3799:
the same meter. The above measuring instruments can be used "in line" that is, the full power of the transmitter can pass through the measuring device so as to allow continuous monitoring of SWR. Other instruments, such as network analyzers, low power directional couplers and antenna bridges use low power for the measurement and must be connected in place of the transmitter. Bridge circuits can be used to directly measure the real and imaginary parts of a load impedance and to use those values to derive SWR. These methods can provide more information than just SWR or forward and reflected power. Stand alone antenna analyzers use various measuring methods and can display SWR and other parameters plotted against frequency. By using directional couplers and a bridge in combination, it is possible to make an in line instrument that reads directly in complex impedance or in SWR. Stand alone
3749:, an impedance matching device. Installing the tuner between the feed line and the antenna allows for the feed line to see a load close to its characteristic impedance, while sending most of the transmitter's power (a small amount may be dissipated within the tuner) to be radiated by the antenna despite its otherwise unacceptable feed point impedance. Installing a tuner in between the transmitter and the feed line can also transform the impedance seen at the transmitter end of the feed line to one preferred by the transmitter. However, in the latter case, the feed line still has a high SWR present, with the resulting increased feed line losses unmitigated.
3887:
proportional to the peak of the sampled voltage. The operator of such a detector would not have a ready indication as to the mode in which the detector diode is operating and therefore differentiating the results between SWR or so called PSWR is not practical. Perhaps even worse, is the common case where the minimum detected voltage is below the knee and the maximum voltage is above the knee. In this case, the computed results are largely meaningless. Thus the terms PSWR and Power
Standing Wave Ratio are deprecated and should be considered only from a legacy measurement perspective.
31:
2950:
3753:
of RG-8A coax, the loss due to standing waves would be 2.2 dB. However the same 6:1 mismatch through 75 meters of RG-8A coax would incur 10.8 dB of loss at 146 MHz. Thus, a better match of the antenna to the feed line, that is, a lower SWR, becomes increasingly important with increasing frequency, even if the transmitter is able to accommodate the impedance seen (or an antenna tuner is used between the transmitter and feed line).
3708:
355:
347:
2417:
3787:
represent the power flowing in one direction. The common type of SWR / power meter used in amateur operation may contain a dual directional coupler. Other types use a single coupler which can be rotated 180 degrees to sample power flowing in either direction. Unidirectional couplers of this type are available for many frequency ranges and power levels and with appropriate coupling values for the analog meter used.
3766:
4354:
331:) also means that the load seen by the source is independent of the transmission line's electrical length. Since the electrical length of a physical segment of transmission line depends on the signal frequency, violation of this condition means that the impedance seen by the source through the transmission line becomes a function of frequency (especially if the line is long), even if
2945:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}|V_{\mathsf {net}}(x)|^{2}&=V_{\mathsf {net}}(x)V_{\mathsf {net}}^{*}(x)\\&=e^{-ik\left(x-x_{\mathsf {o}}\right)}\left(1+\Gamma e^{i2k\left(x-x_{\mathsf {o}}\right)}\right)A\,e^{+ik\left(x-x_{\mathsf {o}}\right)}\left(1+\Gamma ^{*}e^{-i2k\left(x-x_{\mathsf {o}}\right)}\right)A^{*}\\&=\left|A|^{2}\end{aligned}}}
2391:
3757:
bit errors. Whenever the delay times for a signal going back down and then again up the line are comparable to the modulation time constants, effects occur. For this reason, these types of transmissions require a low SWR on the feedline, even if SWR induced loss might be acceptable and matching is done at the transmitter.
2016:
3786:
can be used at HF through microwave frequencies. Some are a quarter wave or more long, which restricts their use to the higher frequencies. Other types of directional couplers sample the current and voltage at a single point in the transmission path and mathematically combine them in such a way as to
3752:
The magnitude of those losses are dependent on the type of transmission line, and its length. They always increase with frequency. For example, a certain antenna used well away from its resonant frequency may have an SWR of 6:1. For a frequency of 3.5 MHz, with that antenna fed through 75 meters
206:
of both the source and load to be zero, that is, pure resistances, equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. When there is a mismatch between the load impedance and the transmission line, part of the forward wave sent toward the load is reflected back along the transmission line
1555:
By sampling the complex voltage and current at the point of insertion, an SWR meter is able to compute the effective forward and reflected voltages on the transmission line for the characteristic impedance for which the SWR meter has been designed. Since the forward and reflected power is related to
3798:
The forward and reflected power measured by directional couplers can be used to calculate SWR. The computations can be done mathematically in analog or digital form or by using graphical methods built into the meter as an additional scale or by reading from the crossing point between two needles on
218:
along the transmission line which magnifies transmission line losses (significant at higher frequencies and for longer cables). The SWR is a measure of the depth of those standing waves and is, therefore, a measure of the matching of the load to the transmission line. A matched load would result in
3756:
Certain types of transmissions can suffer other negative effects from reflected waves on a transmission line. Analog TV can experience "ghosts" from delayed signals bouncing back and forth on a long line. FM stereo can also be affected and digital signals can experience delayed pulses leading to
3886:
behavior of the detector diode is exhibited only when the voltage across the diode is below the knee of the diode. Once the detected voltage exceeds the knee, the response of the diode becomes nearly linear. In this mode the diode and its associated filtering capacitor produce a voltage that is
3741:
When an antenna and feed line do not have matching impedances, the transmitter sees an unexpected impedance, where it might not be able to produce its full power, and can even damage the transmitter in some cases. The reflected power in the transmission line increases the average current and
1218:
1003:
1672:
3245:
2168:
298:
sources such as transmitters and signal generators are designed to look into a purely resistive load impedance such as 50Ω or 75Ω, corresponding to common transmission lines' characteristic impedances. In those cases, matching the load to the transmission line,
3334:
3899:
an antenna that is placed directly into tissue may not always have an optimal match with the feedline resulting in an SWR. The presence of SWR can affect monitoring components used to measure power levels impacting the reliability of such measurements.
