1645:. The issue in question is calls between Americans and foreigners. The NSA is not authorized to tap Americans' conversations without a warrant—but the Internet, and specifically VoIP does not draw as clear a line to the location of a caller or a call's recipient as the traditional phone system does. As VoIP's low cost and flexibility convinces more and more organizations to adopt the technology, surveillance for law enforcement agencies becomes more difficult. VoIP technology has also increased federal security concerns because VoIP and similar technologies have made it more difficult for the government to determine where a target is physically located when communications are being intercepted, and that creates a whole set of new legal challenges.
1589:(USFK) members residing on USFK bases threatened to block off access to VoIP services used by USFK members as an economical way to keep in contact with their families in the United States, on the grounds that the service members' VoIP providers were not registered. A compromise was reached between USFK and Korean telecommunications officials in January 2007, wherein USFK service members arriving in Korea before June 1, 2007, and subscribing to the ISP services provided on base could continue to use their US-based VoIP subscription, but later arrivals are required to use a Korean-based VoIP provider, which by contract will offer pricing similar to the flat rates offered by US VoIP providers.
1044:(LCR) challenges to reach its destination if the number is routed to a mobile phone number on a traditional mobile carrier. LCR is based on checking the destination of each telephone call as it is made, and then sending the call via the network that will cost the customer the least. This rating is subject to some debate given the complexity of call routing created by number portability. With MNP in place, LCR providers can no longer rely on using the network root prefix to determine how to route a call. Instead, they must now determine the actual network of every number before routing the call.
1033:(MNP) also impact VoIP business. Number portability is a service that allows a subscriber to select a new telephone carrier without requiring a new number to be issued. Typically, it is the responsibility of the former carrier to "map" the old number to the undisclosed number assigned by the new carrier. This is achieved by maintaining a database of numbers. A dialed number is initially received by the original carrier and quickly rerouted to the new carrier. Multiple porting references must be maintained even if the subscriber returns to the original carrier. The
590:
1444:, the treatment of VoIP service providers is a decision for each national telecommunications regulator, which must use competition law to define relevant national markets and then determine whether any service provider on those national markets has "significant market power" (and so should be subject to certain obligations). A general distinction is usually made between VoIP services that function over managed networks (via broadband connections) and VoIP services that function over unmanaged networks (essentially, the Internet).
5806:
798:(VCI) for voice over IP has the potential to reduce latency on shared connections. ATM's potential for latency reduction is greatest on slow links because worst-case latency decreases with increasing link speed. A full-size (1500 byte) Ethernet frame takes 94 ms to transmit at 128 kbit/s but only 8 ms at 1.5 Mbit/s. If this is the bottleneck link, this latency is probably small enough to ensure good VoIP performance without MTU reductions or multiple ATM VCs. The latest generations of DSL,
1363:
775:(MOS) and R factors and configuration information related to the jitter buffer. VoIP metrics reports are exchanged between IP endpoints on an occasional basis during a call, and an end of call message sent via SIP RTCP summary report or one of the other signaling protocol extensions. VoIP metrics reports are intended to support real-time feedback related to QoS problems, the exchange of information between the endpoints for improved call quality calculation and a variety of other applications.
5330:
5316:
6877:
920:
6887:
6866:
5796:
6897:
1278:. Though many consumer VoIP solutions do not support encryption of the signaling path or the media, securing a VoIP phone is conceptually easier to implement using VoIP than on traditional telephone circuits. A result of the lack of widespread support for encryption is that it is relatively easy to eavesdrop on VoIP calls when access to the data network is possible. Free open-source solutions, such as
1468:, it is illegal to provide or use unauthorized VoIP services, to the extent that web sites of unlicensed VoIP providers have been blocked. Violations may be punished with fines of 50,000 Omani Rial (about 130,317 US dollars), a two-year prison sentence or both. In 2009, police raided 121 Internet cafes throughout the country and arrested 212 people for using or providing VoIP services.
728:. This suggests continually estimating the mean delay and its standard deviation and setting the playout delay so that only packets delayed more than several standard deviations above the mean will arrive too late to be useful. In practice, the variance in latency of many Internet paths is dominated by a small number (often one) of relatively slow and congested
1581:, only providers registered with the government are authorized to offer VoIP services. Unlike many VoIP providers, most of whom offer flat rates, Korean VoIP services are generally metered and charged at rates similar to terrestrial calling. Foreign VoIP providers encounter high barriers to government registration. This issue came to a head in 2006 when
1103:. The VoIP E911 emergency-calling system associates a physical address with the calling party's telephone number. All VoIP providers that provide access to the public switched telephone network are required to implement E911, a service for which the subscriber may be charged. "VoIP providers may not allow customers to opt-out of 911 service." The
609:
bare metal infrastructure or IoT devices. With some solutions, such as 3CX, companies can attempt to blend the benefits of hosted and private on-premises systems by implementing their own private solution but within an external environment. Examples can include data center collocation services, public cloud, or private cloud locations.
1408:, where the government is nationalizing telecommunication service, it is a criminal offense to offer services using VoIP. The country has installed firewalls to prevent international calls from being made using VoIP. These measures were taken after the popularity of VoIP reduced the income generated by the state-owned
517:. Rather than closed architectures, these devices rely on standard interfaces. VoIP devices have simple, intuitive user interfaces, so users can often make simple system configuration changes. Dual-mode phones enable users to continue their conversations as they move between an outside cellular service and an internal
197:, built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and convenience while potentially charging for access to other communication networks, such as the PSTN. This limited the freedom of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third-generation providers, such as
1092:(ITSP) knows only that a particular user's equipment is active. Service providers often provide emergency response services by agreement with the user who registers a physical location and agrees that, if an emergency number is called from the IP device, emergency services are provided to that address only.
1285:
Government and military organizations use various security measures to protect VoIP traffic, such as voice over secure IP (VoSIP), secure voice over IP (SVoIP), and secure voice over secure IP (SVoSIP). The distinction lies in whether encryption is applied in the telephone endpoint or in the network.
976:
Softswitch) works in cooperation with a media gateway (aka IP Business
Gateway) and connects the digital media stream, so as to complete the path for voice and data. Gateways include interfaces for connecting to standard PSTN networks. Ethernet interfaces are also included in the modern systems which
600:
In the case of a private VoIP system, the primary telephony system itself is located within the private infrastructure of the end-user organization. Usually, the system will be deployed on-premises at a site within the direct control of the organization. This can provide numerous benefits in terms of
684:
VoIP endpoints usually have to wait for the completion of transmission of previous packets before new data may be sent. Although it is possible to preempt (abort) a less important packet in mid-transmission, this is not commonly done, especially on high-speed links where transmission times are short
1047:
Therefore, VoIP solutions also need to handle MNP when routing a voice call. In countries without a central database, like the UK, it may be necessary to query the mobile network about which home network a mobile phone number belongs to. As the popularity of VoIP increases in the enterprise markets
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has a direct relationship between a telephone number and a physical location, which is maintained by the telephone company and available to emergency responders via the national emergency response service centers in form of emergency subscriber lists. When an emergency call is received by a center
543:
In general, the provision of VoIP telephony systems to organizational or individual users can be divided into two primary delivery methods: private or on-premises solutions, or externally hosted solutions delivered by third-party providers. On-premises delivery methods are more akin to the classic
680:
not TCP because recovering from congestion through retransmission usually entails too much latency. So QoS mechanisms can avoid the undesirable loss of VoIP packets by immediately transmitting them ahead of any queued bulk traffic on the same link, even when the link is congested by bulk traffic.
608:
Private VoIP systems can be physical hardware PBX appliances, converged with other infrastructure, or they can be deployed as software applications. Generally, the latter two options will be in the form of a separate virtualized appliance. However, in some scenarios, these systems are deployed on
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service without special request, provide for customer location updates, clearly disclose any limitations on their E-911 functionality to their consumers, obtain affirmative acknowledgements of these disclosures from all consumers, and may not allow their customers to opt-out of 911 service. VoIP
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or locally generated power. Some VoIP service providers use customer premises equipment (e.g., cable modems) with battery-backed power supplies to assure uninterrupted service for up to several hours in case of local power failures. Such battery-backed devices typically are designed for use with
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which provide direct current to power most basic analog handsets independently of locally available electrical power. The susceptibility of phone service to power failures is a common problem even with traditional analog service where customers purchase telephone units that operate with wireless
640:
systems; a circuit switched system of insufficient capacity will refuse new connections while carrying the remainder without impairment, while the quality of real-time data such as telephone conversations on packet-switched networks degrades dramatically. Therefore, VoIP implementations may face
1969:
announces and launches its desktop conferencing product
Communique, which includes VoIP and video. The company is credited with developing the first generation of commercial, US-based VoIP, Internet media streaming and real-time Internet telephony/collaborative software and standards that would
1080:
may appear as part of an upstream IP PBX. On mobile devices, e.g., a 3G handset or USB wireless broadband adapter, the IP address has no relationship with any physical location known to the telephony service provider, since a mobile user could be anywhere in a region with network coverage, even
528:
services that treat all communications—phone calls, faxes, voice mail, e-mail, web conferences, and more—as discrete units that can all be delivered via any means and to any handset, including cellphones. Two kinds of service providers are operating in this space: one set is focused on VoIP for
631:
Communication on the IP network is perceived as less reliable in contrast to the circuit-switched public telephone network because it does not provide a network-based mechanism to ensure that data packets are not lost, and are delivered in sequential order. It is a best-effort network without
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In India no
Separate Numbering Scheme is provided to the Internet Telephony. Presently the 10 digit Numbering allocation based on E.164 is permitted to the Fixed Telephony, GSM, CDMA wireless service. For Internet Telephony, the numbering scheme shall only conform to IP addressing Scheme of
1805:(SIP) gained widespread attention. In the early 2000s, the proliferation of high-bandwidth always-on Internet connections to residential dwellings and businesses, spawned an industry of Internet telephony service providers (ITSPs). The development of open-source telephony software, such as
421:
770:
is generated by an VoIP phone or gateway during a live call and contains information on packet loss rate, packet discard rate (because of jitter), packet loss/discard burst metrics (burst length/density, gap length/density), network delay, end system delay, signal/noise/echo level,
1447:
The relevant EU Directive is not clearly drafted concerning obligations that can exist independently of market power (e.g., the obligation to offer access to emergency calls), and it is impossible to say definitively whether VoIP service providers of either type are bound by them.
