31:
313:
681:
750:
effects of unfrozen groundwater has been observed regulating the temperature of their soil habitats. They find warm microhabitats that do not drop below the freezing point of their body fluids. These lizards have exceptional hardiness to the cold, which allows them to hibernate in upper soil layers in temperatures as low as â10 °C (14 °F). This cold hardiness along with the favorable hydrogeological conditions of groundwater-warmed soil habitats allows for the wide distribution of lizards throughout the palearctic.
572:
606:
75:
754:
624:
eggs, only once. Proponents of this theory also argue that if this is the case, it is possible, though rare, for species to transition back to oviparity. Research from Yann Surget-Groba suggests that there have in fact been multiple events of the evolution of viviparity from oviparity across different clades of the viviparous lizard. They also argue that a reversion to oviparity is not as rare as once believed, but has occurred 2 to 3 times in the history of the species.
197:
808:
environment. The number of offspring that they produce correlates with the colour morph: yellow females produce the fewest offspring, while orange females produce more than yellow, but fewer than mixed females, which produce the most offspring. The amount of offspring produced varies in regards to colour frequencies in the population; for example, if yellow females have higher density within the population, the clutch size for orange lizards is usually lower.
50:
821:. In mixed-coloured females, reproductive success is less sensitive to competition and frequency-dependent environments. Since these lizards show a mixture of yellow and orange colouration, they adopt benefits from both of the morphs. As a result, they can maintain high reproductive success and hatching success with large clutch sizes. Their colour morph remains in the population due to its high fitness, which selection will favor.
837:
767:
332:
predator avoidance, and social cues, specifically sexual reproduction. Through an experiment conducted by
Vercken et al., colour polymorphism in viviparous lizard is caused by social cues, rather than the other hypotheses. More specifically, the ventral coloration that is seen in female lizards is associated with patterns of sexual reproduction and sex allocation.
710:, called "Capture", the male uses its mouth and jaw to capture the female and initiate copulation. The results of this study demonstrated that males with larger head sizes (both length and width) were more successful in mating than those with smaller heads, suggesting that head size undergoes sexual selection.
340:. Larger males also have been shown to reproduce more frequently during one mating season compared to smaller males. Characteristic behaviors of the species includes tongue flicking in the presence of a predator and female-female aggression that seems to be mediated by the colour of their side stripe.
807:
is low. Increased competition among individuals results in lower survival rates of lizards. Additionally, female lizards disperse through habitats based on the frequency of colour types that are already present in the population. Their reproductive abilities vary according to this frequency-dependent
802:
The frequency of multiple morphs occurring in a population varies with the level of population density and frequency-dependent environments. These factors cause the lizards to vary in terms of their fitness (clutch size, sex ratio, hatching success). In lower density populations, colour polymorphism
653:
juveniles reach sexual maturity during their second year of their life. A study that explored the presence of male sex cells in reproducing males found that for the two weeks following the end of hibernation, males are infertile, and therefore incapable of reproducing. The same study also found that
303:
lives in very cold climates, yet participates in normal thermoregulation instead of thermoconformity. They have the largest range of all terrestrial lizards which even include subarctic regions. It is able to survive these harsh climates as individuals will freeze in especially cold seasons and thaw
718:
Head size has also been shown to be a predictor of success in male-male interactions. The head is used as a weapon in male-male interactions, and a larger head is typically more effective, leading to greater success during male-male aggressive encounters. This aggression and interaction is centered
567:
worm. The species diversity of parasites is affected by the diet of the individual lizard and the number of parasites on a host is affected by the host's size. Results of a study shows that the more carnivorous an individual is, the less diverse its parasite population. Additionally, larger lizards
335:
The underside of the male is typically more colourful and bright, with yellow, orange, green, and blue, and the male typically has spots along its back. On the other hand, females typically have darker stripes down their backs and sides. Additionally, males have been found to have larger heads than
816:
will favor individuals with larger size because of their advantage in physical competition with others. Yellow females have larger clutch sizes early in their life, but their hatch success decreases as the female ages. Their reproductive viability decreases, resulting in fewer offspring throughout
623:
The viviparous lizard is named as such because it is viviparous. This refers to its ability to give birth to live young, although the lizards are also able to lay eggs. The origin of this characteristic is under debate. Some scientists argue that viviparity evolved from oviparity, or the laying of
749:
in this state through the winter until temperatures dropped below â3 °C (27 °F). After that, individuals completely froze until they were thawed by warmer weather later in the year, often 2 months later. Despite very cold air in the subarctic habitats of these lizards, the soil-heating
