4719:
5244:
5224:
5195:
5153:
5117:
5088:
5059:
5023:
4981:
4945:
4916:
4887:
4851:
4829:
4793:
4764:
4735:
5276:
4288:
3447:
909:
voiced consonants but not before unvoiced consonants or vowel quality changes (the sound of the vowel) in some dialects of
English that occur before unvoiced but not voiced consonants. Such processes allow English speakers to continue to perceive difference between voiced and voiceless consonants when the devoicing of the former would otherwise make them sound identical to the latter.
1056:, the contrast is more complicated for English. The "voiced" sounds do not typically feature articulatory voicing throughout the sound. The difference between the unvoiced stop phonemes and the voiced stop phonemes is not just a matter of whether articulatory voicing is present or not. Rather, it includes
908:
What complicates the matter is that for
English, consonant phonemes are classified as either voiced or voiceless even though it is not the primary distinctive feature between them. Still, the classification is used as a stand-in for phonological processes, such as vowel lengthening that occurs before
1255:). When a sound is described as "half voiced" or "partially voiced", it is not always clear whether that means that the voicing is weak (low intensity) or if the voicing occurs during only part of the sound (short duration). In the case of English, it is the latter.
1305:
There is a hypothesis that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and voiced consonants. That relation is based on sound perception as well as on sound production, where consonant voice, tenseness and
1265:
consonants, which are normally incompatible with voicing, in voiceless and voiced pairs. The consonants start out voiced but become voiceless partway through and allow normal aspiration or ejection. They are and and a similar series of clicks,
624:
and ⟨z⟩. The two sounds are transcribed as and to distinguish them from the
English letters, which have several possible pronunciations, depending on the context. If one places the fingers on the voice box (i.e., the location of the
604:
It can also refer to a classification of speech sounds that tend to be associated with vocal cord vibration but may not actually be voiced at the articulatory level. That is the term's primary use in
1789:
1825:
1799:
1215:
Other
English sounds, the vowels and sonorants, are normally fully voiced. However, they may be devoiced in certain positions, especially after aspirated consonants, as in
1809:
1794:
1389:
The parentheses should appear under the letter, but that is not fully supported by
Unicode. As of version 8.0, only central voicing and devoicing, and , is encoded.
1212:. However, auditory cues remain to distinguish between voiced and voiceless sounds, such as what has been described above, like the length of the preceding vowel.
905:
might be transcribed as or , depending on the presence or strength of this devoicing. While the phone has articulatory voicing, the phone does not have it.
890:. Each symbol is an abstract representation of a phoneme. That awareness is an inherent part of speakers' mental grammar that allows them to recognise words.
1779:
920:
and voicing. The voiced fricatives can readily be felt to have voicing throughout the duration of the phone especially when they occur between vowels.
1200:
When the consonants come at the end of a syllable, however, what distinguishes them is quite different. Voiceless phonemes are typically unaspirated,
1756:
1746:
763:
1741:
5342:
4648:
2694:
2440:
1075:, the voiced symbols are maybe used only to represent the presence of articulatory voicing, and aspiration is represented with a superscript
1071:
at the beginning of a stressed syllable, and in the same context, their voiced counterparts are voiced only partway through. In more narrow
1261:
and some of its neighboring languages are typologically unusual in having contrastive partially-voiced consonants. They have aspirate and
836:
Partial voicing can mean light but continuous voicing, discontinuous voicing, or discontinuities in the degree of voicing. For example,
2708:
2701:
2447:
2922:
2680:
2426:
1691:
4437:
2715:
2412:
4610:
4540:
4476:
4399:
2687:
2433:
1439:
893:
However, phonemes are not sounds in themselves. Rather, phonemes are, in a sense, converted to phones before being spoken. The
5285:
4820:
4605:
4483:
4380:
4297:
3456:
3217:
3124:
1705:
1290:
even though there is no involvement of voice (or voice onset time) in that contrast. That happens, for instance, in several
1204:
and the closure itself may not even be released, making it sometimes difficult to hear the difference between, for example,
