834:
105:
853:
233:
876:
386:
Meanwhile, National
Faction members had become increasingly concerned about the repressive actions taken against Sukarno and the PNI leadership, which included monitoring and raids on their homes by the colonial police. Thamrin called these acts a "provocation". The administration protested about the
336:
and promised extensive administrative reforms. This motivated
Indonesian nationalist figures and Tjoroaminoto immediately organised members and put forward a motion for the government to immediately bring about the major changes promised to the political system and governance of the East Indies. The
399:
accepted the petition by 26 votes to 20, with 15 abstentions. Among those voting against were six
Indonesians, and the petition was only approved after Soetardjo's removal of the ten-year deadline persuaded the Dutch five-member Political Economic League faction to support it. On 16 November 1938,
355:
The Dutch government established a commission headed by
Professor Carpentier Alting to study the motion. Based on the advice of this commission, the motion was rejected almost two years later in 1920. The unkept promises from the governor-general subsequently became known bitterly as the "November
174:
political organization rejected this idea, refusing to fight for a colony in which they had no legislative representation. Budi Utomo came around to this view by 1915. In 1916-1917 a group comprising delegates from Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, and the Union of
Regents as well as from regions of Java
166:, the Dutch became worried about a possible Japanese threat to the East Indies. Given the small size of the local Dutch forces available for defense, the colonial authorities asked Indonesian leaders if Indonesians would be willing to be drafted into military service. The Indonesian
468:
At the start, 15 of the 39 members were native-born
Indonesians, with the other seats occupied by Europeans and "foreign orientals". In 1927 the total number of seats was increased to 60. Of the 30 native-born members, 20 were elected, and 10 were appointed.
327:
to become more than just an advisory body, but a representative body for the people of the Dutch East Indies, especially native
Indonesians. The strong criticism of the colonial administration from both Indonesian and Dutch members, especially given the
476:
was revised to state that unless specially reserved, all authority was delegated to the East Indies, the constitution of which would also have to be revised and approved by the Dutch parliament. One result was that the three groups represented in the
833:
437:, and Professor Wertheim. The secretary was A.K. Pringgodigdo. Members met with well-known individuals seen as representing their main social and political streams. The Visman Commission published its report in 1942, only a few weeks before the
424:, for a Dutch-Indonesian union and a fully-elected Volksraad. As a result of demands both from within and outside the Volksraad, on 14 September 1940, the Dutch established a seven-man Commission to Study Changes to Administration headed by
1675:
232:
572:
election was in 1939, although this was still an indirect process. One-tenth of the population chose 937 electors, and a further 515 were appointed by the colonial administration. The process resulted in eleven of the 19 Indonesian
1459:
Gonggong, Anhar (2001). "Parlemen dalam
Konteks Sejarah 1918-1945: Pergumulan Mencari Bentuk dan Pelaksanaan Demokrasi" [The Struggle to Find the Form of and to Implement Democracy]. In Suryakusuma, Julia I. (ed.).
852:
428:
member F.H. Visman to hold discussions with and listen to the demands of
Indonesian nationalists. As well as Visaman, the members were Judicial Director K.L.J Endgoven, Volksraad member T.G.S.G Moelia, Ong Swan Yoe,
875:
404:
by deriding it using the
Indonesian expression "Volk Sekarat", meaning "The People are at Death's Door". This was a reference to the dire economic circumstances Indonesians were enduring as a result of the
481:, the Dutch, Indonesians, and other orientals, had separate elections for their representatives. This ensured the Indonesian representatives would not have a majority, thus protecting Dutch interests.
400:
the Dutch government officially rejected the petition, claiming its contents were unclear and that its demands were at odds with the existing system of government. Indonesians then began to mock the
135:, provided for by law in 1916 but only established with the actual installation of the Council in 1918. It was a hesitant and slow attempt at democratisation of the Dutch East Indies as part of the
179:. Although the Dutch refused to consider any power sharing, they realized that limited concessions might be necessary, and on 16 December 1916, following a proposal from Colonial Affairs Minister
1682:
104:
162:
implemented by the Dutch government as part of a move away from simple exploration of the colony towards expressing concern for the Indonesian people and their wellbeing. During
371:
for the Dutch was a means for them to learn the opinions of Indonesians, while Indonesian nationalist members could inform the public about their aspirations. That same year,
281:
387:
use of this term and asked Thamrin to retract it. After the arrests of PNI leadership in 1929, the pro-independence members toughened their stance, culminating in the
150:
had 39 members, eventually rising to 60. It was reconstituted every four years. The members were partly elected, and partly appointed by the colonial administration.