1349:
358:
Standing waves on transmission line, net voltage shown in different colors during one period of oscillation. Incoming wave from left (amplitude = 1) is partially reflected with (top to bottom) Γ = 0.6, −0.333, and 0.8 ∠60°. Resulting SWR = 4, 2,
3742:
therefore losses in the transmission line compared to power actually delivered to the load. It is the interaction of these reflected waves with forward waves which causes standing wave patterns, with the negative repercussions we have noted.
156:(or "impedance bridge"), the SWR meter is simpler and more robust for this purpose. By measuring the magnitude of the impedance mismatch at the transmitter output it reveals problems due to either the antenna or the transmission line.
1550:
141:), a given SWR meter can interpret the impedance it sees in terms of SWR only if it has been designed for the same particular characteristic impedance as the line. In practice most transmission lines used in these applications are
1838:
1800:
254:
that perfect match will remain if the source and load are connected through a transmission line with an electrical length of one half wavelength (or a multiple of one half wavelengths) using a transmission line of
1014:
799:
3733:
The impedance of a particular antenna design can vary due to a number of factors that cannot always be clearly identified. This includes the transmitter frequency (as compared to the antenna's design or
1579:
3104:
3730:
of the antenna must match the characteristic impedance of the feed line in order for the transmitter to see the impedance it was designed for (the impedance of the feed line, usually 50 or 75 ohms).
589:
219:
an SWR of 1:1 implying no reflected wave. An infinite SWR represents complete reflection by a load unable to absorb electrical power, with all the incident power reflected back towards the source.
2386:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{\mathsf {net}}(x)&=V_{\mathsf {fwd}}(x)+V_{\mathsf {rev}}(x)\\&=e^{-ik(x-x_{\mathsf {o}})}\left(1+\Gamma e^{i2k(x-x_{\mathsf {o}})}\right)A\end{aligned}}}
207:
towards the source. The source then sees a different impedance than it expects which can lead to lesser (or in some cases, more) power being supplied by it, the result being very sensitive to the
4358:
2422:
2173:
1843:
1019:
804:
2411:), we shall solve instead for the squared magnitude of that quantity, which simplifies the mathematics. To obtain the squared magnitude we multiply the above quantity by its complex conjugate:
3093:
3853:
that is incorporated in the detector. These detectors have a square law output for low levels of input. Readings therefore corresponded to the square of the electric field along the slot,
3025:
506:
3405:
2142:
3791:
1443:
Since the power of the forward and reflected waves are proportional to the square of the voltage components due to each wave, SWR can be expressed in terms of forward and reflected power:
3521:
3463:
3738:
frequency), the antenna's height above and quality of the ground, proximity to large metal structures, and variations in the exact size of the conductors used to construct the antenna.
3256:
1229:
3819:
The expression "power standing-wave ratio", which may sometimes be encountered, is even more misleading, for the power distribution along a loss-free line is constant. ...
3745:
Matching the impedance of the antenna to the impedance of the feed line can sometimes be accomplished through adjusting the antenna itself, but otherwise is possible using an
3632:
voltage). On the other hand, the magnitude of the voltage due to a standing wave produced by its addition to a reflected wave, would have a wavelength between peaks of only
791:
2072:
350:
Incident wave (blue) is fully reflected (red wave) out of phase at short-circuited end of transmission line, creating a net voltage (black) standing wave. Γ = −1, SWR = ∞.
3780:
Thus the maximum and minimum values can be compared directly. This method is used at VHF and higher frequencies. At lower frequencies, such lines are impractically long.
104:
on a transmission line . For example, a VSWR of 1.2 means a peak voltage 1.2 times the minimum voltage along that line, if the line is at least one half wavelength long.
