2904:
3730:
2188:
2822:
13089:
13614:
13594:
13565:
13523:
13487:
13458:
13429:
13393:
13351:
13315:
13286:
13257:
13221:
13199:
13163:
13134:
13105:
791:
1242:, and most likely Northern Germany as well. In all of these languages, the retracted "apico-alveolar" sibilant was opposed to a non-retracted sibilant much like modern English , and in many of them, both voiceless and voiced versions of both sounds occurred. A solid type of evidence consists of different spellings used for two different sibilants: in general, the retracted "apico-alveolar" variants were written
13646:
12658:
11817:
1579:, was early on voiced to in prevocalic position. This sound was then fronted to , but did not merge with any other sound (except that it was later re-devoiced in some southern dialects). In pre-consonantal and final position, merged with either or . The rules for these mergers differ between dialects. In Standard German, is used stem-initially and sporadically after ‹r›. Especially in
1560:
In French and most dialects of
Portuguese, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into non-retracted and , while in European Portuguese, most other Old World Portuguese variants and some recently European-influenced dialects of Brazil all instances of coda , voiced before voiced consonants, were
1592:
Those languages in which the sound occurs typically did not have a phonological process from which either or appeared, two similar sounds with which ⟨s̺⟩ was eventually confused. In general, older
European languages only had a single pronunciation of s.
2905:
5879:, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur.
5674:
888:
1107:, where it is opposed to a different voiceless alveolar sibilant, the more common ; the same distinction occurs in a few dialects of northeastern Portuguese. Outside this area, it also occurs in a few dialects of Latin American Spanish (e.g.
6536:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
5943:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
2051:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
1428:
once spoken in southern Spain) in Arabic characters. The similarity between retracted and has resulted in many exchanges in
Spanish between the sounds, during the medieval period when Spanish had both phonemes. Examples are
1988:(commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong.
719:
1835:. The Italian pronunciation as laminal S could also be explained by the presence of but not , thus moving the pronunciation of to the front of the mouth in an attempt to better differentiate between the two sounds.
3731:
5672:
1176:
pronunciation. However, that is potentially problematic in that not all alveolar retracted sibilants are apical (see below), and not all apical alveolar sibilants are retracted. The ad hoc non-IPA symbols
1823:. However, where Spanish and Catalan have apical , Italian uses the same laminal that occurs in standard forms of English: evidence, it could be argued, that S was not pronounced apically in Latin. But
886:
2189:
7147:
10159:
1561:
backed to , while in most of
Brazilian Portuguese this phenomenon is much rarer, being essentially absent in the dialects that had a greater indigenous and/or non-Portuguese European influence.
8459:
5673:
718:
887:
10195:
2823:
1945:(which is more or less a synonym of "grooved"), but in both cases, there is some doubt about whether all and only the "hissing" sounds actually have a "grooved" or "sulcal" tongue shape.
9970:
9646:
978:
The voiceless alveolar sibilant is one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have . However, some languages have a related
1506:, which is a voiceless, concave, apicoalveolar fricative: The tip of the tongue turned upward forms a narrow opening against the alveoli of the upper incisors. It resembles a faint
1370:. For this reason, when borrowed into such languages or represented with non-Latin characters, it is often replaced with . This occurred, for example, in English borrowings from
720:
967:⟩. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using a call often written as
10169:
10179:
9550:
Pétursson, Magnus (1971), "Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie",
7912:, and it is pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German
8553:
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New
Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),
1804:
and its presence particularly in the more conservative languages inside each branch (e.g. Icelandic, Spanish), as well as being found in disparate areas, such as the
10164:
1974:
in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency
1541:). However, in the Spanish of central and northern Spain, the non-retracted was fronted to after merging with non-retracted , while the retracted remains (
39:(gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences:
7151:
1922:
can be pronounced apically, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of
Iberian Spanish and Basque. Also, Adams asserts that many dialects of
10149:
1907:
and some
Portuguese dialects in northeast Portugal (as well as medieval Spanish and Portuguese in general) have both types of sounds in the same language.
8652:
8571:
Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005), "The sound pattern of
Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome",
2018:
Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively
1789:. It equally well could have been an areal feature inherited from the prehistoric languages of Western Europe, as evidenced by its occurrence in modern
5680:
5443:
4447:
3659:
Laminal. It is laxer than in
English, has a graver friction and is sometimes labialized. It is retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and
10126:
10116:
8492:
1867:
The term "voiceless alveolar sibilant" is potentially ambiguous in that it can refer to at least two different sounds. Various languages of northern
5882:
Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in the literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious.
1729:, is exceptional in that it had both events that produced and , and preserved the apical S at the expense of both, that were shifted farther away.
1933:. Adams describes the northern Iberian sibilant as "retracted". Ladefoged and Maddieson appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as
5597:
Laminal. It is laxer than in
English and has a graver friction. It varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. See
10111:
9297:
8524:
894:
233:, meaning that they are made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth and have a piercing, perceptually prominent sound.
9991:
13018:
11064:
10810:
1910:
There is no general agreement about what actual feature distinguishes these sounds. Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as
9339:
7558:
is pronounced with "the tip of the tongue right behind upper teeth, but without touching them." This is confirmed by the accompanying image.
7818:
1361:
Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have the sound, it is said to have a "whistling" quality, and to sound similar to
1899:" that lacks the strong hissing of the described in this article but has a duller, more "grave" sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a
321:
62:
11078:
11071:
10817:
8380:"Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence"
11292:
11050:
10796:
8212:
6219:
9522:
Pandeli, H; Eska, J; Ball, Martin; Rahilly, J (1997), "Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t",
10061:
6481:(also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
12807:
11085:
10782:
6669:
1596:
In Romance languages, was reached from -ti-, -ci-, -ce- (, , ) clusters that eventually became , , and later , , (as in Latin
12980:
12910:
12846:
12769:
11057:
10803:
9155:
8998:
1749:
Because of the widespread medieval distribution, it has been speculated that retracted was the normal pronunciation in spoken
8030:
13655:
13190:
12975:
12853:
12750:
12667:
11826:
11587:
11494:
10075:
9985:
9960:
9848:
9830:
9756:
9738:
9703:
9607:
Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolores (2001), "Coarticulation, Assimilation and Blending in Catalan Consonant Clusters",
9495:
9427:
9409:
9329:
9260:
9220:
9202:
9184:
9096:
8903:
8881:
8853:
8816:
8798:
8697:
8562:
8544:
8449:
8287:
8268:
7448:
6948:
8826:
516:
441:
12930:
12867:
12672:
11677:
11569:
11476:
10789:
9477:
1710:
The Germanic-speaking regions that did not have either phenomenon have normally preserved the apical , that is, Icelandic,
726:
206:
149:
7248:
13206:
13023:
12874:
12820:
12776:
12206:
12161:
11664:
11601:
11508:
10959:
10715:
4809:
13715:
13228:
13003:
12788:
12757:
12172:
12124:
12110:
12052:
12038:
11686:
11594:
11501:
10106:
9513:
9114:
9047:
8969:
8752:
356:
349:
9128:
13277:
12952:
12937:
12717:
12186:
11704:
11615:
11576:
11522:
11483:
11240:
9598:
9165:
9029:
8232:
7728:
6498:, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
5905:, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
273:
13449:
12703:
12179:
11831:
11758:
11695:
11608:
11515:
11022:
10966:
10931:
10722:
10687:
5432:
Apical. In Andean and Paisa (except in southern parts of Antioquia) alternates with a more frequent coronal-dental
3704:
2037:
1366:
6558:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
1185:⟩ are often used in the linguistic literature even when IPA symbols are used for other sounds, but ⟨
13730:
13514:
13293:
13248:
12813:
12795:
11740:
11008:
10764:
10070:
6595:
6551:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
5995:
5958:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
5830:
4651:
3334:
2108:
2066:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
1564:
In the remaining dialects of Portuguese, found in northern Portugal, they merged into the retracted , or, as in
1165:
983:
960:
8791:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
13465:
13420:
13306:
12723:
12662:
12657:
12089:
12017:
11821:
11816:
11622:
11529:
11175:
11134:
10870:
10537:
8667:
1872:
1076:
13705:
13478:
13264:
13125:
12731:
12613:
12473:
12441:
11765:
11029:
10945:
10938:
10701:
10694:
10523:
9978:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
9749:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
9470:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
9195:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
8896:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
8838:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
7010:
3696:
2029:
9918:
6502:. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
5909:. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
1991:
Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
13725:
13710:
13700:
13585:
13436:
13322:
13013:
12709:
12604:
12593:
12505:
12117:
12045:
11747:
11205:
11015:
10994:
10771:
10750:
10673:
10154:
10054:
7845:"The Phonetics and Phonology of Sibilants: A Synchronic and Diachronic OT Typology of Sibilant Inventories"
6141:
2475:
1900:
1813:
1191:
342:
10029:
10017:
8654:
7555:
6921:
dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
6632:
6468:
6459:
6450:
6432:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6379:
6315:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6205:
6170:
6156:
6137:
6068:
6032:
5869:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5790:
5781:
5736:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5539:
5433:
5329:
5310:
5199:
4803:
3660:
3156:
3081:
1926:
have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the "apico-alveolar" sibilant of northern Iberia.
1919:
1507:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1169:
964:
871:
862:
817:
808:
693:
664:
644:
629:
614:
600:
586:
571:
552:
538:
524:
497:
483:
463:
449:
400:
382:
375:
368:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
191:
13720:
13494:
13141:
13096:
12826:
12620:
12103:
12082:
12031:
11774:
11192:
11148:
11141:
11092:
10884:
10877:
10828:
10573:
10544:
10393:
10222:
6738:
6689:
6274:
5377:
1652:
790:
13650:
13645:
13556:
13154:
12737:
12634:
12556:
11434:
11327:
11214:
11120:
11036:
10952:
10856:
10708:
10555:
10530:
10509:
8594:
5838:
3227:
2294:
1569:
577:
4565:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. Both variants may be labiodentalized. See
3974:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. Both variants may be labiodentalized. See
2583:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. Both variants may be labiodentalized. See
13605:
13342:
13112:
13008:
12627:
12547:
12536:
12138:
12096:
12066:
12024:
11398:
11106:
11001:
10924:
10842:
10757:
10680:
10587:
10438:
10409:
8196:
Van Herk, Gerard (2010). "Identity Marking and Affiliation in an Urbanizing Newfoundland Community".
6217:
6209:
5103:
4863:
4807:
3833:
3702:
3694:
2961:
2947:
2035:
2027:
296:
287:
9375:
8479:
13572:
13384:
13170:
12685:
12563:
12131:
12059:
11783:
11380:
11354:
11303:
11223:
11155:
11099:
10835:
10615:
10580:
10420:
10400:
10379:
6232:
3997:
2989:
2931:
1529:
This distinction has since vanished from most of the languages that once had it in medieval times.
474:
253:
6736:; Erich Round (1 June 2011). "Reappraising the Effects of Language Contact in the Torres Strait".
13621:
13534:
13358:
12577:
11973:
11441:
11274:
11265:
11248:
11127:
11043:
10863:
10601:
10562:
10516:
10452:
10047:
9354:
8384:
Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold
3891:
2972:
1801:
1797:
1299:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7328:
1302:. Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example, were
13400:
12570:
12334:
12272:
11964:
11953:
11898:
11420:
11405:
11285:
11113:
10849:
10594:
10480:
10445:
10336:
10321:
10305:
8474:
7822:
7740:
6491:
6211:
6148:
5898:
5850:
5598:
5384:
5367:
5350:
5293:
5182:
5011:
4369:
4134:
3379:
3238:
1960:
565:
508:
503:
265:
1533:
In most dialects of Spanish, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into the non-retracted (
12396:
12323:
12303:
12261:
12241:
11980:
11877:
11387:
11361:
11336:
11310:
10622:
10466:
10427:
10386:
10316:
10277:
10121:
7325:
6506:
6333:
5913:
5577:
5025:
4995:
3757:
2522:
1514:
1287:
469:
434:
105:
5833:
does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all
96:, and the subform apico-alveolar , or called grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of
12859:
12385:
12365:
12343:
12281:
11994:
11933:
11256:
10608:
10459:
10361:
9857:
Torreblanca, Máximo (1988), "Latín Basium, Castellano Beso, Catalán Bes, Portugués Beijo",
9084:
8639:
6188:
5688:
5333:
5314:
5249:
5240:
4596:
4540:
4386:
3929:
3407:
3312:
2772:
2738:
2298:
2254:
2211:
2204:
1108:
1010:
that is articulated with the tongue in a hollow shape, usually with the tip of the tongue (
902:
734:
10039:
9270:
8:
13660:
12923:
12527:
12414:
12405:
12314:
12252:
12001:
11987:
11905:
11427:
10487:
10341:
10298:
9675:
8620:
Buk S, Mačutek J, Rovenchak A (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".
6562:
6349:
6299:
6284:
6238:
6120:
5962:
5557:
5547:
5417:
5283:
5278:
5041:
4849:
4821:
4787:
4759:
4580:
4573:
4427:
4362:
3898:
3774:
3719:
3553:
3296:
3286:
3231:
3029:
2795:
2712:
2705:
2538:
2454:
2449:
2268:
2261:
2070:
1888:
1828:
1824:
1554:
1219:
1092:
945:
is a common consonant sound in vocal languages. It is the sound in English words such as
670:
280:
125:
97:
24:
10027:
9465:
9056:
Klagstad, Harold L. Jr. (1958), "The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian",
8643:
8412:
Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe",
1852:
12946:
12376:
11942:
11891:
11870:
10629:
10473:
10331:
10311:
10265:
9874:
9810:
9782:
9567:
9539:
9453:
9374:
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),
9073:
8957:
8929:
8859:
8778:
8723:
8629:
8429:
7764:
6570:
6566:
6510:
6326:
6115:
5970:
5966:
5917:
5175:
5018:
4468:
4461:
4021:
4014:
3832:
Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical. See
3817:
3531:
3201:
3194:
3057:
2865:
2809:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2745:
2591:
2515:
2491:
2381:
2356:
2312:
2305:
2078:
2074:
1985:
1904:
1782:; but this could also be explained by the lack of a better sound in Latin to represent
1565:
1421:
1235:
1135:
1123:
1104:
1059:
1011:
489:
260:
187:
133:
113:
9629:
Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego
6513:, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
5920:, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
5868:
distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨
3582:
Most often non-retracted apical, but can be dentalized laminal for some speakers. See
2794:
Most often dentalized laminal, but can be non-retracted apical for some speakers. See
13371:
12902:
12297:
12148:
11912:
11839:
11453:
10366:
10346:
10288:
10174:
9981:
9956:
9906:
9844:
9826:
9786:
9752:
9734:
9725:
9699:
9594:
9571:
9543:
9509:
9491:
9473:
9423:
9405:
9325:
9291:
9256:
9216:
9198:
9180:
9161:
9110:
9092:
9043:
9025:
8933:
8899:
8891:
8877:
8863:
8849:
8812:
8794:
8782:
8748:
8727:
8693:
8558:
8540:
8518:
8445:
8228:
7768:
7724:
6918:
6755:
6684:
6574:
6555:
6548:
6525:
6383:
6319:
6266:
6225:
6174:
6084:
6047:
6028:
5974:
5955:
5932:
5834:
5492:
5450:
5439:
5233:
5109:
4952:
4945:
4903:
4896:
4775:
4742:
4664:
4566:
4443:
4355:
4229:
3982:
3975:
3962:
3847:
3840:
3743:
3633:
3600:
3524:
3457:
3187:
3118:
3085:
3045:
2917:
2849:
2842:
2698:
2584:
2571:
2468:
2395:
2168:
2156:
2082:
2063:
2003:
1935:
1915:
1884:
1856:
1832:
1783:
1730:
1726:
1518:
1425:
1203:
1154:
1088:
1080:
1039:
238:
161:
157:
153:
121:
101:
9272:
Frication of Australian English /p t k/: Group Tendencies and Individual Differences
8961:
6613:
5343:
1796:
For the same reasons, it can be speculated that retracted was the pronunciation of
1639:
from a deaffricated in Northern France and southern-central Portugal, as in French
1502:
One of the clearest descriptions of this sound is from Obaid: "There is a Castilian
13181:
12235:
11926:
11884:
10356:
10326:
10293:
10283:
9933:
9898:
9866:
9802:
9774:
9661:
9616:
9559:
9531:
9445:
9387:
9238:
9065:
8984:
8949:
8921:
8841:
8770:
8715:
8580:
8484:
8421:
8220:
8046:
7756:
6763:
6747:
6679:
6519:
6363:
6356:
6293:
6196:
6110:
6091:
6079:
6008:
5926:
5552:
5476:
5464:
5405:
5207:
5134:
5122:
5058:
5048:
4929:
4922:
4874:
4839:
4749:
4722:
4715:
4533:
4506:
4496:
4475:
4454:
4417:
4393:
4333:
4326:
4301:
4296:
4263:
4209:
4190:
4183:
4150:
3946:
3936:
3781:
3714:
3678:
3671:
3583:
3519:
3484:
3469:
3464:
3441:
3434:
3400:
3171:
3164:
3102:
3092:
3064:
3052:
3022:
3015:
2879:
2872:
2835:
2679:
2672:
2611:
2555:
2545:
2508:
2444:
2418:
2349:
2344:
2161:
2012:
1997:
1911:
1892:
1876:
1820:
1805:
1754:
1734:
1580:
1223:
1173:
1158:
1096:
1084:
1031:
658:
530:
455:
248:
180:
141:
137:
117:
78:
52:
13505:
13239:
12696:
12226:
11919:
11348:
10351:
10217:
9588:
9193:
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",
9147:
9135:
8871:
6608:
6164:
6072:
4690:
4243:
4236:
4126:
4119:
4086:
4028:
3874:
3867:
3810:
3805:
3664:
3649:
3616:
3567:
3560:
3491:
3415:
3386:
3354:
3347:
2996:
2924:
2802:
2637:
2630:
2604:
2484:
2425:
2411:
2237:
2230:
2133:
1880:
1848:
1847:
sibilant contrasts with a voiceless apical alveolar or post-alveolar sibilant in
1790:
1772:
1664:
1576:
1391:
1362:
1231:
1227:
1112:
1100:
1055:
1023:
606:
592:
195:
109:
9902:
9091:, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa,
8532:
13411:
7573:, p. 144. Only this author mentions both alveolar and dental realizations.