1961:
1951:
323:
was passed. In the second session that year, in November, the 'Radicale Concentratie' was established as a faction. Through it, Tjokroaminito called for the
1956:
1668:
1321:
441:, but the only concession granted was that the word "Indonesian" could henceforth be used instead of "Native" to refer to the people and the country.
375:
was appointed a member. He established a 'National Faction' with a declared aim of full independence for Indonesia. Meanwhile, Indonesian nationalist
1618:
1517:
The Birth of the 1945 Constitution: including copies of the authentic documents of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
143:
was limited as it only had advisory powers. Although part of the council was elected, only a small proportion of the population had voting rights.
1398:
De Volksraad en de staatkundige ontwikkeling van Nederlandsch-Indië: The Peoples Council and the political development of the Netherlands-Indies
445:
578:
792:
764:
737:
710:
683:
655:
627:
269:
211:
1966:
1405:
Cribb, Robert (2001). "Parlemen Indonesia 1945-1959" [Indonesian Parliaments 1945-1959]. In Suryakusuma, Julia I. (ed.).
452:. Its role was taken over by a body comprising heads of departments. In September 1943, the Japanese authorities established the
395:
on 15 July 1936. It called for autonomy for Indonesia as part of a Dutch commonwealth within ten years. Following a debate, the
1513:
Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 : memuat salinan dokumen otentik badan oentoek menyelidiki oesaha2 persiapan kemerdekaan
1588:
1228:
1209:
1799:
421:
1607:
1570:
1543:
1524:
1473:
1437:
1418:
473:
417:
1660:
1743:
1738:
1373:
312:
280:, built by the Dutch in 1830, is on Jalan Pejambon in Central Jakarta. In 1945 it was used for meetings of the
210:) were elected, but most of the other elected Indonesian members were government officials, not party members.
430:
425:
316:
273:
214:
176:
1869:
1718:
207:
882:
438:
332:
at the time, caused so much concern that in November Governor-General van Limburg Stirum addressed the
1483:
1849:
392:
380:
1895:
1824:
528:
453:
329:
222:
79:
862:
555:
420:. In September 1940, GAPI asked the Dutch government, then in exile in London as a result of the
1834:
1814:
1804:
1789:
543:
372:
226:
180:
1519:] (in Indonesian). Depok, Indonesia: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
367:
was made a co-legislative body, but the governor-general retained a veto. The main use of the
1879:
1779:
1499:
582:
175:
travelled around the Netherlands campaigning for representation and pleaded their case with
1971:
1854:
1829:
289:
159:
136:
8:
547:
297:
187:(Dutch law) was passed establishing an advisory body without any legislative powers, the
1946:
1794:
1649:
1352:
388:
293:
158:
The idea of a representative body in the Dutch East Indies arose partly because of the
112:
412:
On 21 May 1939, eight nationalist organizations, including parties represented in the
1874:
1728:
1698:
1641:
1603:
1584:
1566:
1539:
1520:
1469:
1433:
1414:
1369:
1344:
132:
448:, the Dutch government abolished the post of the governor-general and dissolved the
1809:
1713:
1633:
1336:
508:
406:
243:(appointed), R. Sastro Widjono (elected) and Mas Ngabehi Dwidjo Sewojo (appointed)
1900:
1864:
1690:
221:
so they could be tamed. He used his authority to appoint other members including
163:
337:
motion, proposed by the 'Radicale Concentratie' called on the administration to
1925:
1859:
1819:
1748:
1576:
586:
524:
493:
383:(PNI) and adopted a strategy of non-cooperation with the colonial authorities.