4560:
4497:
4302:
3307:
3199:
3106:
2419:
4836:
4653:
4504:
4450:
4406:
3836:
3791:
3294:
3231:
3138:
2589:
2345:
1483:
444:
4858:
4633:
4418:
4387:
3802:
3754:
3740:
3682:
3668:
3316:
3224:
3131:
1736:
5335:
4907:
4582:
4567:
4347:
3816:
3334:
3245:
3206:
3152:
3113:
2870:
1449:
407:
5079:
4333:
3809:
3461:
3388:
3325:
3238:
3145:
2652:
2596:
2561:
2352:
2317:
5592:
5366:
5144:
4923:
4878:
4443:
4425:
3370:
2638:
2394:
1700:
1319:
901:
is frequently devoiced, even in fluent speech, especially at the end of an utterance. The sequence of phones for
703:
855:
The distinction between the articulatory use of voice and the phonological use rests on the distinction between
620:
For example, voicing accounts for the difference between the pair of sounds associated with the
English letters
5565:
5095:
5050:
4936:
4353:
4292:
4287:
3719:
3647:
3451:
3446:
3252:
3159:
2805:
2764:
2500:
2167:
5560:
5108:
4894:
4755:
4361:
4243:
4103:
4071:
3395:
2659:
2575:
2568:
2331:
2324:
2153:
5572:
5555:
5547:
5328:
5215:
5066:
4952:
4643:
4339:
4234:
4223:
4135:
3747:
3675:
3377:
2835:
2645:
2624:
2547:
2401:
2380:
2303:
1784:
1684:
17:
1287:
1283:
1053:
898:
894:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
841:
837:
825:
817:
807:
799:
789:
781:
715:
711:
513:
466:
5587:
5582:
5124:
4771:
4726:
4456:
4250:
3733:
3712:
3661:
3404:
2822:
2778:
2771:
2722:
2514:
2507:
2458:
2203:
2174:
2023:
1852:
5852:
5577:
5280:
5275:
5186:
4784:
4367:
4264:
4186:
3064:
2957:
2844:
2750:
2666:
2582:
2486:
2338:
2185:
2160:
2139:
1329:
5499:
5444:
5235:
4972:
4742:
4638:
4257:
4177:
4166:
3768:
3726:
3696:
3654:
3028:
2736:
2631:
2554:
2472:
2387:
2310:
2217:
2068:
2039:
1064:(airflow burst following the release of the closure) and the duration of the closure and aspiration.
5610:
5429:
5362:
5202:
5014:
4800:
4315:
4193:
3761:
3689:
3413:
3010:
2984:
2933:
2853:
2785:
2729:
2465:
2245:
2210:
2050:
2030:
2009:
376:
5813:
5808:
5719:
5251:
5164:
4988:
4207:
3603:
3071:
2904:
2895:
2878:
2757:
2673:
2493:
2231:
2192:
2146:
2082:
1677:
1476:
437:
154:
5830:
5640:
5439:
5414:
5358:
5030:
4200:
3964:
3902:
3594:
3583:
3528:
3050:
3035:
2915:
2743:
2479:
2224:
2110:
2075:
1966:
1951:
1935:
1334:
1258:
1072:
366:
125:
76:
5419:
5396:
5374:
4026:
3953:
3933:
3891:
3871:
3610:
3507:
3017:
2991:
2966:
2940:
2252:
2096:
2057:
2016:
1946:
1907:
1751:
1344:
917:
381:
274:
101:
5857:
5820:
5532:
4489:
4015:
3995:
3973:
3911:
3624:
3563:
2886:
2238:
2089:
1991:
1239:
in which the voicing is delayed to the extent of missing the sonorant or vowel altogether.
897:
phoneme, for instance, can actually be pronounced as either the phone or the phone since
236:
57:
1669:
8:
5928:
5798:
5775:
5524:
5477:
5449:
5290:
4553:
4157:
4044:
4035:
3944:
3882:
3631:
3617:
3535:
3057:
2117:
1971:
1928:
1267:
1068:
1061:
642:
294:
226:
212:
145:
847:
Partial voicing can also be indicated in the normal IPA with transcriptions like and .
5999:
5793:
5626:
5434:
5391:
4576:
4006:
3572:
3521:
3500:
2259:
2103:
1961:
1941:
1895:
1557:
1469:
646:
430:
420:
397:
299:
221:
81:
71:
41:
863:(represented between slashes). The difference is best illustrated by a rough example.
5872:
5749:
5714:
5537:
5504:
5472:
5406:
5001:
4532:
3778:
3542:
3083:
1996:
1976:
1918:
1804:
1445:
856:
687:
633:
while is pronounced but not with . (For a more detailed, technical explanation, see
343:
198:
130:
120:
90:
5940:
5933:
5788:
5744:
5739:
5602:
5514:
5491:
5467:
5424:
5383:
4811:
3865:
3556:
3514:
1986:
1956:
1923:
1913:
1619:
1349:
1299:
1291:
1252:
1057:
193:
140:
115:
110:
5905:
5803:
5783:
5724:
5692:
5509:
5135:
4869:
4326:
3856:
3549:
2978:
1981:
1847:
1431:
672:
626:
402:
231:
183:
135:
5877:
5041:
1631:
1552:
1373:
1201:
1049:
5993:
5963:
5923:
5900:
5867:
5840:
4700:
4217:
4059:
3473:
1527:
1522:
1435:
1414:
1354:
621:
575:
356:
330:
304:
284:
1294:
dialects. Because voice is not involved, this is explained as a contrast in
706:
has distinct letters for many voiceless and voiced pairs of consonants (the
5973:
5892:
5882:
5862:
4546:
2268:
1547:
1418:
925:
567:
325:
289:
1247:
There are two variables to degrees of voicing: intensity (discussed under
5978:
5968:
5958:
5845:
5702:
5298:
4712:
4695:
4469:
3989:
2793:
1862:
1840:
1625:
1542:
1537:
1532:
666:
634:
630:
594:
320:
188:
1401:
Handbook of the
Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States
5761:
5177:
4705:
2003:
1857:
1648:
1307:
767:
571:
1400:
5950:
5756:
5707:
5667:
5662:
5649:
4963:
4465:
3706:
3639:
2525:
2281:
1885:
1492:
1339:
1324:
1295:
1279:
1248:
913:
722:
are typically used with letters for prototypically voiceless sounds.