6541:
6514:
6040:
5948:
5921:
5410:
5212:
4984:
4977:
4844:
4603:
4513:
4164:
4157:
4048:
3623:
3590:
3262:
2954:
2388:
2056:
1992:
1761:
1738:
1711:
1143:
1127:
1015:
987:
650:
222:
145:
129:
36:
9947:
9938:
9778:
9666:
9535:
9392:
9373:
9243:
8989:
8953:
8925:
8845:
8774:
8719:
8585:
8396:
Younger speakers distinguish between voiceless for emotional pain and voiced
7760:
7338:
5010:
Varies between non-retracted and retracted, depending on the environment. See
1753:. Certain borrowings suggest that it was not far off from the sh-sound , e.g.
13694:
13070:
12587:
12429:
11843:
10015:
9910:
9305:
9151:
8361:"Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri"
8224:
7844:
6759:
6751:
6733:
5520:
4270:
4256:
3913:
3125:
2759:
1971:
1844:
1294:, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic
1075:
In Romance languages, it occurs as the normal voiceless alveolar sibilant in
69:
notation), also called apico-dental, has a weaker lisping sound like English
1918:(for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson claim that English
1544:
12916:
10638:
9620:
6674:
5457:
4095:
4055:
1930:
1923:
1150:
175:
or , using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is similar to the
32:
6767:
13668:
13082:
13065:
12839:
12359:
11163:
10232:
10210:
9689:, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
9317:
7249:"Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie"
4277:
2126:
1715:
1676:
1309:
1215:
1139:
1035:
784:
9727:
Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody
9587:
Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977),
8488:
5499:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1303:
13547:
13075:
10373:
10227:
9721:
8840:, vol. 23, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–76,
8128:
8126:
7301:
6499:
5906:
5798:
5744:
5655:
5160:
4216:
3905:
1975:
1827:
has a medieval S becoming either or depending on context, much as in
1719:
1371:
1262:. In the Romance languages, the retracted sibilants derived from Latin
1131:
825:
701:
620:
28:
9878:
9814:
9563:
9457:
9340:"Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English"
9077:
8433:
6731:
1970:, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a
1939:, and some phoneticians (such as J. Catford) have characterized it as
1675:. was also reached from a -sk- cluster reduction as in Romance, e.g.
982:
sound, such as , but no . In addition, sibilants are absent from most
13333:
12835:
12076:
12009:
10895:
10651:
10255:
8056:
7867:
7865:
7721:
6533:
6495:
5940:
5902:
4617:
4610:
3750:
2048:
1967:
1275:
1007:
635:
558:
86:
8123:
8068:
7744:
7408:
7406:
5126:
4862:
Working-class pronunciation, other speakers may use a non-retracted
1290:, where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic
13639:
12970:
12892:
12886:
12651:
11810:
10648:
9886:
9870:
9806:
9449:
9069:
8425:
8379:
8360:
7479:
5469:
4400:
1964:
1116:
1047:
1019:
979:
306:
230:
8968:
Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010),
8634:
8275:
7862:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
6701:
5829:(also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound. As the
12743:
11947:
10503:
10205:
10034:
10022:
8940:
Honeybone, P (2001), "Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English",
7403:
7344:
7011:"English speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE"
6821:
6819:
5759:
5506:
5091:
5083:
1707:
Standard Modern Greek, which has apical , lacked both processes.
1239:
840:
772:
544:
209:
sounds like a voiceless, strongly articulated version of English
7775:
7532:
7530:
7129:
7127:
7125:
3961:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. See
2570:
Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. See
1929:
Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in
1517:
have a very similar-sounding sibilant that is pronounced with a
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
9586:
8557:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602,
7656:
7595:
7467:
6889:
6855:
6569:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
6181:
5969:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
5513:
5116:
5087:
5078:
4560:
3969:
3374:
2578:
2364:
2121:
2077:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
1941:
1868:
1812:, suggests it could have ultimately been the main allophone of
1809:
1211:
1207:
1043:
1027:
199:
190:
as well as an intervocalic and word-final allophone of English
9229:
Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)",
7685:
7683:
7339:
Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003)
6816:
6544:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
5951:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
2362:
2059:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
1202:
In medieval times, it occurred in a wider area, including the
1022:
sound and is found most notably in a number of languages in a
172:
13046:
10200:
9436:
Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'",
8912:
Hickey, Raymond (1984), "Coronal Segments in Irish English",
8664:
Language at the University of Essex (LangUE) 2010 Proceedings
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7527:
7438:
7436:
7122:
6061:
5074:
4482:
3989:
1750:
1663:. In English, the same process of Romance > occurred in
1568:(which is, however, not a Portuguese dialect, but belongs to
1536:
1510:
and is found throughout much of the northern half of Spain".
1189:⟩ is a common transcription of the retroflex sibilant
1051:
165:
82:
9765:
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",
8329:
8327:
8033:[Romance accents: Portugal and Brazil (Portuguese)]
7356:
5888:
fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.
5606:
4241:
1655:, was reached through a > > process, as in German
10069:
9980:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158,
9751:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107,
9580:
Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego
8246:
8244:
8165:
8120:, p. 199. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
7695:
7680:
7423:
7421:
7313:
7218:
7216:
7040:
5267:
4162:
8706:
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",
8314:
8312:
8143:
8141:
7924:
is not. It is a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant."
7787:
7576:
7455:
7433:
6991:
6936:
3413:
1831:, which could attest to the previous existence of in the
1524:
335:
9197:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,
9192:
9001:[Linguistics, idiomatic and Spanish of America],
8898:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77,
8324:
8299:
8297:
8213:"The Legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland"
8177:
8153:
8031:"2.3. Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese)"
7987:
7882:
7880:
7631:
7629:
7614:
7307:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
6955:
5217:
4306:
2139:
1862:
1274:, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from earlier
9631:, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
8286:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKerswillTorgersonFox2006 (
8241:
7975:
7646:
7644:
7418:
7368:
7228:
7213:
6865:
2721:
2277:
1356:
986:, in which fricatives are rare; however, does occur in
9733:, Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press,
9590:
A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners
9370:
Martin Harris and Nigel Vincent. The Romance Languages.
8761:
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",
8309:
8138:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8095:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7503:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7030:
7028:
6924:
6877:
3210:
2322:
1172:⟩ is often used, with a diacritic indicating an
9521:
8996:
8836:
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1999), "French",
8294:
8062:
7999:
7877:
7739:
7626:
7515:
7095:
7076:
7052:
6979:
6917:, p. 1. Although this paper discusses mainly the
6836:
6834:
6707:
5366:
Realization of Portuguese coda sibilant, which may be
4710:
Apical. Contrasts with a dentalized laminal sibilant.
2354:
2177:
8256:
7799:
7641:
7491:
7064:
6794:
6792:
6713:
6391:
2929:
2889:
1612:
From a or cluster in southern Romance, as in Latin
11848:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
9720:
9698:(3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS,
8967:
8281:
8092:
8080:
8045:] (in Italian). pp. 174–181. Archived from
8011:
7950:
7871:
7668:
7380:
7025:
6967:
6914:
6779:
6777:
2970:
2959:
2649:
993:
128:. A similar retracted sibilant form is also used in
100:
fricatives. It is used in the languages of northern
8619:
8570:
7473:
7289:
6831:
4101:
4061:
3243:
1838:
1030:. It is most well known from its occurrence in the
58:. It is one of the most common sounds in the world.
9793:Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon phonemics",
9146:
8705:
7944:
7781:
7412:
7350:
7277:
7265:
7177:
7165:
6859:
6825:
6789:
5582:
3139:
2008:
1667:-imported words, accounting for modern homophones
9926:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9767:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9654:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9524:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9380:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9231:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8977:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8763:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8708:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8592:
8573:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8074:
7201:
6804:
6774:
5106:. Derived from local languages of northern Italy.
3537:
3529:
2209:
2131:
2015:speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
1725:The main Romance language to preserve the sound,
1474:
16:Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨s⟩ in IPA
13692:
9644:
9606:
9472:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,
9422:, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press,
8793:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,
7662:
7447:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (
7189:
6947:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKlagstad_Jr.1958 (
5382:
5348:
5291:
4944:Varies between non-retracted and retracted. See
4578:
4367:
3294:
2710:
2266:
1981:There are at least three specific variants of :
1896:
1250:, while the non-retracted variants were written
328:
93:
44:
9640:(in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
9468:, in International Phonetic Association (ed.),
9268:
8132:
6856:Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977)
6331:
5180:
5023:
4026:
3755:
3199:
2777:
2520:
2310:
1851:and several languages of California, including
1168:symbol used for this sound. The symbol ⟨
164:. It was supposedly the standard sound of s in
9677:Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian
9645:Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),
8999:"Lingüística, idiomática y español de América"
8876:(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,
8211:Clarke, Sandra (2009). Hickey, Raymond (ed.).
5857:⟩ (constricted voiceless ), or ⟨
5542:. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.
5254:
5139:
4957:
4901:
4669:
3995:
3987:
3845:
3159:. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.
2847:
2166:
2094:
679:
314:
13019:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
10055:
9711:
9577:
8835:
8760:
8347:Phonetic transcription in theory and practice
7689:
7485:
7319:
7046:
6361:
6089:
5841:), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨
5474:
5415:
5056:
4927:
4819:
4785:
4757:
4720:
4538:
4511:
4425:
4398:
4339:
4331:
4214:
4188:
3944:
3786:
3676:
3500:
3489:
3439:
3169:
3100:
3062:
3027:
2877:
2677:
2553:
2423:
1955:Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant:
1542:
1534:
1468:
1452:
1430:
1278:and , which in turn derived from palatalized
9724:; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008),
9337:
8824:
8358:
8171:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7897:
7895:
7442:
6942:
6642:
6619:
5121:Present south and west of a line drawn from
4695:
4132:
4124:
3872:
3815:
3565:
3384:
3352:
2807:
2635:
2609:
2489:
2235:
1415:
1405:
1395:
9968:
9856:
9593:, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe,
9284:Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language
9269:Loakes, Deborah; McDougall, Kirsty (2007),
8889:
8743:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) ,
8742:
8552:
8117:
7793:
7620:
7608:
7589:
7461:
7246:
6997:
6399:Voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative
6045:
5102:Apical. Present in many areas north of the
4993:
4982:
4093:
4053:
3903:
3631:
3598:
3267:
2393:
1494:
1484:
1462:
1446:
1440:
10062:
10048:
9945:
9296:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9104:
8747:(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,
8523:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8333:
8267:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBoberg2004 (
7904:, pp. 23–24. "It is never voiced, as
7842:
7749:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
7712:
7710:
6883:
4275:
3911:
3130:
1816:s, known for ranging from to as far as .
10117:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
9937:
9665:
9626:
9549:
9485:
9391:
9338:Marotta, Giovanna; Barth, Marlen (2005),
9304:
9242:
9215:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
9134:
8988:
8939:
8806:
8788:
8692:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,
8633:
8584:
8478:
7940:
7927:
7892:
7547:
7545:
7427:
7374:
7362:
7234:
6930:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6719:
6479:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
6444:Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
6261:or . Phonologically interchangeable with
5853:or alveolarized , respectively), ⟨
5827:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
5614:Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
5607:Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
3320:
3117:Retracted in some southern dialects. See
1744:
1718:lects. It is also found in a minority of
173:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
9838:
9820:
9792:
9764:
9420:A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic
9417:
9055:
8683:
8457:
8219:. Studies in English Language: 242–261.
8195:
8086:
8005:
7993:
7886:
7701:
7635:
7566:
7564:
7551:
7521:
7509:
7145:
7133:
7116:
7089:
6871:
4615:
4608:
1038:, it occurred in a wider area, covering
213:(somewhat like what the English cluster
9887:"The Proto-Indo-European Sibilant */s/"
9884:
9716:, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
9684:
9635:
9503:
9324:(6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,
9316:
8869:
8686:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
8531:
8508:
8460:"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"
8439:
8318:
8303:
7805:
7707:
7650:
7570:
7536:
7497:
7058:
6985:
6895:
6798:
6670:Voiceless corono-dentoalveolar sibilant
2253:Contrasts with an apical sibilant. See
2026:. Acoustically, it is close to laminal
1636:"grow", with a different pronunciation.
1525:Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant
1065:
13693:
10287:
9916:
9746:
9228:
9083:
8911:
8811:(in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur,
8650:
8442:The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
8377:
8262:
8210:
8183:
8159:
8147:
7542:
7295:
7070:
6961:
6901:
6851:
6849:
6657:Classical and Modern Standard Arabic
1863:Comparison between English and Spanish
1587:
1572:), conserved the medieval distinction.
1394:borrowings from medieval German (e.g.
802:Voiceless dentalized alveolar sibilant
13044:
12526:
12225:
11941:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10297:
10292:
10282:
10253:
10088:
10043:
9693:
9673:
9488:Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy
9463:
9435:
9347:Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online
9210:
9122:
8997:Joaquín Montes Giraldo, José (1992),
8825:Espejo Olaya, María Bernarda (2015),
8411:
8250:
8198:Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader
8111:
8105:
8017:
7981:
7969:
7901:
7674:
7561:
7554:, p. 80. The author states that
7397:
7222:
7034:
6840:
6810:
6783:
6067:One of many possible realizations of
4637:
4047:
2916:Contrasts with palatalized form. See
1914:(for the northern Iberian sound) vs.
1357:Description of the retracted sibilant
1000:voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
856:Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
245:
94:voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
13055:
12996:
12689:
11899:
11860:
10269:
9578:Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980),
9281:
9174:
9058:The Slavic and East European Journal
9037:
9019:
8736:A computational phonology of Russian
8733:
8282:Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006)
7872:Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008)
7843:Kokkelmans, JOACHIM HENRI N (2021).
7283:
7271:
7207:
7183:
7171:
6915:Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010)
6725:
6265:. Dialectal in English English. See
5837:places of articulation that are not
1800:s. Its presence in many branches of
217:would sound like) and is written as
207:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
148:. The retracted "S" is also used in
13024:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
11878:
11838:Symbols to the right in a cell are
9969:Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999),
9955:, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi,
9946:Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011),
9747:Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian",
9399:
9250:
9157:The Sounds of the World's Languages
8873:Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk
8831:, Bogota: Caro and Cuervo Institute
8789:Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",
7474:Buk, Mačutek & Rovenchak (2008)
7195:
6973:
6846:
6643:
6620:
5877:voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
5775:Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
4814:in Standard Catalan and Valencian.