331:
more commonly than males. A female lizard's display differs in ventral coloration, ranging from pale yellow to bright orange and a mixed coloration. There have been many hypotheses for the genetic cause of this polymorphic coloration. These hypothesis test for coloration due to thermoregulation,
727:
This lizard has an exceptionally large range that includes subarctic geography. As a result, thermoregulation is necessary for the thermal homeostasis of the species. Typically, in temperature extremes, a species will adopt the behavioral strategy of thermoconformity, where they do not actively
794:
has not been thoroughly studied in past years, regardless of the extensive research done on the species itself. Females exhibit three types of body colouration within a population: yellow, orange, and mixture of the two. These discrete traits are inherited maternally and exist throughout the
811:
Orange females are more sensitive to intraspecific and colour-specific competition. They have smaller clutch sizes when the density of the population is high, or when the number of yellow females in the population is high. This could be due to their need to conserve energy for survival and
705:
trait, with males having larger heads than females. The average head width and length of the males measured were found to be 5.6 and 10.5 mm (0.22 and 0.41 in), respectively. The average head width and length of the females measured were found to be 5.3 and 9.7 mm (0.21 and
824:
All three colours have evolutionary advantages in different ways. While yellow females have higher fitness due to their large clutch sizes, orange females enjoy high fitness due to their large body size and increased competitive advantages. Mixed females exhibit both of these advantages.
770:
769:
775:
773:
768:
774:
744:
has remarkable behaviors to combat the cold, and there are geological phenomena in their distribution that maintains their habitats at a temperature that the species can survive in. One of the specific behaviors used to combat the extreme cold is a "supercooled" state.
666:, altitude influences the number of clutches laid in a reproductive season as well as when reproduction begins. Generally, lizards living at higher altitudes have been found to begin reproduction later and lay fewer clutches (often 1) in a given reproductive season.
641:
leads to embryonic malformations in the laboratory. However, these crosses do produce a "hybridized" generation of offspring, with females retaining embryos for much longer in utero than oviparous females, with embryos surrounded by thin, translucent shells.
817:
their lifetime. Yellow morphs remain in the population due to their large clutch size, which causes an increased frequency of those females. Selection favors the yellow morph because of the ability to produce large clutch sizes, which increases the female's
636:
should be considered separate species. Cornetti et al. (2015) identified that viviparous and oviparous subpopulations in contact with each other in the
Italian alps are reproductively isolated. Hybridization between viviparous and oviparous individuals of
654:
larger males produce more sperm during the reproductive season and have fewer left over at the end of the reproductive season than their smaller counterparts. This suggests that the larger a male is, the more reproductive events they participate in.
772:
356:
is terrestrial, so they spend most of their time on the ground, though they do occasionally visit sites of higher elevation. The lizard thermoregulates by basking in the sun for much of the time. In colder weather, they have been known to
812:
reproductive events. Their colour morph remains in the population due to the trade-off between the size of offspring and the clutch size. Offspring born in smaller clutches are often larger and thus have a higher survival likelihood.
489:, and mealworms. The species is a predator, so it actively hunts down all of its prey. One study found that when controlled for body size, females consumed more food than males. Feeding rates also increased with increased sunshine.
292:
The lizard is also unique as it is exclusively carnivorous, eating only flies, spiders, and insects. Studies show that the more carnivorous an individual is (the more insects they eat), the less diverse the population of parasitic
631:
extends from France to Russia. Oviparous populations are only found in northern Spain and the southwest of France. Some research in the
Italian alps has suggested that distinct populations of oviparous and viviparous
444:
of the lizard ranges from 539 m to 1692 m, with males generally having larger home ranges. The size of an individual lizard's home range is also dependent on population density and the presence of prey.
728:
thermoregulate, but adapt to survive in the harsh temperature. This occurs because the cost of thermoregulating in such an extreme environment becomes too high and begins to outweigh the benefits. Despite this,
513:) has been studied, finding that adult males, over adult females and juveniles, were preferentially predated on. This bias may be due to increased activity of adult males during the reproductive season.
323:
is a small lizard, with an average length between {150-200 mm} . They exhibit no particular colour, but can be brown, red, grey, green, or black. The species exhibits some sexual dimorphisms. Female
336:
their female counterparts, and this trait appears to be sexually selected for. Males with larger heads are more likely to be successful in mating and male-male interactions than smaller-headed
771:
1798:
Murphy, Bridget F.; Thompson, Michael B. (2011). "A review of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: the past, present and future role of molecular biology and genomics".
