128:, and gives the degree of severity a score. The exam ends when the person voids while the radiologist is watching under fluoroscopy. Consumption of fluid promotes excretion of contrast media after the procedure. It is important to watch the contrast during voiding, because this is when the bladder has the most pressure, and it is most likely this is when reflux will occur. Despite this detailed description of the procedure, at least as of 2016 the technique had not been standardized across practices.
243:
to do so. If there is no confidence that the subject is able to pee, then the urinary catheter should remain in place. It is more convenient for adults to pee in an erect position with a urine receiver. Meanwhile, children can pee while lying down on a table with a urine receiver. Infants and smaller children can lie down on a table and pee onto absorbent pads. For those children or infants with a neuropathic bladder, pressure on the
251:
detect any undetected reflux in previous images. Any urine left in the bladder after peeing is also recorded in this image. Lateral views are useful to evaluate any fistulas from the bladder connecting into the rectum or vagina. Oblique views are used to evaluate any leaks from the bladder or urethra. Stress views are useful in urodynamic studies. The
271:. Haematuria (blood in urine) may also occur after the procedure. With respect to post-procedural urinary tract infection, the risk has been found to be sufficiently low, except in patients with a pre-existing urologic diagnosis, that pre-operative antibiotic use is not considered a necessary adjunct.
267:(children afraid to pee due to pain). Some painkillers or peeing inside a warm bath may help. Those children who receive antibiotics before the procedure for urinary tract infection will double the dose for 3 days after the procedure. Those not already on antibiotics will be prescribed with 3 days of
242:
and to detect any reflux of contrast into the ureters. The bladder should be filled up with as much contrast as possible until the subject is unable to tolerate it or when there is no more contrast going into the bladder. If the subject is able to pee, then the catheter can be removed for the subject
250:
Fluoroscopic spot images and videos are taken during the micturition phase to detect any reflux. The lower ureter is best seen on an anterior oblique position. In males, peeing should be done in oblique or lateral positions to visualise the whole of urethra. Finally, the whole abdomen is imaged to
274:
The procedure is invasive and uncomfortable, and it carries a high potential for psychological trauma for both children and parents. The long-term psychological effects of VCUGs on children have been compared to that of childhood
577:
Liao YH, Lin CL, Wei CC, Tsai PP, Shen WC, Sung FC, Li TC, Kao CH (30 December 2013). "Subsequent cancer risk of children receiving post voiding cystourethrography: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study".
230:
The urinary bladder is catheterised under aseptic technique. The contrast medium is slowly injected or dripped in. The level of bladder filling is observed by taking intermittent images using
282:
Another complication is perforation of the bladder due to over-distension. Accidental catherisation of vagina or unusual urethral opening and retention of urinary catheter are also possible.
465:
Johnson EK, Malhotra NR, Shannon R, Jacobson DL, Green J, Rigsby CK, Holl JL, Cheng EY (August 2017). "Urinary tract infection after voiding cystourethrogram".
285:
An increased risk of cancer, in particular genitourinary cancer, has been observed in one study arising from the radiation exposure inherent in the procedure.
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642:
17:
234:. The early filling of the bladder should be monitored carefully to detect any accidental placement of the catheter in the distal
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Kawashima, Akira; Sandler, Carl M.; Wasserman, Neil F.; LeRoy, Andrew J.; King, Bernard F.; Goldman, Stanford M. (October 2004).
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watches the contrast enter the bladder and looks at the anatomy of the patient. If the contrast moves into the
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140:, study of urethra during micturition, presence of bladder leak post surgery or trauma, and is used in
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appears elongated and the proximal bulbal urethra has a less conical appearance.
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540:"Children's memory for a salient medical procedure: implications for testimony"
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Contraindications for voiding cystourethrogram is when the subject is having:
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Children may have painful micturition after the procedure, which can lead to
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333:"Establishing a Standard Protocol for the Voiding Cystourethrography"
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92:(kidney reflux), among other disorders. The technique consists of
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with a concentration of 150 mg per ml is used for the procedure.