729:
670:
698:
1434:
1410:
1372:
757:
635:
611:
453:
338:
is frequency-independent. So in practice, a good SWR (near 1:1) implies a transmitter's output seeing the exact impedance it expects for optimum and safe operation.
423:
396:
2011:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{\mathsf {fwd}}(x)&=e^{-ik(x-x_{\mathsf {o}})}A\\V_{\mathsf {rev}}(x)&=\Gamma e^{ik(x-x_{\mathsf {o}})}A\end{aligned}}}
1449:
202:
of the load impedance. The easiest way of achieving this, and the way that minimizes losses along the transmission line, is for the imaginary part of the
152:
Checking the SWR is a standard procedure in a radio station. Although the same information could be obtained by measuring the load's impedance with an
133:. Since SWR is a measure of the load impedance relative to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line in use (which together determine the
317:
ensures that the source will see the same load impedance as if the transmission line weren't there. This is identical to a 1:1 SWR. This condition (
4195:
3829:
However it does correspond to one type of measurement of SWR using what was formerly a standard measuring instrument at microwave frequencies, the
126:) is defined as the square of the VSWR, however, this deprecated term has no direct physical relation to power actually involved in transmission.
4199:
3777:
which is a section of transmission line with an open slot which allows a probe to detect the actual voltage at various points along the line.
1707:
1213:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}|V_{\text{min}}|&=|V_{f}|-|V_{r}|\\&=|V_{f}|-|\Gamma V_{f}|\\&=(1-|\Gamma |)|V_{f}|.\end{aligned}}}
998:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}|V_{\text{max}}|&=|V_{f}|+|V_{r}|\\&=|V_{f}|+|\Gamma V_{f}|\\&=(1+|\Gamma |)|V_{f}|.\end{aligned}}}
3815:(PSWR) is sometimes referred to, and defined as, the square of the voltage standing wave ratio. The term is widely cited as "misleading".
17:
4474:
1667:{\displaystyle {\text{SWR}}=\max \left\{{\frac {R_{\text{L}}}{\,Z_{\text{0}}\,}}\,,{\frac {\,Z_{\text{0}}\,}{R_{\text{L}}}}\right\}}
3240:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mathsf {SWR}}}={\frac {|V_{\mathsf {max}}|}{|V_{\mathsf {min}}|}}={\frac {1+|\Gamma |}{1-|\Gamma |}}}
4432:— A web application that draws the Standing Wave Diagram and calculates the SWR, input impedance, reflection coefficient and more
3783:
3769:
Slotted line. The probe moves along the line to measure the variable voltage. SWR is the maximum divided by the minimum voltage
4363:
4483:— Series of pages dealing with all aspects of VSWR, reflection coefficient, return loss, practical aspects, measurement, etc.
4095:
4005:
3978:
517:
4405:
1392:
vary along the transmission line in opposite directions to each other. Therefore, the complex-valued reflection coefficient
4170:
4056:
4328:
3946:
4289:
288:
3030:
2965:
461:
3343:
2081:
3329:{\displaystyle \left|\Gamma \right|={\frac {\ {\boldsymbol {\mathsf {SWR}}}-1\ }{{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {SWR}}}+1}}}
3895:
SWR can also have a detrimental impact upon the performance of microwave-based medical applications. In microwave
4369:
3468:
3410:
736:
1556:
the square of the forward and reflected voltages, some SWR meters also display the forward and reflected power.
107:
A SWR can be also defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude to minimum amplitude of the transmission line's
4030:
1344:{\displaystyle {\text{VSWR}}={\frac {|V_{\text{max}}|}{|V_{\text{min}}|}}={\frac {1+|\Gamma |}{1-|\Gamma |}}.}
4501:
4213:
3582: . That can be seen as due to interference between two waves of that frequency which are travelling in
1805:
Thus taking the real part of the complex quantity inside the parenthesis, the actual voltage consists of a
222:
It should be understood that the match of a load to the transmission line is different from the match of a
4516:
4126:
4087:
3845:
is placed in the electric field in the line. The voltage induced in the antenna is rectified by either a
3654:
Depending on the location of the load and phase of reflection, there might be a peak in the magnitude of
3600:
is 0.67 , the guided wavelength (distance between voltage peaks of the forward wave alone) would be
47:
4511:
4449:
1440:
point along the transmission line (neglecting transmission line losses) obtains an identical reading.
4496:
3941:
3773:
Many different methods can be used to measure standing wave ratio. The most intuitive method uses a
2162:
on the transmission line is equal to the sum of the voltages due to the forward and reflected waves:
3735:
769:
2035:
429:
428:
A wave is partly reflected when a transmission line is terminated with an impedance unequal to its
175:
71:
617:
that describes both the magnitude and the phase shift of the reflection. The simplest cases with
4506:
4055:. 12th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques (ICATT-2020). Kharkiv, Ukraine.