2396:
2069:
Vercken, Elodie; Sinervo, Barry; Clobert, Jean (2012). "The importance of a good neighborhood: Dispersal decisions in juvenile common lizards are based on social environment".
289:
are equally likely to contract blood parasites. Additionally, larger males have been shown to reproduce more times in a given reproductive season than smaller ones.
598:
was parasitized with an incidence rate of 22.3%. This same study shows that there was not a significant difference between the parasitization of male and female
2121:
2631:
2538:
2300:
992:"Systematics of the Palaearctic and Oriental lizard tribe Lacertini (Squamata: Lacertidae: Lacertinae), with descriptions of eight new genera"
2577:
2352:
2685:
1511:
GonzĂĄlez-SuĂĄrez, Manuela; Mugabo, Marianne; DecenciĂšre, Beatriz; Perret, Samuel; Claessen, David; Le
Galliard, Jean-François (2011-02-01).
1394:
2715:
1560:
Antczak, Marcin; Ekner-Grzyb, Anna; MajlĂĄth, Igor; MajlĂĄthovĂĄ, Viktoria; Bona, Martin; Hromada, Martin; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2019-10-01).
204:
The viviparous lizard is found across
Northern Europe through Central Asia, ranging further north than any other land-dwelling reptile.
1238:"To thermoconform or thermoregulate? An assessment of thermoregulation opportunities for the lizard Zootoca vivipara in the subarctic"
1046:
MajlĂĄthovĂĄ, ViktĂłria; MajlĂĄth, Igor; HaklovĂĄ, BoĆŸena; Hromada, Martin; Ekner, Anna; Antczak, Marcin; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2010-10-01).
2512:
2274:
1841:
Arrayago, Maria-Jesus; Bea, Antonio; Heulin, Benoit (1996). "Hybridization experiment between oviparous and viviparous strains of
2644:
2551:
2313:
917:
2657:
2556:
2318:
1018:
2649:
2710:
30:
2248:
1775:
Heulin, B.; Arrayago, M. J.; Bea, A. (1989). "Experience d'hybridation entre les souches ovipare et vivipare du lezard
2127:
736:
as it allows for proper locomotive performance, escape behavior, and other key behaviors for survival. The ability of
2115:
2491:
2582:
2504:
2357:
2266:
719:
around available mates, so males with smaller heads have significantly less access to females for reproduction.
361:
to maintain proper body temperatures. They hibernate between
October and March. Their typical habitats include
2564:
2339:
1668:
304:
two months later. They also live closer to geological phenomena that provide a warmer environment for them.
254:. It lives farther north than any other species of non-marine reptile, and is named for the fact that it is
2695:
740:
to thermoregulate in such harsh environments has been attributed to two primary reasons. The first is that
312:
1418:
2720:
2452:
2447:
1728:"Genetic and ecological data reveal species boundaries between viviparous and oviparous lizard lineages"
1645:
2700:
2177:
1646:"Multiple origins of viviparity, or reversal from viviparity to oviparity? The European common lizard (
1906:
Berman, Daniil I.; Bulakhova, Nina A.; Alfimov, Arcady V.; Meshcheryakova, Ekaterina N. (2016-12-01).
804:
1965:
Berman, D. I.; Bulakhova, N. A.; Alfimov, A. V.; et al. (2016). "How the most northern lizard,
1121:
74:
2705:
929:
894:
582:
is also infected by blood parasites. In a study investigating the prevalence of blood parasites in
1513:"Disentangling the effects of predator body size and prey density on prey consumption in a lizard"
2636:
2305:
2139:
787:
732:
still employs the strategy of thermoregulation, like basking. Thermoregulation is important in
328:
258:, meaning it gives birth to live young (although they will sometimes lay eggs normally). Both "
2543:
991:
1613:
1048:"Blood parasites in two co-existing species of lizards (Zootoca vivipara and Lacerta agilis)"
680:
279:
186:
169:
2595:
2473:
2383:
2331:
2222:
2186:
2032:
1978:
1923:
1692:
1524:
1496:
1249:
850:
1314:"Colour Variation and Alternative Reproductive Strategies in Females of the Common Lizard
8:
2191:
2020:
1491:
1366:
962:
39:
2036:
1982:
1927:
1696:
1528:
1253:
2048:
1994:
1947:
1823:
1752:
1727:
1704:
1595:
1473:
1347:
1273:
1083:
209:
69:
1874:
918:"Synonymy and nomenclatural history of the Common or Viviparous Lizard, by this time:
2590:
2460:
2438:
2378:
2209:
2111:
2021:"Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals"
1998:
1939:
1815:
1757:
1708:
1599:
1587:
1536:
1512:
1477:
1465:
1339:
1334:
1313:
1265:
1205:
1145:
1075:
1067:
1014:
871:
818:
813:
702:
506:
393:
2052:
1951:
1827:
1351:
1277:
1087:
2690:
2391:
2214:
2078:
2040:
1986:
1931:
1807:
1747:
1739:
1700:
1577:
1540:
1532:
1455:
1329:
1257:
1195:
1137:
1059:
1006:
889:
803:
is more prevalent. This is because viviparous lizards thrive in environments where
2465:
571:
2622:
2365:
2019:
Svensson, Erik I.; Abbott, Jessica K.; Gosden, Thomas P.; Coreau, Audrey (2009).
