279:, the cantinières were phased out and replaced by civilian workers who were employed at the regimental depot only and did not wear uniforms. This process began in 1875 with a reduction in the permitted numbers of cantinières, and culminated in 1890 when the War Ministry forbade cantinières to wear uniforms, requiring them instead to wear a simple grey civilian dress and an identifying arm plaque. The new law also forbade cantinières from going on campaign or on maneuvers with their regiments. This effectively ended the role of cantinières as it had been known. In 1905, the War Ministry eliminated cantinières altogether, replacing them with male cantiniers who had to be retired veterans. Women who were still serving were allowed to continue, so that some served up to and even into
173:
196:'s defeat in 1814–15, the returning Bourbon Monarchy eliminated the title of cantinière and restored the word 'vivandière'. The Bourbons also tried to make vivandière appointments contingent on political loyalty to the monarchy. Soldiers continued to use 'cantinière' though to protect their cantinières from being removed. Cantinières accompanied French troops into Spain in 1823, and into Algeria in 1830. Also in Algeria they began to fashion military uniforms for themselves – a practice that rapidly spread throughout the entire army.
309:
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184:, gaining fame for battlefield heroism as well as for nursing the sick and wounded. They were present in every French campaign and battle of the era, creating a legend that survived long afterwards. It was common for cantinières to provide food and drink to the troops while under fire (generally at no charge on days of battle), nurse the wounded, and to generally stiffen morale. A few cantinières reportedly carried muskets and fought in the ranks.
300:, or brandy barrel that the cantinière carried on a strap over her shoulder. A collection of colored prints dated 1859 of Second Empire cantinières by the French artist Hyppolyte Lalaisse, show their uniforms as matching the colors of their respective regiments in nearly all cases (for example green jackets and skirts with red facings, the latter worn over red trousers, for the Dragoons of the Imperial Guard).
115:
because the logistical system seldom supplied the troops with food, drink, or other items beyond basic rations. If the troops could not get these things in camp, they would forage to get them outside, and the army feared that this would lead to desertions. Allowing vivandières to supplement army rations for a profit kept the troops in camp and thus lessened the chance of desertion.
475:, directed by James R. Temple, is an American independent film looking at the role from the eyes of two young women during the American Civil War. "Two young women from both sides of the Civil War volunteer as battlefield nurses, facing down scornful commanders and murderous war criminals to accomplish their hazardous duty." Starring Robin Black, Mikyla Bordner, Dallan Starks.
397:, under the heading "The vivandière still a factor in modern warfare". In the photograph Senorita Martos wears a female version of the tropical uniform of the soldiers for whom she is pouring wine against a background of military tents, indicating that the classical role of the Spanish cantinière continued to a later date than that of her French counterpart.
148:, agitated for equal rights for women since men had been freed by the Revolution. The male revolutionaries were rarely radical when it came to women's rights – they wanted to make the armies more efficient. And they wanted to repress women's political aspirations and keep French women in subservient roles.
360:
broke out. Etheridge joined 19 other women in April 1861 who enlisted as vivandières with the Union's 2nd
Michigan Volunteer Regiment. When the 2nd Michigan first saw action at Blackburn's Ford, Etheridge was reported to have nursed the wounded and to have brought water to the dying. She served with
207:
in 1830 brought in a new government that was less hostile to the ideas and terminology of the French
Revolution. While the new government continued to use 'vivandière' in regulations, 'cantinière' again became almost universally used by the troops, and by the cantinières themselves. These women were
132:
of 1789 destroyed the rigid, aristocratic structure of the French army. Many noble officers left the country, and those that remained were politically suspect. Thousands of common soldiers also deserted in the general chaos. When France went to war with the monarchs of Europe in 1792, the army was a
97:
The origins of vivandières are impossible to pin down with precision. Soldiers' wives traveled with armies far back into history, and, in the years before 1700, armies often had more women and children than soldiers. By 1700, there was a clear category of women accompanying the French army, composed
60:
led to the adoption of the name 'cantinière' which came to supplant the original 'vivandière' starting in 1793. The use of both terms was common in French until the mid-19th century, and 'vivandière' remained the term of choice in non-French-speaking countries such as the US, Spain, Italy, and Great
286:
The cantiniers turned out to be highly unpopular, and the army eliminated them in 1940. The popular perception among soldiers was that the male cantiniers were greedy, unhelpful, and unpleasant – in contrast to the female cantinières, whom the soldiers largely perceived as generous, selfless, and
295:
By the time of the French intervention in
Belgium in 1832, cantinières routinely wore a female version of their regiment's uniform. It generally consisted of a tight-fitting uniform jacket, striped trousers, and a knee-length skirt over the wide-cut pants. This was topped off by a brimmed hat and
159:
on April 30, 1793. It banned all women from the armies, including female soldiers. This suited the political agenda of the government, since military service was equated with citizenship. However, the law specifically allowed women to remain with the army if they fell into one of two categories:
114:
As serving soldiers (vivandiers) were often too busy with their military duties to spend much time selling, their colonels granted them permission to marry. Their wives became de facto 'vivandières' (the female version of 'vivandiers'). This private enterprise provisioning operation was needed
163:
The term 'cantinière' came into use around 1793, since vivandières ran a 'cantine' in barracks and garrisons, and in their tents on campaign. The new word quickly replaced the old 'vivandière' among most French combat troops, but the War
Ministry continued to use a mix of the two words (often
427:– the "Daughter of the Regiment". In this case she is a vivandière, though her portrayal in the opera is inaccurate. Even in 1840, popular culture could present a badly distorted, romanticized view of these women. Vivandières also appear in Act 3, Scene 3 of
136:
One key problem was that discipline and order had broken down. Thousands of women, many of them girlfriends or prostitutes, traveled with the armies, eating rations, consuming supplies, and taking up space. A small number of female soldiers, or
447:
based on
Donizetti's opera. Portrayals of cantinières and vivandières continue today to be popular among re-enactors, and a number of major companies and products continue to use the name or the image of these women in their advertising.
365:. At Chancellorsville, Etheridge was wounded in the hand when a Union officer attempted to hide behind her, and he was ultimately killed and her horse wounded. For her courage under fire, Etheridge was one of only two women awarded the
102:, the legal right to sell food, drink, and sundries like tobacco, wig powder, writing paper and ink to the soldiers in any regiment belonged solely to eight soldiers known as vivandiers. This was typical of Europe in the period of the
340:
of 1861–1865, many patriotic women on both sides served as vivandières, though exact numbers are unknown, and the practice does not appear to have had the strong and lasting official sanction that it had in
152:
800:
773:
892:
138:
566:
Cardoza, Thomas, "These
Unfortunate Children: Sons and Daughters of the Regiment in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France," in James Marter, ed.,
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also enlisted in the ranks and fought openly alongside the men. In addition, the usual (and vital) vivandières continued to accompany the army.
469:: "Don't I wish I could go as a drummer, a vivan – what's its name? Or a nurse, so I could be near him and help him."
145:
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of 1909–1910 a photograph of "Senorita
Asuncion Martos, Cantinera of the Talavera Battalion in Morocco" was published in the
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French vivandières and cantinières frequently appeared in popular entertainment in the 19th century, from
65:, but the custom (and the name) spread to many other armies. Vivandières also served on both sides in the
389:
There is documented evidence of cantinières serving in the civil wars of the 1870s in Spain. During the
332:
officers to Europe to observe the current art of war there. They brought back the idea of vivandières to
256:
912:
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the cantinière achieved a popular, if romanticised, image as a virtual icon of the French military.
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394:
56:
or canteen keepers. Their actual historic functions of selling wine to the troops and working in
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doubled their numbers in 1854, and they served alongside their units in every campaign of the
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This article is about French military canteen personnel. For other uses, see
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The
Political Work of Northern Women Writers and the Civil War, 1850–1872
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Britain. Vivandières served in the French army up until the beginning of
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The result was a series of laws from April through
October 1793. The
759:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott"
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of soldiers' legitimate wives who served as vivandières. Until the
49:
353:
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At the same time, women's political groups in Paris, such as the
802:
Disarming the Nation: Women's
Writing and the American Civil War
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Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
361:
the Regiment throughout its battles, including both of those at
677:
Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
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Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
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Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army,
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342:
53:
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Intrepid Women: Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army
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406:
74:
70:
641:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 237–238, note 1.
493: – Merchant who provisions an army in the field or camp
275:
With the adoption of a short-term conscript army under the
208:
present in combat in Algeria from 1830–1848 and beyond.
187:
48:
is a French name for women who are attached to military
840:
Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy NCOs
180:
Cantinières expanded their numbers greatly during the
176:
Vivandière (left) with soldiers of the Napoleonic army
679:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010, 120–122.