719:
707:
638:
613:
605:
598:
563:
559:
260:
249:
178:
173:
163:
49:
5684:
5672:
5269:
4600:
4522:
4516:
4281:
3440:
2278:
1653:
1270:
contrasts them with plain voiced and voicelesses like /p, b, b͡p/.
1262:
654:
870:
is made up of a sequence of phonemes, represented symbolically as
5657:
4373:
3577:
2133:
1835:
1658:
1505:
860:
766:
have a notation for partial voicing and devoicing as well as for
726:
691:
609:
371:
361:
279:
168:
5320:
1610:
31:
585:
The term, however, is used to refer to two separate concepts:
5697:
4676:
1830:
1310:
are only different manifestations of a common sound feature.
650:
203:
1461:
675:
has no underlyingly voiceless consonants, only voiced ones.
1699:
1413:
Consonants that are called "voiced aspirate" normally have
1174:
Pronounced with the back of the tongue against the palate:
601:
to describe phones, which are particular speech sounds.
714:. In addition, there is a diacritic for voicedness: ⟨
3478:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
840:could be an with (some) voicing in the middle and
30:"Voiced" redirects here. For the organization, see
1430:
1278:There are languages with two sets of contrasting
943:Pronounced with the lower lip against the teeth:
764:extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
5991:
844:could be with (some) devoicing in the middle.
1417:, not voiceless aspiration, as in Juǀʼhoansi,
968:Pronounced with the tongue against the teeth:
5336:
4649:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1685:
1477:
916:phonemes that can be divided into a table by
694:together for the purposes of classification.
438:
574:). Speech sounds can be described as either
5460:
1048:However, in the class of consonants called
924:Voicing contrast in English fricatives via
5343:
5329:
1692:
1678:
1484:
1470:
1124:Pronounced with the tongue near the gums:
999:Pronounced with the tongue near the gums:
859:(represented between square brackets) and
445:
431:
1747:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1444:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 63, 80–81.
1380:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1149:Pronounced with the tongue bunched up:
1024:Pronounced with the tongue bunched up:
14:
5992:
1917:
1404:, University of Chicago Press, p. 122.
1273:
1067:English voiceless stops are generally
616:its primary use is to describe phones.
5324:
4674:
4156:
3855:
3571:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1883:
1718:
1673:
1465:
1242:
678:When used to classify speech sounds,
629:in the upper throat), one can feel a
4685:
4626:
4319:
3529:
3490:
1899:
27:Term used in phonetics and phonology
4654:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3508:
3468:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1441:The Sounds of the World's Languages
24:
3564:
1737:International Phonetic Association
1083:Voicing contrast in English stops
25:
6011:
5250:
5234:
5214:
5201:
5185:
5163:
5143:
5123:
5107:
5094:
5078:
5065:
5049:
5029:
5013:
5000:
4987:
4971:
4951:
4935:
4922:
4906:
4893:
4877:
4857:
4835:
4819:
4799:
4783:
4770:
4754:
4741:
4725:
4581:
4566:
4559:
4539:
4515:
4503:
4496:
4482:
4475:
4449:
4436:
4424:
4417:
4405:
4398:
4386:
4379:
4360:
4346:
4332:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4222:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4176:
4165:
4134:
4102:
4070:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4014:
4005:
3994:
3972:
3963:
3952:
3943:
3932:
3910:
3901:
3890:
3881:
3870:
3835:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3790:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3593:
3582:
3536:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3387:
3376:
3369:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3293:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3198:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3112:
3105:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3034:
3027:
3016:
3009:
2990:
2983:
2965:
2956:
2939:
2932:
2921:
2914:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2869:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2821:
2804:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2191:
2184:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2056:
2049:
2038:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1992:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1251:), and duration (discussed under
1099:Pronounced with the lips closed:
645:, with a notable exception being
5350:
5274:
5242:
5222:
5193:
5151:
5115:
5086:
5057:
5021:
4979:
4943:
4914:
4885:
4849:
4827:
4791:
4762:
4733:
4717:
4286:
3522:
3501:
3445:
1790:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
686:are merely labels used to group
5367:International Phonetic Alphabet
3543:
1701:International Phonetic Alphabet
1320:Consonant voicing and devoicing
704:International Phonetic Alphabet
4634:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3557:
3515:
1884:
1810:IPA chart for English dialects
1719:
1424:
1407:
1392:
1383:
1367:
794:partial/central devoicing of
13:
1:
3550:
1491:
1360:
1060:(if at all), the presence of
850:
390:Theories of speech perception
4644:Voiceless bidental fricative
1752:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1508:states (from open to closed)
786:partial/central voicing of
597:vibrate, its primary use in
7:
1853:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1313:
697:
10:
6016:
4675:
1330:List of language disorders
912:English has four pairs of
729:, the symbols are encoded
29:
5949:
5914:
5891:
5829:
5774:
5735:
5683:
5648:
5639:
5619:
5601:
5546:
5523:
5490:
5405:
5382:
5373:
5356:
5176:
5134:
5040:
4962:
4868:
4810:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4683:
4670:
4639:Nasal palatal approximant