1460:
1444:"New record of the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787) in Hungary"
842:
605:
2569:
2344:
1443:
266:" mean "live birth", in (Latinized) Greek and Latin respectively. It was called
2499:
2486:
2423:
2261:
1582:
1561:
2044:
1990:
1935:
1811:
1261:
1141:
1063:
1010:
2679:
2326:
2253:
2162:
1943:
1875:"Reproductive Cycle in a Pyrenean Oviparous Population of the Common Lizard (
1712:
1591:
1469:
1269:
1149:
1071:
880:
385:
59:
54:
2082:
1907:
1614:"Viviparous Lizard â The Animal Facts â Appearance, Diet, Habitat, Behavior"
1237:
1047:
795:
individual's lifetime. The organism's colour morphs are determined by their
1819:
1761:
1343:
1236:
Herczeg, Gåbor; Kovåcs, Tibor; Hettyey, Attila; MerilÀ, Juha (2003-07-01).
1209:
1079:
517:
1122:"Evolutionary maintenance of sexual dimorphism in head size in the lizard
753:
384:, it is mainly found north of the Alps and the Carpathians, including the
2525:
2432:
2287:
2171:
1200:
1179:
358:
196:
1743:
2517:
2370:
2279:
2201:
1545:
564:
441:
413:
255:
136:
869:
2530:
2292:
2235:
1510:
560:
475:
374:
362:
294:
86:
2133:
1905:
1667:
Guillaume, Claude-Pierre; Heulin, BenoĂźt; Beshkov, Vladimir (1997).
706:
0.38 in), respectively. During the first state of courtship in
662:
Research also suggests that in exclusively oviparous populations of
432:
has the largest distribution of any species of lizard in the world.
2616:
2417:
2240:
2156:
1559:
1442:
SzƱcs, BoldizsĂĄr; HorvĂĄth, GyĆzĆ F.; Purger, JenĆ J. (2022-01-13).
796:
685:
594:
was found to be parasitized with an incidence rate of 39.8%, while
533:
417:
370:
366:
126:
106:
684:
Female (left) and male (right). Note the tail of the female after
2662:
2227:
780:
409:
397:
389:
248:
146:
116:
990:
Arnold, E. Nicholas; Arribas, Oscar; Carranza, Salvador (2007).
380:
The viviparous lizard is native to much of northern
Eurasia. In
1845:: a new insight into the evolution of viviparity in reptiles".
1045:
529:
479:
471:
467:
405:
381:
251:
96:
2478:
2101:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe
1726:
Cornetti, L.; Ficetola, G. F.; Hoban, S.; Vernesi, C. (2015).
1562:"Do males pay more? A male-biased predation of common lizard (
537:
525:
486:
425:
421:
275:
1725:
1311:
863:
521:
483:
401:
2018:
1312:
Vercken, E.; Massot, M.; Sinervo, B.; Clobert, J. (2006).
1235:
916:
Friedrich
Schmidtler, Josef & Böhme, Wolfgang (2011).
915:
870:
Aghasyan, A.; Avci, A.; Tuniyev, B.; et al. (2019).
545:
541:
463:
1964:
1681:: reproductive mode and enzyme phenotypes in Bulgaria"
1666:
2068:
989:
2130:– Distribution details, authority information.
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
832:
1184:(Sauria: Lacretidae) in the Pyrenees (North Spain)"
462:is exclusively carnivorous. Their diet consists of
1781:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, Série 3
1441:
1840:
1774:
1630:
1041:
1039:
1037:
2677:
1119:
613:
1005:. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 1â86.
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1797:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1034:
895:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61741A49741947.en
2064:
2062:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1643:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1892:
1216:
1156:
1094:
618:
568:had a greater number of parasites on them.