652:
By default, network routers handle traffic on a first-come, first-served basis. Fixed delays cannot be controlled as they are caused by the physical distance the packets travel. They are especially problematic when satellite circuits are involved because of the long distance to a
605:), cost scalability, and ensuring privacy and security of communications traffic. However, the responsibility for ensuring that the VoIP system remains performant and resilient is predominantly vested in the end-user organization. This is not the case with a Hosted VoIP solution.
2432:
Voice over IP (VOIP) uses the
Internet Protocol (IP) to transmit voice as packets over an IP network. ...in the Internet, anyone can capture the packets meant for someone else. Some security can be provided by using encryption and tunneling. The common tunneling protocol used is
580:
Endpoints, such as VoIP telephones or softphone applications (apps running on a computer or mobile device), will connect to the VoIP service remotely. These connections typically take place over public internet links, such as local fixed WAN breakout or mobile carrier service.
1134:
protocol. The T.38 protocol is designed to compensate for the differences between traditional packet-less communications over analog lines and packet-based transmissions which are the basis for IP communications. The fax machine may be a standard device connected to an
1219:
attacks, harvest customer data, record conversations, and compromise voicemail messages. Compromised VoIP user account or session credentials may enable an attacker to incur substantial charges from third-party services, such as long-distance or international calling.
1142:
Some newer high-end fax machines have built-in T.38 capabilities which are connected directly to a network switch or router. In T.38 each packet contains a portion of the data stream sent in the previous packet. Two successive packets have to be lost to actually lose
338:, one of the first VoIP call signaling and control protocols that found widespread implementation. Since the development of newer, less complex protocols such as MGCP and SIP, H.323 deployments are increasingly limited to carrying existing long-haul network traffic.
623:, private networks such as MPLS and SD-WAN, or via private SBCs (Session Border Controllers). While exceptions and private peering options do exist, it is generally uncommon for those private connectivity methods to be provided by Hosted or Cloud VoIP providers.
1037:(FCC) mandates carrier compliance with these consumer-protection stipulations. In November 2007, the FCC in the United States released an order extending number portability obligations to interconnected VoIP providers and carriers that support VoIP providers.
512:
VoIP allows both voice and data communications to be run over a single network, which can significantly reduce infrastructure costs. The prices of extensions on VoIP are lower than for PBX and key systems. VoIP switches may run on commodity hardware, such as
813:
ATM has substantial header overhead: 5/53 = 9.4%, roughly twice the total header overhead of a 1500 byte
Ethernet frame. This "ATM tax" is incurred by every DSL user whether or not they take advantage of multiple virtual circuits – and few can.
1776:
for commercial traffic, IP telephony was tested and deemed infeasible for commercial use until the introduction of VocalChat in the early 1990s and then in Feb 1995 the official release of
Internet Phone (or iPhone for short) commercial software by
468:
application software installed on a networked computer that is equipped with a microphone and speaker, or headset. The application typically presents a dial pad and display field to the user to operate the application by mouse clicks or keyboard
535:, which originally marketed itself as a service among friends, has begun to cater to businesses, providing free-of-charge connections between any users on the Skype network and connecting to and from ordinary PSTN telephones for a charge.
1176:
analog handsets. Some VoIP service providers implement services to route calls to other telephone services of the subscriber, such a cellular phone, in the event that the customer's network device is inaccessible to terminate the call.
1771:
In the two decades following the 1974 demo, various forms of packet telephony were developed and industry interest groups formed to support the new technologies. Following the termination of the ARPANET project, and expansion of the
500:
Because of the bandwidth efficiency and low costs that VoIP technology can provide, businesses are migrating from traditional copper-wire telephone systems to VoIP systems to reduce their monthly phone costs. In 2008, 80% of all new
1597:
In the United States, the FCC requires all interconnected VoIP service providers to comply with requirements comparable to those for traditional telecommunications service providers. VoIP operators in the US are required to support
1789:, and followed by other VoIP infrastructure components such as telephony gateways and switching servers. Soon after it became an established area of interest in commercial labs of the major IT concerns, notably at AT&T, where
1064:
In IP telephony, no such direct link between location and communications end point exists. Even a provider having wired infrastructure, such as a DSL provider, may know only the approximate location of the device, based on the
719:
Although jitter is a random variable, it is the sum of several other random variables that are at least somewhat independent: the individual queuing delays of the routers along the
Internet path in question. Motivated by the
436:. Many offer unlimited domestic calling and sometimes international calls for a flat monthly subscription fee. Phone calls between subscribers of the same provider are usually free when flat-fee service is not available.
1536:
inside India. This effectively means that people who have PCs can use them to make a VoIP call to other computers but not to a normal phone number. Foreign-based VoIP server services are illegal to use in India.
1661:
and other researchers were motivated by a desire for a higher degree of circuit redundancy and network availability in the face of infrastructure failures than was possible in the circuit-switched networks in
308:– Implementing access control, verifying the identity of other participants (computers or people), and encrypting data to protect the privacy and integrity of the media contents and/or the control messages.
1496:
were allowed. In
January 2018, internet service providers in UAE blocked all VoIP apps, including Skype, but permitting only 2 government-approved VoIP apps (C’ME and BOTIM). In opposition, a petition on
636:(QoS) guarantees. Voice, and all other data, travels in packets over IP networks with fixed maximum capacity. This system may be more prone to data loss in the presence of congestion than traditional
1568:
The
Internet Service Licensee is not permitted to have PSTN/PLMN connectivity. Voice communication to and from a telephone connected to PSTN/PLMN and following E.164 numbering is prohibited in India.
1139:(ATA), or it may be a software application or dedicated network device operating via an Ethernet interface. Originally, T.38 was designed to use UDP or TCP transmission methods across an IP network.
1349:
VoIP has drastically reduced the cost of communication by sharing network infrastructure between data and voice. A single broadband connection has the ability to transmit multiple telephone calls.
247:
A variety of functions are needed to implement VoIP communication. Some protocols perform multiple functions, while others perform only a few and must be used in concert. These functions include:
193:
Early providers of voice-over-IP services used business models and offered technical solutions that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second-generation providers, such as
2127:
released in August 2003. This was the creation of Niklas
Zennström and Janus Friis, in cooperation with four Estonian developers. It quickly became a popular program that helped democratize VoIP.
1550:
Any device / Adapter conforming to standards of International agencies like ITU, IETF etc. connected to ISP node with static IP address to similar device / Adapter; within or outside India.
458:
connects to the network and implements the electronics and firmware to operate a conventional analog telephone attached through a modular phone jack. Some residential Internet gateways and
4574:
1123:
over VoIP networks is sometimes referred to as Fax over IP (FoIP). Transmission of fax documents was problematic in early VoIP implementations, as most voice digitization and compression
4818:
3774:
894:
The quality of voice transmission is characterized by several metrics that may be monitored by network elements and by the user agent hardware or software. Such metrics include network
432:, by which subscribers place and receive telephone calls in much the same manner as they would via the PSTN. Full-service VoIP phone companies provide inbound and outbound service with
881:). G.hn provides QoS by means of Contention-Free Transmission Opportunities (CFTXOPs) which are allocated to flows (such as a VoIP call) that require QoS and which have negotiated a
276:– Performing registration (advertising one's presence and contact information) and discovery (locating someone and obtaining their contact information), dialing (including reporting
5041:
704:
along a given network path due to competition from other users for the same transmission links. VoIP receivers accommodate this variation by storing incoming packets briefly in a
5194:
vom Treffen der IETF-Codec-Arbeitsgruppe auf der Konferenz IETF79 in Peking, China mit einer Darstellung der grundlegenden Funktionsprinzipien durch Koen Vos (MP3, ~70 MiB)
1333:
Wireline telephones which are manufactured in, imported to, or intended to be used in the US with Voice over IP service, on or after February 28, 2020, are required to meet the
1565:(IANA). Translation of E.164 number / private number to IP address allotted to any device and vice versa, by ISP to show compliance with IANA numbering scheme is not permitted.
664:
Network routers on high volume traffic links may introduce latency that exceeds permissible thresholds for VoIP. Excessive load on a link can cause congestion and associated
577:
with geographic relevance to the end-user(s) of the system. This infrastructure is external to the user of the system and is deployed and maintained by the service provider.
555:
VoIP solutions. Hosted systems are also generally better suited to smaller or personal use VoIP deployments, where a private system may not be viable for these scenarios.
2780:
1425:
1007:. Often VoIP implementations employ methods of translating non-E.164 identifiers to E.164 numbers and vice versa, such as the Skype-In service provided by Skype and the
991:
to allow calls to be routed to and from VoIP subscribers and the PSTN/PLMN. VoIP implementations can also allow other identification techniques to be used. For example,
2630:
5361:
5004:
3293:
1127:
are optimized for the representation of the human voice and the proper timing of the modem signals cannot be guaranteed in a packet-based, connectionless network.
4816:
RADVision and Intel Target Compatibility Between RADVision's H.323/320 Videoconferencing Gateway And Intel's Business Video Conferencing And TeamStation Products.
3726:
4269:
4222:
791:(AAL5) to segment each Ethernet packet into a series of 53-byte ATM cells for transmission, reassembling them back into Ethernet frames at the receiving end.
521:
network, so that it is no longer necessary to carry both a desktop phone and a cell phone. Maintenance becomes simpler as there are fewer devices to oversee.
4426:
570:
VoIP solutions involve a service provider or telecommunications carrier hosting the telephone system as a software solution within their own infrastructure.
4513:
6141:
3191:
1520:
remained blocked from being used for voice and video calls, constricting residents to use paid services from the country's state-owned telecom providers.
4257:
258:– Creating reliable transmission over unreliable protocols, which may involve acknowledging receipt of data and retransmitting data that wasn't received.
3569:
3250:"RFC 3969– The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Parameter Registry for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)"
1492:(UAE), it is illegal to provide or use unauthorized VoIP services. Web sites of unlicensed VoIP providers have been blocked. Some VoIP services such as
509:
is converting its field offices of 63,000 workers from traditional phone installations to a VoIP infrastructure carried over its existing data network.