4316:Co-articulated consonants
4216:
4161:
4124:
4092:
4057:
3988:
3926:
3864:
3825:
3777:
3705:
3638:
3576:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3349:
3271:
3178:
3082:
2977:
2877:
2792:
2619:
2523:
2375:
2277:
2132:
2002:
1934:
1906:
1892:
1879:
1818:
1772:
1729:
1725:
1714:
1641:
1609:
1516:
1499:
775:
589:Voicing can refer to the
538:
525:
520:
511:
506:
491:
478:
473:
464:
459:
377:Neural encoding of sound
3488:Non-pulmonic consonants
2620:Non-sibilant fricative
2376:Non-sibilant affricate
1742:History of the alphabet
1626:Harsh/ventricular voice
155:Manners of articulation
5359:Articulatory phonetics
1800:Sinological extensions
1642:Non-phonemic phonation
1585:(restricted airstream)
1421:and similar languages.
1335:Manner of articulation
1073:phonetic transcription
367:Categorical perception
102:Places of articulation
5533:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1345:Place of articulation
918:place of articulation
874:, or the sequence of
742:COMBINING CARON BELOW
275:Fundamental frequency
5858:Labio-palatalization
3272:Lateral approximant
1634:(epiglottal trilled)
776:Partial (de)voicing
757:COMBINING RING BELOW
657:(consonants such as
591:articulatory process
578:(otherwise known as
295:Source–filter theory
213:Airstream mechanisms
5548:Double articulation
1896:Pulmonic consonants
1588:(blocked airstream)
1579:(maximum vibration)
1398:Kretzschmar (1993)
1378:A Grammar of Yidiny
1274:Voice and tenseness
1084:
1058:when voicing starts
928:
3826:Lateral fricative
3472:, to the left are
3179:Lateral fricative
1967:Postalveolar
1952:Linguolabial
1795:Naming conventions
1758:Journal of the IPA
1282:that are labelled
1243:Degrees of voicing
1082:
923:
812:initial devoicing
643:European languages
558:is a term used in
421:Linguistics portal
398:Acoustic landmarks
58:Linguistics Series
5987:
5986:
5873:Pharyngealization
5770:
5769:
5635:
5634:
5593:Uvular–epiglottal
5486:
5485:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5261:
5260:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4619:
4618:
4444:Uvular–epiglottal
4311:
4310:
4273:
4272:
3484:
3483:
3432:
3431:
3350:Lateral tap/flap
1947:Labiodental
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1805:World Orthography
1667:
1666:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1198:
1197:
1046:
1045:
866:The English word
834:
833:
549:
548:
502:
501:
455:
454:
415:
414:
338:
337:
244:
243:
16:(Redirected from
6007:
5941:Voice onset time
5646:
5645:
5566:Labial–retroflex
5458:
5457:
5380:
5379:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5302:
5278:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5226:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5206:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5099:
5098:
5090:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5005:
5004:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4956:
4955:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4898:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4672:
4671:
4624:
4623:
4585:
4570:
4563:
4543:
4519:
4507:
4500:
4486:
4479:
4453:
4440:
4428:
4421:
4412:Labial–retroflex
4409:
4402:
4390:
4383:
4364:
4354:Labial–retroflex
4350:
4336:
4320:
4290:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4237:
4226:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4169:
4140:
4108:
4076:
4047:
4040:
4031:
4020:
4011:
4000:
3978:
3969:
3958:
3949:
3938:
3916:
3907:
3896:
3887:
3876:
3862:bottom: uvular)
3839:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3794:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3586:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3449:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3391:
3380:
3373:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3297:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3209:
3202:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3116:
3109:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3038:
3031:
3020:
3013:
2994:
2987:
2969:
2960:
2943:
2936:
2925:
2918:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2873:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2825:
2808:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2195:
2188:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1881:
1880:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1620:Faucalized voice
1573:
1566:(full airstream)
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1432:Ladefoged, Peter
1428:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1350:Voice onset time
1300:fortis and lenis
1292:Alemannic German
1289:
1285:
1253:voice onset time
1085:
1081:
1055:
929:
922:
900:
896:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
843:
839:
830:final devoicing
827:
819:
809:
804:initial voicing
801:
791:
783:
773:
772:
758:
755:
754:
750:
748:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
717:
713:
566:to characterize
542:
534:
529:
516:
515:
504:
503:
495:
487:
482:
469:
468:
457:
456:
447:
440:
433:
351:
350:
257:
256:
98:
97:
37:
36:
21:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5945:
5910:
5887:
5832:
5825:
5766:
5731:
5679:
5631:
5615:
5597:
5561:Labial–alveolar
5542:
5519:
5500:Alveolo-palatal
5482:
5456:
5445:Palato-alveolar
5401:
5369:
5363:Co-articulation
5352:
5349:
5319:
5310:
5300:
5299:unrounded
5295:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5184:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5048:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4970:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4876:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4818:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4724:
4718:
4679:
4658:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:Labial–alveolar