320:
1940:
1910:
1839:
1645:
1447:
1348:
562:
539:
171:
577:
members being active or former government officials. Dutch Governor-General
315:
was elected chairman for 1918–1919. A motion to send a "loyal cable" to the
1915:
1905:
1774:
1764:
1723:
858:
516:
512:
497:
240:
217:
was unhappy with this outcome as he wanted more radical Indonesians in the
203:
1389:
Chuo Sangi-in: The Central Advisory Council during the Japanese Occupation
1920:
1733:
843:
590:
520:
489:
257:
1600:
Dutch colonial policy and the search for identity in Indonesia 1920-1931
1366:
One Hand Clapping : Indonesian Nationalists and the Dutch 1939-1942
881:
Volksraad opening session in July 1941, five months before the Japanese
311:
sessions every year. In its first session, which opened on 21 May 1918,
1784:
1769:
1653:
1356:
551:
341:
immediately establish an elected parliament with the right to pass laws
199:
167:
39:
585:, as charman but was overruled by Dutch Minister of Colonial Affairs
1637:
1340:
559:
131:) was an advisory, and later semi-legislative institution for the
1844:
1385:
Chuo Sangi-in: Dewan Pertimbang Pusat Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang
488:
members was three years, in 1925 increased to four years. Famous
434:
376:
285:
261:
1108:
319:
was rejected, while another allowing debates to be conducted in
1391:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: PT. Rosda Jayaputra.
460:) as a gesture towards popular representation for Indonesians.
906:
904:
282:
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
1286:
1047:
1045:
1069:
1006:
901:
265:
170:
political society supported the idea of a militia, but the
1274:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1042:
969:
967:
16:
Advisory semilegislative council in the Dutch East Indies
1368:. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
1262:
984:
982:
1247:
1185:
1120:
1096:
1468:] (in Indonesian). Yayasan API. pp. 253–270.
1413:] (in Indonesian). Yayasan API. pp. 271–198.
1298:
1161:
1144:
1132:
1086:
1084:
994:
964:
928:
916:
356:
promises". Abdul Muis no longer saw any point in the
1173:
1030:
979:
1216:
1197:
1057:
952:
940:
1081:
1018:
534:Among prominent indigenous parliamentarians in the
139:adopted by the Dutch government. The power of the
1938:
1482:
1395:
1292:
910:
503:There were also representatives of the colony's
1962:1942 disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies
1952:Political institutions of the Dutch East Indies
360:and resigned in 1921. Agus Salim replaced him.
1676:
1506:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
347:establish a new government acceptable to the
276:(1873–1948). The building used for the
1957:1918 establishments in the Dutch East Indies
1396:Benda, Harry J.; van der Wal, S.L. (1965).
1363:
1319:
1280:
1114:
1683:
1669:
1581:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
1533:
1427:
1241:
1012:
391:, submitted by progressive members led by
344:work with domestic political organisations
103:
1597:
1536:Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950–1980
1382:
1256:
1155:
988:
270:Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
212:Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
1616:
1575:
1458:
1383:Herkusumo, Arniati Prasedyawati (1982).
1227:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCribb2002 (
1208:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCribb2002 (
1191:
1167:
1126:
1102:
1075:
1051:
1000:
934:
922:
247:
239:members in 1918: D. Birnie (appointed),
231:
1552:
1504:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
1446:
1268:
1036:
958:
946:
818:
1939:
1510:
1179:
1063:
973:
895:
1664:
1498:
1404:
1304:
1222:
1203:
1138:
1090:
1024:
292:speech there, it is now known as the
1800:Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono
1486:. Huygens Institut. 12 November 2013
787:"Other" was ethnic Chinese and Arab
507:, or 'Foreign Orientals', including
330:turbulent political events in Europe
274:Johan Paul, Count van Limburg Stirum
215:Johan Paul, Count van Limburg Stirum
1583:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan.
13:
1430:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
1428:Cribb, R.B; Kahin, Audrey (2004).
422:German invasion of the Netherlands
14:
1983:
1320:Abeyasekere, Susan (April 1973).
581:wanted to appoint an Indonesian,
513:Khouw Kim An, Majoor der Chinezen
198:election results were announced.
1598:Schmutzer, Eduard J. M. (1977).
874:
851:
832:
650:39 seats including the chairman
1889:Ethnic Arab and Chinese members
1538:. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing.
1484:"Jonkman, Jan Anne (1891-1976)"
1313:
418:Indonesian Political Federation
1967:Political history of Indonesia
1744:Cornelia Razoux Schultz-Metzer
1739:Jacob Christiaan Koningsberger
1466:Indonesian Parliamentary Guide
1411:Indonesian Parliamentary Guide
313:Jacob Christiaan Koningsberger
1:
1563:A History of the Modern World
890:
463:
426:Council of the Indies (Dutch)
223:Tjokroaminoto (Sarekat Islam)
153:
1557:. London: Thames and Hudson.