2155:
1566:, which is purely resistive but unequal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
1008:
At other points, the waves interfere 180° out of phase with the amplitudes partially cancelling:
115:, or the magnetic field strength. Neglecting transmission line loss, these ratios are identical.
112:
3718:
The most common case for measuring and examining SWR is when installing and tuning transmitting
705:
646:
3850:
677:
433:
280:. With a different length of transmission line, the source will see a different impedance than
195:
134:
4279:
3968:
3995:
1419:
1395:
1357:
742:
620:
596:
438:
108:
4436:
3711:
Example of estimated bandwidth of antenna according to the schedule VSWR by the help of the
1374:
always falls in the range , the SWR is always greater than or equal to unity. Note that the
287:
which may or may not be a good match to the source. Sometimes this is deliberate, as when a
230:
the transmission line. For instance, if there is a perfect match between the load impedance
3916:
3727:
401:
374:
8:
4260:
3883:
30:
1545:{\displaystyle {\text{SWR}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {P_{r}/P_{f}}}}{1-{\sqrt {P_{r}/P_{f}}}}}.}
3921:
171:
165:
153:
63:
51:
4241:
4310:
4285:
4189:
4151:
4091:
4026:
4001:
3974:
763:
364:
208:
199:
75:
4112:
4046:
Sliusar, I.; Slyusar, V.; Voloshko, S.; Zinchenko, A.; Utkin, Y. (22–27 June 2020).
3973:. SciTech Radar and Defense Series (2nd ed.). SciTech Publishing. p. 374.
4373:
3800:
191:
4394:
3846:
4401:
4047:
3997:
Production testing of RF and system-on-a-chip devices for wireless communications
3837:(or air-filled coaxial line) in which a small sensing antenna which is part of a
3719:
3597:
1677:
with the ratio or its reciprocal is chosen to obtain a value greater than unity.
295:
187:
179:
67:
4458:— An online conversion tool between SWR, return loss and reflection coefficient
4045:
3896:
1832:, the complex amplitudes of the forward and reverse waves would be written as:
614:
203:
91:
35:
291:
is used to improve the match between an otherwise mismatched source and load.
4490:
3926:
3910:
3746:
215:
142:
87:
83:
39:
2955:
Depending on the phase of the third term, the maximum and minimum values of
86:
along the transmission line, and SWR is defined as the ratio of the partial
4314:
3875:
found as the probe is moved along the slot. The ratio of these yields the
3830:
3774:
2032:
that some treatments use phasors where the time dependence is according to
4379:
3931:
3882:
This technique of rationalization of terms is fraught with problems. The
3790:
183:
1795:{\displaystyle V_{\mathsf {actual}}={\mathcal {R_{e}}}(e^{i2\pi ft}V)~.}
3712:
182:(RF) signals. This especially applies to transmission lines connecting
4281:
Principles of
Electrical Transmission Lines in Power and Communication
3794:
A directional wattmeter using a rotatable directional coupler element.
3936:
3834:
3723:
1806:
130:
79:
4395:
Understanding the
Fundamental Principles of Vector Network Analysis
3707:
3596:(free space wavelength of 15 m) in a transmission line whose
354:
346:
198:. Impedance matching is achieved when the source impedance is the
4462:
4423:
672:: complete negative reflection, when the line is short-circuited,
101:
4155:
731:: complete positive reflection, when the line is open-circuited.
4445:— A flash demonstration of transmission line reflection and SWR
4218:
3967:
Knott, Eugene F.; Shaeffer, John F.; Tuley, Michael T. (2004).
3765:
1701:
are understood to relate to the complex voltages according to:
1689:
notation for the voltage amplitudes, for a signal at frequency
1686:
766:
constructively, exactly in phase, with the resulting amplitude
368:
266:. However the SWR will generally not be 1:1, depending only on
138:
129:
SWR is usually measured using a dedicated instrument called an
3890:
3340:
as earlier asserted. Along the line, the above expression for
762:
At some points along the line the forward and reflected waves
226:
to the transmission line or the match of a source to the load
398:) superimposed on the reflected wave (with complex amplitude
341:
4000:. Artech House microwave library. Artech House. p. 93.
1821:. Then with the position along a transmission line given by
90:'s amplitude at an antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at a
3760:
4049:
Synthesis of a broadband ring antenna of a two-tape design
1412:
varies as well, but only in phase. With the SWR dependent
4120:
146:
100:(pronounced "vizwar") is the ratio of maximum to minimum
1813:
with a peak amplitude equal to the complex magnitude of
27:
Measure used in radio engineering and telecommunications
2962:(the square root of the quantity in the equations) are
584:{\displaystyle \Gamma ={Z_{L}-Z_{o} \over Z_{L}+Z_{o}}}
3692:
whereas it would find minima of the standing wave at
363:
The voltage component of a standing wave in a uniform
3803:
also are available that measure multiple parameters.
