1115:
1103:
99:
1144:
51:
993:, every large village saw the establishment of territorial detachments. After the war, their structure was refined in the UPSh. All men and physically fit women (except school youth or youth veterans) participated. They were trained in the possession of weapons and the acquisition of military and partisan warfare tactics. In 1977 the Defense Council approved the following for the FVVP: 11 Brigades (of which 3 were in Tirana), 1 brigade in Gjirokastra, Vlora, Fier, Berat, Elbasan, Durrës, Korca and Shkodra. This made the number of volunteer units total 110, increasing its personnel number from 175,000 to 265,512, of whom 39,672 were men.
1185:
2881:
2898:
1091:
1079:
2958:
81:
1168:
1156:
2946:
1197:
809:, 75% of the regular forces and almost all members of the reserves were trained in infantry. In the 1980s, the number of infantry brigades in the ground forces was reduced from eight to four and had shifted from fully manned units to the mobilisation of reserve soldiers. Every infantry brigade consisted of three infantry battalions and one lightly equipped artillery battalion, while the armoured forces consisted of one tank brigade. Artillery forces were increased from one to three regiments during the 1980s, with six battalions of coastal artillery being maintained at strategic points along the
1924:
1887:
1854:
1744:
1732:
1713:
1663:
264:
90:
1876:
2910:
2970:
1911:
1899:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1763:
1694:
1682:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
797:
1127:
276:
2922:
2934:
1213:
2985:
668:(the unicameral legislature) had the ultimate authority to declare a state of emergency or war. Under the same constitution, the office of First Secretary was attributed the title of Commander-in-Chief of the UPSh and Chairman of the Defence Council. The minister of defense was traditionally one of two Deputy Prime Ministers and a member of the PPSH
1235:) which resulted in the construction of bunkers everywhere, ranging from mountain passes to city streets. They were built in every strategically feasible location, ranging from mountains to the inner workings of villages and towns. Hoxha did this to give the UPSh the ability to defend the country from any external threat, especially the
863:
The Air Force of the UPSh was founded in April 1952 and consisted of 11,000 personnel. The mission of the air force was to repel the enemy at the country's borders and to defend the national airspace. In 1970 the UPSh switched from Soviet to
Chinese made aircraft, which the Albanians would only use
804:
The largest branch was the ground forces, which took up three-quarters of the UPSh. Most of its equipment was Soviet, domestic and
Chinese weaponry. The infantry brigades lacked mechanization, operating only about 130 armored vehicles. Army units were vulnerable to attack by modern fighter-bombers.
1254:
period, was responsible for the creation and maintenance of the bunkers and came up with most of the designs for the structures, all of which were mostly dome-shaped. Although the government spent a large amount of money on the various bunkers, it had little military value compared to an organised
1230:
The UPSh was primarily responsible for maintaining the various bunkers that were built by order of the Hoxha government. They were built during a 19-year period from 1967 to 1986, with a total of 173,371 concrete bunkers having been completed around the country by 1983. It coincided with Hoxha's
1024:
within the military to promote an extensive political education alongside regular military training. To further increase its political control, the PPSH enlarged the conscription system by enlisting in UPSh personnel from some
Albanian rural areas that were extremely loyal to the state.
841:, which was the country's main maritime base, was abandoned by the Soviets, giving the Albanian Navy full control of the area. The Naval forces numbered about 2,000 men, with almost one-half being conscripts. Patrol craft included six Chinese-made
1247:, warning that "If we slackened our vigilance even for a moment or toned down our struggle against our enemies in the least, they would strike immediately like the snake that bites you and injects its poison before you are aware of it."
1255:
professional army, with one commentator pointing out the flaws in the project by saying, "How long could one man in each bunker hold out? How would you resupply each individual bunker? How would they communicate with each other?".