3121:
1076:
of a corporate entity, in which case the IP address being used for customer communications may belong to the enterprise, not the residential ISP. Such
2862:
1504:
On March 24, 2020, the United Arab Emirates loosened restriction on VoIP services earlier prohibited in the country, to ease communication during the
1309:(NSA) released comprehensive documents describing the four attack planes of a communications system – the network, perimeter, session controllers and
1069:
allocated to the network router and the known service address. Some ISPs do not track the automatic assignment of IP addresses to customer equipment.
1853:
1607:
657:
and back; delays of 400–600 ms are typical. Latency can be minimized by marking voice packets as being delay-sensitive with QoS methods such as
3654:
4062:
3169:
205:. These solutions typically allow dynamic interconnection between users in any two domains of the Internet, when a user wishes to place a call.
5040:
Schnell, Markus; Schmidt, Markus; Jander, Manuel; Albert, Tobias; Geiger, Ralf; Ruoppila, Vesa; Ekstrand, Per; Bernhard, Grill (October 2008).
4115:
286:– Determining what type of media to send (audio, video, etc.), how to encode/decode it, and how to send/receive it (IP addresses, ports, etc.).
4815:
4167:
1192:
connection over traditional phone lines, such as digitizing and digital transmission, are already in place with VoIP. It is necessary only to
5354:
4192:
1100:
4228:. New Delhi India: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). p. 16 (Section 2.2.1.2 PC–to–Phone Internet telephony). Archived from
111:. Various codecs exist that optimize the media stream based on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on
6849:
6821:
6816:
5841:
2411:
619:
However, VoIP traffic to and from the on-premises systems can often also be sent over secure private links. Examples include personal VPN,
4663:
4633:
4317:
3924:
3026:
268:(sometimes glossed as simply a "call"), which is a connection between two or more peers that provides a context for further communication.
5254:
4223:"Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Consultation paper on Issues related to Internet Telephony. Consultation Paper No. 11/2008"
2147:
2007: VoIP device manufacturers and sellers boom in Asia, specifically in the Philippines where many families of overseas workers reside.
3799:
1302:. Public Secure VoIP is also available with free GNU software and in many popular commercial VoIP programs via libraries, such as ZRTP.
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5160:
4379:
1909:
of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), agree to separate IP from TCP, and create UDP for carrying real-time traffic.
391:
5187:
4141:
3489:
1547:
PC / a device / Adapter conforming to the standard of any international agencies like- ITU or IETF etc. in India to PSTN/PLMN abroad.
3877:
2021:
begins development of standards for the transmission and signaling of voice communications over Internet Protocol networks with the
1325:
support that is compatible with the PSTN. Many VoIP service providers also allow callers to configure custom caller ID information.
696:
The receiver must resequence IP packets that arrive out of order and recover gracefully when packets arrive too late or not at all.
5347:
3442:
1393:
As the popularity of VoIP grows, governments are becoming more interested in regulating VoIP in a manner similar to PSTN services.
350:, control protocol for media gateways across a converged internetwork consisting of the traditional PSTN and modern packet networks
212:, VoIP is also available on many personal computers and other Internet access devices. Calls and SMS text messages may be sent via
3839:
3005:
95:
and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a
3756:
3613:
2670:
1809:, fueled widespread interest and entrepreneurship in voice-over-IP services, applying new Internet technology paradigms, such as
3545:
3342:
1634:
VoIP service—those who are unable to determine the location of their users—are exempt from state telecommunications regulation.
849:(MAC) layer. The standard is considered of critical importance for delay-sensitive applications, such as voice over wireless IP.
280:), negotiating capabilities, and call control (such as hold, mute, transfer/forwarding, dialing DTMF keys during a call , etc.).
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2836:
2784:
1244:
547:
While many use cases still remain for private or on-premises VoIP systems, the wider market has been gradually shifting toward
3405:
3380:
2551:
1111:
or other methods, the VoIP E911 information is accurate only if subscribers keep their emergency address information current.
6838:
6828:
6808:
6610:
5086:
3687:
3546:"Internet Protocol Telephony & Voice over Internet Protocol Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 2, Release 2"
3326:
2215:
1642:
5227:
2753:
1107:
system is based on a static table lookup. Unlike in cellular phones, where the location of an E911 call can be traced using
736:
medium (e.g. optical fiber) and the routers driving them do not have enough buffering for queuing delays to be significant.
478:
It is increasingly common for telecommunications providers to use VoIP telephony over dedicated and public IP networks as a
1740:
kbps, leading to the first successful real-time conversation over ARPANET in 1974, between Culler-Harrison Incorporated in
1606:
contributions, and other mandated payments; and enable law enforcement authorities to conduct surveillance pursuant to the
1207:
The security concerns for VoIP telephone systems are similar to those of other Internet-connected devices. This means that
359:
5975:
4829:
1072:
IP communication provides for device mobility. For example, a residential broadband connection may be used as a link to a
845:
standard that defines a set of quality-of-service enhancements for wireless LAN applications through modifications to the
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6833:
6679:
5690:
5590:
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regulates telephone service, including VoIP telephony service. VoIP services operating in Canada are required to provide
1287:
1271:
1251:
1185:
1160:
handsets to a base station, or that have other modern phone features, such as built-in voicemail or phone book features.
1089:
693:. But since every packet must contain protocol headers, this increases relative header overhead on every link traversed.
365:
4846:"H.323 Visual telephone systems and equipment for local area networks which provide a non-guaranteed quality of service"
4470:"A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol"
2938:
6605:
4571:
M. R. Schroeder and B. S. Atal, "Code-excited linear prediction (CELP): high-quality speech at very low bit rates," in
3152:
2086:
135:
482:
to connect switching centers and to interconnect with other telephony network providers; this is often referred to as
6699:
5705:
5143:
4987:
4436:
3734:
2338:
1338:
1034:
959:
76:
4275:
4229:
3639:
1201:
616:. For remote and external endpoints, available connectivity options mirror those of Hosted or Cloud VoIP solutions.
6936:
6484:
6032:
5834:
5685:
3467:
2060:
1627:
6595:
5370:
4544:
708:, deliberately increasing latency to improve the chance that each packet will be on hand when it is time for the
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3956:
6590:
5710:
1931:
1902:
1835:
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941:
937:
506:
341:
272:
4088:
3925:"The Road to Broadband Development in Developing Countries is through Competition Driven by Wireless and VOIP"
3087:
2810:
220:
network. VoIP provides a framework for consolidation of all modern communications technologies using a single
6615:
3631:
3580:
2696:
2656:
2230:
1622:
operators also receive the benefit of certain US telecommunications regulations, including an entitlement to
673:
479:
732:. Most Internet backbone links are now so fast (e.g. 10 Gbit/s) that their delays are dominated by the
6890:
6651:
6548:
6091:
5886:
5858:
5406:
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906:(delay), post-dial delay, and echo. The metrics are determined by VoIP performance testing and monitoring.
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Telephones for traditional residential analog service are usually connected directly to telephone company
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A VoIP phone is necessary to connect to a VoIP service provider. This can be implemented in several ways:
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The steps and principles involved in originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to traditional digital
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Prabhakar, G.; Rastogi, R.; Thotton, M (2005). "OSS Architecture & Requirements for VoIP Networks".
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defines 8 different classes of service (including one dedicated to voice) for traffic on layer-2 wired
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103:. They transport media streams using special media delivery protocols that encode audio and video with
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lifted the ban on VoIPs, in an attempt to reduce operational costs and spur digital entrepreneurship.
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DSL modems typically provide Ethernet connections to local equipment, but inside they may actually be
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For on-premises systems, local endpoints within the same location typically connect directly over the
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Inter-Network Operations Center Dial-by-ASN (INOC-DBA), a Resource for the Network Operator Community
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Montazerolghaem, Ahmadreza; Moghaddam, Mohammad Hossein Yaghmaee; Leon-Garcia, Alberto (March 2018).
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4193:"UAE loosens some VoIP restrictions as residents in lockdown call for end to WhatsApp and Skype ban"
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Internet telephony is permitted to the ISP with restrictions. The following services are permitted:
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International Telecommunication Union, Standardization Sector (ITU-T), Study Group 15 (1993-1996),
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the location is automatically determined from its databases and displayed on the operator console.
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in analog circuitry and an acoustic path from the receive to transmit signal at the receiving end.
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medium to large enterprises, while another is targeting the small-to-medium business (SMB) market.
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131:
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Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004
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because of LCR options, VoIP needs to provide a certain level of reliability when handling calls.
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even for maximum-sized packets. An alternative to preemption on slower links, such as dialup and
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Beyond VoIP Protocols: Understanding Voice Technology and Networking Techniques for IP Telephony
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for quality-of-service mechanisms that help VoIP applications work well even in the presence of
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The technical details of many VoIP protocols create challenges in routing VoIP traffic through
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3775:"NSA Releases Guidance on Securing Unified Communications and Voice and Video over IP Systems"
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Secure voice over secure IP may be implemented by encrypting the media with protocols such as
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An end-user is allowed to make PC–to-Phone Internet Telephony calls only on PSTN/PLMN abroad.
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Such emergency services are provided by VoIP vendors in the United States by a system called
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292:– Transferring the actual media in the call, such as audio, video, text messages, files, etc.
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1973:
1993 Release of VocalChat, a commercial packet network PC voice communication software from
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At the VoIP level, a phone or gateway may identify itself by its account credentials with a
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Lutzky, Manfred; Schuller, Gerald; Gayer, Marc; Krämer, Ulrich; Wabnik, Stefan (May 2004).
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374:(SDP), a syntax for session initiation and announcement for multi-media communications and
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by the dominant operator, restrictions on the use of VoIP are often imposed, including in
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Dedicated VoIP phones connect directly to the IP network using technologies such as wired
8:
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US telecommunication companies petition the US Congress to ban Internet phone technology.
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are often employed to enable VoIP calls to and from protected networks. Other methods to
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729:
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to play it. The added delay is thus a compromise between excessive latency and excessive
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147:
37:
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Booth, C (2010). "Chapter 2: IP Phones, Software VoIP, and Integrated and Mobile VoIP".
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network is deployed; this is also the first voice network to reach all seven continents.
