:2008-09-20
5415:2008-11-04
5364:2008-11-04
5292:2008-09-21
5240:2008-09-20
5202:. Leiden:
5186:2008-09-20
5107:: 81–100.
5083:2008-09-20
5056:2008-12-17
5027:2008-10-29
4981:2008-10-29
4935:2008-10-29
4866:2008-09-20
4802:2008-09-20
4775:2008-09-20
4748:2008-09-20
4711:2008-09-20
4684:2008-09-20
4644:2008-09-20
4615:2008-09-20
4555:2008-09-20
4497:2008-09-20
4468:Crooke, W.
4435:2008-09-20
4408:2008-09-20
4376:References
4180:2008-10-02
3972:27 October
3924:2009-07-03
3571:2008-11-03
3187:2008-07-14
2986:Govardhana
2911:Dadu panth
2874:Pushtimarg
2847:Krishnaism
2687:Ram Charan
2612:Jñāneśvara
2602:Jayatirtha
2592:Dadu Dayal
2497:Tattvavada
2363:Vaikhanasa
2358:Upanishads
2255:Shrinathji
2183:Parasurama
2049:Kumbakonam
2041:Thennangur
2027:stands at
1997:Virupaksha
1923:month; at
1909:Kanhopatra
1901:Chokhamela
1862:Chokhamela
1547:Pushtimarg
1501:) to king
1479:sampradaya
1409:Chokhamela
1405:Kanhopatra
1268:Sampradaya
1205:kākaḍāratī
1184:kuladevata
1179:Tamil Nadu
1147:Satyabhama
1060:kambarband
746:Someshvara
695:hero stone
640:R.C. Dhere
633:Pandharpur
533:Pāṇḍuraṅga
496:Pushtimarg
188:Pāṇḍuraṅga
180:Panduranga
148:Satyabhama
100:Pandharpur
62:Devanagari
6595:Rakshasas
6465:Mahavidya
6408:Saraswati
6395:Goddesses
6324:Kartikeya
6090:Mora Well
6072:Epigraphy
6045:Nathdwara
6040:Guruvayur
6010:Vrindavan
5877:Pradyumna
5842:Aniruddha
5805:Lakshmana
5795:Nagnajiti
5785:Jambavati
5713:Jagannath
5410:164045611
5402:1356-1863
5359:170083155
5351:1356-1863
5279:0304-1042
5137:163780933
5121:0041-977X
5014:0032-6178
5008:: 553–8.
4968:0032-6178
4962:: 504–8.
4922:0032-6178
4916:: 444–9.
4578:, 142–4.
4470:(2003) .
4446:(1995) .
4422:. BRILL.
4026:full moon
3493:ignored (
3483:cite book
2990:digambara
2891:Ramanandi
2842:Munitraya
2837:Vadakalai
2772:Vidyapati
2737:Sankardev
2692:Ramananda
2647:Nathamuni
2642:Nammalvar
2622:Madhavdev
2597:Harivansh
2582:Chaitanya
2423:Bhagavata
2394:Harivamsa
2235:Jagannath
2230:Hayagriva
2173:Narasimha
2033:Srirangam
1972:Rajasthan
1968:Nathdwara
1944:Sanquelim
1913:ekadashis
1887:Annapurna
1749:from the
1741:from the
1727:Bahinabai
1607:Ekadashis
1561:Festivals
1424:maya-baap
1189:Vaikuntha
1175:Telangana
1064:pitambara
1056:loincloth
1034:gem, and
1031:kaustubha
927:bhagavata
923:Bhagavata
561:, in the
473:Viṭhurāyā
302:Vithoba (
200:Karnataka
118:Wednesday
6764:Haridasa
6711:Hinduism
6667:Ramayana
6609:Yakshini
6515:Shashthi
6475:Matrikas
6460:Mahadevi
6262:Trimurti
6171:See also
6095:Naneghat
6025:Jyotisar
5897:Vasudeva
5892:Ugrasena
5887:Subhadra
5852:Balarama
5758:Consorts
5623:Archived
5606:Archived
5566:(2001).
4811:Mahīpati
4566:(1996).