4332:
3912:
3873:
3385:
47:has a strong hissing sound, as the
13:
11934:
10107:International Phonetic Association
8745:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
8593:Betancourt Arango, Amanda (1993),
8555:A handbook of varieties of English
8204:
6392:Voiceless lateral-median fricative
6314:Devoiced approximant allophone of
4806:⟩; realized as pre-palatal
4802:Normally transcribed with ⟨
14:
13742:
13620:
13604:
13584:
13571:
13555:
13533:
13513:
13493:
13477:
13464:
13448:
13435:
13419:
13399:
13383:
13370:
13357:
13341:
13321:
13305:
13292:
13276:
13263:
13247:
13227:
13205:
13189:
13169:
13153:
13140:
13124:
13111:
13095:
12951:
12936:
12929:
12909:
12885:
12873:
12866:
12852:
12845:
12819:
12806:
12794:
12787:
12775:
12768:
12756:
12749:
12730:
12716:
12702:
12633:
12626:
12619:
12612:
12603:
12592:
12576:
12569:
12562:
12555:
12546:
12535:
12504:
12472:
12440:
12413:
12404:
12395:
12384:
12375:
12364:
12342:
12333:
12322:
12313:
12302:
12280:
12271:
12260:
12251:
12240:
12205:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12160:
12137:
12130:
12123:
12116:
12109:
12102:
12095:
12088:
12081:
12065:
12058:
12051:
12044:
12037:
12030:
12023:
12016:
12000:
11993:
11986:
11979:
11972:
11963:
11952:
11906:
11782:
11773:
11764:
11757:
11746:
11739:
11703:
11694:
11685:
11676:
11663:
11621:
11614:
11607:
11600:
11593:
11586:
11575:
11568:
11528:
11521:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11493:
11482:
11475:
11440:
11433:
11426:
11419:
11404:
11397:
11386:
11379:
11360:
11353:
11335:
11326:
11309:
11302:
11291:
11284:
11273:
11264:
11255:
11239:
11222:
11213:
11204:
11191:
11174:
11154:
11147:
11140:
11133:
11126:
11119:
11112:
11105:
11098:
11091:
11084:
11077:
11070:
11063:
11056:
11049:
11042:
11035:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10965:
10958:
10951:
10944:
10937:
10930:
10923:
10916:
10883:
10876:
10869:
10862:
10855:
10848:
10841:
10834:
10827:
10816:
10809:
10802:
10795:
10788:
10781:
10770:
10763:
10756:
10749:
10721:
10714:
10707:
10700:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10672:
10637:
10628:
10621:
10614:
10607:
10600:
10593:
10586:
10579:
10572:
10561:
10554:
10543:
10536:
10529:
10522:
10515:
10508:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10465:
10458:
10451:
10444:
10437:
10426:
10419:
10408:
10399:
10392:
10385:
10378:
10362:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
10009:
9680:, London: Oxford University Press
8690:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
8043:Foreign pronunciations of Italian
2339:Contrasts with palatalized form.
1897:voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant
1583:, every pre-consonantal became .
1365:
1004:voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant
994:Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant
63:voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant
13644:
13612:
13592:
13563:
13521:
13485:
13456:
13427:
13391:
13349:
13313:
13284:
13255:
13219:
13197:
13161:
13132:
13103:
13087:
12656:
11892:
11871:
11815:
10160:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
9949:Turkish Phonology and Morphology
8942:English Language and Linguistics
8666:, pp. 16–28, archived from
8390:
8371:
8352:
8339:
8039:Pronunce Straniere dell'Italiano
7945:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
7916:. The difference is that German
7849:Università degli studi di Verona
7819:"Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables"
7782:Carbonell & Llisterri (1992)
7413:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
7351:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
6860:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
6826:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
6378:Tapped; word-final allophone of
5670:
2758:altogether, preserving medieval
2009:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
1839:Voiceless lamino-dental sibilant
1608:"hundred"), while was reached:
884:
789:
716:
116:(excluding parts of Andalusia),
11913:
10071:International Phonetic Alphabet
9714:Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče
9179:(2nd ed.), Lincom Europa,
9129:VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig
8189:
8023:
7920:is labialized, while Icelandic
7836:
7811:
7733:
7240:
7139:
7003:
6581:
5981:
5845:⟩, occasionally ⟨
5831:International Phonetic Alphabet
4027:
3530:
3353:
2355:
1286:. The situation was similar in
984:Australian Aboriginal languages
961:International Phonetic Alphabet
13004:Nasal labial–velar approximant
11927:
11885:
10254:
10180:IPA chart for English dialects
10089:
9825:, University of Hawaii Press,
9823:A Vietnamese Reference Grammar
9821:Thompson, Laurence C. (1987),
9696:Norsk språklydlære med øvelser
9582:, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
9003:Revista de Filología Española
8653:"Frication and affrication of
8597:[Language and region]
8378:Watson, Janet (January 2013).
7663:Shosted & Chikovani (2006)
6204:Tapped; possible allophone of
5866:voiceless alveolar approximant
5730:Voiceless alveolar approximant
5077:north of Cape Linaro, most of
4609:
3490:
3084:before dental consonants. See
2960:
1855:of the Uto-Aztecan family and
1843:A voiceless laminal dental or
1557:on both sides of the Atlantic.
1420:)); and in representations of
1157:articulation), as well as the
1026:covering northern and central
168:. Its sound is between and .
1:
11920:
9627:Rocławski, Bronisław (1976),
9253:A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese
8511:Azərbaycan dilinin fonetikasi
8404:
8359:Janet Watson (January 2011).
8133:Loakes & McDougall (2007)
8063:Joaquín Montes Giraldo (1992)
6484:
6071:; distribution unclear. See
5891:
5864:Some scholars also posit the
2089:
1819:, but not , was developed in
1702:
21:voiceless alveolar fricatives
13014:Voiceless bidental fricative
10122:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
9712:Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984),
9506:Fonetika a fonologie češtiny
9353:(2): 377–413, archived from
9312:, Cambridge University Press
9105:Kozintseva, Natalia (1995),
8890:Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999),
8467:Journal of Greek Linguistics
8217:Legacies of Colonial English
6635:and Modern Standard Arabic
6142:Australian English phonology
5875:Few languages also have the
5709:θ̱
3538:
3414:
3140:
2363:
2140:
1901:voiceless retroflex sibilant
1099:dialects. It also occurs in
959:, and is represented in the
923:s̺
136:, some southern dialects of
7:
10223:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
9903:10.13109/hisp.2010.123.1.40
9891:Historische Sprachforschung
9885:Vijūnas, Aurelijus (2010),
9685:Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),
9418:Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977),
9038:Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003),
9020:Kara, Dávid Somfai (2002),
8828:Alofonía de /s/ en Colombia
8444:, Oxford University Press,
7320:Pretnar & Tokarz (1980)
7047:Fougeron & Smith (1999)
6739:Journal of Language Contact
6690:Index of phonetics articles
6663:
4994:
4616:
4340:
4133:
4102:
4062:
3996:
3693:Palatalized apical; may be
3501:
3211:
2971:
2890:
2722:
2650:
2323:
2278:
2210:
2178:
2095:Dentalized laminal alveolar
1950:
1230:, etc.), as well as in the
1197:
943:voiceless alveolar sibilant
687:Voiceless alveolar sibilant
680:Voiceless alveolar sibilant
45:voiceless alveolar sibilant
10:
13747:
13045:
9694:Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) ,
8684:Canepari, Luciano (1992),
8440:Árnason, Kristján (2011),
8172:Marotta & Barth (2005)
4512:
3131:
2132:
433:
229:The first three types are
35:of the tongue against the
13716:Voiceless oral consonants
13546:
13504:
13410:
13332:
13238:
13180:
13081:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13053:
13040:
13009:Nasal palatal approximant
12686:Co-articulated consonants
12586:
12531:
12494:
12462:
12427:
12358:
12296:
12234:
12195:
12147:
12075:
12008:
11946:
11932:
11925:
11918:
11911:
11904:
11897:
11890:
11883:
11876:
11869:
11867:
11719:
11641:
11548:
11452:
11347:
11247:
11162:
10989:
10893:
10745:
10647:
10502:
10372:
10304:
10276:
10262:
10249:
10188:
10142:
10099:
10095:
10084:
9939:10.1017/s0025100307003180
9839:Thorborg, Lisbet (2003),
9779:10.1017/S0025100300004266
9667:10.1017/S0025100306002659
9536:10.1017/S0025100300005430
9393:10.1017/S0025100303001373
9244:10.1017/S0025100303001208
9142:(2nd ed.), Blackwell
8990:10.1017/S0025100309990260
8954:10.1017/S1360674301000223
8926:10.1017/S0022226700013876
8846:10.1017/S0025100300004874
8775:10.1017/S0025100300005223
8720:10.1017/S0025100300004618
8651:Buizza, Emanuela (2011),
8586:10.1017/S0025100305002148
8509:Axundov, Ağamusa (1983),
8458:Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),
8118:Collins & Mees (2003)
7761:10.1017/s0041977x0010179x
7609:Collins & Mees (2003)
7590:Collins & Mees (2003)
7462:Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
6998:Bauer & Warren (2004)
6607:
6588:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6443:
6430:
6421:
6412:
6403:
6398:
6355:
6325:
6292:
6252:
6249:
6236:
6208:. Can be a voiceless tap
6168:
6152:
6132:
6119:
6109:
6039:
6007:
5988:
5812:
5807:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5774:
5758:
5753:
5743:
5734:
5729:
5714:
5701:
5696:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5618:
5613:
5576:
5519:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5473:
5463:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5414:
5404:
5365:
5305:
5290:
5277:
5248:
5231:
5228:
5216:
5206:
5174:
5159:
5133:
5069:
5067:
5055:
5047:
5017:
4983:
4976:
4951:
4921:
4895:
4873:
4801:
4781:
4748:
4721:
4714:
4689:
4663:
4644:
4602:
4572:
4532:
4505:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4424:
4416:
4399:
4392:
4361:
4325:
4276:
4269:
4242:
4235:
4215:
4208:
4182:
4156:
4125:
4118:
4094:
4084:
4054:
4020:
3988:
3981:
3957:
3955:
3943:
3935:
3904:
3897:
3866:
3846:
3839:
3834:Standard German phonology
3780:
3749:
3713:
3670:
3644:
3642:
3630:
3622:
3559:
3483:
3463:
3440:
3433:
3406:
3346:
3327:
3261:
3237:
3200:
3193:
3163:
3124:
3021:
2995:
2953:
2948:Scottish Gaelic phonology
2923:
2878:
2871:
2841:
2801:
2749:
2744:
2711:
2704:
2671:
2636:
2629:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2566:
2564:
2552:
2544:
2514:
2483:
2466:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2424:
2417:
2387:
2311:
2304:
2267:
2260:
2229:
2203:
2167:
2101:
1298:that were shifted by the
1206:spoken in most or all of
1070:
928:
915:
910:
883:
878:
869:
860:
855:
839:
834:
824:
815:
806:
801:
783:
771:
760:
747:
742:
715:
710:
700:
691:
686:
657:
564:
515:
440:
421:
364:
310:
264:
259:
252:
247:
9687:Uzbek Structural Grammar
9322:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
9282:Lunt, Horace G. (1952),
8807:Engstrand, Olle (2004),
8539:, Taylor & Francis,
8334:Yavuz & Balcı (2011)
8225:10.1017/CBO9780511486920
8075:Betancourt Arango (1993)
6898:, pp. 115, 128–131.
6858:, p. 149, cited in
6752:10.1163/187740911X558798
6695:
6136:Occasional allophone of
5086:and the extreme south),
2990:Serbo-Croatian phonology
2034:or (to a lesser extent)
1238:of central and southern
160:, and many varieties of
11858:Non-pulmonic consonants
10990:Non-sibilant fricative
10746:Non-sibilant affricate
10112:History of the alphabet
10028:List of languages with
10016:List of languages with
9636:Saborit, Josep (2009),
9504:Palková, Zdena (1994),
9486:Padluzhny, Ped (1989),
9213:Principles of Phonetics
9107:Modern Eastern Armenian
8734:Chew, Peter A. (2003),
8537:The Phonology of Danish
6090:
5309:Apical. Contrasts with
5255:
5198:Apical. Contrasts with
5181:
5140:
4782:Some Valencian speakers
4670:
3892:Modern Hebrew phonology
3244:
1475:
1457:"cuttlefish" (formerly
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1300:High German sound shift
13731:Voiceless approximants
10170:Sinological extensions
9917:Watson, Kevin (2007),
9674:Sipma, Pieter (1913),
9621:10.1006/jpho.2001.0139
9175:Lamb, William (2003),
9009:(3–4), Bogota: 337–343
8914:Journal of Linguistics
8870:Grønnum, Nina (2005),
8738:, Universal Publishers
7943:, p. ?, cited in
7741:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
7539:, pp. 61 and 131.
7488:, pp. 22, 38, 39.
7148:"Fonetyka i fonologia"
6517:, termed respectively
6492:manner of articulation
6362:
6332:
6149:Received Pronunciation
6046:
5924:, termed respectively
5899:manner of articulation
5599:West Frisian phonology
5583:
5475:
5416:
5383:
5349:
5292:
5218:
5057:
5024:
5012:Modern Greek phonology
4958:
4928:
4902:
4820:
4786:
4758:
4696:
4579:
4539:
4483:
4426:
4368:
4307:
4189:
4163:
3945:
3816:
3787:
3756:
3677:
3632:
3599:
3566:
3321:Non-retracted alveolar
3295:
3268:
3170:
3101:
3063:
3028:
2930:
2848:
2808:
2778:
2678:
2554:
2521:
2490:
2394:
2236:
1995:, termed respectively
1961:manner of articulation
1745:Reach in ancient times
1543:
1535:
1495:
1493:due to influence from
1485:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1431:
1416:
1406:
1396:
9841:Dansk udtale - øvebog
9638:Millorem la pronúncia
9464:Okada, Hideo (1999),
9160:. Oxford: Blackwell.
9140:Vowels and Consonants
9125:Isländische Grammatik
9123:Kress, Bruno (1982),
8398:]] for physical pain.
8135:, pp. 1445–1448.
7136:, pp. 68 and 72.
6708:Pandeli et al. (1997)
6507:place of articulation
5914:place of articulation
5861:⟩ (lowered ).
5372:depending on dialect
5104:La Spezia–Rimini Line
1859:of the Yuman family.
1553:is also preserved in
1424:(an extinct medieval
1335:"white" (Old English
1323:"known" (Old English
1181:⟩ and ⟨
1130:(and closely related
1034:of this area. In the
1002:(commonly termed the
81:dialects in southern
13706:Fricative consonants
11642:Lateral approximant
9897:, Göttingen: 40–55,
9609:Journal of Phonetics
9490:, Навука і тэхніка,
9400:Nau, Nicole (1998),
9211:Laver, John (1994),
8609:(2), Bogota: 255–291
7690:Cruz-Ferreira (1995)
7611:, pp. 145, 190.
7486:Šewc-Schuster (1984)
7308:Landau et al. (1999)
6962:Lee & Zee (2003)
6577:, as in most sounds.
6253:Common allophone of
6155:Common allophone of
5977:, as in most sounds.
5819:U+027E U+031E U+030A
5721:U+03B8 U+0331
5334:Portuguese phonology
5315:Portuguese phonology
4597:Vietnamese phonology
4387:Portuguese phonology
3930:Hindustani phonology
3313:Vietnamese phonology
2739:Macedonian phonology
2476:Multicultural London
2299:Belarusian phonology
2085:, as in most sounds.
1895:) have a so-called "
1659:compared to English
1473:"scissors" (earlier
1439:) "soap" from Latin
1317:, cf. "to wit") vs.
1142:, and working-class
1091:, northern European
1066:Occurrence in Europe
935:U+0073 U+033A
194:in dialects such as
150:Amerindian languages
27:pronounced with the
13726:Pulmonic consonants
13711:Alveolar consonants
13701:Sibilant consonants
10266:Pulmonic consonants
9919:"Liverpool English"
9843:, Forlaget Synope,
9647:"Standard Georgian"
9376:"Castilian Spanish"
8644:2008arXiv0802.4198B
8489:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
8253:, pp. 263–264.
8186:, pp. 352–353.
8162:, pp. 234–235.
7984:, pp. 285–286.
7745:"Bengali Phonetics"
7704:, pp. 458–461.
7443:Krishnamurti (2003)
7365:, pp. 140–141.
7225:, pp. 130–131.
6964:, pp. 109–110.