911:Benda & van der Wal 1965
791:
763:
736:
709:
682:
654:
626:
7:
1870:Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati
1719:Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha
1553:Palmier, Leslie H. (1965).
1364:Abeyasekere, Susan (1976).
678:"Other" was ethnic Chinese
10:
1988:
1602:. The Netherlands: Brill.
1565:(McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1992).
1534:Merrillees, Scott (2015).
1462:Panduan Parlemen Indonesia
1454:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
1407:Panduan Parlemen Indonesia
825:
819:Sources: Schmutzer, Kahin
786:
677:
649:
416:came together to form the
256:was officially founded in
1888:
1850:Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo
1757:
1706:
589:, who appointed Dutchman
393:Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo
381:Indonesian National Party
111:
102:
97:
85:
75:
67:
52:
47:
33:
28:
21:
1896:Abdullah bin Alwi Alatas
1825:Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto
1322:"The Soetardjo Petition"
885:of the Dutch East Indies
529:Abdullah bin Alwi Alatas
527:. Arab members included
454:Central Advisory Council
317:Queen of the Netherlands
268:, on 18 May 1918 by the
80:Central Advisory Council
1617:Soerjono (April 1980).
556:Mangaradja Soeangkoepon
484:The term of office for
444:In 1942, following the
1835:Rajiman Wediodiningrat
1815:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
1805:Mangaradja Soangkoepon
1790:Bernard Wilhelm Lapian
1500:Kahin, George McTurnan
1452:The Story of Indonesia
1242:Cribb & Kahin 2004
544:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
373:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
301:
284:. As future president
244:
227:Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo
181:Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte
1880:Wiwoho Purbohadidjojo
1780:Achmad Djajadiningrat
1293:Huygens Institut 2013
583:Achmad Djajadiningrat
431:Council of the Indies
307:There were two short
248:Formation and actions
235:
56:18 May 1918
1855:Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
1830:Oto Iskandar di Nata
1511:Kusuma, A.B (2004).
1117:, p. 82, 92-93.
548:Ahmad Djajadiningrat
505:Vreemde Oosterlingen
202:(Sarekat Islam) and
1619:"On Musso's Return"
1561:Palmer and Colton.
1432:. Scarecrow Press.
1078:, pp. 257–260.
896:Notes and citations
861:, president of the
446:Japanese occupation
407:economic depression
194:In early 1918, the
1795:Cipto Mangunkusumo
1758:Indonesian members
1015:, pp. 34, 45.
865:and member of the
538:were the Javanese
474:Dutch constitution
389:Soetardjo Petition
294:Pancasila Building
245:
1934:
1933:
1875:Wiranatakusumah V
1729:Hubertus van Mook
1699:Dutch East Indies
1590:978-0-230-54685-1
1307:, pp. 40–41.
1141:, pp. 96–97.
1054:, pp. 64–65.
976:, pp. 73–74.
823:
822:
511:members, such as
492:members included
439:Japanese invasion
133:Dutch East Indies
119:
118:
76:Succeeded by
1979:
1810:Mangkunegara VII
1714:Paul Alex Blaauw
1707:European members
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1623:
1613:
1594:
1558:
1549:
1530:
1507:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1479:
1455:
1443:
1424:
1401:
1392:
1379:
1360:
1326:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1281:Abeyasekere 1976
1278:
1272:
1271:, p. 95-97.
1266:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1115:Abeyasekere 1973
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
977:
971:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
878:
855:
836:
599:Year of election
596:
595:
579:van Starkenborgh
550:, the Sumatrans
433:member Soejono,
379:established the
302:Gedung Pancasila
288:gave his famous
177:Queen Wilhelmina
137:"ethical policy"
129:People's Council
107:
63:
61:
19:
18:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1901:Han Tiauw Tjong
1884:
1865:Teuku Nyak Arif
1753:
1702:
1691:Members of the
1689:
1638:10.2307/3351005
1621:
1610:
1591:
1546:
1527:
1489:
1487:
1476:
1440:
1421:
1400:. J.B. Wolters.