499: – Female participants in the Mexican Revolution
719:
Grefe, C. Morgan. "Sourcing a Rhode Island Legend."
628:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010, 49–50.
417:. In opera, the most well-known example is Marie in
263:. Cantinières were present on both sides during the
704:"Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy"
583:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010, 15–16.
869:
465:expresses a wish to become a vivandière for the
160:laundresses ("blanchisseuses") and vivandières.
830:Cantinières and Vivandières of the French Army
543:"Vivandières and Cantinières in Other Armies"
30:A French cantinière in the Crimea during the
835:History of the Vivandière on vivandière.net
592:
856:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
598:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
568:Children and War: A Historical Anthology,
199:The overthrow of the Bourbon Monarchy of
146:Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
692:: Souvenir de 1859. Paris: Orengo, 1861.
307:
215:
171:
25:
893:Military supporting service occupations
312:Unidentified American woman during the
283:– but they were not allowed in combat.
123:
870:
153:Law to Rid the Armies of Useless Women
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771:
723:70, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 2012): p. 32
400:
303:
188:Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy
690:L'Armée française et ses cantinières
377:. Another Civil War vivandiere was
287:friendly mother and sister figures.
487: – Civilians who follow armies
13:
373:. The other recipient was French,
249:Second Italian War of Independence
167:
14:
924:
823:
736:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
701:
654:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
545:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
520:. Cantinieres.com. Archived from
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16:French military canteen personnel
778:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
211:
898:Women in the American Civil War
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805:. University of Chicago Press.
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570:New York: NYU Press, 2002, 205.
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227:(1896) of a cantinière of 1853
1:
908:Women in war in South America
883:Women in 19th-century warfare
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316:, presumed to be a vivandière
253:French intervention in Mexico
203:and the establishment of the
164:interchangeably) until 1854.
734:"Cantinières in Advertising"
326:United States War Department
7:
772:Sizer, Lyde Cullen (2003).
478:
290:
257:Colonization of Cochinchina
21:Vivandière (disambiguation)
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929:
133:shell of its former self.
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18:
903:Women in European warfare
815:– via Google Books.
799:Young, Elizabeth (1999).
788:– via Google Books.
369:, named in honor of Gen.
348:One American example was
118:
34:in 1855, photographed by
852:Cardoza, Thomas (2010).
637:Cardoza, Thomas ( 2010).
602:Indiana University Press
518:"Origins of Cantinières"
384:
85:, and various armies in
652:"Cantinières in Combat"
395:Illustrated London News
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69:, and in the armies of
888:Women in war 1900–1945
594:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
350:Anna (Annie) Etheridge
317:
228:
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688:Lalaisse, Hyppolyte,
311:
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878:Obsolete occupations
721:Rhode Island History
430:La forza del destino
424:La fille du régiment
124:Revolutionary period
261:Franco-Prussian War
157:National Convention
401:In popular culture
358:American Civil War
338:American Civil War
330:United States Army
318:
314:American Civil War
304:American Civil War
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178:
67:American Civil War
39:
913:Military catering
862:978-0-253-35451-8
709:. Ncohistory.com.
702:Elder, Daniel K.
675:Cardoza, Thomas.
624:Cardoza, Thomas.
579:Cardoza, Thomas.
453:Louisa May Alcott
336:, and during the
243:, notably in the
130:French Revolution
100:French Revolution
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320:During the
281:World War I
245:Crimean War
231:During the
155:passed the
83:Switzerland
63:World War I
32:Crimean War
872:Categories
744:2013-02-03
662:2013-02-03
611:0253310768
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504:References
497:Soldaderas
473:Vivandière
467:Union Army
375:Marie Tepe
259:, and the
194:Napoleon I
104:Old Regime
46:cantinière
42:Vivandière
445:burlesque
419:Donizetti
415:postcards
356:when the
201:Charles X
50:regiments
596:(1980).
479:See also
463:Jo March
411:musicals
363:Bull Run
298:tonnelet
291:Uniforms
58:canteens
354:Detroit
334:America
93:Origins
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809:
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491:Sutler
433:, and
407:operas
343:France
324:, the
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251:, the
247:, the
192:After
119:France
77:, the
707:(PDF)
443:is a
385:Spain
75:Italy
71:Spain
858:ISBN
807:ISBN
780:ISBN
606:ISBN
409:and
128:The
110:Role
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