3722:. When a transmitter is connected to an antenna by a
3471:
3413:
3346:
3259:
3107:
3033:
2968:
2420:
2171:
2084:
2038:
1841:
1817:, and with a phase given by the phase of the complex
1710:
1582:
1452:
1422:
1398:
1360:
1232:
1017:
802:
772:
745:
708:
680:
649:
623:
599:
520:
464:
441:
404:
377:
700:: no reflection, when the line is perfectly matched,
214:
Such a mismatch is usually undesired and results in
3966:
3515:
3457:
3399:
3328:
3239:
3087:
3019:
2944:
2385:
2136:
2066:
2010:
1794:
1666:
1544:
1428:
1404:
1366:
1343:
1212:
997:
785:
751:
723:
692:
664:
629:
605:
583:
500:
447:
417:
390:
2396:Since we are interested in the variations of the
149:, so most SWR meters correspond to one of these.
4488:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
3702:
3088:{\displaystyle \ \left(1-|\Gamma |\right)|A|\ ,}
1591:
3020:{\displaystyle \ \left(1+|\Gamma |\right)|A|\ }
501:{\displaystyle \Gamma ={\frac {V_{r}}{V_{f}}}.}
190:, as well as similar uses of RF cables such as
4400:(Report). Application note. Vol. 1287–1.
3400:{\displaystyle \ |V_{\mathsf {net}}(x)|^{2}\ }
2144:Either convention obtains the same result for
2137:{\displaystyle \ e^{+ik(x-x_{\mathsf {o}})}~.}
4169:Schulz, Glenn B., (W9IQ) (January 24, 2018).
4066:
3668:Then there would be another peak found where
793:given by the sum of those waves' amplitudes:
4329:"Problems with VSWR in medical applications"
4271:
4194:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3806:
3095:respectively, for a standing wave ratio of:
1825:, with the line ending in a load located at
1680:
4125:, vol. 78, no. 4, Newington, CT:
3993:
3891:Implications of SWR on medical applications
3516:{\displaystyle \ |V_{\mathsf {max}}|^{2}\ }
3458:{\displaystyle \ |V_{\mathsf {min}}|^{2}\ }
3312:
3309:
3306:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3116:
3113:
3110:
4198:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4081:
3407:is seen to oscillate sinusoidally between
2074:and spatial dependence (for a wave in the
1573:, the SWR is given simply by their ratio:
1436:, it can be seen that the SWR measured at
342:Relationship to the reflection coefficient
145:with an impedance of either 50 or 75
4084:The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs 2001
2655:
1645:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1612:
4321:
3861:), with maximum and minimum readings of
3789:
3764:
3761:Methods of measuring standing wave ratio
3706:
3614:is at zero phase (peak voltage) then at
1223:The voltage standing wave ratio is then
353:
345:
29:
4277:
3847:point contact diode (crystal rectifier)
3621:it would also be at zero phase, but at
14:
4489:
4304:
4168:
4145:
4020:
3607:At instances when the forward wave at
3492:
3489:
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3434:
3431:
3428:
3367:
3364:
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3171:
3168:
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2222:
2219:
2216:
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2185:
2182:
2117:
2025:(corresponding to the forward wave at
1990:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1909:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
4214:"Nautel adds two models to NX series"
4162:
3994:Schaub, Keith B.; Kelly, Joe (2004).
3987:
2158:the net voltage present at any point
159:
4171:"How does an SWR meter really work?"
4110:
3960:
735:The SWR directly corresponds to the
4090:. pp. 19.4–19.6, 19.13, 20.2.
4023:Microwave Antenna Theory and Design
3947:Total active reflection coefficient
367:consists of the forward wave (with
24:
4387:
4104:
3264:
3226:
3205:
3053:
2988:
2858:
2843:
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1961:
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1306:
1172:
1130:
957:
915:
746:
709:
681:
650:
624:
600:
521:
465:
442:
98:Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
25:
4528:
4416:
4258:
2407:along the line (as a function of
82:. Impedance mismatches result in
4411:from the original on 2022-10-09.
4357: This article incorporates
4352:
4309:. Clarendon Press. p. 209.
4305:Rollin, Bernard Vincent (1964).
4062:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3879:of the SWR, the so-called PSWR.
3628:it would be at 180° phase (peak
194:connections to TV receivers and
178:of a transmission line carrying
4370:General Services Administration
4298:
4252:
4234:
4222:(Press release). March 11, 2015
4150:. McGraw Hill. p. 135 ff.
4082:Hutchinson, Chuck, ed. (2000).