343:
1650:, Lacertidae) and the evolution of parity"
1566:) by great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor)"
1307:
696:
195:
48:
29:
2059:
1857:
1751:
1581:
1544:
1459:
1333:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1199:
1120:GvozdĂk, LumĂr; Van Damme, Raoul (2003).
983:
893:
551:
2005:
1388:
1386:
765:
752:
713:
679:
604:
570:
311:
1177:
627:The range of viviparous populations of
2678:
1644:Surget-Groba, Yann (17 January 2006).
1492:"Zootoca vivipara (Viviparous Lizard)"
1367:"Zootoca vivipara (Viviparous Lizard)"
1284:
761:
2138:
2137:
1383:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
2505:80bbe077-cefa-4af1-bf99-d3e6d56fd613
2267:c02b68fc-7ffb-42b3-8a9d-83454279449c
1872:
2686:IUCN Red List least concern species
2099:E. N. Arnold, J. A. Burton (1978).
1800:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
881:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
722:
13:
2716:Taxa named by Hinrich Lichtenstein
1705:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00367.x
1395:"Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara)"
941:
677:typically lives for 5 to 6 years.
516:Predators of this species include
392:, as well as in parts of northern
14:
2732:
1392:
1537:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01776.x
1335:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01208.x
1180:"Host-parasite relationships of
835:
645:
73:
1958:
1908:"How the most northern lizard,
1834:
1791:
1768:
1719:
1660:
1606:
1553:
1504:
1484:
1435:
1411:
1364:
1358:
1322:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
960:
1886:Netherlands Journal of Zoology
909:
799:as well as their environment.
497:Birds are common predators of
307:
1:
2093:
657:
614:Reproduction and life history
435:
1461:10.3897/herpetozoa.35.e73994
669:
492:
7:
1969:, overwinters in Siberia".
1126:: a test of two hypotheses"
828:
501:. Male-biased predation of
458:Unlike many other lizards,
10:
2737:
2711:Reptiles described in 1823
1873:Roig, Juan Manuel (2000).
1583:10.1007/s10211-019-00318-6
448:
348:
282:, Arribas & Carranza.
2606:
2407:
2146:
2122:ARKive: viviparous lizard
2045:10.1007/s10682-007-9208-2
1991:10.1007/s00300-016-1916-z
1936:10.1007/s00300-016-1916-z
1912:, overwinters in Siberia"
1812:10.1007/s00360-011-0584-0
1262:10.1007/s00300-003-0507-y
1178:Sanchis, Vanessa (2000).
1142:10.1017/S0952836902003308
1064:10.1007/s00436-010-1981-0
1011:10.11646/zootaxa.1430.1.1
805:intraspecific competition
691:
316:Size compared with a hand
297:that infest the lizards.
215:
208:
203:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
930:Bonn Zoological Bulletin
856:
619:Viviparity and oviparity
344:Habitat and distribution
2108:Amphibians and reptiles
697:Mate searching behavior
453:
783:
758:
688:
610:
576:
552:Diseases and parasites
404:it is mostly found in
317:
2083:10.1093/BEHECO/ARS075
1052:Parasitology Research
922:(Lichtenstein, 1823)"
888:: e.T61741A49741947.
778:
756:
714:Male-male interaction
683:
608:
574:
408:, excluding northern
315:
2500:Fauna Europaea (new)
2262:Fauna Europaea (new)
2128:The Reptile Database
2025:Evolutionary Ecology
1497:Animal Diversity Web
1371:Animal Diversity Web
1201:10.14411/fp.2000.024
1188:Folia Parasitologica
971:Animal Diversity Web
967:(Viviparous Lizard)"
851:Bimodal reproduction
470:, and various other
274:was split into nine
2696:Arctic land animals
2110:. Wingston: Magna.
2106:JiĆĂ ÄihaĆ (1994).
2037:2009EvEco..23...93S
1983:2016PoBio..39.2411B
1928:2016PoBio..39.2411B
1744:10.1038/hdy.2015.54
1697:1997Ecogr..20..240G
1529:2011FuEco..25..158G
1423:The Wildlife Trusts
1254:2003PoBio..26..486H
762:Colour polymorphism
747:Z. vivipara remains
559:can be infested by
40:Conservation status
2721:Reptiles of Russia
2071:Behavioral Ecology
1654:Biological Journal
1517:Functional Ecology
1130:Journal of Zoology
784:
759:
703:sexually dimorphic
689:
611:
577:
412:, and in northern
318:
221:Lichtenstein, 1823
24:Viviparous lizard
2701:Lizards of Europe
2673:
2672:
2591:Open Tree of Life
2379:Open Tree of Life
2140:Taxon identifiers
1977:(12): 2411â2425.