1376:
1341:10.2307/3350793
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:, pp. 261.
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1013:Merrillees 2015
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
980:
972:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
902:
898:
893:
886:
879:
870:
856:
847:
837:
828:
600:
466:
250:
156:
146:Initially, the
113:Volksraadgebouw
92:
90:
59:
57:
43:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1926:Phoa Liong Gie
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Tadjuddin Noor
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Mohammad Yamin
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1749:Karel Zaalberg
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1614:
1608:
1595:
1589:
1577:Ricklefs, M.C.
1573:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1508:
1496:
1480:
1474:
1456:
1448:Fischer, Louis
1444:
1438:
1425:
1419:
1402:
1393:
1380:
1374:
1361:
1335:(15): 81–107.
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1283:, p. 46n.
1273:
1261:
1257:Schmutzer 1977
1246:
1244:, p. 448.
1234:
1225:, p. 334.
1215:
1206:, p. 282.
1196:
1194:, p. 264.
1184:
1182:, p. 49n.
1172:
1160:
1156:Herkusumo 1982
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1105:, p. 260.
1095:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
1003:, p. 290.
993:
989:Herkusumo 1982
978:
963:
951:
939:
937:, p. 289.
927:
925:, p. 258.
915:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
873:
871:
857:
850:
848:
838:
831:
827:
824:
821:
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816:
815:
813:
810:
807:
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801:
798:
795:
789:
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785:
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623:
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617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
587:Charles Welter
525:Phoa Liong Gie
494:Karel Zaalberg
465:
462:
353:
352:
345:
342:
249:
246:
160:Ethical Policy
155:
152:
117:
116:
109:
108:
100:
99:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
35:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1984:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Ko Kwat Tiong
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Sam Ratulangi
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
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1801:
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1768:
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1756:
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1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
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1686:
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1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:(29): 59–90.
1631:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1609:9789004054011
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1571:0-07-557417-9
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1545:9786028397308
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1526:979-8972-28-7
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1475:979-96532-1-5
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:9780810849358
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1420:979-96532-1-5
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
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1334:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1259:, p. 68.
1258:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1192:Gonggong 2001
1188:
1181:
1176:
1170:, p. 65.
1169:
1168:Soerjono 1980
1164:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1127:Gonggong 2001
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1103:Gonggong 2001
1099:
1093:, p. 40.
1092:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:Gonggong 2001
1072:
1066:, p. 69.
1065:
1060:
1053:
1052:Soerjono 1980
1048:
1046:
1039:, p. 95.
1038:
1033:
1027:, p. 73.
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1001:Ricklefs 2008
997:
990:
985:
983:
975:
970:
968:
961:, p. 94.
960:
955:
949:, p. 56.
948:
943:
936:
935:Ricklefs 2008
931:
924:
923:Ricklefs 2008
919:
912:
907:
905:
900:
884:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
849:
845:
841:
835:
830:
829:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
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790:
783:
780:
777:
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771:
768:
766:
762:
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646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:/appointment
598:
597:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
566:
564:
563:Sam Ratulangi
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Tjokroaminoto
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:Indo-European
487:
482:
480:
475:
472:In 1922, the
470:
461:
459:
458:Chuo Sangi-in
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
403:
398:
394:
390:
384:
382:
378:
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370:
366:
361:
359:
350:
346:
343:
340:
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335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:(Insulinde).
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
172:Sarekat Islam
169:
165:
161:
151:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:Meeting place
96:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
55:
51:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1916:Khouw Kim An
1906:Hok Hoei Kan
1775:Abdul Rasjid
1765:Abdoel Rivai
1724:Dick de Hoog
1693:
1692:
1629:
1625:
1599:
1580:
1562:
1554:
1535:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1488:. Retrieved
1465:
1461:
1451:
1429:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1365:
1332:
1328:
1314:Bibliography
1300:
1288:
1276:
1269:Palmier 1965
1264:
1237:
1218:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1158:, p. 5.
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1071:
1059:
1037:Palmier 1965
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
991:, p. 1.