4307:An Introduction to Electronics
4206:
4139:
4039:
4014:
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1996:
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1951:
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1915:
1894:
1870:
1864:
1783:
1755:
1693:, the actual (real) voltages V
1559:In the special case of a load
1331:
1323:
1310:
1302:
1282:
1267:
1260:
1245:
1199:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1158:
1144:
1126:
1118:
1103:
1088:
1073:
1065:
1050:
1038:
1023:
984:
969:
965:
961:
953:
943:
929:
911:
903:
888:
873:
858:
850:
835:
823:
808:
786:{\displaystyle V_{\text{max}}}
13:
1:
4481:. antennas & propagation.
3953:
3703:Practical implications of SWR
2067:{\displaystyle e^{-i2\pi ft}}
289:quarter-wave matching section
4146:Terman, Fredrick E. (1952).
3589:For example, at a frequency
1416:on the complex magnitude of
170:SWR is used as a measure of
7:
4127:American Radio Relay League
4088:American Radio Relay League
3903:
2021:for some complex amplitude
18:Voltage standing wave ratio
10:
4533:
4111:Ford, Steve (April 1994),
724:{\displaystyle \Gamma =+1}
665:{\displaystyle \Gamma =-1}
211:of the transmission line.
163:
94:(minimum) along the line.
42:as a function of frequency
4294:– via Google Books.
4284:. Elsevier. p. 265.
4248:. Delta Electronics, Inc.
3942:Time-domain reflectometer
3813:power standing wave ratio
3807:Power standing wave ratio
3550:of the guided wavelength
1681:The standing wave pattern
693:{\displaystyle \Gamma =0}
259:characteristic impedance
237:and the source impedance
186:and receivers with their
120:power standing wave ratio
4463:"Online VSWR Calculator"
4246:www.deltaelectronics.com
4021:Silver, Samuel (1984) .
3833:. The slotted line is a
430:characteristic impedance
176:characteristic impedance
72:characteristic impedance
4424:"Standing wave diagram"
4242:"Model OIB-1 and OIB-3"
4148:Electronic Measurements
3728:driving point impedance
2156:superposition principle
1429:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
1405:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
1367:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
1354:Since the magnitude of
752:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
630:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
606:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
448:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
196:distribution amplifiers
113:electric field strength
4428:poynting.herokuapp.com
4365:Federal Standard 1037C
4359:public domain material
4278:Gridley, J.H. (2014).
3851:Schottky barrier diode
3827:
3795:
3770:
3715:
3517:
3459:
3401:
3330:
3241:
3089:
3021:
2946:
2387:
2138:
2068:
2012:
1796:
1697:as a function of time
1668:
1546:
1430:
1406:
1368:
1345:
1214:
999:
787:
753:
725:
694:
666:
631:
607:
585:
502:
449:
434:reflection coefficient
419:
392:
360:
351:
135:reflection coefficient
43:
4479:electronics-notes.com
4437:"Reflection and VSWR"
4378: (in support of
4261:"Standing wave ratio"
4175:ham.stackexchange.com
3817:
3793:
3768:
3710:
3518:
3460:
3402:
3331:
3242:
3090:
3022:
2947:
2388:
2139:
2069:
2013:
1797:
1669:
1547:
1431:
1407:
1369:
1346:
1215:
1000:
788:
754:
726:
695:
667:
632:
608:
586:
503:
450:
420:
418:{\displaystyle V_{r}}
393:
391:{\displaystyle V_{f}}
357:
349:
33:
4502:Electronics concepts
3784:Directional couplers
3469:
3411:
3344:
3257:
3105:
3031:
2966:
2418:
2169:
2082:
2036:
1839:
1708:
1580:
1450:
1420:
1396:
1358:
1230:
1015:
800:
770:
743:
706:
678:
647:
638:measured at the load
621:
597:
518:
462:
439:
402:
375:
4113:"The SWR obsession"
4025:. IEE. p. 28.
3970:Radar cross section
3824:J.H. Gridley (2014)
2525:
455:can be defined as:
56:standing wave ratio
4517:Engineering ratios
4441:fourier-series.com
4259:Wolff, Christian.
3922:Impedance matching
3796:
3771:
3716:
3578:for the frequency
3513:
3455:
3397:
3326:
3237:
3085:
3017:
2942:
2940:
2503:
2383:
2381:
2134:
2064:
2008:
2006:
1792:
1664:
1542:
1426:
1402:
1364:
1341:
1210:
1208:
995:
993:
783:
749:
721:
690:
662:
627:
603:
581:
498:
445:
415:
388:
361:
352:
184:radio transmitters
172:impedance matching
166:Impedance matching
160:Impedance matching
154:impedance analyzer
64:impedance matching
62:) is a measure of
52:telecommunications
44:
34:SWR of a vertical
4512:Radio electronics
4333:microwaves101.com
4097:978-0-87259-186-8
4086:. Newington, CT:
4007:978-1-58053-692-9
3980:978-1-891121-25-8
3801:antenna analyzers
3699:8.8 m, etc.