4586:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4394:
4393:Labial–alveolar
4391:
4384:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4340:Labial–alveolar
4337:
4329:
4312:
4307:
4137:
4105:
4093:Voiced lateral
4073:
4048:
4037:
4028:
4017:
4008:
3997:
3975:
3966:
3955:
3946:
3935:
3913:
3904:
3893:
3884:
3873:
3861:
3859:
3477:
3466:
1972:Retroflex
1888:
1867:
1826:ASCII encodings
1814:
1768:
1721:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1663:
1637:
1605:
1596:
1572:whispery voice)
1571:
1570:
1495:
1490:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1316:
1276:
1245:
853:
756:
752:
751:
746:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
730:
700:
540:
532:
527:
512:
493:
485:
480:
465:
451:
403:Exemplar theory
313:Phonation types
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6013:
6003:
6002:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5878:Glottalization
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5853:Palatalization
5850:
5849:
5848:
5837:
5835:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5611:Velopharyngeal
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Labial–palatal
5570:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5556:Labial–coronal
5552:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5430:Denti-alveolar
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5199:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5092:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5063:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5010:
5008:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4920:
4913:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4891:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4833:
4826:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4768:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4739:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4521:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4494:
4490:Labial–palatal
4488:
4481:
4474:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4125:Nasal lateral
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Bilabial
1939:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1773:Special topics
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1632:Strident voice
1629:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:(intermediate)
1580:
1577:
1576:(intermediate)
1574:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1436:Maddieson, Ian
1423:
1406:
1391:
1382:
1374:R. M. W. Dixon
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1275:
1272:
1244:
1241:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
996:
995:
982:
969:
965:
964:
954:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
852:
849:
832:
831:
828:
823:
822:final voicing
820:
814:
813:
810:
805:
802:
796:
795:
792:
787:
784:
778:
777:
699:
696:
667:modally voiced
618:
617:
608:: to describe
602:
547:
546:
543:
536:
535:
530:
523:
522:
518:
517:
509:
508:
500:
499:
496:
489:
488:
483:
476:
475:
471:
470:
462:
461:
453:
452:
450:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
392:
391:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
347:
346:
340:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
315:
314:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
269:
268:
253:
252:
246:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:
84:
79:
74:
66:
65:
64:Subdisciplines
61:
60:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6012:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Uvularization
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:Labialization
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Coronal–velar
5586:
5584:
5583:Labial–uvular
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5305:
5304:
5303: rounded
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5253:
5237:
5230:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5188:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5146:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5081:
5074:
5068:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5016:
5009:
5003:
4996:
4990:
4974:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4938:
4931:
4925:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4880:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4757:
4750:
4744:
4728:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4584:
4578:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4506:
4499:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4467:
4458:
4457:Labial–uvular
4452:
4445:
4439:
4427:
4420:
4408:
4401:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4355:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Case variants
1783:
1781:
1780:Cursive forms
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:Supra-glottal
1608:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1451:0-631-19815-6
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1415:breathy voice
1410:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1355:Voicelessness
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:Articulation
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:/p,t,k,b,d,ɡ/
1051:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
992:
988:
983:
981:
979:
975:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
955:
952:
950:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
932:Articulation
931:
930:
927:
926:minimal pairs
921:
919:
915:
910:
906:
904:
891:
869:
864:
862:
858:
848:
845:
829:
824:
821:
816:
815:
811:
806:
803:
798:
797:
793:
788:
785:
780:
779:
774:
771:
769:
765:
760:
728:
723:
721:
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:in which the
592:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:) or voiced.