1922:(12): 2411â2425.
1669:"Biogeography of
1393:Trust, Woodland.
1020:978-1-86977-097-6
814:Natural selection
776:
507:great grey shrike
231:viviparous lizard
227:
226:
222:
63:
16:Species of lizard
2728:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2608:Lacerta vivipara
2599:
2598:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2570:NHMSYS0001706185
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2345:NHMSYS0001706186
2335:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2283:
2282:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:Zootoca vivipara
2167:
2166:
2165:
2148:Zootoca vivipara
2135:
2134:
2087:
2086:
2077:(5): 1059â1067.
2066:
2057:
2056:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1967:Zootoca vivipara
1962:
1956:
1955:
1910:Zootoca vivipara
1903:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1877:Zootoca vivipara
1870:
1855:
1854:
1843:Lacerta vivipara
1838:
1832:
1831:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1777:Lacerta vivipara
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1648:Zootoca vivipara
1641:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1618:The Animal Facts
1610:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1564:Zootoca vivipara
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1316:Lacerta vivipara
1309:
1282:
1281:
1233:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1182:Zootoca vivipara
1175:
1154:
1153:
1124:Zootoca vivipara
1117:
1092:
1091:
1058:(5): 1121â1127.
1043:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
996:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
965:Zootoca vivipara
958:
939:
938:
926:
920:Zootoca vivipara
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
897:
874:Zootoca vivipara
867:
845:
840:
839:
838:
777:
723:Thermoregulation
440:The size of the
321:Zootoca vivipara
301:Zootoca vivipara
287:Zootoca vivipara
285:Male and female
270:until the genus
268:Lacerta vivipara
245:Lacerta vivipara
240:Zootoca vivipara
220:
218:Lacerta vivipara
199:
181:
179:Zootoca vivipara
161:Z. vivipara
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2706:Lizards of Asia
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2366:Observation.org
2364:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2142:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2067:
2060:
2017:
2006:
1963:
1959:
1904:
1893:
1881:
1871:
1858:
1839:
1835:
1796:
1792:
1773:
1769:
1724:
1720:
1665:
1661:
1642:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1570:Acta Ethologica
1558:
1554:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1419:"Common lizard"
1417:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1310:
1285:
1234:
1217:
1176:
1157:
1118:
1095:
1044:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1021:
994:
988:
984:
975:
973:
959:
942:
924:
914:
910:
900:
898:
868:
864:
859:
843:Reptiles portal
841:
836:
834:
831:
766:
764:
725:
716:
701:Head size is a
699:
694:
672:
660:
648:
621:
616:
554:
495:
456:
451:
438:
351:
346:
327:undergo colour
310:
190:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2654:
2641:
2628:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2487:Fauna Europaea
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2429:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2196:
2183:
2168:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2058:
2004:
1957:
1891:
1856:
1833:
1806:(5): 575â594.
1790:
1787:(13): 341â346.
1767:
1738:(6): 517â526.
1718:
1691:(3): 240â246.
1659:
1629:
1605:
1576:(3): 155â162.
1552:
1523:(1): 158â165.
1503:
1483:
1434:
1410:
1399:Woodland Trust
1382:
1365:Day, Chameka.
1357:
1328:(1): 221â232.
1283:
1248:(7): 486â490.
1215:
1194:(2): 118â122.
1155:
1093:
1033:
1019:
982:
961:Day, Chameka.
940:
908:
861:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
847:
846:
830:
827:
763:
760:
724:
721:
715:
712:
698:
695:
693:
690:
671:
668:
659:
656:
647:
644:
620:
617:
615:
612:
553:
550:
494:
491:
455:
452:
450:
447:
437:
434:
350:
347:
345:
342:
309:
306:
225:
224:
213:
212:
206:
205:
201:
200:
192:
191:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2733:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:1-85422-788-2
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:(1): 93â108.
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:Polar Biology
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:Polar Biology
1913:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1853:(3): 333â342.
1852:
1848:
1847:Herpetologica
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1783:(in French).
1782:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Polar Biology
1239:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
986:
972:
968:
966:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
937:(2): 214â228.