6943:Klagstad Jr. (1958)
6571:intercostal muscles
6563:airstream mechanism
6350:Icelandic phonology
5971:intercostal muscles
5963:airstream mechanism
5042:Icelandic phonology
3775:Esperanto phonology
3554:Cantonese phonology
3232:Ukrainian phonology
2796:Norwegian phonology
2539:Hungarian phonology
2079:intercostal muscles
2071:airstream mechanism
1984:Dentalized laminal
1829:European Portuguese
1814:Proto-Indo-European
1695:compared to Danish
1588:Loss-causing events
1555:Spanish orthography
1347:"way" (Old English
1220:Galician-Portuguese
1164:There is no single
1138:, many dialects in
418:
242:
126:European Portuguese
25:fricative consonant
13721:Central consonants
12196:Lateral fricative
11842:, to the left are
11549:Lateral fricative
10337:Postalveolar
10322:Linguolabial
10165:Naming conventions
10128:Journal of the IPA
8809:Fonetikens grunder
8077:, p. 285–286.
7794:Torreblanca (1988)
7621:Gussenhoven (1999)
7013:. 31 December 2011
6031:equivalent of lax
4638:Retracted alveolar
4015:Japanese phonology
2866:Romanian phonology
2382:Mandarin phonology
1643:"cat", Portuguese
1248:⟨ss⟩
1236:Middle High German
1149:It also occurs in
1144:Glaswegian English
1124:Germanic languages
1060:Middle High German
1042:spoken throughout
417:Coronal sibilants
416:
236:
114:Peninsular Spanish
13688:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13679:
13678:
13631:
13630:
13036:
13035:
13032:
13031:
12989:
12988:
12814:Uvular–epiglottal
12681:
12680:
12643:
12642:
11854:
11853:
11802:
11801:
11720:Lateral tap/flap
10317:Labiodental
10245:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10175:World Orthography
9987:978-0-521-65236-0
9962:978-975-06-0964-0
9850:978-87-988509-4-6
9832:978-0-8248-1117-4
9758:978-0-521-65236-0
9740:978-951-42-8984-2
9705:978-82-456-0178-7
9564:10.1159/000259344
9497:978-5-343-00292-8
9429:978-0-8165-0570-8
9411:978-3-89586-228-1
9404:, Lincom Europa,
9331:978-3-411-04066-7
9310:Patterns of sound
9262:978-3-89586-642-5
9255:, Lincom Europa,
9251:Lin, Hua (2001),
9222:978-0-521-45655-5
9204:978-0-521-65236-0
9186:978-3-89586-727-9
9109:, Lincom Europa,
9098:978-3-89586-161-1
9042:, Lincom Europa,
9024:, Lincom Europa,
8970:"Goizueta Basque"
8905:978-0-521-65236-0
8883:978-87-500-3865-8
8855:978-0-521-65236-0
8818:978-91-44-04238-1
8800:978-0-521-65236-0
8699:978-88-08-24624-0
8595:"Lengua y región"
8564:978-3-11-017532-5
8546:978-0-203-97876-4
8451:978-0-19-922931-4
8345:Heselwood (2013)
8150:, pp. 16–28.
7996:, pp. 71–72.
7247:Ovidiu Drăghici.
6976:, pp. 17–25.
6884:Kozintseva (1995)
6685:Laminal consonant
6661:
6660:
6631:Classical Arabic
6575:abdominal muscles
6556:lateral consonant
6549:central consonant
6475:
6474:
6439:
6438:
6389:
6388:
6384:Turkish phonology
6320:Faroese phonology
6267:English phonology
6226:English phonology
6175:English phonology
5975:abdominal muscles
5956:central consonant
5823:
5822:
5770:
5769:
5725:
5724:
5691:
5675:
5604:
5603:
5493:Swedish phonology
5440:Spanish phonology
5234:Occitan phonology
5110:Italian phonology
4946:Finnish phonology
4776:Catalan phonology
4743:Bengali phonology
4635:
4634:
4567:Italian phonology
4444:Spanish phonology
4356:Persian phonology
4230:Marathi phonology
3976:Italian phonology
3963:Italian phonology
3744:English phonology
3656:Northern Standard
3477:'I am eating now'
3458:Bengali phonology
3318:
3317:
3188:Turkish phonology
3119:Swedish phonology
3086:Spanish phonology
3046:Slovene phonology
2918:Russian phonology
2699:Latvian phonology
2585:Italian phonology
2572:Italian phonology
2469:English phonology
2083:abdominal muscles
2064:central consonant
1833:Italian Peninsula
1727:Castilian Spanish
1620:"to move", Latin
1513:Many dialects of
1260:⟨ç⟩
1256:⟨c⟩
1252:⟨z⟩
1244:⟨s⟩
1204:Romance languages
1081:Castilian Spanish
1040:Romance languages
939:
938:
905:
889:
851:
850:
797:
796:
737:
721:
677:
676:
414:
413:
301:
292:
283:
276:
13738:
13672:
13648:
13625:
13624:
13616:
13615:
13609:
13608:
13596:
13595:
13589:
13588:
13576:
13575:
13567:
13566:
13560:
13559:
13538:
13537:
13525:
13524:
13518:
13517:
13498:
13497:
13489:
13488:
13482:
13481:
13469:
13468:
13460:
13459:
13453:
13452:
13440:
13439:
13431:
13430:
13424:
13423:
13404:
13403:
13395:
13394:
13388:
13387:
13375:
13374:
13362:
13361:
13353:
13352:
13346:
13345:
13326:
13325:
13317:
13316:
13310:
13309:
13297:
13296:
13288:
13287:
13281:
13280:
13268:
13267:
13259:
13258:
13252:
13251:
13232:
13231:
13223:
13222:
13210:
13209:
13201:
13200:
13194:
13193:
13174:
13173:
13165:
13164:
13158:
13157:
13145:
13144:
13136:
13135:
13129:
13128:
13116:
13115:
13107:
13106:
13100:
13099:
13091:
13090:
13060:
13059:
13056:
13042:
13041:
12994:
12993:
12955:
12940:
12933:
12913:
12889:
12877:
12870:
12856:
12849:
12823:
12810:
12798:
12791:
12782:Labial–retroflex
12779:
12772:
12760:
12753:
12734:
12724:Labial–retroflex
12720:
12706:
12690:
12660:
12637:
12630:
12623:
12616:
12607:
12596:
12580:
12573:
12566:
12559:
12550:
12539:
12510:
12478:
12446:
12417:
12410:
12401:
12390:
12381:
12370:
12348:
12339:
12328:
12319:
12308:
12286:
12277:
12266:
12257:
12246:
12232:bottom: uvular)
12209:
12189:
12182:
12175:
12164:
12141:
12134:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12085:
12069:
12062:
12055:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12027:
12020:
12004:
11997:
11990:
11983:
11976:
11967:
11956:
11936:
11929:
11922:
11915:
11908:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11880:
11873:
11865:
11864:
11861:
11849:
11819:
11786:
11777:
11768:
11761:
11750:
11743:
11707:
11698:
11689:
11680:
11667:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11590:
11579:
11572:
11532:
11525:
11518:
11511:
11504:
11497:
11486:
11479:
11444:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11408:
11401:
11390:
11383:
11364:
11357:
11339:
11330:
11313:
11306:
11295:
11288:
11277:
11268:
11259:
11243:
11226:
11217:
11208:
11195:
11178:
11158:
11151:
11144:
11137:
11130:
11123:
11116:
11109:
11102:
11095:
11088:
11081:
11074:
11067:
11060:
11053:
11046:
11039:
11032:
11025:
11018:
11011:
11004:
10997:
10969:
10962:
10955:
10948:
10941:
10934:
10927:
10920:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10845:
10838:
10831:
10820:
10813:
10806:
10799:
10792:
10785:
10774:
10767:
10760:
10753:
10725:
10718:
10711:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10683:
10676:
10641:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10597:
10590:
10583:
10576:
10565:
10558:
10547:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10512:
10490:
10483:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10455:
10448:
10441:
10430:
10423:
10412:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10382:
10274:
10273:
10270:
10251:
10250:
10097:
10096:
10086:
10085:
10079:
10064:
10057:
10050:
10041:
10040:
10031:
10019:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9996:
9990:, archived from
9975:
9965:
9954:
9942:
9941:
9923:
9913:
9881:
9853:
9835:
9817:
9789:
9761:
9743:
9732:
9717:
9708:
9690:
9681:
9670:
9669:
9651:
9641:
9632:
9623:
9603:
9583:
9574:
9546:
9518:
9500:
9482:
9479:978-0-52163751-0
9460:
9432:
9414:
9396:
9395:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9359:
9344:
9334:
9313:
9301:
9295:
9287:
9278:
9277:
9265:
9247:
9246:
9225:
9207:
9189:
9171:
9148:Ladefoged, Peter
9143:
9136:Ladefoged, Peter
9131:
9119:
9101:
9085:Kordić, Snježana
9080:
9052:
9034:
9016:
9015:
9014:
8993:
8992:
8974:
8964:
8936:
8908:
8886:
8866:
8832:
8821:
8803:
8785:
8757:
8739:
8730:
8702:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8672:
8661:
8656:
8647:
8637:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8600:
8589:
8588:
8567:
8549:
8528:
8522:
8514:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8497:
8491:, archived from
8482:
8464:
8454:
8436:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8356:
8350:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8322:
8316:
8307:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8260:
8254:
8248:
8239:
8238:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8193:
8187:
8181:
8175:
8169:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8136:
8130:
8121:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8090:
8084:
8078:
8072:
8066:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8036:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7985:
7979:
7973:
7967:
7948:
7941:Pétursson (1971)
7938:
7925:
7899:
7890:
7884:
7875:
7869:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7821:. Archived from
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7737:
7731:
7718:Basque Phonology
7714:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7639:
7633:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7593:
7587:
7574:
7568:
7559:
7557:
7549:
7540:
7534:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7440:
7431:
7428:Ladefoged (2005)
7425:
7416:
7410:
7401:
7395:
7378:
7375:Engstrand (2004)
7372:
7366:
7363:Engstrand (1999)
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7244:
7238:
7235:Rocławski (1976)
7232:
7226:
7220:
7211:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7150:. Archived from
7143:
7137:
7131:
7120:
7114:
7093:
7087:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6940:
6934:
6931:Padluzhny (1989)
6928:
6922:
6912:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6874:, pp. 2, 9.
6869:
6863:
6853:
6844:
6838:
6829:
6823:
6814:
6808:
6802:
6796:
6787:
6781:
6772:
6771:
6732:Jessica Hunter;
6729:
6723:
6720:Maddieson (1984)
6717:
6711:
6705:
6680:Apical consonant
6649:
6648:
6634:
6623:
6622:
6614:Al-Rubūʽah
6586:
6585:
6471:
6470:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6452:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6417:
6416:
6408:
6407:
6396:
6395:
6381:
6370:
6340:
6317:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6233:General American
6223:
6216:or a voiced tap
6215:
6207:
6172:
6158:
6139:
6098:
6070:
6055:
6034:
5986:
5985:
5871:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5816:
5793:
5792:
5784:
5783:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5739:
5738:
5727:
5726:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5686:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5650:
5649:
5641:
5640:
5632:
5631:
5623:
5622:
5611:
5610:
5589:
5541:
5483:
5435:
5424:
5395:
5378:Carioca do brejo
5358:
5331:
5323:coastal northern
5312:
5301:
5261:
5224:
5201:
5190:
5147:
5065:
5032:
5002:
4991:
4990:
4964:
4936:
4910:
4869:
4829:
4813:
4805:
4794:
4766:
4728:
4727:
4702:
4677:
4642:
4641:
4624:
4614:
4613:
4587:
4548:
4520:
4519:
4490:
4434:
4404:
4403:
4377:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4314:
4284:
4283:
4264:Nepali phonology
4250:
4249:
4220:
4219:
4197:
4171:
4151:Korean phonology
4141:
4130:
4129:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4035:
4034:
4005:
3993:
3992:
3953:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3881:
3880:
3854:
3853:
3824:
3793:
3765:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3708:
3700:
3685:
3662:
3640:
3628:Belgian Standard
3607:
3595:Belgian Standard
3584:Danish phonology
3574:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3448:
3447:
3422:
3401:Arabic phonology
3390:
3389:
3361:
3360:
3325:
3324:
3303:
3274:
3250:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3178:
3158:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3109:
3097:Central Standard
3083:
3072:
3036:
3016:Slovak phonology
2979:
2968:
2967:
2938:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2856:
2836:Polish phonology
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2786:
2754:Contrasts seven
2728:
2719:
2718:
2689:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2618:
2617:
2562:
2529:
2509:French phonology
2499:
2437:'vessel, glass'
2432:
2431:
2402:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2255:Basque phonology
2245:
2218:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2099:
2098:
2041:
2033:
1921:
1806:Baltic languages
1616:> Portuguese
1570:Asturian-Leonese
1548:
1540:
1509:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1434:
1426:Romance language
1419:
1409:
1399:
1369:
1353:, cf. "-wise").
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1159:Baltic languages
966:
932:
924:
919:
900:
893:
891:
890:
874:
873:
865:
864:
853:
852:
847:
820:
819:
811:
810:
799:
798:
793:
779:
764:
756:
751:
732:
725:
723:
722:
696:
695:
684:
683:
666:
659:voice-onset time
646:
631:
616:
602:
588:
573:
554:
540:
526:
499:
485:
465:
451:
419:
415:
402:
384:
377:
370:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
295:
286:
279:
272:
243:
235:
193:
13746:
13745:
13741:
13740:
13739:
13737:
13736:
13735:
13691:
13690:
13689:
13680:
13670:
13669:unrounded
13665:
13627:
13626:
13619:
13617:
13613:
13610:
13603:
13598:
13597:
13593:
13590:
13583:
13578:
13577:
13570:
13568:
13564:
13561:
13554:
13540:
13539:
13532:
13527:
13526:
13522:
13519:
13512:
13500:
13499:
13492:
13490:
13486:
13483:
13476:
13471:
13470:
13463:
13461:
13457:
13454:
13447:
13442:
13441:
13434:
13432:
13428:
13425:
13418:
13406:
13405:
13398:
13396:
13392:
13389:
13382:
13377:
13376:
13369:
13364:
13363:
13356:
13354:
13350:
13347:
13340:
13328:
13327:
13320:
13318:
13314:
13311:
13304:
13299:
13298:
13291:
13289:
13285:
13282:
13275:
13270:
13269:
13262:
13260:
13256:
13253:
13246:
13234:
13233:
13226:
13224:
13220:
13212:
13211:
13204:
13202:
13198:
13195:
13188:
13176:
13175:
13168:
13166:
13162:
13159:
13152:
13147:
13146:
13139:
13137:
13133:
13130:
13123:
13118:
13117:
13110:
13108:
13104:
13101:
13094:
13088:
13049:
13028:
12992:
12991:
12990:
12985:
12962:
12961:
12960:
12959:
12958:Labial–alveolar
12956:
12949:
12944:
12941:
12934:
12926:
12921:
12920:
12914:
12906:
12900:
12899:
12890:
12882:
12881:
12878:
12871:
12863:
12862:
12857:
12850:
12842:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12824:
12816:
12811:
12803:
12802:
12799:
12792:
12784:
12783:
12780:
12773:
12765:
12764:
12763:Labial–alveolar
12761:
12754:
12746:
12741:
12740:
12735:
12727:
12726:
12721:
12713:
12712:
12710:Labial–alveolar
12707:
12699:
12682:
12677:
12507:
12475:
12463:Voiced lateral
12443:
12418:
12407:
12398:
12387:
12378:
12367:
12345:
12336:
12325:
12316:
12305:
12283:
12274:
12263:
12254:
12243:
12231:
12229:
11847:
11836:
10342:Retroflex
10258:
10237:
10196:ASCII encodings
10184:
10138:
10091:
10080:
10073:
10068:
10012:
10007:
10000:
9998:
9994:
9988:
9973:
9963:
9952:
9921:
9859:Hispanic Review
9851:
9833:
9759:
9741:
9730:
9706:
9649:
9601:
9516:
9498:
9480:
9430:
9412:
9363:
9361:
9357:
9342:
9332:
9289:
9288:
9275:
9263:
9223:
9205:
9187:
9177:Scottish Gaelic
9168:
9117:
9099:
9050:
9032:
9012:
9010:
8972:
8906:
8884:
8856:
8819:
8801:
8755:
8700:
8676:
8674:
8670:
8659:
8612:
8610:
8598:
8565:
8547:
8516:
8515:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8480:10.1.1.692.1365
8462:
8452:
8407:
8402:
8395:
8391:
8376:
8372:
8357:
8353:
8344:
8340:
8332:
8325:
8317:
8310:
8302:
8295:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8209:
8205:
8194:
8190:
8182:
8178:
8170:
8166:
8158:
8154:
8146:
8139:
8131:
8124:
8116:
8112:
8104:
8093:
8087:Thompson (1959)
8085:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8061:
8057:
8049:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8016:
8012:
8006:Canepari (1992)
8004:
8000:
7994:Canepari (1992)
7992:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7968:
7951:
7939:
7928:
7900:
7893:
7887:Arvaniti (2007)
7885:
7878:
7870:
7863:
7854:
7852:
7841:
7837:
7828:
7826:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7804:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7738:
7734:
7715:
7708:
7702:Thompson (1959)
7700:
7696:
7688:
7681:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7657:
7649:
7642:
7636:Canepari (1992)
7634:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7607:
7596:
7588:
7577:
7569:
7562:
7552:Thorborg (2003)
7550:
7543:
7535:
7528:
7522:Thelwall (1990)
7520:
7516:
7512:, pp. 8–9.