4030:new moon
3561:"Junnar"
3031:Mahipati
2998:srivatsa
2862:Sahajiya
2857:Haridasa
2832:Tenkalai
2762:Vallabha
2757:Tulsidas
2697:Ramanuja
2652:Nimbarka
2637:Namadeva
2545:Sant Mat
2540:Ramsnehi
2428:Naradiya
2388:Ramayana
2272:Consorts
2193:Balarama
2088:a series
2086:Part of
2029:Mulbagal
2017:Pejavara
1925:Kolhapur
1896:samadhis
1883:Khandoba
1838:bhairava
1774:abhangas
1719:Mahipati
1591:abhangas
1555:Gusainji
1469:Haridasa
1442:ekadashi
1381:abhangas
1328:abhangas
1247:śejāratī
1132:Vidarbha
1120:Rakhumai
1095:Consorts
1007:shankha.
866:Pundalik
848:Chalukya
734:shikhara
669:Buddhism
591:Bir Kuar
559:Narayana
523:పాండురంగ
515:ಪಾಂಡುರಂಗ
507:पांडुरंग
369:Viṭṭhala
355:Gujarati
247:Pundalik
235:Haridasa
229:-driven
216:Rakhumai
190:), is a
176:Viṭṭhala
168:Vitthala
140:Rakhumai
72:Sanskrit
6759:Warkari
6661:Puranas
6649:Atharva
6618:Texts (
6605:Yakshas
6600:Vahanas
6570:Dikpāla
6543:Apsaras
6495:Rukmini
6470:Matangi
6418:Parvati
6413:Lakshmi
6403:Tridevi
6329:Krishna
6309:Hanuman
6304:Ganesha
6294:Chandra
6289:Ashvins
6015:Dvaraka
5995:Mathura
5919:Worship
5902:Yashoda
5790:Kalindi
5775:Rukmini
5733:Vithoba
5708:Govinda
5682:Krishna
4478:(ed.).
4289:10 July
4006:12 July
3996:CNN IBN
3663:20 July
3063:Brahman
3020:Dvaraka
3008:kshetra
2974:abhanga
2916:Mahanam
2901:Balmiki
2879:Gaudiya
2752:Tukaram
2702:Ravidas
2560:Warkari
2530:Pranami
2411:Puranas
2321:Hanuman
2310:Related
2304:Alamelu
2299:Rukmini
2279:Lakshmi
2265:Vithoba
2198:Krishna
2127:Krishna
2073:Tukaram
2069:gopuram
2021:Puttige
1966:at the
1948:Sanguem
1929:Rajapur
1905:Janabai
1891:Parvati
1879:Ganesha
1875:Lakshmi
1848:Temples
1834:Parvati
1814:Hanuman
1789:stotras
1778:Marathi
1731:abhanga
1671:, when
1661:Dussera
1619:Chaitra
1602:darshan
1596:palkhis
1499:rajguru
1377:Janabai
1366:Tukaram
1362:Shivaji
1305:cymbals
1301:tambura
1264:Varkari
1196:Brahmin
1157:Worship
1151:Lakshmi
1138:samsara
1124:Lakshmi
1085:mekhala
1041:shankha
976:Maratha
956:Viṭhobā
950:Viṭhobā
932:Viṭhobā
902:svarupa
852:Chohans
836:kshetra
815:kshetra
759:Hemadri
754:kshetra
712:Brahmin
691:viragal
680:bhaktas
657:Dhangar
511:Kannada
503:Marathi
484:Gujarat
464:Hoysala
399:Tukaram
339:Kannada
331:Marathi
327:Varkari
318:Viṭhobā
304:Marathi
280:Kartika
272:Ashadha
260:Kannada
256:Marathi
231:Varkari
212:Krishna
206:in his
178:), and
164:Viṭhobā
156:Vithoba
136:Consort
79:Viṭhobā
40:Vithoba
18:Vitthal
6565:Devata
6558:Danava
6553:Daitya
6548:Asuras
6510:Shakti
6500:Sanjna
6490:Rohini
6450:Shachi
6435:Chhaya
6354:Varuna
6344:Shasta
6334:Kubera
6272:Vishnu
6267:Brahma
6193:Vishnu
6183:Avatar
6030:Bhalka
5926:Sects
5857:Devaki
5847:Arjuna
5824:Rohini
5810:Bhadra
5529:
5502:
5481:
5454:
5433:
5408:
5400:
5357:
5349:
5310:
5277:
5231:
5210:
5177:
5135:
5129:611710
5127:
5119:
5074:
5047:
5012:
4966:
4920:
4886:
4842:
4821:
4793:
4766:
4739:
4702:
4635:
4606:
4582:
4546:
4523:
4488:
4456:
4426:
4399:
4202:
4170:"Kole"
3948:
3044:Damaji
3006:and a
3004:tirtha
2996:, the
2896:Kapadi
2884:ISKCON
2513:Others
2501:Dvaita
2493:Brahma
2483:Kumara
2433:Garuda
2418:Vishnu
2331:Shasta
2326:Shesha
2316:Garuda
2250:Prithu
2240:Mohini
2203:Buddha
2178:Vamana
2168:Varaha
2158:Matsya
2123:Vishnu
2059:Legend
2053:Kanchi
2039:, and
2013:Shirur
2005:eight
1992:Muslim
1956:Margao
1937:Shahad
1893:. The
1858:Namdev
1832:: "(O
1822:Telugu
1806:Garuda
1802:aratis
1798:aratis
1783:stutis
1735:Namdev
1611:yatras
1582:yatras
1417:Muslim
1360:under
1350:Eknath
1346:Deccan
1333:kirtan
1320:Shudra
1312:Namdev
1277:dharma
1272:bhakti
1220:pancha
1113:Diwali
1109:Mumbai
1047:chakra
1026:tulasi
968:Buddha
919:Viroba
907:Avatar
872:Legend
824:tirtha
811:tirtha
806:murtis
801:Legend
766:Alandi
706:bhakti
611:Eknath
607:Namdev
547:Shaiva
525:; all
519:Telugu
498:sect.
479:Viṭhāī
404:vittha
387:sthala
361:; all
359:વિઠ્ઠલ
351:విఠ్ఠల
347:Telugu
343:ವಿಠ್ಠಲ
335:विठ्ठल
308:विठोबा
274:, and
252:abhang
227:bhakti
208:avatar
204:Vishnu
130:Garuda
106:Weapon
66:विठ्ठल
6644:Yajur
6629:Vedas
6480:Radha
6445:Ganga
6440:Durga
6430:Bhumi
6425:Aditi
6349:Surya
6314:Indra
6277:Shiva
6246:texts
6110:Texts
6060:Udupi
6000:Gokul
5882:Samba
5872:Nanda
5867:Kunti
5862:Kamsa
5765:Radha
5690:Forms
5644:(PDF)
5637:(PDF)
5406:S2CID
5355:S2CID
5286:(PDF)
5253:(PDF)
5151:(PDF)
5133:S2CID
5125:JSTOR
5021:(PDF)
4994:(PDF)
4975:(PDF)
4948:(PDF)
4929:(PDF)
4902:(PDF)
4678:(PDF)
4671:(PDF)
4474:. In
3050:Notes
3039:Bidar
3027:Mahar
2617:Kabir
2473:Rudra
2438:Padma
2353:Vedas
2294:Radha
2284:Bhumi
2208:Kalki
2163:Kurma
2047:near
2007:matha
1960:Ponda
1921:Magha
1824:poet
1810:mount
1674:gulal
1626:yatra
1615:Magha
1458:Hampi
1432:caste
1428:maher
1413:Mahar
1252:arati
1250:, an
1200:arati
1128:cella
1089:kathi
1068:dhoti
938:Viṣṇu
828:Bhima
798:(see
791:murti
750:bhoga
661:caste
652:Vedic
603:Linga
599:Bihar
595:Ahirs
543:Rudra
466:king
453:/ʈʈʰ/
443:) as
427:and -
420:Viṭhu
264:aarti
125:Mount
96:Abode
6697:more
6639:Sama
6620:list
6580:Gana
6526:more
6520:Sita
6505:Sati
6485:Rati
6455:Kali
6375:more
6369:Yama
6359:Vayu
6339:Rama
6319:Kama
6284:Agni
6254:Gods
6244:and
6055:Puri
5955:Holi
5908:More
5527:ISBN
5500:ISBN
5479:ISBN
5452:ISBN
5431:ISBN
5398:ISSN
5347:ISSN
5308:ISBN
5275:ISSN
5229:ISBN
5208:ISBN
5175:ISBN
5117:ISSN
5072:ISBN
5045:ISBN
5010:ISSN
4964:ISSN
4918:ISSN
4884:ISBN
4840:ISBN
4819:ISBN
4791:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4737:ISBN
4700:ISBN
4633:ISBN
4604:ISBN
4580:ISBN
4544:ISBN
4521:ISBN
4486:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4424:ISBN
4397:ISBN
4291:2011
4200:ISBN
4032:day.