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and her team filed many patents related to the technology. By the late 1990s, the first
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
505:(PBX) lines installed internationally were VoIP. For example, in the United States, the
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering
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On the early ARPANET, real-time voice communication was not possible with uncompressed
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Throughout the developing world, particularly in countries where regulation is weak or
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451:. These are typically designed in the style of traditional digital business telephones.
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Valin, Jean-Marc; Maxwell, Gregory; Terriberry, Timothy B.; Vos, Koen (October 2013).
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may have SIP clients built into the firmware or available as an application download.
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garnered over 5000 signatures, in response to which the website was blocked in UAE.
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1955:
1991: Speak Freely, a voice-over-IP application, was released to the public domain.
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standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 gigabit per second)
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to reduce its transmission rate to alleviate the congestion. But VoIP usually uses
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specifically refer to the provisioning of voice and other communications services (
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1856:(IEEE) publishes a paper entitled "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection".
806:, carry Ethernet without intermediate ATM/AAL5 layers, and they generally support
406:, proprietary Internet telephony protocol suite based on peer-to-peer architecture
362:(RTCP), sister protocol for RTP providing stream statistics and status information
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Technical Note on Illegal International Long Distance telephone Exchange in India
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1974: The first successful real-time conversation over ARPANET achieved using 2.4
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priority tagging so that VoIP can be queued ahead of less time-critical traffic.
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Echo can also be an issue for PSTN integration. Common causes of echo include
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MPEG-4 Enhanced Low Delay AAC - A New Standard for High Quality Communication
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4532:
4498:
3570:"Secure Voice over IP (SVoIP) vs. Voice over Secure IP (VoSIP) Installations"
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1958:
1992: The Frame Relay Forum conducts development of standards for voice over
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1004:
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394:(XMPP), instant messaging, presence information, and contact list maintenance
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1602:; make service accessible to people with disabilities; pay regulatory fees,
1313:– and explaining security risks and mitigation techniques for each of them.
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1204:, may eliminate the need for personnel to greet and switch incoming calls.
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3206:"RFC 3824– Using E.164 numbers with the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)"
16:
Methods of delivering voice communications and multimedia over IP networks
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3800:"Deploying Secure Unified Communications/Voice and Video over IP Systems"
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1966:
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1949:, in addition to commercial packet voice products from companies such as
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3139:"Performance and Stress Testing of SIP Servers, Clients and IP Networks"
751:(RTCP) extended reports, SIP RTCP summary reports, H.460.9 Annex B (for
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6494:
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6101:
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6027:
6005:
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3172:. ixc.ua. May 20, 2011. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012
2972:
2677:. Total Telecom Online. Archived from the original on February 17, 2006
2162:
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1970:
provide the basis for the Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) standard.
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1156:
1066:
944: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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112:
33:
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A standards-based solution for reliably delivering fax-over-IP is the
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PBX deployment model for connecting an office to local PSTN networks.
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5746:
5654:
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5449:
4168:"Etisalat launches new calling app plan days after Skype disruptions"
3343:"Keeping your telephone number when you change your service provider"
3294:"Application-level Network Interoperability and the Evolution of IMS"
3052:
2154:
codec introduced, using LPC algorithm, and used for voice calling in
2007:
2003:
1950:
1906:
1322:
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1263:
1104:
1057:
465:
375:
92:
4575:
International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
4221:
Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan and Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg (May 2008).
3027:"Optical Packet Buffers for Backbone Internet Routers | Request PDF"
2573:
2010:
initiated standardization activities for VoIP communications system.
1231:, used to interconnect to transit networks or the Internet. Private
919:
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A number of protocols have been defined to support the reporting of
298:– Providing out-of-band content or feedback about the media such as
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1989:
1974:
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3122:"Voice over IP (VoIP) Performance Evaluation on VMware vSphere® 5"
689:(DSL), is to reduce the maximum transmission time by reducing the
163:
138:(MDCT) compression methods. Popular codecs include the MDCT-based
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5965:
5434:
4710:"Network World - Startup targets desktop Videoconferencing arena"
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Advanced Content Delivery, Streaming, and Cloud Services (Pg 34)
3840:"Hearing Aid Compatibility for Wireline and Wireless Telephones"
2144:
wideband codec introduced, using MDCT and CELP (LPC) algorithms.
1752:. LPC has since been the most widely used speech coding method.
1736:(NTT) in 1966. LPC was capable of speech compression down to 2.4
6792:
6752:
6074:
5504:
5439:
3901:
3655:"Packet loss concealment in a secure voice over IP environment"
3653:
White, C.M.; Teague, K.A.; Daniel, E.J. (November 7–10, 2004).
3443:"Keep your VoIP E911 service in compliance with this checklist"
2176:
2104:
2064:
1924:
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Secure calls are possible using standardized protocols such as
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are specially designed to link calls that are passed via VoIP.
899:
646:
620:
420:
139:
3757:"Secure VOIP calling, free software, and the right to privacy"
3606:
International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security
2958:
2732:"Learn to Make Free or Inexpensive Calls Using SIP on Android"
2326:
240:
in applications such as VoIP phones, mobile applications, and
6777:
6714:
6022:
5424:
4708:
IDG Network World Inc; Eckerson, Wayne (September 21, 1992).
4707:
4514:"Application of MFCC in Text Independent Speaker Recognition"
4116:"Etisalat launches new unlimited calling plan with VoIP apps"
3652:
2155:
2137:
VoIP service is launched by TelEvolution, Inc. of California.
2124:
2031:
2022:
2018:
1999:
1981:
1946:
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213:
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175:
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159:
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3829:, Blog: "Hello Mom, I'm a Fake!" (Telespoof and Fakecaller).
3490:"4.4 VOIP – Regulatory Issues – Universal Service"
2103:
The MDCT is adapted into the LD-MDCT algorithm, used in the
1040:
A voice call originating in the VoIP environment also faces
356:(RTP), transport protocol for real-time audio and video data
6719:
5557:
5547:
4972:
Hersent, Olivier; Petit, Jean-Pierre; Gurle, David (2005).
4691:"The History of VoIP Over the Last 55 Years (1966 to 2021)"
4356:
3975:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
3864:
2182:
2151:
1913:
1872:
1617:
VoIP (fully connected to the PSTN) are mandated to provide
1465:
1426:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
1291:
1255:
1240:
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866:
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332:(SIP), connection management protocol developed by the IETF
183:
155:
5039:
2751:
5762:
5281:
5219:
5002:
4271:
Stars and Stripes: USFK deal keeps VoIP access for troops
1945:
1986: Proposals from various standards organizations for
1404:
where VoIP is taxed, Guyana where VoIP is prohibited. In
1120:
762:
The RTCP extended report VoIP metrics block specified by
613:
68:
64:
5261:
by Timothy B. Terriberry (65 minutes of video, see also
3105:"Methodology for SIP Infrastructure Performance Testing"
3075:
PacketCable Residential SIP Telephony Feature Definition
2637:. EE Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011
1200:
the existing data stream. Automated software, such as a
4380:"The State Of Cybersecurity Wiretapping's Fuzzy Future"
1508:. However, popular instant messaging applications like
186:, a codec that uses only 8 kbit/s each way called
5284:
High-Quality, Low-Delay Music Coding in the Opus Codec
5104:"State of the Art: Get Your Free Net Phone Calls Here"
2339:
1532:, it is legal to use VoIP, but it is illegal to have
983:
is a global numbering standard for both the PSTN and
524:
VoIP solutions aimed at businesses have evolved into
4216:
4214:
2329:
2323:
2179:
technology which supports VoIP directly in browsers.
2130:
2004: Commercial VoIP service providers proliferate.
2034:
speech codec introduced, using CELP (LPC) algorithm.
1585:
providing personal Internet services by contract to
473:
5369:
3878:"network infrastructure: getting started with VoIP"
3088:"VoIP performance measurement using QoS parameters"
2500:
IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management
2371:
can be used for DSL connectivity without using ATM.
1557:, no other form of Internet Telephony is permitted.
1163:VoIP phones and VoIP telephone adapters connect to
5225:
4895:
4601:"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"
1882:kpbs LPC, between Culler-Harrison Incorporated in
1756:(CELP), a type of LPC algorithm, was developed by
4971:
4794:"The 10 that Established VOIP (Part 1: VocalTec)"
4636:. The National Science Foundation. Archived from
4211:
3779:National Security Agency/Central Security Service
2807:"Social Security to Build "World's Largest VOIP""
2496:"OpenSIP: Toward Software-Defined SIP Networking"
1980:1994: MTALK, a freeware LAN VoIP application for
1854:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1608:Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
1250:Standards for securing VoIP are available in the
6913:
5161:"Prospects bright for voice calls over internet"
4903:"The 10 that Established VOIP (Part 2: Level 3)"
4664:"VoIP Basics: Everything Beginners Should Know!"
3190:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3077:, Technical Report, PKT-TR-RST-V03-071106 (2007)
2194:codec introduced, using MDCT and LPC algorithms.
999:(usernames) whereas SIP implementations can use
344:(MGCP), connection management for media gateways
3110:. Miroslav Voznak, Jan Rozhon. August 14, 2016.
3043:RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)
2830:
2828:
1867:in August 1974, carrying barely intelligible 16
5076:
3597:Dunte, Markus; Ruland, Christoph (June 2007).
3000:
2998:
2910:"VoIP - Vulnerability over Internet Protocol?"
2412:"Voice Over IP : Protocols and Standards"
2403:
1934:(CELP), a type of LPC algorithm, developed by
1352:
1321:Voice over IP protocols and equipment provide
1171:which typically depend on the availability of
5835:
5584:
5355:
5245:
5081:. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press.
3727:"Cellcrypt secure VOIP heading to BlackBerry"
1797:became available, and new protocols, such as
1101:Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act
424:Example of residential network including VoIP
4925:"RFC 2543, SIP: Session Initiation Protocol"
4598:
4567:
4565:
4327:
4142:"No Skype? Pay Dh50 monthly for video calls"
4063:"Saudi Arabia to lift ban on internet calls"
4037:"Saudi Arabia to lift ban on internet calls"
3629:
3406:"FCC Consumer Advisory VoIP and 911 Service"
2834:
2825:
2631:"WIRELESS: Carriers look to IP for backhaul"
2437:and the common encryption mechanism used is
2310:Variously pronounced as individual letters,
2169:, which uses the LD-MDCT-based AAC-LD codec.