7510:Thompson (1987)
7508:
7504:
7496:
7492:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7468:
7460:
7456:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7404:
7396:
7381:
7373:
7369:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7337:
7326:
7318:
7314:
7306:
7302:
7294:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7245:
7241:
7237:, pp. 149.
7233:
7229:
7221:
7214:
7206:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7182:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7157:
7155:
7144:
7140:
7134:Canepari (1992)
7132:
7123:
7117:Canepari (1992)
7115:
7096:
7090:Canepari (1992)
7088:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7033:
7026:
7016:
7014:
7009:
7008:
7004:
6996:
6992:
6984:
6980:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6913:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6882:
6878:
6872:Qafisheh (1977)
6870:
6866:
6854:
6847:
6839:
6832:
6824:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6797:
6790:
6782:
6775:
6730:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6666:
6584:
6487:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6431:
6422:
6413:
6404:
6394:
6275:English English
6073:Dutch phonology
5984:
5894:
5814:
5789:
5780:
5764:
5735:
5716:
5708:
5703:
5692:
5684:
5671:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5609:
5437:
5371:
5341:
5322:
5288:inland northern
5287:
5107:
5081:
4640:
4087:Khmer phonology
4078:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3665:Dutch phonology
3650:Dutch phonology
3617:Dutch phonology
3380:Modern Standard
3323:
3226:Contrasts with
2925:Scottish Gaelic
2903:
2902:
2901:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2412:Czech phonology
2293:Contrasts with
2187:
2186:
2185:
2097:
2092:
2007:. According to
1953:
1865:
1841:
1765:Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs)
1747:
1741:changed only .
1705:
1590:
1527:
1363:palato-alveolar
1359:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1200:
1126:, it occurs in
1073:
1068:
1056:Old High German
1024:linguistic area
996:
930:
922:
917:
906:
898:
885:
870:
861:
845:
816:
807:
777:
762:
754:
749:
738:
730:
717:
692:
682:
607:palato-alveolar
593:alveolo-palatal
518:
506:
472:
443:
437:of articulation
436:
425:
298:
289:
255:
196:Hiberno-English
186:. It occurs in
124:, and Northern
77:. It occurs in
17:
12:
11:
5:
13744:
13734:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13686:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13677:
13676:
13664:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13642:
13636:
13633:
13632:
13629:
13628:
13618:
13611:
13602:
13601:
13599:
13591:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13569:
13562:
13553:
13552:
13550:
13544:
13543:
13541:
13531:
13530:
13528:
13520:
13511:
13510:
13508:
13502:
13501:
13491:
13484:
13475:
13474:
13472:
13462:
13455:
13446:
13445:
13443:
13433:
13426:
13417:
13416:
13414:
13408:
13407:
13397:
13390:
13381:
13380:
13378:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13355:
13348:
13339:
13338:
13336:
13330:
13329:
13319:
13312:
13303:
13302:
13300:
13290:
13283:
13274:
13273:
13271:
13261:
13254:
13245:
13244:
13242:
13236:
13235:
13225:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13213:
13203:
13196:
13187:
13186:
13184:
13178:
13177:
13167:
13160:
13151:
13150:
13148:
13138:
13131:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13109:
13102:
13093:
13092:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13054:
13051:
13050:
13038:
13037:
13034:
13033:
13030:
13029:
13027:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13000:
12998:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12957:
12950:
12945:
12942:
12935:
12928:
12927:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12907:
12901:
12891:
12884:
12883:
12879:
12872:
12865:
12864:
12860:Labial–palatal
12858:
12851:
12844:
12843:
12834:
12833:
12825:
12818:
12817:
12812:
12805:
12804:
12800:
12793:
12786:
12785:
12781:
12774:
12767:
12766:
12762:
12755:
12748:
12747:
12742:
12736:
12729:
12728:
12722:
12715:
12714:
12708:
12701:
12700:
12695:
12694:
12693:
12683:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12654:
12648:
12645:
12644:
12641:
12640:
12638:
12631:
12624:
12617:
12610:
12608:
12601:
12599:
12597:
12590:
12584:
12583:
12581:
12574:
12567:
12560:
12553:
12551:
12544:
12542:
12540:
12533:
12530:
12524:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12511:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12496:
12495:Nasal lateral
12492:
12491:
12489:
12487:
12485:
12483:
12481:
12479:
12470:
12468:
12466:
12464:
12460:
12459:
12457:
12455:
12453:
12451:
12449:
12447:
12438:
12436:
12434:
12432:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12420:
12411:
12402:
12393:
12391:
12382:
12373:
12371:
12362:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12351:
12349:
12340:
12331:
12329:
12320:
12311:
12309:
12300:
12294:
12293:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12278:
12269:
12267:
12258:
12249:
12247:
12238:
12233:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12218:
12216:
12214:
12212:
12210:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12193:
12192:
12190:
12183:
12176:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12152:
12145:
12144:
12142:
12135:
12128:
12121:
12114:
12107:
12100:
12093:
12086:
12079:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12035:
12028:
12021:
12014:
12012:
12006:
12005:
11998:
11991:
11984:
11977:
11970:
11968:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11950:
11945:
11939:
11938:
11931:
11924:
11917:
11910:
11903:
11896:
11889:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11856:
11855:
11852:
11851:
11835:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11813:
11807:
11804:
11803:
11800:
11799:
11797:
11795:
11793:
11791:
11789:
11787:
11780:
11778:
11771:
11769:
11762:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11744:
11737:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11727:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11710:
11708:
11701:
11699:
11692:
11690:
11683:
11681:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11619:
11612:
11605:
11598:
11591:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11573:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11550:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11526:
11519:
11512:
11505:
11498:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11480:
11473:
11471:
11469:
11467:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11457:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11424:
11417:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11402:
11395:
11393:
11391:
11384:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11369:
11367:
11365:
11358:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11333:
11331:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11314:
11307:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11289:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11271:
11269:
11262:
11260:
11253:
11251:
11245:
11244:
11237:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11220:
11218:
11211:
11209:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11183:
11181:
11179:
11172:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11160:
11159:
11152:
11145:
11138:
11131:
11124:
11117:
11110:
11103:
11096:
11089:
11082:
11075:
11068:
11061:
11054:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11026:
11019:
11012:
11005:
10998:
10991:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10949:
10942:
10935:
10928:
10921:
10914:
10912:
10910:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10902:
10900:
10898:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10881:
10874:
10867:
10860:
10853:
10846:
10839:
10832:
10825:
10823:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10779:
10777:
10775:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10732:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10719:
10712:
10705:
10698:
10691:
10684:
10677:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10645:
10644:
10642:
10635:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10598:
10591:
10584:
10577:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10559:
10552:
10550:
10548:
10541:
10534:
10527:
10520:
10513:
10506:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10484:
10477:
10470:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10433:
10431:
10424:
10417:
10415:
10413:
10406:
10404:
10397:
10390:
10383:
10376:
10370:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10312:Bilabial
10309:
10302:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10263:
10260:
10259:
10247:
10246:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10214:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10192:
10190:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10146:
10144:
10143:Special topics
10140:
10139:
10137:
10136:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10103:
10101:
10093:
10092:
10082:
10081:
10067:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10025:
10011:
10010:External links
10008:
10006:
10005:
9986:
9966:
9961:
9943:
9932:(3): 351–360,
9914:
9882:
9871:10.2307/474023
9865:(3): 343–348,
9854:
9849:
9836:
9831:
9818:
9807:10.2307/411232
9801:(3): 454–476,
9790:
9762:
9757:
9744:
9739:
9718:
9709:
9704:
9691:
9682:
9671:
9660:(2): 255–264,
9642:
9633:
9624:
9615:(3): 273–301,
9604:
9599:
9584:
9575:
9558:(4): 203–216,
9547:
9530:(1–2): 65–75,
9519:
9515:978-8070668436
9514:
9501:
9496:
9483:
9478:
9461:
9450:10.2307/339038
9433:
9428:
9415:
9410:
9397:
9386:(2): 255–259,
9371:
9368:
9335:
9330:
9314:
9306:Maddieson, Ian
9302:
9279:
9266:
9261:
9248:
9237:(1): 109–112,
9226:
9221:
9208:
9203:
9190:
9185:
9172:
9166:
9152:Maddieson, Ian
9144:
9132:
9120:
9116:978-3895860355
9115:
9102:
9097:
9089:Serbo-Croatian
9081:
9070:10.2307/304696
9053:
9049:978-3895868436
9048:
9035:
9030:
9017:
9005:(in Spanish),
8994:
8983:(1): 113–127,
8965:
8948:(2): 213–249,
8937:
8920:(2): 233–250,
8909:
8904:
8887:
8882:
8867:
8854:
8833:
8822:
8817:
8804:
8799:
8786:
8758:
8754:978-9004103405
8753:
8740:
8731:
8714:(1–2): 53–56,
8703:
8698:
8681:
8657:in RP English"
8648:
8617:
8605:(in Spanish),
8590:
8579:(2): 131–151,
8568:
8563:
8550:
8545:
8529:
8506:
8455:
8450:
8437:
8426:10.2307/412855
8420:(2): 282–292,
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8389:
8370:
8351:
8338:
8323:
8321:, p. 139.
8319:Grønnum (2005)
8308:
8306:, p. 115.
8304:Árnason (2011)
8293:
8274:
8265:, p. 361.
8255:
8240:
8233:
8203:
8188:
8176:
8174:, p. 385.
8164:
8152:
8137:
8122:
8110:
8108:, p. 263.
8091:
8079:
8067:
8065:, p. 527.
8055:
8052:on 2012-03-30.
8022:
8020:, p. 285.
8010:
7998:
7986:
7974:
7972:, p. 286.
7949:
7947:, p. 145.
7926:
7891:
7876:
7861:
7835:
7810:
7806:Saborit (2009)
7798:
7796:, p. 347.
7786:
7774:
7732:
7706:
7694:
7679:
7677:, p. 117.
7667:
7665:, p. 255.
7655:
7651:Mangold (2005)
7640:
7625:
7613:
7594:
7592:, p. 190.
7575:
7571:Grønnum (2005)
7560:
7541:
7537:Basbøll (2005)
7526:
7514:
7502:
7498:Sjoberg (1963)
7490:
7478:
7466:
7464:, p. 154.
7454:
7432:
7430:, p. 168.
7417:
7415:, p. 157.
7402:
7400:, p. 289.
7379:
7377:, p. 167.
7367:
7355:
7353:, p. 171.
7343:
7341:, p. 258.
7324:
7312:
7300:
7288:
7276:
7264:
7239:
7227:
7212:
7200:
7188:
7176:
7164:
7146:Jerzy Treder.
7138:
7121:
7094:
7075:
7073:, p. 104.
7063:
7061:, p. 144.
7059:Grønnum (2005)
7051:
7039:
7037:, p. 288.
7024:
7002:
7000:, p. 594.
6990:
6988:, p. 228.
6986:Palková (1994)
6978:
6966:
6954:
6935:
6923:
6900:
6896:Axundov (1983)
6888:
6876:
6864:
6845:
6843:, p. 283.
6830:
6815:
6803:
6799:Vijūnas (2010)
6788:
6773:
6746:(1): 106–140.
6724:
6712:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6593:
6590:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6542:oral consonant
6538:
6530:
6515:alveolar ridge
6503:
6486:
6483:
6473:
6472:
6464:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6445:
6437:
6436:
6428:
6427:
6419:
6418:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6400:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6270:
6269:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6202:
6200:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6058:
6056:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5993:
5990:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5959:
5952:
5949:oral consonant
5945:
5937:
5922:alveolar ridge
5910:
5893:
5890:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5786:
5785:
5777:
5776:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5678:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5633:
5625:
5624:
5616:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5289:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5264:
5262:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5100:
5099:Northern Italy
5096:
5095:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4816:
4815:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4493:
4491:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4423:
4422:Latin American
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4072:
4070:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3725:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2957:
2955:Serbo-Croatian
2951:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2899:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2183:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2067:
2060:
2057:oral consonant
2053:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2016:
2011:about half of
1993:alveolar ridge
1989:
1979:
1952:
1949:
1864:
1861:
1840:
1837:
1798:Proto-Germanic
1746:
1743:
1704:
1701:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1526:
1523:
1521:articulation.