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:speech sounds
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
537:
531:
524:
519:
510:
505:
497:
490:
484:
477:
472:
463:
458:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
426:
425:
422:
419:
418:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
389:
388:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Acoustic cues
355:
354:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
341:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
312:
311:
306:
305:Voicelessness
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
266:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
247:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
211:
210:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5915:
5893:Tongue shape
5883:Nasalization
5863:Velarization
5833:articulation
5603:Pathological
5578:Labial–velar
5461:Active place
5440:Postalveolar
5415:Linguolabial
5351:Articulation
5296:
4573:Labial–velar
4523:
4510:Labial–velar
4431:Labial–velar
4368:Labial–velar
4314:
3927:
3860:(top: velar;
3487:
3469:
3467:
1894:
1761:
1757:
1548:Creaky voice
1440:
1426:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1304:
1277:
1257:
1246:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1076:
1066:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1003:
990:
986:
984:
977:
973:
971:
958:
957:
948:
947:
911:
907:
902:
892:
867:
865:
854:
846:
835:
761:
724:
701:
683:
679:
677:
671:
662:
658:
627:Adam's apple
619:
590:
584:
579:
555:
551:
550:
408:Motor theory
290:Pitch accent
264:
126:Postalveolar
91:Articulation
77:Articulatory
56:Part of the
18:Voiced sound
5703:Approximant
5420:Interdental
5397:Labiodental
4535:approximant
4470:approximant
2794:Approximant
1863:IPA Braille
1841:Kirshenbaum
1628:("pressed")
1553:Glottalized
1543:Stiff voice
1538:Modal voice
1533:Slack voice
1298:, called a
1202:glottalized
710:), such as
641:.) In most
635:modal voice
612:; while in
595:vocal folds
189:Approximant
5831:Secondary
5821:Percussive
5789:Ingressive
5762:Continuant
5286:full chart
4812:Near-close
4606:full chart
4528:(variable)
4298:full chart
3781:affricate
3457:full chart
3086:affricate
1886:Consonants
1858:IPA number
1720:IPA topics
1622:("hollow")
1376:. (1977).
1361:References
1302:contrast.
1280:obstruents
1268:Lun Bawang
1259:Juǀʼhoansi
1062:aspiration
1052:, such as
935:Voiceless
851:In English
768:prevoicing
720:Diacritics
708:obstruents
653:and other
572:consonants
533:̥
486:̬
344:Perception
237:Percussive
6000:Phonetics
5951:Phonation
5929:Aspirated
5924:Voiceless
5799:Implosive
5784:Egressive
5776:Airstream
5757:Occlusive
5708:Semivowel
5668:Fricative
5663:Affricate
5650:Obstruent
5525:Laryngeal
5478:Subapical
5450:Retroflex
5136:Near-open
4870:Close-mid
4554:Implosive
4547:Velarized
4466:Fricative
4218:Voiceless
4158:Implosive
3707:Fricative
3640:Affricate
3474:voiceless
2526:fricative
2524:Sibilant
2282:affricate
1929:Laryngeal
1819:Encodings
1613:phonation
1558:Ballistic
1493:Phonation
1340:Phonation
1325:Dyscravia
1296:tenseness
1288:/bdɡvzɣ…/
1284:/ptkfsx…/
1249:phonation
1091:Unvoiced
1069:aspirated
914:fricative
655:sonorants
647:Icelandic
639:phonation
631:vibration
614:phonetics
606:phonology
599:phonetics
576:voiceless
570:(usually
564:phonology
560:phonetics
528:(decimal)
507:Voiceless
481:(decimal)
261:Phonation
250:Acoustics
227:Glottalic
179:Fricative
174:Affricate
164:Consonant
146:Laryngeal
50:Phonetics
5994:Category
5846:Rounding
5814:Ejective
5809:Pulmonic
5794:Ejective
5720:Tap/flap
5685:Sonorant
5673:Sibilant
5627:Bidental
5435:Alveolar
5392:Bilabial
5297:Legend:
5291:template
5270:IPA help
5042:Open-mid
4611:template
4601:IPA help
4577:Ejective
4549:alveolar
4303:template
4282:IPA help
3573:Ejective
3462:template
3441:IPA help
2879:Tap/flap
2279:Sibilant
1962:Alveolar
1654:Falsetto
1591:(fortis)
1569:(murmur,
1438:(1996).