1337:compatibility requirements set forth by the
1328:
1239:devices involve assistive protocols such as
32:, is a method and group of technologies for
6850:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
4927:. Handley, Schulzrinne, Schooler, Rosenberg
3596:
3314:
2995:
1282:, facilitate capturing VoIP conversations.
6886:
5842:
5828:
5591:
5577:
5362:
5348:
5121:
4578:(ICASSP), vol. 10, pp. 937–940, 1985.
3521:"Examining Two Well-Known Attacks on VoIP"
3440:
3170:"Importance of Softswitch VoIP Technology"
2783:. Government Computer News. Archived from
987:(PLMN). Most VoIP implementations support
400:, for peer-to-peer session control in XMPP
392:Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
5295:
5228:"Inside iPhone 4: FaceTime video calling"
5127:
4774:. Computer Telephony Interaction Magazine
4562:
4488:
4377:
4371:
4165:
4113:
3669:
3373:"TelePassport takes the sting out of MNP"
3051:
2511:
2057:(SIP) specification RFC 2543 is released.
1451:
960:Learn how and when to remove this message
672:. This signals a transport protocol like
75:) over the Internet, rather than via the
5033:
4965:
4114:Debusmann, Bernd Jr. (January 9, 2018).
3252:. The Internet Society. December 1, 2004
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2860:
2468:
588:
419:
232:Voice over IP has been implemented with
5178:
4996:
4701:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4291:"Cybertelecom :: VoIP :: FCC"
4012:"Oman cuffs 212 for selling VoIP calls"
3630:Stringfellow, Brian (August 15, 2001).
3518:
3441:Noworatzky, Daniel (February 6, 2019).
3153:"Testing Voice over IP (VolP) Networks"
2835:Korzeniowski, Peter (January 8, 2009).
2778:
2185:codec introduced, using MDCT algorithm.
1483:
1188:. Most of the facilities of creating a
602:
584:
428:Mass-market VoIP services use existing
6914:
5849:
5275:
4688:
4682:
4657:
4655:
4139:
4089:"Don't worry, Skype is working in UAE"
3551:. DISA. April 21, 2006. Archived from
3400:
3398:
3006:"Quality of Service for Voice over IP"
2939:"Quality of Service for Voice over IP"
2354:IP networks may also be more prone to
1245:Interactive Connectivity Establishment
1081:roaming via another cellular company.
889:
716:, i.e. momentary audio interruptions.
558:
538:
5823:
5572:
5343:
5159:Remo, Michelle V. (August 27, 2007).
5101:
4511:
4357:"Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)"
4166:Zacharias, Anna \ (January 8, 2018).
3977:. Government of Canada. April 4, 2005
2920:
2837:"Three Technologies You Need In 2009"
2588:"Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)"
2474:
2409:
2216:Comparison of audio network protocols
1724:algorithm that was first proposed by
1643:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
1630:via wholesale carriers. Providers of
1274:VoIP at the transport level by using
1150:
1021:
972:A VoIP media gateway controller (aka
626:
6896:
5207:. Wirevolution.com. January 13, 2009
5158:
5131:VoIP Voice and Fax Signal Processing
4467:
4452:
4288:
3619:from the original on April 19, 2023.
3208:. The Internet Society. June 1, 2004
3093:. A.H.Muhamad Amin. August 14, 2016.
2861:Callahan, Renee (December 9, 2008).
1641:is debating concerns changes to the
1356:
1088:(SIP) registrar. In such cases, the
942:adding citations to reliable sources
913:
747:(QoE) for VoIP calls. These include
360:Real-time Transport Control Protocol
5226:Daniel Eran Dilger (June 8, 2010).
4766:
4661:
4652:
4608:IEEE Transactions on Communications
3922:
3867:, What are some advantages of VoIP?
3395:
3039:
2410:Arora, Rakesh (November 23, 1999).
1996:commercial Internet phone software.
1713:. The solution to this problem was
1563:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1344:
1252:Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
1186:Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
1090:Internet telephony service provider
909:
573:Typically this will be one or more
366:Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
130:standards in VoIP are based on the
13:
5205:"Skype's new super wideband codec"
4689:McCraw, Corey (October 12, 2022).
4140:Maceda, Cleofe (January 8, 2018).
3902:"Global VOIP Policy Status Matrix"
3642:from the original on June 1, 2023.
3383:from the original on July 19, 2022
3033:
2863:"Businesses Move To Voice-Over-IP"
2087:modified discrete cosine transform
1764:in 1985. LPC algorithms remain an
1051:
873:(LAN) using existing home wiring (
822:Several protocols are used in the
415:
136:modified discrete cosine transform
14:
6953:
5308:
5128:Nagireddi, Sivannarayana (2008).
3844:Federal Communications Commission
3664:. Vol. 1. pp. 415–419.
2813:from the original on June 2, 2009
2779:Jackson, William (May 27, 2009).
2592:Federal Communications Commission
1674:in 1973 which was developed into
1628:incumbent local exchange carriers
1544:PC to PC; within or outside India
1435:
1339:Federal Communications Commission
1298:on a classified network, such as
1035:Federal Communications Commission
474:PSTN and mobile network providers
77:public switched telephone network
6895:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6864:
6485:Free-space optical communication
5804:
5794:
5328:
5314:
5197:
5152:
5095:
5070:
5006:A guideline to audio codec delay
4939:
4917:
4882:
4378:Greenberg, Andy (May 15, 2008).
4009:
3519:Thermos, Peter (April 5, 2006).
2752:Michael Dosch and Steve Church.
2571:
2319:
1678:which operated across the early
1592:
1553:Except whatever is described in
1361:
918:
841:is an approved amendment to the
495:
368:(SRTP), encrypted version of RTP
5371:Computer-mediated communication
5102:Pogue, David (August 2, 2007).
4860:
4838:
4808:
4786:
4760:
4735:
4626:
4599:Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (May 1974).
4592:
4581:
4505:
4419:
4397:
4349:
4308:
4282:
4262:
4250:
4185:
4159:
4133:
4107:
4081:
4055:
4029:
4003:
3989:
3971:"Telecom Decision CRTC 2005-21"
3963:
3949:
3916:
3894:
3870:
3858:
3832:
3820:
3792:
3767:
3749:
3719:
3646:
3623:
3590:
3562:
3538:
3512:
3482:
3460:
3434:
3365:
3335:
3308:
3286:
3264:
3242:
3220:
3198:
3162:
3145:
3141:. StarTrinity. August 13, 2016.
3131:
3114:
3097:
3080:
3067:
3019:
2952:
2902:
2880:
2854:
2799:
2772:
2745:
2724:
2703:
2663:
2623:
2606:
2361:
2348:
2043:began development of its first
1701:kbps, much greater than the 2.4
1471:
1011:(ENUM) service in IMS and SIP.
929:needs additional citations for
5252:Presentation of the CELT codec
4949:. Asterisk.org. Archived from
4716:. IDG Network World Inc: 39–.
4431:. Willey. September 19, 2014.
3957:"VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL"
2754:"VoIP in the Broadcast Studio"
2580:
2565:
2544:
2487:
2446:
2385:
2304:
1932:Code-excited linear prediction
1903:Information Sciences Institute
1836:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
1754:Code-excited linear prediction
1734:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
1666:of the mid-twentieth century.
1572:
1114:
778:
507:Social Security Administration
342:Media Gateway Control Protocol
1:
5598:
5319:The dictionary definition of
5077:Stapleton-Gray, Ross (2009).
3272:"Your personal online number"
2397:Cambridge Dictionaries Online
2378:
2231:High Bit Rate Media Transport
2047:, a term they coined in 1998.
1816:
1670:first demonstrated a form of
1637:Another legal issue that the
1626:and exchange of traffic with
995:allows subscribers to choose
885:with the network controllers.
724:, jitter can be modeled as a
596:-based PBX for small business
384:(IAX), protocol used between
6871:Telecommunication portal
6652:Telecommunications equipment
5801:Telecommunication portal
5407:Virtual learning environment
5336:travel guide from Wikivoyage
4477:Found. Trends Signal Process
3321:. Cisco Press. p. 557.
2756:. Axia Audio. Archived from
1923:commissions the creation of
1316:
1294:. Secure voice over IP uses
462:have this function built in.
372:Session Description Protocol
354:Real-time Transport Protocol
227:
22:Voice over Internet Protocol
7:
6388:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
5520:Voice chat in online gaming
4662:Dua, Amit (July 29, 2021).
3577:General Dynamics C4 Systems
2961:Bell Labs Technical Journal
2552:"H.323 and SIP Integration"
2221:Comparison of VoIP software
2198:
2116:, the first inter-provider
2055:Session Initiation Protocol
1921:National Science Foundation
1803:Session Initiation Protocol
1768:in modern VoIP technology.
1353:Regulatory and legal issues
1229:network address translators
1179:
1086:Session Initiation Protocol
1056:A telephone connected to a
1009:E.164 number to URI mapping
1001:Uniform Resource Identifier
410:
330:Session Initiation Protocol
86:
81:plain old telephone service
44:(IP) networks, such as the
10:
6958:
6092:Telecommunications history
5190:February 10, 2013, at the
4769:"Internet Phone Release 4"
4512:Gupta, Shipra (May 2016).
3904:. Global IP Alliance. 2005
3680:10.1109/ACSSC.2004.1399165
3318:Packetcable Implementation
3296:. TMCnet.com. May 24, 2006
3127:. VMware. August 14, 2016.
2477:Library Technology Reports
2435:Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
2089:(MDCT) is adopted for the
1653:The early developments of
1648:
1587:United States Forces Korea
1583:Internet service providers
1233:session border controllers
985:public land mobile network
817:
796:virtual circuit identifier
785:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
264:– Creating and managing a
6859:
6801:
6738:
6700:Public Switched Telephone
6660:
6624:
6581:
6522:
6512:telecommunication circuit
6473:Fiber-optic communication
6456:
6218:Francis Blake (telephone)
6165:
6013:Optical telecommunication
5857:
5791:
5755:
5724:
5676:Communications satellites
5663:
5642:
5606:
5540:
5475:
5417:Asynchronous conferencing
5415:
5377:
5288:Audio Engineering Society
5165:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5057:Audio Engineering Society
5020:Audio Engineering Society
4821:October 30, 2013, at the
4620:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259
3468:"Faxing over IP networks"
2914:www.continuitycentral.com
2809:. Government Technology.