1489:(with initial
1479:< medieval
1414:(contemporary
1358:
1355:
1199:
1196:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1016:alveolar ridge
1014:) against the
995:
992:
988:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
937:
936:
933:
926:
925:
920:
913:
912:
908:
907:
892:
881:
880:
876:
875:
867:
866:
858:
857:
849:
848:
843:
837:
836:
832:
831:
828:
822:
821:
813:
812:
804:
803:
795:
794:
787:
781:
780:
775:
769:
768:
765:
758:
757:
752:
745:
744:
740:
739:
724:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
698:
697:
689:
688:
681:
678:
675:
674:
668:
661:
655:
654:
651:pharyngealized
648:
640:
639:
633:
625:
624:
618:
610:
609:
604:
596:
595:
590:
582:
581:
575:
568:
562:
561:
556:
548:
547:
542:
534:
533:
528:
521:
513:
512:
501:
493:
492:
487:
479:
478:
475:denti-alveolar
467:
459:
458:
453:
446:
439:
431:
430:
427:
422:
412:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
398:
396:
394:
390:
389:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
371:
366:
362:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
309:
303:
302:
293:
284:
277:
269:
268:
263:
258:
251:
246:
227:
226:
203:
169:
90:
59:
37:alveolar ridge
23:are a type of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13743:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13698:
13696:
13675:
13674:
13673: rounded
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13647:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13637:
13635:
13634:
13623:
13607:
13600:
13587:
13580:
13574:
13558:
13551:
13549:
13545:
13542:
13536:
13529:
13516:
13509:
13507:
13503:
13496:
13480:
13473:
13467:
13451:
13444:
13438:
13422:
13415:
13413:
13409:
13402:
13386:
13379:
13373:
13366:
13360:
13344:
13337:
13335:
13331:
13324:
13308:
13301:
13295:
13279:
13272:
13266:
13250:
13243:
13241:
13237:
13230:
13216:
13214:
13208:
13192:
13185:
13183:
13179:
13172:
13156:
13149:
13143:
13127:
13120:
13114:
13098:
13086:
13084:
13080:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13061:
13058:
13057:
13052:
13048:
13043:
13039:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13001:
12999:
12995:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12965:
12954:
12948:
12939:
12932:
12925:
12918:
12912:
12904:
12897:
12895:
12888:
12876:
12869:
12861:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12837:
12828:
12827:Labial–uvular
12822:
12815:
12809:
12797:
12790:
12778:
12771:
12759:
12752:
12745:
12739:
12733:
12725:
12719:
12711:
12705:
12698:
12692:
12691:
12688:
12687:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12659:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12647:
12646:
12639:
12636:
12632:
12629:
12625:
12622:
12618:
12615:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12602:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12591:
12589:
12585:
12582:
12579:
12575:
12572:
12568:
12565:
12561:
12558:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12534:
12529:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12518:
12516:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12503:
12501:
12499:
12497:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12486:
12484:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12471:
12469:
12467:
12465:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12454:
12452:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12439:
12437:
12435:
12433:
12431:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12416:
12412:
12409:
12403:
12400:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12383:
12380:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12363:
12361:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12341:
12338:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12321:
12318:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12301:
12299:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12279:
12276:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12259:
12256:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12239:
12237:
12228:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12198:
12194:
12191:
12188:
12184:
12181:
12177:
12174:
12170:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12159:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12146:
12143:
12140:
12136:
12133:
12129:
12126:
12122:
12119:
12115:
12112:
12108:
12105:
12101:
12098:
12094:
12091:
12087:
12084:
12080:
12078:
12074:
12071:
12068:
12064:
12061:
12057:
12054:
12050:
12047:
12043:
12040:
12036:
12033:
12029:
12026:
12022:
12019:
12015:
12013:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11996:
11992:
11989:
11985:
11982:
11978:
11975:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11951:
11949:
11944:
11940:
11937:
11930:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11874:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11859:
11850:
11845:
11841:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11818:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11805:
11798:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11763:
11760:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11745:
11742:
11738:
11736:
11734:
11732:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11722:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11675:
11673:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11620:
11617:
11613:
11610:
11606:
11603:
11599:
11596:
11592:
11589:
11585:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11574:
11571:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11553:
11551:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11527:
11524:
11520:
11517:
11513:
11510:
11506:
11503:
11499:
11496:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11481:
11478:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11464:
11462:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11439:
11436:
11432:
11429:
11425:
11422:
11418:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11385:
11382:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11350:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11308:
11305:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11290:
11287:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11246:
11242:
11238:
11236:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11173:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11139:
11136:
11132:
11129:
11125:
11122:
11118:
11115:
11111:
11108:
11104:
11101:
11097:
11094:
11090:
11087:
11083:
11080:
11076:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11062:
11059:
11055:
11052:
11048:
11045:
11041:
11038:
11034:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11020:
11017:
11013:
11010:
11006:
11003:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10964:
10961:
10957:
10954:
10950:
10947:
10943:
10940:
10936:
10933:
10929:
10926:
10922:
10919:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10882:
10879:
10875:
10872:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10858:
10854:
10851:
10847:
10844:
10840:
10837:
10833:
10830:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10801:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10755:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10720:
10717:
10713:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10646:
10643:
10640:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10627:
10624:
10620:
10617:
10613:
10610:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10560:
10557:
10553:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10535:
10532:
10528:
10525:
10521:
10518:
10514:
10511:
10507:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10478:
10475:
10471:
10468:
10464:
10461:
10457:
10454:
10450:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10436:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10398:
10395:
10391:
10388:
10384:
10381:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10268:
10267:
10261:
10257:
10252:
10248:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10155:Case variants
10153:
10151:
10150:Cursive forms
10148:
10147:
10145:
10141:
10135:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10072:
10065:
10060:
10058:
10053:
10051:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10036:
10032:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10014:
10013:
9997:on 2018-07-25
9993:
9989:
9983:
9979:
9972:
9967:
9964:
9958:
9951:
9950:
9944:
9940:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9920:
9915:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9883:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9855:
9852:
9846:
9842:
9837:
9834:
9828:
9824:
9819:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9791:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9763:
9760:
9754:
9750:
9745:
9742:
9736:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9710:
9707:
9701:
9697:
9692:
9688:
9683:
9679:
9678:
9672:
9668:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9648:
9643:
9639:
9634:
9630:
9625:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9605:
9602:
9600:9788301012885
9596:
9592:
9591:
9585:
9581:
9576:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9517:
9511:
9508:, Karolinum,
9507:
9502:
9499:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9481:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9462:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9434:
9431:
9425:
9421:
9416:
9413:
9407:
9403:
9398:
9394:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9372:
9369:
9360:on 2021-02-25
9356:
9352:
9348:
9341:
9336:
9333:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9293:
9285:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9267:
9264:
9258:
9254:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9224:
9218:
9214:
9209:
9206:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9188:
9182:
9178:
9173:
9169:
9167:0-631-19815-6
9163:
9159:
9158:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9126:
9121:
9118:
9112:
9108:
9103:
9100:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9054:
9051:
9045:
9041:
9036:
9033:
9031:9783895864704
9027:
9023:
9018:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8995:
8991:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8971:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8910:
8907:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8888:
8885:
8879:
8875:
8874:
8868:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8823:
8820:
8814:
8810:
8805:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8787:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8759:
8756:
8750:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8732:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8701:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8682:
8673:on 2014-04-19
8669:
8665:
8658:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8622:Glottometrics
8618:
8608:
8604:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8569:
8566:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8548:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8533:Basbøll, Hans
8530:
8526:
8520:
8512:
8507:
8498:on 2013-12-11
8494:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8461:
8456:
8453:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8410:
8409:
8393:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8366:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8342:
8336:, p. 25.
8335:
8330:
8328:
8320:
8315:
8313:
8305:
8300:
8298:
8289:
8284:, p. 30.
8283:
8278:
8270:
8264:
8263:Boberg (2004)
8259:
8252:
8247:
8245:
8236:
8234:9780521830201
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8207:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8184:Watson (2007)
8180:
8173:
8168:
8161:
8160:Hickey (1984)
8156:
8149:
8148:Buizza (2011)
8144:
8142:
8134:
8129:
8127:
8119:
8114:
8107:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8088:
8083:
8076:
8071:
8064:
8059:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8026:
8019:
8014:
8008:, p. 71.
8007:
8002:
7995:
7990:
7983:
7978:
7971:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7898:
7896:
7889:, p. 12.
7888:
7883:
7881:
7874:, p. 27.
7873:
7868:
7866:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7825:on 2021-02-25
7824:
7820:
7814:
7808:, p. 12.
7807:
7802:
7795:
7790:
7784:, p. 54.
7783:
7778:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7755:. London: 7.
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7729:0-415-05655-1
7726:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7703:
7698:
7692:, p. 91.
7691:
7686:
7684:
7676:
7671:
7664:
7659:
7653:, p. 50.
7652:
7647:
7645:
7638:, p. 73.
7637:
7632:
7630:
7623:, p. 75.
7622:
7617:
7610:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7591:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7572:
7567:
7565:
7553:
7548:
7546:
7538:
7533:
7531:
7524:, p. 37.
7523:
7518:
7511:
7506:
7500:, p. 11.
7499:
7494:
7487:
7482:
7475:
7470:
7463:
7458:
7450:
7445:, p. 66.
7444:
7439:
7437:
7429:
7424:
7422:
7414:
7409:
7407:
7399:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7352:
7347:
7340:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7322:, p. 21.
7321:
7316:
7310:, p. 67.
7309:
7304:
7297:
7296:Kordić (2006)
7292:
7286:, p. 18.
7285:
7280:
7274:, p. 67.
7273:
7268:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7231:
7224:
7219:
7217:
7209:
7204:
7197:
7192:
7186:, p. 11.
7185:
7180:
7174:, p. 10.
7173:
7168:
7154:on 2016-03-04
7153:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7119:, p. 72.
7118:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7092:, p. 68.
7091:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7072:
7071:Szende (1999)
7067:
7060:
7055:
7049:, p. 79.
7048:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7029:
7012:
7006:
6999:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6975:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6950:
6945:, p. 46.
6944:
6939:
6933:, p. 47.
6932:
6927:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6892:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6862:, p. 154
6861:
6857:
6852:
6850:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6827:
6822:
6820:
6812:
6807:
6800:
6795:
6793:
6785:
6780:
6778:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6734:Claire Bowern
6728:
6721:
6716:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6442:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6402:
6397:
6385:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6348:Laminal. See
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6224:instead. See
6221:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6169:Allophone of
6166:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6135:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5787:
5778:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5733:
5728:
5720:
5713:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5644:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5612:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5369:
5368:postalveolars
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5308:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5090:and south of
5089:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5053:Central Italy
5052:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4754:Most dialects
4753:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:Mount Everest
4254:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3648:Laminal. See
3647:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:Laminal. See
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3472:/ca carr bhye
3471:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3239:Upper Sorbian
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3080:Allophone of
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:Ibero-Romance
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Astur-Leonese
1870:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:dentialveolar
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Indo-European
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:> Italian
1631:
1628:"lax", Latin
1627:
1624:> Spanish
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:) from Latin
1482:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1461:) from Latin
1460:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Astur-Leonese
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:, as well as
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
963:with ⟨
962:
958:
957:
951:
949:
944:
934:
927:
921:
914:
909:
904:
896:
882:
877:
868:
859:
854:
844:
842:
838:
833:
829:
827:
823:
814:
805:
800:
792:
788:
786:
782:
776:
774:
770:
766:
759:
753:
746:
741:
736:
728:
714:
709:
705:
703:
699:
690:
685:
672:
669:
662:
660:
656:
652:
649:
642:
641:
637:
634:
627:
626:
622:
619:
612:
611:
608:
605:
598:
597:
594:
591:
584:
583:
579:
576:
569:
567:
563:
560:
557:
550:
549:
546:
543:
536:
535:
532:
529:
522:
520:
514:
510:
505:
502:
495:
494:
491:
488:
481:
480:
476:
471:
468:
461:
460:
457:
454:
447:
445:
438:
432:
428:
423:
420:
410:
408:
406:
404:
399:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:Non-sibilant
363:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
313:
308:
305:
304:
300:
294:
291:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
266:Post-alveolar
262:
257:
250:
244:
240:
234:
232:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
13666:
12943:Labial–velar
12893:
12880:Labial–velar
12801:Labial–velar
12738:Labial–velar
12684:
12230:(top: velar;
11857:
11837:
10917:
10264:
10131:
10127:
10030:[ɹ̥]
9999:, retrieved
9992:the original
9977:
9948:
9929:
9925:
9894:
9890:
9862:
9858:
9840:
9822:
9798:
9794:
9773:(2): 37–41,
9770:
9766:
9748:
9726:
9713:
9695:
9686:
9676:
9657:
9653:
9637:
9628:
9612:
9608:
9589:
9579:
9555:
9551:
9527:
9523:
9505:
9487:
9469:
9444:(1): 60–67,
9441:
9437:
9419:
9401:
9383:
9379:
9362:, retrieved
9355:the original
9350:
9346:
9321:
9318:Mangold, Max
9309:
9283:
9271:
9252:
9234:
9230:
9212:
9194:
9176:
9156:
9139:
9124:
9106:
9088:
9064:(1): 42–54,
9061:
9057:
9039:
9021:
9011:, retrieved
9006:
9002:
8980:
8976:
8945:
8941:
8917:
8913:
8895:
8872:
8837:
8827:
8808:
8790:
8769:(2): 90–94,
8766:
8762:
8744:
8735:
8711:
8707:
8689:
8685:
8675:, retrieved
8668:the original
8663:
8625:
8621:
8611:, retrieved
8606:
8602:
8576:
8572:
8554:
8536:
8510:
8500:, retrieved
8493:the original
8470:
8466:
8441:
8417:
8413:
8392:
8383:
8373:
8365:academia.edu
8364:
8354:
8346:
8341:
8277:
8258:
8251:Laver (1994)
8216:
8206:
8197:
8191:
8179:
8167:
8155:
8113:
8106:Laver (1994)
8082:
8070:
8058:
8047:the original
8042:
8038:
8025:
8018:Adams (1975)
8013:
8001:
7989:
7982:Adams (1975)
7977:
7970:Adams (1975)
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7902:Kress (1982)
7853:. Retrieved
7851:(in Italian)
7848:
7838:
7827:. Retrieved
7823:the original
7813:
7801:
7789:
7777:
7752:
7748:
7735:
7717:
7697:
7675:Okada (1999)
7670:
7658:
7616:
7517:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7398:Adams (1975)
7370:
7358:
7346:
7315:
7303:
7298:, p. 5.
7291:
7279:
7267:
7255:. Retrieved
7242:
7230:
7223:Skaug (2003)
7210:, p. 1.
7203:
7198:, p. 6.
7191:
7179:
7167:
7156:. Retrieved
7152:the original
7141:
7066:
7054:
7042:
7035:Adams (1975)
7015:. Retrieved
7005:
6993:
6981:
6969:
6957:
6938:
6926:
6891:
6886:, p. 7.
6879:
6867:
6841:Adams (1975)
6828:, p. ?.
6813:, p. ?.
6811:Obaid (1973)
6806:
6786:, p. ?.
6784:Adams (1975)
6743:
6737:
6727:
6722:, p. ?.
6715:
6710:, p. ?.
6703:
6675:Tongue shape
6644:
6524:
6518:
6478:
6476:
6365:
6334:
6301:
6298:
6240:
6237:
6189:Newfoundland
6123:
6121:
6092:
6049:
6015:
6013:
5931:
5925:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5863:
5826:
5824:
5803:124 402A 430
5665:Audio sample
5584:
5578:West Frisian
5559:
5558:
5527:
5525:
5477:
5458:Paisa accent
5418:
5390:
5386:
5352:
5328:Merges with
5295:
5256:
5241:Languedocien
5220:
5184:
5142:
5059:
5040:Apical. See
5026:
4996:
4985:
4959:
4930:
4904:
4880:
4879:
4865:
4850:
4823:
4789:
4774:Apical. See
4760:
4730:
4723:
4697:
4672:
4618:
4581:
4542:
4515:
4485:
4428:
4371:
4341:
4309:
4278:
4244:
4192:
4165:
4135:
4104:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4029:
3999:
3947:
3914:
3875:
3848:
3819:
3788:
3759:
3720:
3679:
3634:
3601:
3568:
3539:
3502:
3492:
3443:
3416:
3355:
3297:
3269:
3245:
3212:
3202:
3172:
3142:
3133:
3103:
3066:
3030:
3002:
3001:
2973:
2962:
2932:
2892:
2881:
2850:
2810:
2780:
2723:
2713:
2684:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2612:
2556:
2523:
2493:
2455:
2426:
2396:
2365:
2325:
2314:
2279:
2269:
2239:
2212:
2169:
2023:
2019:
2002:
1996:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1931:tongue shape
1928:
1924:Modern Greek
1909:
1866:
1842:
1818:
1795:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1724:
1716:Scandinavian
1709:
1706:
1696:
1692:
1691:and English
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1550:
1528:
1515:Modern Greek
1512:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1480:
1458:
1436:
1411:
1401:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1360:
1201:
1163:
1151:Modern Greek
1148:
1121:
1074:
1003:
999:
997:
977:
972:
968:
955:
953:
947:
946:
942:
940:
879:Audio sample
711:Audio sample
509:postalveolar
228:
218:
214:
210:
183:
176:
106:Asturleonese
74:
70:
66:
55:
48:
20:
18:
12905:approximant
12840:approximant
11164:Approximant
10233:IPA Braille
10211:Kirshenbaum
10018:[s]
9722:Suomi, Kari
8349:, p 122–123
7716:Hualde, J.
7284:Lamb (2003)
7272:Chew (2003)
7208:Lunt (1952)
7184:Kara (2003)
7172:Kara (2002)
6285:New Zealand
5839:palatalized
5363:'fisherman'
5306:'weariness'
5250:Piedmontese
5073:Present in
5070:'you go up'
4834:'I suffer'
4082:: 'Spanish'
3958:'you go up'
3770:'Who hopes'
3228:palatalized
2762:contrasts.
2567:'you go up'
2295:palatalized
2205:Azerbaijani
1778:> Latin
1767:> Latin
1683:for modern
1677:Old English
1653:High German
1499:"shaver").
1310:Old English
1308:"to know" (
1288:High German
1216:Old Spanish
1140:Scandinavia
1095:, and some
1036:Middle Ages
578:palatalized
241:fricatives
13695:Categories
13656:full chart
13182:Near-close
12976:full chart
12898:(variable)
12668:full chart
12151:affricate
11827:full chart
11456:affricate
10256:Consonants
10228:IPA number
10090:IPA topics
10001:2015-04-12
9466:"Japanese"
9364:2013-04-22
9013:2021-02-03
8677:2014-04-18
8613:2021-02-03
8502:2013-12-11
8473:: 97–208,
8405:References
7855:2024-06-23
7829:2013-04-23
7196:Nau (1998)
7158:2015-11-16
7017:2 December
6974:Lin (2001)
6654:'thirsty'
6628:'anguish'
6582:Occurrence
6500:turbulence
6345:'the roof'
6257:following
6116:Australian
5982:Occurrence
5907:turbulence
5872:⟩.
5849:⟩ (
5799:IPA Number
5745:IPA Number
5656:IPA Number
5569:'vehicle'
5548:Vietnamese
5538:Contrasts
5340:Inland and
5279:Portuguese
5161:Low German
4574:Vietnamese
4462:Andalusian
4363:Portuguese
4114:'machine'
3899:Hindustani
3645:'to stand'
3612:'to stand'
3287:Vietnamese
3230:form. See
3155:Contrasts
3011:'hundred'
2773:Urban East
2706:Macedonian
2429:авăт/savët
2336:'everyone'
2297:form. See
2262:Belarusian
2197:'mountain'
2090:Occurrence
1976:turbulence
1903:. Basque,
1889:Portuguese
1825:Neapolitan
1722:dialects.