4008:2011
3974:2014
3946:ISBN
3665:2010
3495:help
2964:and
2867:Baul
2503:)),
2499:or (
2443:Agni
2289:Sita
2188:Rama
2131:Rama
2019:and
1950:and
1927:and
1903:and
1818:Rama
1711:and
1617:and
1587:Dehu
1495:guru
1474:dasa
1437:japa
1262:The
1230:puja
1216:puja
1214:, a
1177:and
1145:and
1143:Rahi
1105:Sion
961:IAST
944:Śiva
941:nor
813:and
732:The
700:puja
557:and
555:Hari
527:IAST
488:nath
441:/ʃn/
383:thal
363:IAST
353:and
312:IAST
198:and
184:IAST
172:IAST
160:IAST
144:Rahi
6634:Rig
5390:doi
5339:doi
5265:doi
5109:doi
5002:113
4956:113
4910:113
4576:135
2463:Sri
2003:'s
1970:in
1935:in
1733:by
1725:by
1717:by
1171:Goa
959:" (
953:is
893:Goa
597:of
492:-ji
447:ṭṭh
377:viṭ
114:Day
6735::
6607:/
5404:.
5396:.
5380:.
5376:.
5353:.
5345:.
5329:.
5325:.
5273:.
5261:15
5259:.
5255:.
5131:.
5123:.
5115:.
5103:,
5097:28
5095:.
5000:.
4996:.
4954:.
4950:.
4908:.
4904:.
4878:.
4859:.
4727:.
4588:.
4395:.
4387:.
4299:^
4238:^
4226:^
4214:^
4102:^
4055:^
3994:.
3916:.
3905:^
3767:^
3746:^
3734:^
3695:^
3685:.
3673:^
3651:.
3639:^
3607:^
3542:^
3530:^
3487::
3485:}}
3481:{{
3436:^
3415:^
3349:^
3337:^
3298:^
3286:^
3256:^
3233:^
3208:^
3196:^
3151:^
3139:^
3116:^
3089:^
2129:/
2125:/
2090:on
2055:.
2043:,
2015:,
1974:.
1958:,
1946:,
1939:.
1721:,
1656:.
1621:.
1549:–
1525:,
1521:,
1403:,
1399:,
1395:,
1391:,
1364:,
1173:,
947:.
858:,
761:.
609:,
565:.
529::
521::
517:,
513::
509:,
505::
435:ṣṇ
429:ba
425:la
410:la
393:,
365::
357::
349::
345:,
341::
337:,
333::
314::
310:,
306::
282:.
218:.
210::
186::
174::
162::
146:,
142:,
6622:)
6234:e
6227:t
6220:v
5674:e
5667:t
5660:v
5541:.
5514:.
5487:.
5466:.
5439:.
5418:.
5392::
5382:7
5367:.
5341::
5331:7
5316:.
5295:.
5267::
5243:.
5216:.
5189:.
5139:.
5111::
5086:.
5059:.
5030:.
4984:.
4938:.
4892:.
4869:.
4848:.
4827:.
4805:.
4778:.
4751:.
4721:"
4714:.
4687:.
4647:.
4618:.
4558:.
4529:.
4500:.
4462:.
4438:.
4411:.
4293:.
4208:.
4183:.
4010:.
3976:.
3954:.
3927:.
3667:.
3574:.
3497:)
3190:.
2945:e
2938:t
2931:v
2507:)
2495:(
2489:)
2485:(
2479:)
2475:(
2469:)
2465:(
2079:.
1808:(
1497:(
1487:c
1485:(
1370:c
1368:(
1354:c
1352:(
1316:c
1314:(
1012:"
895:.
693:(
451:(
439:(
182:(
170:(
158:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.