936:
932:
931:
923:
921:
912:
896:
891:
887:
883:
882:
877:
875:
866:
862:
852:
849:
848:
844:
833:
826:
822:
820:
815:
809:
806:
800:
798:
793:
789:
782:
755:
751:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
720:
711:
709:
704:
687:
682:
678:
676:
667:
665:
655:
652:
646:Fertilization
643:
640:
635:
630:
625:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
549:
547:
546:domestic cats
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:birds of prey
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
446:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:British Isles
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
341:
339:
333:
330:
326:
322:
314:
305:
302:
298:
296:
290:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
241:
236:
235:common lizard
232:
223:
219:
214:
211:
207:
202:
198:
193:
188:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2607:
2408:
2147:
2107:
2100:
2074:
2070:
2028:
2024:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1885:
1876:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1495:
1486:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1245:
1241:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1055:
1051:
1024:. Retrieved
1002:
998:
985:
974:. Retrieved
970:
964:
934:
928:
919:
911:
899:. Retrieved
885:
879:
873:
865:
823:
810:
801:
791:
788:polymorphism
785:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
717:
707:
700:
674:
673:
663:
661:
650:
649:
638:
633:
628:
626:
622:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
556:
555:
515:
511:L. excubitor
510:
502:
498:
496:
474:, including
459:
457:
439:
429:
379:
353:
352:
337:
334:
329:polymorphism
324:
320:
319:
300:
299:
291:
286:
284:
271:
267:
263:
259:
244:
239:
238:
234:
230:
228:
217:
216:
187:Lichtenstein
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2526:iNaturalist
2433:Wikispecies
2288:iNaturalist
2172:Wikispecies
1546:10261/36672
1136:(1): 7â13.
901:12 November
792:Z. vivipara
786:The colour
779:On logs in
742:Z. vivipara
738:Z. vivipara
734:Z. vivipara
730:Z. vivipara
708:Z. vivipara
675:Z. vivipara
664:Z. vivipara
651:Z. vivipara
639:Z. vivipara
634:Z. vivipara
629:Z. vivipara
600:Z. vivipara
592:Z. vivipara
584:Z. vivipara
580:Z. vivipara
503:Z. vivipara
499:Z. vivipara
476:hemipterans
460:Z. vivipara
430:Z. vivipara
354:Z. vivipara
338:Z. vivipara
325:Z. vivipara
308:Description
278:in 2007 by
243:, formerly
2680:Categories
2094:References
1623:2023-01-23
1448:Herpetozoa
1428:2023-01-23
1404:2023-01-23
1376:2023-01-23
976:2021-11-05
790:of female
658:Brood size
575:Front foot
563:, a small
557:Z. vivpara
442:home range
436:Home range
414:Kazakhstan
256:viviparous
137:Lacertidae
2623:Q43315273
1999:253806651
1944:1432-2056
1713:1600-0587
1685:Ecography
1600:184483713
1592:1437-9546
1478:245953804
1470:2682-955X
1454:: 21â23.
1270:1432-2056
1150:1469-7998
1072:1432-1955
670:Life span
609:Hind foot
596:L. agilis
588:L. agilis
565:parasitic
561:helminths
534:hedgehogs
493:Predation
478:(such as
375:grassland
363:heathland
359:hibernate
295:helminths
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2637:10364949
2617:Wikidata
2424:Q3321770
2418:Wikidata
2397:vivipara
2306:10364873
2228:47045448
2199:BioLib:
2192:pictures
2157:Wikidata
2053:45820908
1952:18342152
1828:20656875
1820:21573966
1762:26126542
1732:Heredity
1679:vivipara
1352:13843735
1344:17210015
1278:34229903
1210:10945736
1088:13131577
1080:20661747
829:See also
797:genotype
686:autotomy
418:Mongolia
396:and the
388:but not
371:woodland
367:moorland
264:vivipara
249:Eurasian
210:Synonyms
133:Family:
127:Squamata
117:Reptilia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2691:Zootoca
2663:1494885
2557:1155186
2544:1006354
2518:2468550
2439:Zootoca
2409:Zootoca
2319:1155342
2280:2468551
2163:Q204061
2033:Bibcode
1979:Bibcode
1924:Bibcode
1753:4806899
1693:Bibcode
1675:Zootoca
1671:Lacerta
1525:Bibcode
1250:Bibcode
1026:12 July
999:Zootaxa
819:fitness
781:Estonia
530:shrikes
505:by the
480:cicadas
472:insects
468:spiders
449:Ecology
428:.