3523:with a period of
3512:
3474:
3454:
3416:
3396:
3349:
3324:
3301:
3279:
3235:
3186:
3081:
3036:
3016:
2971:
2912:
2835:
2800:
2154:According to the
2130:
2087:
1788:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1625:
1620:
1608:
1586:
1537:
1534:
1497:
1456:
1336:
1287:
1278:
1256:
1236:
1034:
819:
780:
579:
493:
365:transmission line
209:electrical length
204:complex impedance
200:complex conjugate
174:of a load to the
76:transmission line
48:radio engineering
16:(Redirected from
4524:
4497:Antennas (radio)
4482:
4470:
4457:
4454:telestrian.co.uk
4444:
4431:
4412:
4410:
4399:
4383:
4377:
4372:. Archived from
4356:
4355:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4265:radartutorial.eu
4256:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:, pp. 70–72
4117:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4079:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3964:
3839:crystal detector
3825:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3546: . This is
3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3354:
3347:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3315:
3302:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3131:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3034:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2969:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2798:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2720:
2719:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2538:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2429:
2410:
2403:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2161:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1700:
1692:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1587:
1584:
1569:
1562:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
994:
987:
982:
981:
972:
964:
956:
936:
932:
927:
926:
914:
906:
901:
900:
891:
880:
876:
871:
870:
861:
853:
848:
847:
838:
826:
821:
820:
817:
811:
792:
790:
789:
784:
782:
781:
778:
758:
756:
755:
750:
730:
728:
727:
722:
699:
697:
696:
691:
671:
669:
668:
663:
636:
634:
633:
628:
612:
610:
609:
604:
590:
588:
587:
582:
580:
578:
577:
576:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
539:
538:
528:
507:
505:
504:
499:
494:
492:
491:
482:
481:
472:
454:
452:
451:
446:
424:
422:
421:
416:
414:
413:
397:
395:
394:
389:
387:
386:
334:
327:
320:
309:
302:
294:However typical
283:
276:
269:
262:
253:
248:
241:
233:
192:cable television
21:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4487:
4486:
4475:"VSWR tutorial"
4473:
4461:
4448:
4435:
4422:
4419:
4408:
4402:Hewlett-Packard
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:Further reading
4362:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4276:
4272:
4257:
4253:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4167:
4163:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4130:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4080:
4067:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3906:
3893:
3874:
3867:
3826:
3823:
3809:
3763:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3598:velocity factor
3591:
3590:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3229:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3074:
3066:
3056:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3009:
3001:
2991:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2656:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2589:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2380:
2379:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2317:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2145:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1762:
1758:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
992:
991:
983:
977:
973:
968:
960:
952:
934:
933:
928:
922:
918:
910:
902:
896:
892:
887:
878:
877:
872:
866:
862:
857:
849:
843:
839:
834:
827:
822:
816:
812:
807:
803:
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798:
797:
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773:
771:
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741:
740:
707:
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703:
679:
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675:
648:
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622:
619:
618:
598:
595:
594:
572:
568:
559:
555:
554:
547:
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534:
530:
529:
527:
519:
516:
515:
487:
483:
477:
473:
471:
463:
460:
459:
440:
437:
436:
409:
405:
403:
400:
399:
382:
378:
376:
373:
372:
344:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
312:
307:
305:
300:
286:
281:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
251:
246:
244:
239:
238:
236:
231:
180:radio frequency
168:
162:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4507:Wave mechanics
4504:
4499:
4485:
4484:
4471:
4459:
4446:
4443:. RF concepts.
4433:
4418:
4417:External links
4415:
4414:
4413:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4376:on 2022-01-22.