1314:See also
1263:ejective
753:◌̥
738:◌̬
716:◌̬
698:Notation
692:phonemes
684:unvoiced
659:m, n, l,
610:phonemes
580:unvoiced
539:Unicode
521:Encoding
492:Unicode
474:Encoding
222:Pulmonic
121:Alveolar
82:Auditory
72:Acoustic
42:a series
40:Part of
5964:Breathy
5750:Lateral
5715:Vibrant
5658:Plosive
5538:Glottal
5505:Palatal
5473:Laminal
5407:Coronal
5301:•
4701:Central
4533:Lateral
4374:Plosive
4162:Voiced
4060:lateral
4058:Tenuis
4049:
3779:Lateral
3084:Lateral
2134:Plosive
1997:Glottal
1977:Palatal
1919:Coronal
1836:X-SAMPA
1659:Vibrato
1649:Whisper
1528:Breathy
1506:Glottal
1094:Voiced
938:Voiced
861:phoneme
727:Unicode
556:voicing
526:Entity
479:Entity
382:Prosody
372:Hearing
362:Aphasia
331:Breathy
280:Glottis
265:Voicing
232:Lingual
199:Lateral
169:Plosive
131:Palatal
5974:Creaky
5934:Tenuis
5901:Sulcal
5745:Rhotic
5740:Liquid
5641:Manner
5515:Uvular
5492:Dorsal
5468:Apical
5425:Dental
5384:Labial
5279:
4677:Vowels
4526:-sound
4291:
3928:Voiced
3866:Tenuis
3470:voiced
3450:
2441:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
1987:Uvular
1957:Dental
1936:Manner
1924:Dorsal
1914:Labial
1523:Breath
1448:
1308:length
1231:, and
1037:(confu
1028:(Confu
886:, and
872:/nɒdz/
749:
747:U+0325
734:
732:U+032C
688:phones
680:voiced
673:Yidiny
651:vowels
545:U+0325
498:U+032C
460:Voiced
326:Creaky
194:Liquid
141:Uvular
116:Dental
111:Labial
32:VOICED
5979:Stiff
5969:Slack
5959:Modal
5916:Voice
5906:Domed
5804:Click
5725:Trill
5698:Vowel
5693:Nasal
5620:Other
5510:Velar
5375:Place
5281:audio
4713:Close
4696:Front
4627:Other
4561:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4327:Nasal
4293:audio
3990:Nasal
3857:Click
3452:audio
2979:Trill
2448:d̠ɹ̠˔
2004:Nasal
1982:Velar
1908:Place
1831:SAMPA
1706:chart
1206:light
1050:stops
857:phone
552:Voice
541:(hex)
494:(hex)
321:Modal
285:Pitch
204:Vowel
184:Nasal
136:Velar
5178:Open
4706:Back
4583:t͡pʼ
3817:q𝼄ʼ
3810:k𝼄ʼ
3803:c𝼆ʼ
3669:t̠ʃʼ
3655:t̪θʼ
3648:p̪fʼ
3578:Stop
3029:ɽ̊r̥
2695:ɹ̠̊˔
2427:tɹ̝̊
1848:TIPA
1762:JIPA
1446:ISBN
1286:vs.
1221:ffee
1210:like
1208:and
989:en,
980:igh)
976:in,
903:nods
868:nods
842:₍z̥₎
838:₍s̬₎
790:₍z̥₎
782:₍s̬₎
762:The
744:and
702:The
690:and
682:and
665:are
661:and
637:and
562:and
300:Tone
4964:Mid
4568:ɠ͡ɓ
4451:q͡p
4438:q͡ʡ
4426:ɡ͡b
4419:k͡p
4407:ɖ͡b
4400:ʈ͡p
4388:d͡b
4381:t͡p
4362:ŋ͡m
4348:ɳ͡m
4334:n͡m
4029:ɴ𝼊
4027:ŋ𝼊
3967:ɢ𝼊
3965:ɡ𝼊
3905:q𝼊
3903:k𝼊
3792:tɬʼ
3697:qχʼ
3690:kxʼ
3683:tɕʼ
3676:tʂʼ
3662:tsʼ
3389:𝼈̥
3160:ɡʟ̝
3153:k𝼄
3146:ɟʎ̝
3139:c𝼆
3132:d𝼅
2709:ɻ̊˔
2702:ɹ̠˔
2434:dɹ̝
2420:d̪ð
2413:t̪θ
2402:b̪v
2395:p̪f
2325:d̠ʒ
2318:t̠ʃ
1730:IPA
1419:Taa
1192:oat
1182:oat
1041:on)
1032:an)
899:/z/
895:/z/
888:/z/
884:/d/
880:/ɒ/
876:/n/
826:z̥₎
818:s̬₎
808:₍z̥
800:₍s̬
725:In
718:⟩.