2695:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2655:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2522:10.1109/TNSM.2017.2741258
2085:(DCT) variant called the
2083:discrete cosine transform
1415:
1370:This section needs to be
1329:Hearing aid compatibility
1260:analog telephony adapters
1031:mobile number portability
834:. Some examples include:
759:.30 and MGCP extensions.
691:maximum transmission unit
430:broadband Internet access
201:, adopted the concept of
6611:Orbital angular-momentum
6048:Satellite communications
5887:Communications satellite
5477:Synchronous conferencing
5286:. 135th AES Convention.
5268:August 10, 2011, at the
5049:. 125th AES Convention.
5012:. 116th AES Convention.
4827:VoiP Developer Solutions
4573:Proceedings of the IEEE
4468:Gray, Robert M. (2010).
4324:, 47 C.F.R. pt. 9 (2007)
3158:. IXIA. August 14, 2016.
2456:. Google Talkabout. 2006
2297:
1916:is described in RFC 791.
1892:Lexington, Massachusetts
1824:Linear predictive coding
1750:Lexington, Massachusetts
1715:linear predictive coding
1600:local number portability
1523:
1307:National Security Agency
1276:opportunistic encryption
1137:analog telephone adapter
1027:Local number portability
726:Gaussian random variable
700:results from changes in
456:analog telephone adapter
312:VoIP protocols include:
242:web-based communications
132:linear predictive coding
97:circuit-switched network
6937:Audio network protocols
6490:Molecular communication
6313:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
6142:Undersea telegraph line
5877:Cable protection system
5671:Cable protection system
5430:Electronic mailing list
5257:August 7, 2011, at the
4905:. iLocus. July 13, 2007
4407:. INTERNET HALL of FAME
3494:ICT Regulation Tool Kit
2671:"Mobile's IP challenge"
2246:IP Multimedia Subsystem
2226:Differentiated services
2076:private branch exchange
1781:, based on a patent by
1459:
1270:is available to secure
1078:off-premises extensions
1074:virtual private network
787:(ATM) modems. They use
687:digital subscriber line
655:geostationary satellite
503:Private branch exchange
382:Inter-Asterisk eXchange
236:and protocols based on
119:, while others support
101:packet-switched network
61:broadband phone service
6632:Communication protocol
6418:Charles Sumner Tainter
6233:Walter Houser Brattain
6178:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5986:Information revolution
5402:Social network service
5397:Collaborative software
5392:Communication software
4832:June 16, 2011, at the
4697:. Fits Small Business.
4670:. Business 2 Community
4668:business2community.com
4634:"The Launch of NSFNET"
4335:"VoIP and 911 Service"
3923:Proenza, Francisco J.
3890:on September 17, 2011.
3761:Free Software Magazine
3632:"Secure Voice Over IP"
3599:"Secure Voice-over-IP"
3586:on September 24, 2015.
2781:"SSA goes big on VOIP"
2574:"Voice OVER IP (VOIP)"
2358:that cause congestion.
2251:List of VoIP companies
1897:1977: Danny Cohen and
1888:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
1861:Network Voice Protocol
1746:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
1676:Network Voice Protocol
1262:, as well as for some
789:ATM Adaptation Layer 5
698:Packet delay variation
597:
526:unified communications
434:direct inbound dialing
425:
222:unified communications
146:), the LPC/MDCT-based
79:(PSTN), also known as
6606:Polarization-division
6338:Narinder Singh Kapany
6303:Erna Schneider Hoover
6223:Jagadish Chandra Bose
6203:Alexander Graham Bell
5934:online video platform
5811:Telephones portal
5462:Bulletin board system
5136:John Wiley & Sons
4980:John Wiley & Sons
4320:June 8, 2010, at the
4256:Harish Kumar Gangwar
3478:on December 18, 2023.
3379:. November 13, 2006.
3228:"Create a Skype Name"
2367:Technologies such as
1766:audio coding standard
1693:packets, which had a
1687:pulse-code modulation
1099:(E911), based on the
745:quality of experience
722:central limit theorem
592:
423:
323:, voice over IP, and
234:proprietary protocols
182:voice codec known as
126:The most widely used
6448:Vladimir K. Zworykin
6408:Almon Brown Strowger
6378:Charles Grafton Page
6033:Prepaid mobile phone
5961:Electrical telegraph
5773:Telephone newspapers
4890:Recommendation G.729
4695:fitsmallbusiness.com
4527:(5): 805–810 (806).
4295:www.cybertelecom.org
4069:. September 20, 2017
4043:. September 20, 2017
3353:on December 12, 2009
3315:Jeff Riddel (2007).
2888:"Skype For Business"
2711:"Android SIP Client"
2439:Secure Sockets Layer
2211:Call-through telecom
1936:Manfred R. Schroeder
1758:Manfred R. Schroeder
1555:condition (ii) above
1490:United Arab Emirates
1484:United Arab Emirates
1213:VoIP vulnerabilities
1016:impedance mismatches
938:improve this article
847:media access control
749:RTP Control Protocol
585:Private VoIP systems
319:, open standard for
36:for the delivery of
6398:Johann Philipp Reis
6157:Wireless revolution
6119:The Telephone Cases
5976:Hydraulic telegraph
5696:Mobile phone signal
5495:Internet Relay Chat
5263:presentation slides
4953:on January 23, 2009
4550:on October 18, 2019
4359:. November 18, 2010
4337:. FCC. May 26, 2011
4278:on January 13, 2010
3558:on August 25, 2009.
2594:. November 18, 2010
2422:on January 19, 2024
2261:RTP payload formats
2236:Integrated services
2093:codec, used in the
1834:and Shuzo Saito of
1732:and Shuzo Saito of
1476:In September 2017,
1452:Arab states of the
1432:emergency service.
890:Performance metrics
773:mean opinion scores
645:, packet loss, and
559:Hosted VoIP systems
539:Delivery mechanisms
57:broadband telephony
38:voice communication
6596:Frequency-division
6573:Telephone exchange
6443:Charles Wheatstone
6373:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
6348:Innocenzo Manzetti
6283:Reginald Fessenden
6018:Optical telegraphy
5851:Telecommunications
5686:Free-space optical
5334:Internet telephony
5108:The New York Times
4947:"What is Asterisk"
4490:10.1561/2000000036
4235:on October 6, 2014
3846:. October 30, 2014
3422:on August 10, 2010
2973:10.1002/bltj.20077
2760:on October 7, 2011
1884:Goleta, California
1863:(NVP) tested over
1826:(LPC) proposed by
1742:Goleta, California
1664:telecommunications
1305:In June 2021, the
1211:with knowledge of
1151:Power requirements
1042:least-cost routing
1022:Number portability
1003:(URIs) similar to
877:, phone lines and
871:Local area network
832:network congestion
741:quality of service
634:quality of service
627:Quality of service
598:
515:personal computers
426:
302:, statistics, etc.
296:Quality of service
262:Session management
53:Internet telephony
51:The broader terms
6909:
6908:
6647:Store and forward
6642:Data transmission
6556:Network switching
6507:Transmission line
6353:Guglielmo Marconi
6318:Internet pioneers
6183:Mohamed M. Atalla
6152:Whistled language
5817:
5816:
5650:Answering machine
5566:
5565:
5510:Videoconferencing
5490:Instant messaging
5485:Data conferencing
5387:Online discussion
5088:978-0-7695-3568-5
4814:The free Library
4588:Audio Transceiver
4289:Pershing, Genny.
3807:media.defense.gov
3737:on April 24, 2009
3689:978-0-7803-8622-8
3328:978-1-58705-181-4
2675:www.totaltele.com
2454:"XMPP Federation"
1832:Nagoya University
1730:Nagoya University
1604:universal service
1506:COVID-19 pandemic
1410:telecommunication
1391:
1390:
1296:Type 1 encryption
1217:denial-of-service
1173:mains electricity
970:
969:
962:
794:Using a separate
601:QoS control (see
284:Media description
216:or the carrier's
154:), the LPC-based
117:compressed speech
42:Internet Protocol
6949:
6942:Office equipment
6899:
6898:
6889:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6740:Notable networks
6730:Wireless network
6670:Cellular network
6662:Types of network
6637:Computer network
6524:Network topology
6438:Thomas A. Watson
6293:Oliver Heaviside
6278:Philo Farnsworth
6253:Daniel Davis Jr.
6228:Charles Bourseul
6188:John Logie Baird
5897:Data compression
5892:Computer network
5844:
5837:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5763:Fax transmission
5711:Submarine cables
5593:
5586:
5579:
5570:
5569:
5532:Web conferencing
5467:Online guestbook
5364:
5357:
5350:
5341:
5340:
5332:
5318:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5279:
5273:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5201:
5195:
5185:Audio-Mitschnitt
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5011:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4899:
4893:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4842:
4836:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4605:
4596:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4543:. Archived from
4518:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4474:
4465:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4331:
4325:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4274:, archived from
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4199:. March 26, 2020
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4120:Arabian Business
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3930:. Archived from
3929:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3883:. Archived from
3882:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
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3804:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3733:. Archived from
3731:Networkworld.com
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3700:. Archived from
3673:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3579:. Archived from
3574:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3496:. Archived from
3486:
3480:
3479:
3474:. Archived from
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3415:. Archived from
3410:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3349:. Archived from
3339:
3333:
3332:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
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3262:
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3246:
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3239:
3237:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3217:
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3101:
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3094:
3092:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3055:
3053:10.17487/RFC3611
3040:Caceres, Ramon.
3037:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2787:on July 28, 2011
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2515:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2427:
2418:. Archived from
2407:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2316:
2308:
2100:coding standard.