4346:
4345:
4320:
4297:
4291:978-1483186030
4290:
4270:
4251:
4233:
4205:
4161:
4138:
4103:
4096:
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4031:
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4006:
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3958:
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3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:("transmatch")
3907:
3905:
3902:
3897:electrosurgery
3892:
3889:
3872:
3865:
3821:
3808:
3805:
3762:
3759:
3704:
3701:
3681:
3674:
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3314:
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3308:
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3290:
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3211:
3207:
3203:
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2689:
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2677:
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2659:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2627:
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2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2566:
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2534:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2506:
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2499:
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2327:
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2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
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2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
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2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2148:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2078:direction) of
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1829:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
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1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1714:
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1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
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1616:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1469:
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1460:
1425:
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1389:
1382:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1340:
1333:
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1325:
1321:
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1120:
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1075:
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990:
986:
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976:
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948:
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942:
939:
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935:
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776:
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732:
720:
717:
714:
711:
701:
689:
686:
683:
673:
661:
658:
655:
652:
626:
615:complex number
602:
592:
591:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
550:
546:
542:
537:
533:
526:
523:
509:
508:
497:
490:
486:
480:
476:
470:
467:
444:
412:
408:
385:
381:
343:
340:
335:
328:
321:
310:
303:
284:
277:
270:
263:
249:
242:
234:
216:standing waves
164:Main article:
161:
158:
143:coaxial cables
84:standing waves
36:HB9XBG Antenna
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4529:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4350:
4349:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4058:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Mismatch loss
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3911:Antenna tuner
3909:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:antenna tuner
3743:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3700:
3631:
3599:
3587:
3585:
3549:
3505:
3481:
3447:
3423:
3389:
3376:
3356:
3320:
3317:
3296:
3293:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3218:
3215:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3163:
3133:
3121:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3082:
3071:
3062:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3006:
2997:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2933:
2923:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2804:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2521:
2504:
2497:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2451:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2399:
2376:
2372:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2131:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1928:
1920:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1847:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1809:at frequency
1808:
1789:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1738:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1678:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1628:
1614:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1557:
1539:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1415:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1338:
1319:
1316:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1272:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1028:
1011:
1010:
1009:
988:
978:
974:
949:
946:
940:
938:
923:
919:
907:
897:
893:
884:
882:
867:
863:
854:
844:
840:
831:
829:
813:
796:
795:
794:
774:
765:
760:
738:
718:
715:
712:
702:
687:
684:
674:
659:
656:
653:
643:
642:
641:
639:
616:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
548:
544:
540:
535:
531:
524:
514:
513:
512:
495:
488:
484:
478:
474:
468:
458:
457:
456:
435:
431:
426:
410:
406:
383:
379:
370:
366:
356:
348:
339:
316:
297:
292:
290:
258:
229:
225:
220:
217:
212:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
157:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
137:as described
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
88:standing wave
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4478:
4466:
4453:
4440:
4427:
4374:the original
4364:
4336:. Retrieved
4332:
4323:
4306:
4300:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4224:. Retrieved
4217:
4208:
4178:. Retrieved
4174:
4164:
4147:
4141:
4131:, retrieved
4119:
4106:
4083:
4048:
4041:
4022:
4016:
3996:
3989:
3969:
3962:
3894:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3831:slotted line
3828:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3797:
3782:
3779:
3775:slotted line
3772:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3717:
3629:
3588:
3586:directions.
3583:
3547:
3338:
3249:
3097:
2954:
2397:
2395:
2153:
2020:
1804:
1684:
1676:
1558:
1554:
1442:
1437:
1413:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1353:
1222:
1007:
761:
734:
637:
593:
510:
427:
362:
314:
293:
256:
228:seen through
227:
223:
221:
213:
169:
151:
128:
123:
119:
117:
106:
97:
96:
59:
55:
45:
4380:MIL-STD-188
3932:Return loss
4491:Categories
4467:emtalk.com
4133:2014-11-04
4032:0863410170
3954:References
3884:square law
3713:Ansys HFSS
371:amplitude
4180:March 18,
3937:SWR meter
3917:Impedance
3835:waveguide
3811:The term
3724:feed line
3690:= 6.3 m ,
3666:= 1.3 m .
3594:= 20 MHz
3294:−
3265:Γ
3227:Γ
3219:−
3206:Γ
3054:Γ
3046:−
2989:Γ
2884:−
2859:Γ
2851:
2813:Γ
2779:∗
2747:−
2727:−
2717:∗
2713:Γ
2679:−
2626:−
2601:Γ
2568:−
2551:−
2522:∗
2398:magnitude
2352:−
2329:Γ
2298:−
2283:−
2109:−
2054:π
2045:−
1982:−
1962:Γ
1901:−
1886:−
1807:sine wave
1770:π
1505:−
1424:Γ
1400:Γ
1362:Γ
1328:Γ
1320:−
1307:Γ
1173:Γ
1165:−
1131:Γ
1123:−
1070:−
958:Γ
916:Γ
764:interfere
747:Γ
737:magnitude
710:Γ
682:Γ
657:−
651:Γ
625:Γ
601:Γ
541:−
522:Γ
466:Γ
443:Γ
131:SWR meter
80:waveguide
4406:Archived
4404:. 1997.
4190:cite web
4156:51-12650
4123:Magazine
4057:Archived
3904:See also
3843:detector
3822:—
3736:resonant
3720:antennas
3697:= 3.8 m,
3630:negative
3605:= 10 m .
3584:opposite
188:antennas
109:currents
40:40m-band
38:for the
4338:July 6,
4315:1148924
4226:July 6,
3652:= 5 m .
3647:
3635:
3619:= 10 m
3575:
3560: 2
3557:
3544:
3528: 2
3525:
1687:complex
432:. The
369:complex
102:voltage
70:to the
4450:"VSWR"
4313:
4288:
4219:Nautel
4154:
4094:
4029:
4004:
3977:
3877:square
3726:, the
3626:= 5 m
3564:
3532:
3511:
3473:
3453:
3415:
3395:
3348:
3300:
3278:
3080:
3035:
3015:
2970:
2911:
2834:
2799:
2149:actual
2129:
2086:
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