1720:Low German
1703:Exceptions
1551:Distinción
1545:distinción
1435:(formerly
1372:Old French
1276:affricates
1132:Low German
1109:Antioqueño
1093:Portuguese
1018:. It is a
826:IPA Number
755:s
702:IPA Number
621:labialized
237:Voiceless
13506:Near-open
13240:Close-mid
12924:Implosive
12917:Velarized
12836:Fricative
12588:Voiceless
12528:Implosive
12077:Fricative
12010:Affricate
11844:voiceless
10896:fricative
10894:Sibilant
10652:affricate
10299:Laryngeal
10189:Encodings
9971:"Turkish"
9911:0935-3518
9787:243640727
9572:145316121
9552:Phonetica
9544:145119728
9320:(2005) ,
8934:145672742
8864:249404451
8783:249414876
8728:249411809
8635:0802.4198
8628:: 63–79.
8603:Thesaurus
8475:CiteSeerX
7769:246637825
7722:Routledge
7257:April 19,
6768:Q56228341
6760:1877-4091
6540:It is an
6534:phonation
6496:fricative
6327:Icelandic
6311:'spider'
6277:speakers
6199:speakers
6085:Bolognese
5947:It is an
5941:phonation
5903:fricative
5851:retracted
5704:(decimal)
5540:/θs̪s̠ʃʂ/
5451:Castilian
5400:'stairs'
5342:southern
5321:European,
5176:Mirandese
5019:Icelandic
4889:'always'
4738:'hundred'
4080:adjective
4077:: 'Spain'
4022:Kabardian
3751:Esperanto
3709:instead.
3549:'twinkle'
3525:Cantonese
3512:'picture'
3223:'village'
3195:Ukrainian
3157:/θs̪s̠ʃʂ/
2985:'village'
2831:'catfish'
2768:Norwegian
2756:sibilants
2746:Mirandese
2694:'ancient'
2592:Kashubian
2516:Hungarian
2306:Bulgarian
2290:'century'
2055:It is an
2049:phonation
1968:fricative
1905:Mirandese
1714:and many
1687:, German
1679:spelling
1600:"force",
1581:Alemannic
1566:Mirandese
1422:Mozarabic
1397:kosztować
1136:Icelandic
1105:Mirandese
1008:fricative
918:(decimal)
750:(decimal)
671:aspirated
667:⟩
647:⟩
636:velarized
632:⟩
617:⟩
603:⟩
589:⟩
574:⟩
566:secondary
559:retroflex
555:⟩
541:⟩
527:⟩
504:retracted
500:⟩
486:⟩
466:⟩
452:⟩
281:Retroflex
274:Retracted
231:sibilants
188:Icelandic
134:Icelandic
98:retroflex
87:Andalusia
85:(eastern
13667:Legend:
13661:template
13640:IPA help
13412:Open-mid
12981:template
12971:IPA help
12947:Ejective
12919:alveolar
12673:template
12652:IPA help
11943:Ejective
11832:template
11811:IPA help
11249:Tap/flap
10649:Sibilant
10332:Alveolar
9795:Language
9438:Hispania
9308:(1984),
9292:citation
9286:, Skopje
9154:(1996).
9138:(2005),
9087:(2006),
8962:91182225
8535:(2005),
8519:citation
8414:Language
7743:(1921).
6919:Goizueta
6764:Wikidata
6664:See also
6616:dialect
6589:Language
6567:pulmonic
6554:It is a
6547:It is a
6511:alveolar
6485:Features
6197:American
6027:Tapped;
5989:Language
5967:pulmonic
5954:It is a
5918:alveolar
5892:Features
5813:Unicode
5808:Encoding
5754:Encoding
5749:151 402A
5715:Unicode
5697:Encoding
5572:Apical.
5500:Bohuslän
5470:Blekinge
5429:'jumper'
5344:capixaba
5284:European
5273:Apical.
5155:Apical.
5123:Syracuse
4972:Apical.
4969:'health'
4953:Galician
4897:Estonian
4685:Apical.
4665:Asturian
4645:Language
4469:Filipino
4455:Canarian
4439:'jumper'
4382:'I hunt'
4302:Limousin
4146:'island'
4056:អេស្ប៉ាញ
4010:'plural'
3983:Japanese
3941:Standard
3841:Georgian
3811:Standard
3453:'street'
3408:Assyrian
3396:'to sit'
3328:Language
3152:'money'
2943:'cheers'
2843:Romanian
2665:'carrot'
2550:Standard
2534:'island'
2450:Auckland
2350:Mandarin
2282:tağoddzě
2272:тагоддзе
2157:Armenian
2149:'mosque'
2102:Language
2075:pulmonic
2062:It is a
1986:alveolar
1965:sibilant
1951:Features
1885:Galician
1857:Kumeyaay
1780:sabbatum
1731:Galician
1634:crescere
1630:crescere
1604:"city",
1486:cīsōrias
1198:Medieval
1177:⟨
1153:(with a
1122:Amongst
1117:Colombia
1089:Galician
1048:Portugal
1020:sibilant
980:sibilant
929:Unicode
911:Encoding
835:Encoding
761:Unicode
743:Encoding
673:coronal
663:⟨
653:coronal
643:⟨
638:coronal
628:⟨
623:coronal
613:⟨
599:⟨
585:⟨
580:coronal
570:⟨
551:⟨
537:⟨
523:⟨
519:(tongue)
496:⟨
490:alveolar
482:⟨
470:advanced
462:⟨
448:⟨
429:meaning
307:Sibilant
297:Alveolo-
290:alveolar
261:Alveolar
256:alveolar
158:Garifuna
154:Muscogee
152:such as
122:Galician
13671:•
13071:Central
12903:Lateral
12744:Plosive
12532:Voiced
12430:lateral
12428:Tenuis
12419:
12149:Lateral
11454:Lateral
10504:Plosive
10367:Glottal
10347:Palatal
10289:Coronal
10206:X-SAMPA
10035:PHOIBLE
10023:PHOIBLE
9402:Latvian
8892:"Dutch"
8640:Bibcode
7720:(1991)
6600:Meaning
6537:sounds.
6526:laminal
6357:Turkish
6294:Faroese
6250:'trap'
6133:'Italy'
6111:English
6103:'lemon'
6080:Emilian
6009:Afenmai
6000:Meaning
5944:sounds.
5933:laminal
5886:Flapped
5835:coronal
5760:X-SAMPA
5702:Entity
5660:130 414
5535:'milk'
5507:Halland
5465:Swedish
5421:altador
5406:Spanish
5208:Occitan
5135:Leonese
5092:Potenza
5084:Perugia
5049:Italian
5037:'I say'
4923:Finnish
4875:Emilian
4845:Glasgow
4840:English
4771:'seven'
4750:Catalan
4716:Bengali
4656:Meaning
4553:'taste'
4534:Tagalog
4507:Sylheti
4497:Swahili
4476:Swahili
4431:altador
4418:Spanish
4410:'snake'
4394:Punjabi
4351:'apple'
4327:Persian
4297:Occitan
4289:'equal'
4225:'snake'
4210:Marathi
4184:Maltese
4096:ម៉ាស៊ីន
3937:Italian
3860:'three'
3782:Faroese
3762:peranto
3715:English
3672:Emilian
3520:Chinese
3485:Chechen
3470:စစားဗျီ
3465:Burmese
3435:Bengali
3427:'sword'
3391:/ǧalasa
3339:Meaning
3183:'water'
3165:Turkish
3093:Swedish
3077:'to be'
3058:Iberian
3053:Spanish
3041:'world'
3023:Slovene
2873:Russian
2673:Latvian
2546:Italian
2504:'front'
2445:English
2419:Chuvash
2407:'world'
2377:'three'
2345:Chinese
2250:'thing'
2223:'water'
2162:Eastern
2113:Meaning
2052:sounds.
2024:laminal
2013:English
2004:laminal
1936:grooved
1916:laminal
1893:Spanish
1877:Catalan
1871:(e.g.,
1853:Luiseño
1821:Italian
1784:Semitic
1776:Shabbat
1755:Aramaic
1735:Catalan
1647:"find".
1614:miscere
1602:civitas
1519:laminal
1481:tiseras
1476:tixeras
1470:tijeras
1448:sapōnem
1380:pousser
1329:), and
1240:Germany
1224:Catalan
1155:laminal
1113:Pastuso
1097:Occitan
1085:Catalan
1032:Spanish
1006:) is a
973:psssst!
916:Entity
841:X-SAMPA
785:Braille
773:X-SAMPA
748:Entity
545:laminal
450:s̪
444:(mouth)
442:passive
426:symbol
393:tapped
299:palatal
288:Palato-
239:coronal
181:English
162:Quechua
142:Finnish
138:Swedish
118:Catalan
104:, like
79:Spanish
53:English
13649:
13047:Vowels
12896:-sound
12661:
12298:Voiced
12236:Tenuis
11840:voiced
11820:
10811:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
10357:Uvular
10327:Dental
10306:Manner
10294:Dorsal
10284:Labial
9984:
9959:
9909:
9879:474023
9877:
9847:
9829:
9815:411232
9813:
9785:
9755:
9737:
9702:
9597:
9570:
9542:
9512:
9494:
9476:
9458:339038
9456:
9426:
9408:
9328:
9259:
9219:
9201:
9183:
9164:
9113:
9095:
9078:304696
9076:
9046:
9040:Kyrgyz
9028:
8960:
8932:
8902:
8880:
8862:
8852:
8815:
8797:
8781:
8751:
8726:
8696:
8607:XLVIII
8561:
8543:
8513:, Baku
8477:
8448:
8434:412855
8432:
8231:
8200:: 139.
7910:sausen
7767:
7727:
6766:
6758:
6609:Arabic
6603:Notes
6520:apical
6382:. See
6375:'a(n)'
6318:. See
6304:koppur
6263:/tʃɹ-/
6182:Scouse
6173:. See
6140:. See
6003:Notes
5927:apical
5685:·
5683:
5681:source
5594:'salt'
5553:Saigon
5514:Scania
5488:'seat'
5411:Andean
5332:. See
5313:. See
5213:Gascon
5195:'step'
5152:'step'
5127:Cefalù
5117:Sicily
5088:Marche
5082:(save
5079:Umbria
4915:'word'
4883:èinpar
4799:'fish'
4707:'fire'
4691:Basque
4682:'step'
4659:Notes
4561:Ticino
4526:'done'
4488:wahili
4247:गरमाथा
4237:Nepali
4202:'hard'
4120:Korean
3970:Ticino
3925:'year'
3887:'book'
3882:/sefer
3868:Hebrew
3829:'bite'
3806:German
3798:'sand'
3690:'salt'
3663:. See
3579:'sell'
3561:Danish
3375:Arabic
3348:Adyghe
3342:Notes
3279:'hour'
3114:'seat'
2997:Slovak
2935:làinte
2913:'hair'
2861:'deaf'
2803:Polish
2791:'sand'
2734:'jump'
2631:Kyrgyz
2623:'pure'
2615:ом/sum
2605:Kazakh
2579:Ticino
2485:French
2464:'sand'
2231:Basque
2141:masjid
2122:Arabic
2116:Notes
2020:apical
1998:apical
1972:groove
1942:sulcal
1912:apical
1881:Basque
1869:Iberia
1849:Basque
1810:Greece
1791:Basque
1773:Hebrew
1758:Jeshua
1739:Ladino
1689:schiff
1665:Norman
1657:Wasser
1622:fluxus
1606:centum
1598:fortia
1577:German
1496:tōnsor
1467:, and
1402:kosten
1392:Polish
1390:); in
1388:caisse
1374:(e.g.
1344:wīs(e)
1341:) vs.
1326:wissen
1320:wissen
1305:wizzen
1228:French
1212:Iberia
1208:France
1174:apical
1101:Basque
1071:Modern
1050:, and
1044:France
1028:Iberia
969:sssst!