1881:
1870:
1828:Fumitada Itakura
1739:
1726:Fumitada Itakura
1722:data compression
1704:
1700:
1556:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1345:Operational cost
1190:secure telephone
965:
958:
954:
951:
945:
922:
914:
910:PSTN integration
730:bottleneck links
638:circuit switched
621:site-to-site VPN
6957:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6865:
6863:
6855:
6797:
6734:
6656:
6620:
6577:
6526:
6518:
6459:
6452:
6358:Robert Metcalfe
6213:Tim Berners-Lee
6161:
5981:Information Age
5853:
5848:
5818:
5813:
5805:
5803:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5768:Telephone calls
5751:
5720:
5659:
5638:
5629:Satellite phone
5619:Cable telephony
5602:
5597:
5567:
5562:
5536:
5471:
5411:
5373:
5368:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5280:
5276:
5270:Wayback Machine
5259:Wayback Machine
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5192:Wayback Machine
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5059:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4834:Wayback Machine
4823:Wayback Machine
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4706:
4702:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4660:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4570:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4472:
4466:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4322:Wayback Machine
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4287:
4283:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4095:. June 26, 2017
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4008:
4004:
3997:"Voice over IP"
3995:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3937:on June 2, 2012
3934:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3707:on May 17, 2006
3704:
3690:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3500:on June 4, 2009
3488:
3487:
3483:
3472:Soft-Switch.org
3466:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2635:www.eetimes.com
2629:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2492:
2488:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2201:
2078:(PBX) software.
1879:
1868:
1845:application by
1819:
1737:
1702:
1698:
1651:
1624:interconnection
1595:
1575:
1554:
1526:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1457:
1438:
1418:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1331:
1319:
1254:(SRTP) and the
1182:
1153:
1117:
1054:
1052:Emergency calls
1024:
1005:email addresses
966:
955:
949:
946:
935:
923:
912:
892:
824:data link layer
820:
781:
666:queueing delays
629:
587:
561:
541:
498:
476:
418:
416:Consumer market
413:
300:synchronization
230:
208:In addition to
123:stereo codecs.
89:
73:voice messaging
28:), also called
17:
12:
11:
5:
6955:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6932:Videotelephony
6929:
6924:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6893:
6883:
6873:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6591:Space-division
6587:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6428:Camille Tissot
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6403:Claude Shannon
6400:
6395:
6393:Tivadar Puskás
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6363:Antonio Meucci
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6333:Charles K. Kao
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6308:Harold Hopkins
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:Emile Berliner
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6147:Videotelephony
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6045:
6043:Radiotelephone
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Internet video
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5815:
5814:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:Misdialed call
5734:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5573:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5445:Internet forum
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5326:
5310:
5309:External links
5307:
5304:
5303:
5274:
5244:
5218:
5196:
5177:
5151:
5144:
5138:. p. 69.
5120:
5094:
5087:
5069:
5052:Fraunhofer IIS
5032:
5015:Fraunhofer IIS
4995:
4988:
4982:. p. 55.
4964:
4938:
4916:
4894:
4881:
4859:
4837:
4807:
4785:
4767:Keating, Tom.
4759:
4743:"MTALK-Readme"
4734:
4700:
4681:
4651:
4640:on May 7, 2006
4625:
4614:(5): 637–648.
4591:
4580:
4561:
4504:
4483:(4): 203–303.
4451:
4437:
4418:
4396:
4370:
4348:
4326:
4307:
4281:
4261:
4249:
4210:
4184:
4158:
4132:
4106:
4080:
4054:
4028:
4002:
3988:
3962:
3948:
3915:
3893:
3869:
3857:
3831:
3819:
3791:
3766:
3748:
3718:
3688:
3671:10.1.1.219.633
3645:
3636:SANS Institute
3622:
3589:
3561:
3537:
3511:
3481:
3459:
3433:
3394:
3364:
3334:
3327:
3307:
3285:
3263:
3241:
3219:
3197:
3161:
3144:
3130:
3113:
3096:
3079:
3066:
3032:
3018:
2994:
2951:
2919:
2901:
2879:
2853:
2824:
2798:
2771:
2744:
2723:
2702:
2662:
2622:
2605:
2579:
2564:
2543:
2506:(1): 184–199.
2486:
2467:
2445:
2402:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2317:or as a word,
2302:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2291:VoIP recording
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Voice over LTE
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2159:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:wideband audio
2079:
2058:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1997:
1994:Internet Phone
1984:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1947:Voice over ATM
1943:
1940:Bishnu S. Atal
1928:
1917:
1910:
1895:
1876:
1875:encoded voice.
1857:
1850:
1839:
1818:
1815:
1813:to telephony.
1811:cloud services
1762:Bishnu S. Atal
1691:digital speech
1655:packet network
1650:
1647:
1615:Interconnected
1594:
1591:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1525:
1522:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1442:European Union
1437:
1436:European Union
1434:
1417:
1414:
1389:
1388:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1272:point-to-point
1181:
1178:
1152:
1149:
1145:data integrity
1116:
1113:
1053:
1050:
1023:
1020:
968:
967:
926:
924:
917:
911:
908:
891:
888:
887:
886:
879:coaxial cables
860:
850:
828:physical layer
819:
816:
780:
777:
706:playout buffer
641:problems with
628:
625:
586:
583:
560:
557:
540:
537:
497:
494:
475:
472:
471:
470:
463:
452:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:Skype protocol
401:
395:
389:
379:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
325:videotelephony
310:
309:
303:
293:
287:
281:
269:
259:
238:open standards
229:
226:
203:federated VoIP
88:
85:
40:sessions over
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6954:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6922:Voice over IP
6920:
6919:
6917:
6902:
6894:
6892:
6884:
6882:
6874:
6872:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6851:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6616:Code-division
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:Time-division
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:and switching
6525:
6521:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6478:optical fiber
6476:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6468:Coaxial cable
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6383:Radia Perlman
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6273:Lee de Forest
6271:
6269:
6268:Thomas Edison
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:Donald Davies
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Claude Chappe
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6087:Smoke signals
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:Semiconductor
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:Digital media
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5833:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5812:
5802:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:Nuisance call
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:Fibre-optical
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5589:
5587:
5582:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5553:Microblogging
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5515:Voice over IP
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5500:LAN messenger
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5325:at Wiktionary
5324:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5147:
5145:9780470377864
5141:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5124:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5036:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5008:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4989:9780470023631
4985:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4926:
4920:
4904:
4898:
4892:, March 1996.
4891:
4885:
4869:
4863:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4825:June 2, 1997
4824:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4795:
4789:
4770:
4763:
4748:. Sunsite.edu
4744:
4738:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4714:Network World
4711:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4674:September 14,
4669:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4576:
4568:
4566:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4440:
4438:9781118909706
4434:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4406:
4405:"Danny Cohen"
4400:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4363:September 21,
4358:
4352:
4336:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4300:September 21,
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4246:
4239:September 19,
4231:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4021:September 20,
4017:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3903:
3897:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3812:September 27,
3808:
3801:
3795:
3784:September 26,
3780:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3504:September 21,
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3295:
3289:
3273:
3267:
3251:
3245:
3229:
3223:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3171:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3134:
3123:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2889:
2883:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2572:Omar, Ahmed.
2568:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2421:
2417:
2416:cse.wustl.edu
2413:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2314:
2307:
2303:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Audio over IP
2204:
2203:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:Lior Haramaty
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:speech coding
1716:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1613:Operators of
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:United States
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:VoIP gateways
1531:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:protocol for
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:
964:
961:
953:
950:November 2019
943:
939:
933:
932:
927:This section
925:
921:
916:
915:
907:
905:
901:
897:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
836:
835:
833:
829:
825:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
776:
774:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:queuing delay
699:
694:
692:
688:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
606:
604:
595:
591:
582:
578:
576:
571:
569:
565:
556:
554:
550:
545:
536:
534:
530:
527:
522:
520:
516:
510:
508:
504:
496:Corporate use
493:
491:
487:
485:
481:
467:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
441:
440:
437:
435:
431:
422:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
326:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:call progress
275:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
239:
235:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:speech coding
124:
122:
121:high-fidelity
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
6583:Multiplexing
6458:Transmission
6423:Nikola Tesla
6413:Henry Sutton
6368:Samuel Morse
6298:Robert Hooke
6263:Amos Dolbear
6198:John Bardeen
6117:
6097:Telautograph
6001:Mobile phone
5956:Edholm's law
5939:social media
5872:Broadcasting
5778:Théâtrophone
5756:Applications
5715:
5664:Connectivity
5624:Mobile phone
5514:
5321:
5283:
5277:
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5232:AppleInsider
5221:
5209:. Retrieved
5199:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5164:
5154:
5130:
5123:
5111:. Retrieved
5107:
5097:
5078:
5072:
5060:. Retrieved
5050:
5042:
5035:
5023:. Retrieved
5013:
5005:
4998:
4974:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:the original
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4919:
4907:. Retrieved
4897:
4889:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4840:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4788:
4776:. Retrieved
4762:
4750:. Retrieved
4737:
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2061:Mark Spencer
1993:
1843:Packet voice
1807:Asterisk PBX
1795:softswitches
1791:Marian Croak
1770:
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1672:packet voice
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1198:authenticate
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1169:cable modems
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1097:Enhanced 911
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6495:Radio waves
6433:Alfred Vail
6343:Hedy Lamarr
6328:Dawon Kahng
6288:Elisha Gray
6248:Yogen Dalal
6173:Nasir Ahmed
6107:Teleprinter
5971:Heliographs
5783:Video calls
5732:Missed call
5643:Accessories
5382:Online chat
5113:January 20,
5062:October 20,
5025:October 24,
4957:January 21,
4931:January 21,
4909:November 7,
4874:January 21,
4852:January 21,
4800:January 21,
4778:November 7,
4644:January 21,
4554:October 18,
4444:December 6,
4411:December 6,
4099:January 11,
4073:January 10,
4047:January 10,
3357:January 20,
3300:January 21,
3278:January 21,
3256:January 21,
3234:January 21,
3212:January 21,
3073:CableLabs,
2890:. skype.com
2737:January 30,
2716:January 30,
2557:January 24,
2483:(5): 11–19.
2356:DoS attacks
2256:Mobile VoIP
2165:introduces
2073:open source
1967:InSoft Inc.