410:Siberia
398:Balkans
390:Iceland
349:Habitat
272:Lacerta
262:" and "
260:Zootoca
247:) is a
189:, 1823)
148:Zootoca
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2650:209055
2596:693169
2583:141678
2492:214686
2453:195850
2254:241560
2241:LACEVP
2114:
2051:
1997:
1950:
1942:
1826:
1818:
1760:
1750:
1711:
1598:
1590:
1476:
1468:
1350:
1342:
1276:
1268:
1208:
1148:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1017:
757:Female
692:Mating
544:, and
538:shrews
526:snakes
487:larvae
424:, and
406:Russia
394:Iberia
382:Europe
280:Arnold
276:genera
252:lizard
2632:IRMNG
2539:IRMNG
2531:35452
2479:35616
2384:87626
2332:61741
2301:IRMNG
2293:35453
2249:EUNIS
2215:5D7Q2
2049:S2CID
1995:S2CID
1948:S2CID
1882:(PDF)
1824:S2CID
1596:S2CID
1474:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1274:S2CID
1084:S2CID
995:(PDF)
925:(PDF)
857:Notes
542:foxes
522:crows
464:flies
426:Japan
422:China
400:; In
233:, or
2658:OBIS
2645:ITIS
2578:NCBI
2552:ITIS
2513:GBIF
2466:8B5Y
2448:BOLD
2358:8524
2353:NCBI
2327:IUCN
2314:ITIS
2275:GBIF
2236:EPPO
2112:ISBN
1940:ISSN
1816:PMID
1758:PMID
1709:ISSN
1588:ISSN
1466:ISSN
1340:PMID
1266:ISSN
1206:PMID
1146:ISSN
1076:PMID
1068:ISSN
1028:2017
1015:ISBN
1003:1430
903:2021
886:2019
586:and
484:moth
454:Diet
402:Asia
373:and
229:The
2565:NBN
2474:EoL
2461:CoL
2371:450
2340:NBN
2223:EoL
2210:CoL
2202:358
2187:ADW
2079:doi
2041:doi
1987:doi
1932:doi
1808:doi
1804:181
1785:308
1779:".
1748:PMC
1740:doi
1736:115
1701:doi
1578:doi
1541:hdl
1533:doi
1456:doi
1330:doi
1258:doi
1196:doi
1138:doi
1134:259
1060:doi
1056:107
1007:doi
890:doi
482:),
237:, (
2682::
2660::
2647::
2634::
2619::
2593::
2580::
2567::
2554::
2541::
2528::
2515::
2502::
2489::
2476::
2463::
2450::
2435::
2420::
2394::
2392:RD
2381::
2368::
2355::
2342::
2329::
2316::
2303::
2290::
2277::
2264::
2251::
2238::
2225::
2212::
2189::
2174::
2159::
2075:23
2073:.
2061:^
2047:.
2039:.
2029:23
2027:.
2023:.
2007:^
1993:.
1985:.
1975:39
1973:.
1946:.
1938:.
1930:.
1920:39
1918:.
1914:.
1894:^
1884:.
1879:)"
1859:^
1851:52
1849:.
1822:.
1814:.
1802:.
1756:.
1746:.
1734:.
1730:.
1707:.
1699:.
1689:20
1687:.
1683:.
1677:)
1652:.
1632:^
1616:.
1594:.
1586:.
1574:22
1572:.
1568:.
1539:.
1531:.
1521:25
1519:.
1515:.
1494:.
1472:.
1464:.
1452:35
1450:.
1446:.
1421:.
1397:.
1385:^
1369:.
1346:.
1338:.
1326:20
1324:.
1320:.
1286:^
1272:.
1264:.
1256:.
1246:26
1244:.
1240:.
1218:^
1204:.
1192:47
1190:.
1186:.
1158:^
1144:.
1132:.
1128:.
1096:^
1082:.
1074:.
1066:.
1054:.
1050:.
1036:^
1013:.
1001:.
997:.
969:.
943:^
935:60
933:.
927:.
884:.
878:.
602:.
590:,
548:.
540:,
536:,
532:,
528:,
524:,
520:,
466:,
420:,
416:,
377:.
369:,
365:,
2124:.
2118:.
2103:.
2085:.
2081::
2055:.
2043::
2035::
2001:.
1989::
1981::
1954:.
1934::
1926::
1888:.
1830:.
1810::
1764:.
1742::
1715:.
1703::
1695::
1673:(
1656:.
1626:.
1602:.
1580::
1549:.
1543::
1535::
1527::
1500:.
1480:.
1458::
1431:.
1407:.
1379:.
1354:.
1332::
1318:"
1280:.
1260::
1252::
1212:.
1198::
1152:.
1140::
1090:.
1062::
1030:.
1009::
979:.
963:"
905:.
892::
876:"
872:"
509:(
185:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_in_the_Aamsveen,_The_Netherlands.jpg)
_(6161781876).jpg)