899:·
897:
895:source
767:U+0073
731:·
729:
727:source
531:apical
517:active
456:dental
311:plain
254:Denti-
249:Dental
200:Scouse
144:, and
110:Basque
102:Iberia
67:ad hoc
13651:audio
13083:Close
13066:Front
12997:Other
12931:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
12697:Nasal
12663:audio
12360:Nasal
12227:Click
11822:audio
11349:Trill
10818:d̠ɹ̠˔
10374:Nasal
10352:Velar
10278:Place
10201:SAMPA
10076:chart
9995:(PDF)
9974:(PDF)
9953:(PDF)
9922:(PDF)
9875:JSTOR
9811:JSTOR
9783:S2CID
9731:(PDF)
9650:(PDF)
9568:S2CID
9540:S2CID
9454:JSTOR
9358:(PDF)
9343:(PDF)
9276:(PDF)
9074:JSTOR
9022:Kazak
9007:LXXII
8973:(PDF)
8958:S2CID
8930:S2CID
8860:S2CID
8779:S2CID
8724:S2CID
8688:[
8671:(PDF)
8660:(PDF)
8630:arXiv
8599:(PDF)
8496:(PDF)
8463:(PDF)
8430:JSTOR
8050:(PDF)
8041:[
8035:(PDF)
7765:S2CID
7252:(PDF)
6696:Notes
6621:الضيم
6273:Some
6222:]
6218:[
6214:]
6210:[
6195:Some
6165:Irish
6095:idrån
6062:Geert
6041:Dutch
6029:tense
6024:'hat'
5815:(hex)
5717:(hex)
5687:
5444:seseo
5355:cador
5229:'two'
5075:Lazio
4978:Greek
4941:'you'
4868:]
4864:[
4859:'sun'
4812:]
4808:[
4629:'die'
4592:'far'
4521:/oise
4448:Seseo
4405:/sapp
4319:'bad'
4176:'one'
4158:Malay
4049:Khmer
3855:/sami
3791:andur
3739:'sit'
3707:]
3703:[
3699:]
3695:[
3624:Dutch
3591:Dutch
3412:ܣܝܦܐ
3387:جَلَس
3308:'far'
3291:Hanoi
3263:Uzbek
3255:'owl'
2389:Czech
2040:]
2036:[
2032:]
2028:[
1769:Jesus
1762:Greek
1760:>
1751:Latin
1712:Dutch
1661:water
1645:achar
1626:flojo
1618:mexer
1537:seseo
1464:sēpia
1459:xibia
1454:jibia
1437:xabón
1432:jabón
1417:sauer
1410:from
1400:from
1386:from
1378:from
1314:witan
1128:Dutch
1115:, in
1052:Spain
931:(hex)
901:
763:(hex)
733:
435:place
223:Welsh
166:Latin
146:Greek
130:Dutch
83:Spain
33:blade
13548:Open
13076:Back
12953:t͡pʼ
12187:q𝼄ʼ
12180:k𝼄ʼ
12173:c𝼆ʼ
12039:t̠ʃʼ
12025:t̪θʼ
12018:p̪fʼ
11948:Stop
11399:ɽ̊r̥
11065:ɹ̠̊˔
10797:tɹ̝̊
10218:TIPA
10132:JIPA
9982:ISBN
9957:ISBN
9907:ISSN
9845:ISBN
9827:ISBN
9753:ISBN
9735:ISBN
9700:ISBN
9595:ISBN
9510:ISBN
9492:ISBN
9474:ISBN
9424:ISBN
9406:ISBN
9326:ISBN
9298:link
9257:ISBN
9217:ISBN
9199:ISBN
9181:ISBN
9162:ISBN
9111:ISBN
9093:ISBN
9044:ISBN
9026:ISBN
8900:ISBN
8878:ISBN
8850:ISBN
8813:ISBN
8795:ISBN
8749:ISBN
8694:ISBN
8559:ISBN
8541:ISBN
8525:link
8446:ISBN
8288:help
8269:help
8229:ISBN
7725:ISBN
7449:help
7259:2013
7019:2015
6949:help
6756:ISSN
6592:Word
6573:and
6561:Its
6532:Its
6523:and
6505:Its
6490:Its
6477:The
6469:ɬ̪͡θ
6424:ɬ͡θ̠
6337:akið
6300:eitu
5992:Word
5973:and
5961:Its
5939:Its
5930:and
5912:Its
5897:Its
5825:The
5791:ɹ̥̆˔
5765:r\_0
5689:help
5521:Toda
5491:See
5442:and
5438:See
5389:cada
5330:/s̻/
5311:/s̻/
5268:pine
5259:apin
5232:See
5200:/s̪/
5108:See
5007:'as'
4962:aúde
4822:pati
4741:See
4648:Word
4595:See
4446:and
4442:See
4385:See
4354:See
4271:Odia
4262:See
4228:See
4191:iebe
4149:See
4085:See
4075:noun
4067:panh
4013:See
3998:fuku
3928:See
3890:See
3773:See
3742:See
3637:taan
3604:taan
3571:ælge
3552:See
3456:See
3444:স্তা
3399:See
3331:Word
3311:See
3186:See
3126:Toda
3044:See
3014:See
2988:See
2946:See
2891:volo
2880:воло
2864:See
2834:See
2737:See
2726:koka
2716:кока
2697:See
2537:See
2526:iget
2507:See
2467:See
2410:See
2380:See
2134:مسجد
2127:Gulf
2105:Word
2081:and
2069:Its
2047:Its
2022:and
2001:and
1959:Its
1891:and
1808:and
1737:and
1697:skib
1693:ship
1673:cell
1671:and
1669:sell
1641:chat
1442:sapō
1384:cash
1376:push
1272:/ns/
1268:/ss/
1234:and
1210:and
1111:and
1103:and
1058:and
1012:apex
998:The
952:and
941:The
903:help
735:help
215:**hl
205:The
198:and
184:thin
171:The
92:The
75:thin
65:(an
61:The
56:sink
43:The
19:The
13334:Mid
12938:ɠ͡ɓ
12821:q͡p
12808:q͡ʡ
12796:ɡ͡b
12789:k͡p
12777:ɖ͡b
12770:ʈ͡p
12758:d͡b
12751:t͡p
12732:ŋ͡m
12718:ɳ͡m
12704:n͡m
12399:ɴ𝼊
12397:ŋ𝼊
12337:ɢ𝼊
12335:ɡ𝼊
12275:q𝼊
12273:k𝼊
12162:tɬʼ
12067:qχʼ
12060:kxʼ
12053:tɕʼ
12046:tʂʼ
12032:tsʼ
11759:𝼈̥
11530:ɡʟ̝
11523:k𝼄
11516:ɟʎ̝
11509:c𝼆
11502:d𝼅
11079:ɻ̊˔
11072:ɹ̠˔
10804:dɹ̝
10790:d̪ð
10783:t̪θ
10772:b̪v
10765:p̪f
10695:d̠ʒ
10688:t̠ʃ
10100:IPA
10033:on
10021:on
9934:doi
9899:doi
9895:123
9867:doi
9803:doi
9775:doi
9662:doi
9617:doi
9560:doi
9532:doi
9446:doi
9388:doi
9239:doi
9066:doi
8985:doi
8950:doi
8922:doi
8842:doi
8771:doi
8716:doi
8655:/t/
8581:doi
8485:doi
8422:doi
8221:doi
7918:sch
7914:sch
7908:in
7757:doi
7556:/s/
6748:doi
6647:امئ
6633:*ɮˁ
6596:IPA
6565:is
6509:is
6494:is
6433:ɬ͡s
6415:θ̠ˡ
6380:/ɾ/
6316:/r/
6259:/t/
6255:/r/
6206:/t/
6171:/t/
6157:/t/
6138:/t/
6126:aly
6069:/r/
6048:Gee
6033:/ɾ/
5996:IPA
5965:is
5916:is
5901:is
5855:ɹ̝̊
5782:ɾ̞̊
5639:ɹ̝̊
5587:âlt
5480:äte
5434:/s/
5298:aço
5294:can
5125:to
5062:ali
5029:egi
4933:inä
4907:õna
4788:pei
4652:IPA
4401:ਸੱਪ
4334:سیب
4312:ent
4308:mai
4281:ମାନ
4217:साप
4168:atu
4138:eom
4041:'I'
4036:/sė
4002:ūkē
3990:複数形
3950:ali
3906:साल
3851:ამი
3701:or
3661:/r/
3542:im2
3505:urt
3495:урт
3419:èpa
3367:'I'
3362:/sė
3335:IPA
3272:oät
3248:owa
3215:elo
3205:ело
3106:äte
3082:/s/
3069:tar
3033:vet
2976:elo
2965:ело
2853:urd
2783:and
2654:abi
2641:аби
2559:ali
2496:ade
2458:and
2399:vět
2328:eki
2317:еки
2238:gau
2179:sar
2109:IPA
2073:is
1963:is
1920:/s/
1685:ash
1681:asc
1651:In
1575:In
1549:).
1508:/ʃ/
1412:sūr
1407:żur
1350:wīs
1338:wīt
1332:wīz
1296:/t/
1292:/s/
1284:/t/
1282:or
1280:/k/
1270:or
1264:/s/
1258:or
1246:or
1232:Old
1166:IPA
1134:),
1119:).
971:or
846:s_d
830:130
706:132
424:IPA
401:ɾ̞̊
383:ɻ̝̊
221:in
192:/t/
179:in
89:).
73:in
51:in
31:or
29:tip
13697::
13401:o̞
13385:ɤ̞
13359:ø̞
13343:e̞
12894:Sj
12847:ɥ̊
12635:ʛ̥
12628:ɠ̊
12621:ʄ̊
12614:ᶑ̊
12605:ɗ̥
12594:ɓ̥
12508:ɴǁ
12506:ŋǁ
12476:ɢǁ
12474:ɡǁ
12444:qǁ
12442:kǁ
12408:ɴǂ
12406:ŋǂ
12388:ɴǃ
12386:ŋǃ
12379:ɴǀ
12377:ŋǀ
12368:ɴʘ
12366:ŋʘ
12346:ɢǂ
12344:ɡǂ
12326:ɢǃ
12324:ɡǃ
12317:ɢǀ
12315:ɡǀ
12306:ɢʘ
12304:ɡʘ
12284:qǂ
12282:kǂ
12264:qǃ
12262:kǃ
12255:qǀ
12253:kǀ
12244:qʘ
12242:kʘ
12207:ɬʼ
12139:χʼ
12132:xʼ
12125:ɕʼ
12118:ʂʼ
12111:ʃʼ
12104:sʼ
12097:θʼ
12090:fʼ
12083:ɸʼ
12002:ʡʼ
11995:qʼ
11988:kʼ
11981:cʼ
11974:ʈʼ
11965:tʼ
11954:pʼ
11935:EG
11907:RF
11900:PA
11879:LD
11872:BL
11846:.
11784:ʟ̆
11775:ʎ̆
11766:𝼈
11741:ɺ̥
11705:ʟ̠
11623:ʟ̝
11616:𝼄
11609:ʎ̝
11602:𝼆
11595:𝼅
11495:tꞎ
11484:dɮ
11477:tɬ
11421:ʀ̥
11406:ɽr
11381:r̥
11355:ʙ̥
11337:ʡ̆
11328:ɢ̆
11304:ɽ̊
11286:ɾ̥
11275:ɾ̼
11257:ⱱ̟
11241:ʔ̞
11086:ɻ˔
11058:ð̠
11051:θ̠
11030:ð̼
11023:θ̼
10885:ʔh
10878:ʡʢ
10871:ʡʜ
10864:ɢʁ
10857:qχ
10850:ɡɣ
10843:kx
10836:ɟʝ
10829:cç
10758:bβ
10751:pɸ
10723:dʑ
10716:tɕ
10709:dʐ
10702:tʂ
10681:dz
10674:ts
10545:d̼
10538:t̼
10531:b̪
10524:p̪
10481:ɴ̥
10467:ŋ̊
10453:ɲ̊
10439:ɳ̊
10421:n̥
10410:n̼
10394:ɱ̊
10380:m̥
10308:↓
10280:→
9976:,
9930:37
9928:,
9924:,
9905:,
9893:,
9889:,
9873:,
9863:56
9861:,
9809:,
9799:35
9797:,
9781:,
9771:20
9769:,
9658:36
9656:,
9652:,
9613:29
9611:,
9566:,
9556:33
9554:,
9538:,
9528:27
9526:,
9452:,
9442:56
9440:,
9384:33
9382:,
9378:,
9349:,
9345:,
9294:}}
9290:{{
9235:33
9233:,
9150:;
9127:,
9072:,
9060:,
8981:40
8979:,
8975:,
8956:,
8944:,
8928:,
8918:20
8916:,
8894:,
8858:,
8848:,
8777:,
8767:25
8765:,
8722:,
8712:22
8710:,
8662:,
8638:.
8626:16
8624:.
8601:,
8577:35
8575:,
8521:}}
8517:{{
8483:,
8469:,
8465:,
8428:,
8418:51
8416:,
8382:.
8363:.
8326:^
8311:^
8296:^
8243:^
8227:.
8215:.
8140:^
8125:^
8094:^
8037:.
7952:^
7929:^
7894:^
7879:^
7864:^
7847:.
7763:.
7751:.
7747:.
7709:^
7682:^
7643:^
7628:^
7597:^
7578:^
7563:^
7544:^
7529:^
7435:^
7420:^
7405:^
7382:^
7327:^
7215:^
7124:^
7097:^
7078:^
7027:^
6903:^
6848:^
6833:^
6818:^
6791:^
6776:^
6762:.
6754:.
6742:.
6460:θˡ
6451:ʪ̪
6364:bi
6243:ap
6212:ɾ̥
6159:.
6035:.
5870:ɹ̥
5859:t̞
5847:θ͇
5843:θ̠
5737:ɹ̥
5648:t̞
5630:θ͇
5621:θ̠
5528:s̠
5526:pō
5351:pe
5219:do
5202:.
5185:ss
5183:pa
5141:pa
5129:.
5094:.
4999:an
4992:/
4988:αν
4853:un
4763:et
4671:pa
4604:Yi
4541:la
4516:ꠍꠦ
4514:ꠢꠂ
4484:Ki
4370:ca
4344:ib
4338:/
4310:ch
4259:'
4131:/
4107:in
4103:ma
4100:/
4060:/
3994:/
3917:ال
3910:/
3878:פר
3820:ss
3818:Bi
3723:it
3682:èl
3536:/
3499:/
3442:রা
3147:)
3141:ko
3134:வ்
3132:கொ
3005:to
2813:um
2683:en
2524:sz
2492:fa
2368:ān
2172:ար
1887:,
1883:,
1879:,
1875:,
1793:.
1771:,
1733:,
1699:.
1491:t-
1451:,
1404:,
1382:,
1266:,
1254:,
1226:,
1222:,
1218:,
1194:.
1170:s̺
1161:.
1146:.
1087:,
1083:,
1079:,
1062:.
1046:,
990:.
975:.
956:ss
954:pa
950:ea
872:sᶴ
863:s̠
818:s̟
809:s̪
665:sʰ
645:sˤ
630:sˠ
615:sʷ
572:sʲ
539:s̻
525:s̺
511:)
498:s̠
484:s͇
477:)
464:s̟
376:θ͇
337:s̠
330:s͇
323:s̟
316:s̪
219:ll
177:th
156:,
140:,
132:,
120:,
112:,
108:,
71:th
13622:ɒ
13606:ɑ
13586:ä
13573:ɶ
13557:a
13535:ɐ
13515:æ
13495:ɔ
13479:ʌ
13466:ɞ
13450:ɜ
13437:œ
13421:ɛ
13372:ə
13323:o
13307:ɤ
13294:ɵ
13278:ɘ
13265:ø
13249:e
13229:ʊ
13207:ʏ
13191:ɪ
13171:u
13155:ɯ
13142:ʉ
13126:ɨ
13113:y
13097:i
12911:ɫ
12887:ɧ
12875:w
12868:ʍ
12854:ɥ
12838:/
12578:ʛ
12571:ɠ
12564:ʄ
12557:ᶑ
12548:ɗ
12537:ɓ
12415:ʞ
11928:U
11921:V
11914:P
11893:A
11886:D
11748:ɺ
11696:ʟ
11687:ʎ
11678:ɭ
11665:l
11588:ꞎ
11577:ɮ
11570:ɬ
11442:ʢ
11435:ʜ
11428:ʀ
11388:r
11362:ʙ
11311:ɽ
11293:ɾ
11266:ⱱ
11224:ɰ
11215:j
11206:ɻ
11193:ɹ
11176:ʋ
11156:ɦ
11149:h
11142:ʕ
11135:ħ
11128:ʁ
11121:χ
11114:ɣ
11107:x
11100:ʝ
11093:ç
11044:ð
11037:θ
11016:v
11009:f
11002:β
10995:ɸ
10967:ʑ
10960:ɕ
10953:ʐ
10946:ʂ
10939:ʒ
10932:ʃ
10925:z
10918:s
10639:ʔ
10630:ʡ
10623:ɢ
10616:q
10609:ɡ
10602:k
10595:ɟ
10588:c
10581:ɖ
10574:ʈ
10563:d
10556:t
10517:b
10510:p
10488:ɴ
10474:ŋ
10460:ɲ
10446:ɳ
10428:n
10401:ɱ
10387:m
10134:)
10130:(
10078:)
10074:(
10063:e
10056:t
10049:v
9936::
9901::
9869::
9805::
9777::
9664::
9619::
9562::
9534::
9448::
9390::
9351:3
9300:)
9241::
9170:.
9068::
9062:2
8987::
8952::
8946:5
8924::
8844::
8773::
8718::
8646:.
8642::
8632::
8583::
8527:)
8487::
8471:8
8424::
8386:.
8367:.
8290:)
8271:)
8237:.
8223::
8089:.
7922:s
7906:s
7858:.
7832:.
7771:.
7759::
7753:2
7476:.
7451:)
7261:.
7161:.
7021:.
6951:)
6801:.
6770:.
6750::
6744:4
6645:ظ
6529:.
6406:ʪ
6366:r
6335:þ
6302:r
6241:r
6239:t
6220:ɾ
6124:t
6122:I
6093:z
6064:'
6060:'
6052:t
6050:r
6018:u
6016:r
6014:a
5936:.
5585:s
5562:e
5560:x
5478:s
5436:.
5419:s
5391:s
5387:s
5385:e
5370:,
5353:s
5296:s
5286:,
5270:'
5266:'
5257:s
5221:s
5187:o
5145:u
5143:s
5060:s
5027:s
4997:s
4986:σ
4960:s
4931:s
4905:s
4881:s
4866:s
4851:s
4826:c
4824:s
4810:ɕ
4804:ʂ
4790:x
4761:s
4733:ô
4731:ś
4729:/
4724:শ
4700:u
4698:s
4675:u
4673:s
4621:y
4619:s
4611:ꌦ
4584:a
4582:x
4545:a
4543:s
4499:'
4495:'
4486:s
4429:s
4374:o
4372:ç
4342:s
4279:ସ
4255:'
4245:स
4193:s
4166:s
4136:s
4127:섬
4105:s
4065:s
4063:é
4032:э
4030:с
4000:s
3948:s
3915:س
3876:ס
3849:ს
3789:s
3760:s
3758:E
3721:s
3705:ʃ
3697:ʂ
3680:s
3635:s
3602:s
3569:s
3540:s
3532:閃
3503:s
3493:с
3417:s
3358:э
3356:с
3300:a
3298:x
3270:s
3246:s
3218:)
3213:s
3209:(
3203:с
3175:u
3173:s
3143:s
3138:(
3104:s
3067:s
3065:e
3031:s
3003:s
2980:)
2974:s
2969:(
2963:с
2933:S
2898:)
2895:y
2893:s
2888:(
2884:ы
2882:с
2851:s
2811:s
2781:s
2729:)
2724:s
2720:(
2714:с
2685:s
2681:s
2660:)
2656:z
2652:s
2648:(
2643:з
2639:с
2613:с
2557:s
2494:ç
2456:s
2427:с
2397:s
2372:)
2366:s
2361:(
2357:三
2331:)
2326:s
2324:v
2321:(
2315:с
2313:в
2285:)
2280:s
2276:(
2270:с
2242:a
2240:z
2215:u
2213:s
2182:)
2176:(
2170:ս
2144:)
2138:(
2042:.
2038:ʃ
2030:ʂ
1978:.
1787:š
1504:s
1445:/
1367:ʃ
1214:(
1187:ṣ
1183:S
1179:ṣ
965:s
948:s
778:s
694:s
601:ʃ
587:ɕ
553:ʂ
507:(
473:(
369:θ
358:ɕ
351:ʃ
344:ʂ
225:.
211:l
202:.
49:s
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.