77:
76:) is a frequently performed technique for visualizing a person's
65:
407:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
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497:"Anxiety in Children Undergoing VCUG: Sedation or No Sedation?"
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235:
117:
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Merritt, K. A.; Ornstein, P. A.; Spicker, B. (July 1994).
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Some uses of this procedure are: to study the presence of
379:
Chapman and
Nakielny's Guide to Radiological Procedures
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537:
428:"Imaging of Urethral Disease: A Pictorial Review"
165:Females < 3 years of age with their first UTI.
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343:(5). American Academy of Pediatrics: e20162590.
331:Frimberger D, Mercado-Deane MG (November 2016).
96:the person in order to fill the bladder with a
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168:Females < 5 years of age with febrile UTIs
162:) or abnormality on ultrasound if first UTI.
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223:or a low osmolar contrast agent such as
88:(voids). It is used in the diagnosis of
403:"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) | NIDDK"
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219:A high osmolar contrast agent such as
178:Suspected obstruction (e.g. bilateral
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201:Ongoing acute urinary tract infection
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651:Tests and procedures involving the
188:Vesico Vaginal/Vesico Colic fistula
185:Suspected bladder trauma or rupture
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507:. Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
204:Hypersensitivity to contrast media
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964:Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
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158:All males with recurrent UTIs (
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381:. Elsevier. pp. 138–140.
207:Fever within the past 24 hours
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247:region can help them to pee.
822:Artificial urinary sphincter
681:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
616:National Library of Medicine
479:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.04.018
467:Journal of Pediatric Urology
300:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
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827:Urethral bulking injections
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27:Medical imaging technique
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612:Voiding cystourethrogram
160:urinary tract infections
33:Voiding cystourethrogram
18:Voiding cystourethrogram
942:Urinary catheterization
899:Radioisotope renography
597:(subscription required)
484:(subscription required)
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124:makes the diagnosis of
108:(real time x-rays) the
909:Retrograde urethrogram
713:Kidney transplantation
438:(suppl_1): S195–S216.
350:10.1542/peds.2016-2590
779:Suprapubic cystostomy
444:10.1148/rg.24si045504
154:for performing VCUG:
138:vesicoureteric reflux
126:vesicoureteral reflux
90:vesicoureteral reflux
746:Ureterosigmoidostomy
580:Pediatric Nephrology
527:. Article ID 498614.
146:urinary incontinence
514:10.1155/2008/498614
501:Advances in Urology
339:(Clinical Report).
171:Older females with
919:Urodynamic testing
832:Cystourethrography
503:(Review article).
142:urodynamic testing
116:and back into the
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812:Urethral sounding
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265:urinary retention
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904:Cystography
867:Intravenous
807:Urethrotomy
802:Urethropexy
708:Nephrectomy
696:Nephroscopy
669:Nephrostomy
305:Cystography
232:fluoroscopy
221:diatrizoate
152:Indications
122:radiologist
110:radiologist
106:fluoroscopy
39:MedlinePlus
988:Categories
969:Urinalysis
924:Cystometry
889:CT urogram
872:Retrograde
784:Cystoscopy
774:Cystectomy
718:Nephropexy
686:Nephrotomy
544:Pediatrics
412:2017-12-17
337:Pediatrics
311:References
144:to assess
877:Antegrade
862:Pyelogram
691:Endoscopy
556:0031-4005
452:0271-5333
215:Procedure
210:Pregnancy
192:Cystocele
289:See also
245:suprabic
104:. Under
86:urinates
849:Imaging
841:General
794:Urethra
766:Bladder
564:8008531
524:2443423
118:kidneys
114:ureters
78:urethra
66:urology
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120:, the
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53:[
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383:ISBN
132:Uses
80:and
74:VCUG
882:Gas
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519:PMC
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