712:,,,
622:⟨s⟩
554:or
5996::
5365:–
5361:–
5031:o̞
5015:ɤ̞
4989:ø̞
4973:e̞
4524:Sj
4477:ɥ̊
4265:ʛ̥
4258:ɠ̊
4251:ʄ̊
4244:ᶑ̊
4235:ɗ̥
4224:ɓ̥
4138:ɴǁ
4136:ŋǁ
4106:ɢǁ
4104:ɡǁ
4074:qǁ
4072:kǁ
4038:ɴǂ
4036:ŋǂ
4018:ɴǃ
4016:ŋǃ
4009:ɴǀ
4007:ŋǀ
3998:ɴʘ
3996:ŋʘ
3976:ɢǂ
3974:ɡǂ
3956:ɢǃ
3954:ɡǃ
3947:ɢǀ
3945:ɡǀ
3936:ɢʘ
3934:ɡʘ
3914:qǂ
3912:kǂ
3894:qǃ
3892:kǃ
3885:qǀ
3883:kǀ
3874:qʘ
3872:kʘ
3837:ɬʼ
3769:χʼ
3762:xʼ
3755:ɕʼ
3748:ʂʼ
3741:ʃʼ
3734:sʼ
3727:θʼ
3720:fʼ
3713:ɸʼ
3632:ʡʼ
3625:qʼ
3618:kʼ
3611:cʼ
3604:ʈʼ
3595:tʼ
3584:pʼ
3565:EG
3537:RF
3530:PA
3509:LD
3502:BL
3476:.
3414:ʟ̆
3405:ʎ̆
3396:𝼈
3371:ɺ̥
3335:ʟ̠
3253:ʟ̝
3246:𝼄
3239:ʎ̝
3232:𝼆
3225:𝼅
3125:tꞎ
3114:dɮ
3107:tɬ
3051:ʀ̥
3036:ɽr
3011:r̥
2985:ʙ̥
2967:ʡ̆
2958:ɢ̆
2934:ɽ̊
2916:ɾ̥
2905:ɾ̼
2887:ⱱ̟
2871:ʔ̞
2716:ɻ˔
2688:ð̠
2681:θ̠
2660:ð̼
2653:θ̼
2515:ʔh
2508:ʡʢ
2501:ʡʜ
2494:ɢʁ
2487:qχ
2480:ɡɣ
2473:kx
2466:ɟʝ
2459:cç
2388:bβ
2381:pɸ
2353:dʑ
2346:tɕ
2339:dʐ
2332:tʂ
2311:dz
2304:ts
2175:d̼
2168:t̼
2161:b̪
2154:p̪
2111:ɴ̥
2097:ŋ̊
2083:ɲ̊
2069:ɳ̊
2051:n̥
2040:n̼
2024:ɱ̊
2010:m̥
1938:↓
1910:→
1434:;
1237:ay
1229:ee
1223:,
1194:)
1184:)
1169:)
1167:in
1159:)
1157:in
1155:ch
1144:)
1142:en
1134:)
1132:en
1119:)
1117:in
1109:)
1107:in
1079:.
1039:si
1030:ci
1019:)
1017:ip
1009:)
1007:ip
993:y)
991:th
987:th
978:th
974:th
963:)
961:an
953:)
951:an
882:,
878:,
770::
759:.
669:.
663:r)
649:,
514:◌̥
467:◌̬
44:on
5344:e
5337:t
5330:v
5252:ɒ
5236:ɑ
5216:ä
5203:ɶ
5187:a
5165:ɐ
5145:æ
5125:ɔ
5109:ʌ
5096:ɞ
5080:ɜ
5067:œ
5051:ɛ
5002:ə
4953:o
4937:ɤ
4924:ɵ
4908:ɘ
4895:ø
4879:e
4859:ʊ
4837:ʏ
4821:ɪ
4801:u
4785:ɯ
4772:ʉ
4756:ɨ
4743:y
4727:i
4541:ɫ
4517:ɧ
4505:w
4498:ʍ
4484:ɥ
4468:/
4208:ʛ
4201:ɠ
4194:ʄ
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4178:ɗ
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3523:A
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3295:l
3218:ꞎ
3207:ɮ
3200:ɬ
3072:ʢ
3065:ʜ
3058:ʀ
3018:r
2992:ʙ
2941:ɽ
2923:ɾ
2896:ⱱ
2854:ɰ
2845:j
2836:ɻ
2823:ɹ
2806:ʋ
2786:ɦ
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2737:x
2730:ʝ
2723:ç
2674:ð
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2646:v
2639:f
2632:β
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2597:ʑ
2590:ɕ
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2269:ʔ
2260:ʡ
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2239:ɡ
2232:k
2225:ɟ
2218:c
2211:ɖ
2204:ʈ
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2147:b
2140:p
2118:ɴ
2104:ŋ
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2076:ɳ
2058:n
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