959:Palmier 1965
954:
947:Fischer 1959
942:
930:
918:
866:
859:Dick de Hoog
839:
613:Indonesians
604:Total seats
574:
569:
567:
535:
533:
504:
502:
498:Dick de Hoog
485:
483:
478:
471:
467:
457:
449:
443:
413:
411:
401:
396:
385:
368:
364:
363:In 1927 the
362:
357:
354:
348:
333:
324:
308:
306:
277:
253:
251:
241:Kan Hok Hoei
236:
218:
204:Abdoel Rivai
195:
193:
188:
184:
157:
147:
145:
140:
128:
123:
122:
120:
1972:Indo people
1921:Loa Sek Hie
1734:Jan Jonkman
1701:(1918–1942)
1490:22 December
1180:Kusuma 2004
1064:Kusuma 2004
974:Kusuma 2004
844:Weltevreden
591:Jan Jonkman
521:Loa Sek Hie
351:before 1921
258:Weltevreden
164:World War I
1941:Categories
1785:Agus Salim
1770:Abdul Muis
1375:0909835381
1305:Kahin 1952
1223:Cribb 2002
1204:Cribb 2002
1139:Kahin 1952
1091:Kahin 1952
1025:Kahin 1952
891:References
846:, Batavia.
842:building.
616:Europeans
610:Appointed
560:Menadonese
558:, and the
552:Agus Salim
464:Membership
298:Indonesian
200:Abdul Muis
168:Budi Utomo
154:Background
60:1918-05-18
40:Unicameral
1947:Volksraad
1694:Volksraad
1646:0019-7289
1626:Indonesia
1579:(2008) .
1555:Indonesia
1349:0019-7289
1329:Indonesia
867:Volksraad
840:Volksraad
575:Volksraad
570:Volksraad
568:The last
536:Volksraad
517:H. H. Kan
486:Volksraad
479:Volksraad
450:Volksraad
414:Volksraad
402:Volksraad
397:Volksraad
369:Volksraad
365:Volksraad
358:Volksraad
349:Volksraad
334:Volksraad
325:Volksraad
309:Volksraad
290:Pancasila
278:Volksraad
254:Volksraad
237:Volksraad
219:Volksraad
208:Insulinde
196:Volksraad
189:Volksraad
148:Volksraad
141:Volksraad
124:Volksraad
93:60 (1939)
91:48 (1924)
89:38 (1917)
68:Disbanded
23:Volksraad
1502:(1952).
1450:(1959).
883:invasion
607:Elected
1845:Soeroso
1697:of the
1654:3351005
1357:3350793
826:Gallery
509:Chinese
435:Soepomo
377:Sukarno
286:Sukarno
262:Batavia
58: (
53:Founded
48:History
1652:
1644:
1606:
1587:
1569:
1542:
1523:
1472:
1436:
1417:
1372:
1355:
1347:
863:I.E.V.
622:Notes
619:Other
546:, the
523:, and
115:(1918)
1650:JSTOR
1622:(PDF)
1515:[
1464:[
1409:[
1387:[
1353:JSTOR
1325:(PDF)
321:Malay
86:Seats
1642:ISSN
1604:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1492:2022
1470:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1345:ISSN
1229:help
1210:help
793:1939
765:1935
738:1931
711:1927
684:1924
656:1921
628:1917
554:and
542:and
496:and
266:Java
252:The
225:and
183:, a
121:The
71:1942
34:Type
29:Type
1634:doi
1337:doi
304:).
185:Wet
1943::
1648:.
1640:.
1630:29
1628:.
1624:.
1351:.
1343:.
1333:15
1331:.
1327:.
1249:^
1146:^
1083:^
1044:^
981:^
966:^
903:^
809:25
806:30
803:22
800:38
797:60
781:25
778:30
775:22
772:38
769:60
754:25
751:30
748:22
745:38
742:60
727:30
724:25
721:21
718:37
715:60
700:25
697:20
694:24
691:24
688:48
672:25
669:20
666:24
663:24
660:48
644:20
641:15
638:19
635:19
632:38
593:.
565:.
531:.
519:,
515:,
500:.
409:.
300::
272:,
264:,
260:,
191:.
1684:e
1677:t
1670:v
1656:.
1636::
1612:.
1593:.
1548:.
1529:.
1494:.
1478:.
1442:.
1423:.
1378:.
1359:.
1339::
1295:.
1231:)
1212:)
913:.
869:.
812:5
784:5
757:5
730:5
703:3
675:3
647:3
456:(
296:(
206:(
127:(
62:)
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