1960:Frame Relay
1901:of the USC
1847:Danny Cohen
1801:, MGCP and
1668:Danny Cohen
1657:designs by
1639:US Congress
1579:South Korea
1573:South Korea
1335:hearing aid
1202:virtual PBX
1157:phone lines
1115:Fax support
997:Skype names
896:packet loss
875:power lines
853:IEEE 802.1p
843:IEEE 802.11
808:IEEE 802.1p
779:DSL and ATM
670:packet loss
490:Smartphones
484:IP backhaul
378:transports.
321:online chat
218:mobile data
210:VoIP phones
199:Google Talk
180:open source
34:voice calls
6916:Categories
6829:Antarctica
6788:Toasternet
6710:Television
6193:Paul Baran
6125:Television
6109:(teletype)
6102:Telegraphy
6080:transistor
6058:Phryctoria
6028:Photophone
6006:Smartphone
5996:Mass media
5634:Photophone
5541:Publishing
5455:Imageboard
5297:1602.04845
5170:January 1,
4870:. R. Zakon
4868:"RFC 2235"
4341:August 16,
4177:January 9,
4151:January 9,
4125:January 9,
3827:VOIPSA.org
3176:October 4,
2513:1709.01320
2379:References
2135:PhoneGnome
2045:softswitch
1919:1985: The
1899:Jon Postel
1852:1974: The
1817:Milestones
1787:Alon Cohen
1659:Paul Baran
1499:Change.org
1382:April 2022
1264:softphones
1067:IP address
1029:(LNP) and
743:(QoS) and
134:(LPC) and
113:narrowband
6927:Broadband
6813:Americas
6802:Locations
6773:Internet2
6534:Bandwidth
6238:Vint Cerf
6135:streaming
6113:Telephone
6053:Semaphore
5944:streaming
5747:Phone tag
5655:Caller ID
5600:Telephony
5450:Textboard
5211:March 31,
4752:April 29,
4722:0887-7661
4541:212485331
4533:2277-128X
4499:1932-8346
4203:March 26,
4146:Gulf News
3981:April 29,
3666:CiteSeerX
2981:1089-7089
2894:March 16,
2530:1932-4537
2426:March 19,
2107:standard.
2067:develops
2025:standard.
2008:Radvision
2004:Microsoft
1992:releases
1951:StrataCom
1907:Vint Cerf
1717:(LPC), a
1709:of early
1707:bandwidth
1610:(CALEA).
1412:company.
1323:caller ID
1317:Caller ID
1311:endpoints
1280:Wireshark
1225:firewalls
1105:VoIP E911
1058:land line
902:, packet
898:, packet
466:Softphone
388:instances
376:WebSocket
273:Signaling
256:transport
228:Protocols
178:, and an
158:(used in
150:(used in
142:(used in
93:telephony
6881:Category
6768:Internet
6758:CYCLADES
6675:Ethernet
6625:Concepts
6549:terminal
6500:wireless
6323:Bob Kahn
6166:Pioneers
5991:Internet
5882:Cable TV
5614:Landline
5527:Web chat
5266:Archived
5255:Archived
5188:Archived
4830:Archived
4819:Archived
4796:. iLocus
4389:March 2,
4318:Archived
4041:BBC News
3941:April 7,
3741:June 12,
3711:June 12,
3640:Archived
3614:Archived
3530:April 5,
3525:CircleID
3452:July 19,
3387:July 19,
3381:Archived
3186:cite web
2989:12336090
2872:March 3,
2846:March 2,
2811:Archived
2764:June 21,
2691:cite web
2681:April 8,
2651:cite web
2641:April 8,
2598:July 19,
2286:VoIP VPN
2281:VoiceXML
2199:See also
2175:Rise of
2167:FaceTime
2114:INOC-DBA
2069:Asterisk
1990:VocalTec
1975:VocalTec
1779:VocalTec
1774:Internet
1695:bit rate
1518:FaceTime
1510:WhatsApp
1406:Ethiopia
1398:captured
1180:Security
1119:Sending
883:contract
857:Ethernet
659:DiffServ
594:Asterisk
480:backhaul
445:Ethernet
411:Adoption
306:Security
224:system.
152:WhatsApp
144:FaceTime
87:Overview
83:(POTS).
46:Internet
6901:Commons
6891:Outline
6844:Oceania
6763:FidoNet
6748:ARPANET
6561:circuit
6130:digital
5859:History
5435:FidoNet
5272:in PDF)
5237:June 9,
4848:. ITU-T
4315:GPO.gov
4067:Reuters
3865:FCC.gov
3850:July 9,
3274:. Skype
3230:. Skype
2817:May 29,
2791:May 28,
2538:3873601
2460:May 11,
2369:802.3ah
2313:V-O-I-P
2271:UNIStim
2142:G.729.1
2095:G.722.1
2041:Level 3
1865:ARPANET
1680:ARPANET
1649:History
1632:nomadic
1488:In the
1440:In the
1372:updated
1300:SIPRNet
1247:(ICE).
1209:hackers
1194:encrypt
1165:routers
974:Class 5
904:latency
818:Layer 2
714:dropout
643:latency
266:session
252:Network
6839:Europe
6809:Africa
6793:Usenet
6753:BITNET
6690:Mobile
6566:packet
6075:MOSFET
6070:device
5867:Beacon
5505:Talker
5440:Usenet
5142:
5085:
4986:
4720:
4539:
4531:
4497:
4435:
4384:Forbes
3698:402760
3696:
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3668:
3426:May 2,
3325:
3011:May 3,
2987:
2979:
2944:May 3,
2867:Forbes
2841:Forbes
2536:
2528:
2441:(SSL).
2393:"VoIP"
2190:2012:
2177:WebRTC
2172:2011:
2161:2010:
2150:2009:
2140:2006:
2133:2005:
2123:2003:
2112:2001:
2105:AAC-LD
2065:Digium
2050:1999:
2039:1997:
2015:1996:
1986:1995:
1965:1992:
1930:1985:
1925:NSFNET
1912:1981:
1905:, and
1886:, and
1880:
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1859:1974:
1841:1973:
1838:(NTT).
1822:1966:
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1711:modems
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1699:
1689:(PCM)
1516:, and
1424:, the
1422:Canada
1416:Canada
1402:Panama
1125:codecs
900:jitter
766:
647:jitter
564:Hosted
553:Hosted
469:input.
398:Jingle
317:Matrix
140:AAC-LD
59:, and
6822:South
6817:North
6778:JANET
6715:Telex
6705:Radio
6544:Nodes
6539:Links
6460:media
6038:Radio
6023:Pager
5951:Drums
5917:video
5912:image
5902:audio
5725:Calls
5607:Types
5425:Email
5292:arXiv
5047:(PDF)
5010:(PDF)
4772:(PDF)
4746:(TXT)
4604:(PDF)
4548:(PDF)
4537:S2CID
4517:(PDF)
4473:(PDF)
4233:(PDF)
4226:(PDF)
3935:(PDF)
3928:(PDF)
3888:(PDF)
3881:(PDF)
3803:(PDF)
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3694:S2CID
3658:(PDF)
3617:(PDF)
3602:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3573:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3420:(PDF)
3409:(PDF)
3377:ITWeb
3156:(PDF)
3125:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
2985:S2CID
2617:(PDF)
2534:S2CID
2508:arXiv
2298:Notes
2163:Apple
2156:Skype
2125:Skype
2091:Siren
2032:G.729
2023:H.323
2019:ITU-T
2000:Intel
1982:Linux
1871:kpbs
1799:H.323
1705:kbps
1697:of 64
1530:India
1524:India
1514:Skype
1494:Skype
1430:9-1-1
1268:IPsec
1121:faxes
993:Skype
989:E.164
981:E.164
864:ITU-T
804:VDSL2
757:H.248
753:H.323
603:below
568:Cloud
549:Cloud
533:Skype
519:Wi-Fi
449:Wi-Fi
348:H.248
336:H.323
290:Media
214:Wi-Fi
195:Skype
188:G.729
176:G.722
172:G.711
168:A-law
164:ÎĽ-law
160:Skype
6834:Asia
6720:UUCP
6680:ISDN
5716:VoIP
5706:PSTN
5701:POTS
5691:ISDN
5558:Wiki
5548:Blog
5322:VoIP
5239:2010
5213:2009
5172:2015
5140:ISBN
5115:2009
5083:ISBN
5064:2019
5027:2019
4984:ISBN
4959:2009
4933:2009
4911:2007
4876:2009
4854:2009
4802:2009
4780:2007
4754:2012
4729:2012
4718:ISSN
4676:2021
4646:2009
4556:2019
4529:ISSN
4495:ISSN
4446:2014
4433:ISBN
4413:2014
4391:2009
4365:2017
4343:2014
4302:2017
4241:2012
4205:2020
4197:CNBC
4179:2018
4153:2018
4127:2018
4101:2018
4075:2018
4049:2018
4023:2016
3983:2017
3943:2008
3910:2006
3852:2019
3814:2023
3786:2022
3743:2009
3713:2009
3684:ISBN
3532:2006
3506:2017
3454:2022
3428:2011
3389:2022
3359:2009
3323:ISBN
3302:2009
3280:2009
3258:2009
3236:2009
3214:2009
3192:link
3178:2012
3061:3611
3013:2011
2977:ISSN
2946:2011
2896:2009
2874:2009
2848:2009
2819:2009
2793:2009
2766:2011
2739:2018
2718:2018
2697:link
2683:2015
2657:link
2643:2015
2600:2022
2559:2020
2526:ISSN
2462:2012
2428:2024
2341:VOYP
2192:Opus
2183:CELT
2152:SILK
2053:The
2006:and
1938:and
1914:IPv4
1873:CVSD
1785:and
1760:and
1466:Oman
1460:Oman
1292:ZRTP
1290:and
1288:SRTP
1256:ZRTP
1243:and
1241:STUN
1227:and
1196:and
1132:T.38
867:G.hn
862:The
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768:3611
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254:and
184:iLBC
166:and
156:SILK
148:Opus
115:and
107:and
26:VoIP
6725:WAN
6695:NGN
6685:LAN
5966:Fax
5907:DCT
4616:doi
4485:doi
3676:doi
3413:FCC
3347:FCC
3058:RFC
3048:doi
2969:doi
2518:doi
2118:SIP
2063:of
1890:in
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