934:. Despite being an independent service, it still had affiliations with the UPSh. Of its 30,000 officers, approximately 7,500 of them were assigned to the UPSh. Its precursor, the People's Defense Division, was formed in 1945 by
868:
and the
Chinese, which as a result made maintenance even more difficult as the UPSh relied on Soviet/Chinese specialists who were more experienced in military technology. The number of deadly air incidents involving Soviet-made
1397:
The equipment of the UPSh had lacked in modernization. Soviet and
Chinese artillery in the ground forces inventory was towed rather than self-propelled. The Soviets had once attempted to threaten the Albanians with force, with
1287:
and the fact that
Albania was one of only two European countries which liberated itself without the direct intervention of foreign troops. Unlike the Partisans' strategy being grounded in the mountain-based
1012:. In May 1966 military ranks were abolished following the Sino-Soviet Split switching over to the Chinese example. Like all other branches of the state, the military was subjugated to the control of the
1007:
After the World War II when the Enver Hoxha regime took power, military ranks were radically changed in looks and in naming. The original design for ranks for the UPSh came from the Soviet Union and the
957:
The
Republican Guard of the UPSh was established after World War II as the Special Battalion of the General Staff within the People's Defense Division (DMP). In 1951, it was transferred to the
385:
of the UPSh was the
Voluntary Forces of Popular Self-Defense (FVVP), and affiliate military structures included the Armed School Youth (RSHA) and Civil Defense of the Republic (MCR). After the
2521:
2800:"Albania Air and Air Defense Forces – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"
1350:, established in the People's Socialist Republic in 1945 as the chief military school in the country (it was closed in the early 1990s to be converted into an academy of higher education)
1309:
1409:
remarking to an
Albanian UPSh delegation that they would not get military equipment agreed upon beforehand, saying, "You are only in the Warsaw Pact for the time being, anyway."
336:
2428:
2334:"Albania Ground Forces – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"
3029:
2405:"Albania Naval Forces – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"
1965:
2080:
3024:
2234:
1064:
similar to the
Chinese Type 65 was used all the way for ground personnel and naval officers until 1991, while sailor caps were used by the junior ratings of the Navy.
1535:
7.62×39mm – produced locally as the ASh78-2. A marksman rifle variant is also produced and is similar to the ASh78-2 but features a scope and is known as the ASh78-3.
2889:
482:
17:
2292:
1267:
publicly criticized the system in a 1974 speech and disputed the notion that Albania was under threat from its neighbors, which resulted in his accusation of a
3054:
945:. In both of their existences, they were responsible for the execution and imprisonment of more than 600 UPSh officers and the neutralization of a military
128:
965:. Over the years, the battalion and in 1976, became the Republican Guard Regiment. On 4 February 1984 the Presidium of the People's Assembly awarded the
3004:
2469:
1308:
from 1927 to 1939, due to that country's occupation of Albania during World War II. The UPSh often sent personnel to the Soviet Union, specifically the
1016:, with all high-ranking military officers being members of the upper echelon of the PPSH. The political system was re-enforced by the introduction of
640:
2799:
2857:
445:. One of the things that changed during the period was the role of the military commander was smaller due to the role of the political commissars.
381:, the Party considered the military to be a creation of the Party itself. The UPSh consisted of the Ground Forces, the Navy and the Air Force. The
504:
by the UPSh came up, which resulted in a pro-democracy crowd gathering outside the school, prompting soldiers to fire on civilians, killing four.
2525:
1599:
2777:
2365:
1990:
3059:
2729:
2333:
1304:
During the socialist period, the secret services purged individuals and notable alumni of western military academies, especially those in
2404:
2067:
Our Party, with its correct stand towards the war and with its political and organizational work, has been able to create a regular army.
1260:
3019:
858:
102:
2128:
2962:
2880:
2436:
362:
299:
821:
The UPSh Navy was the second branch and exclusively was the coastal defense forces of the country. In 1945, a shipyard was built in
454:
1143:
680:
The combined strength of the UPSh by 1990 was 48,000 troops, half of which were conscripts, with over 375,000 suited for service.
3014:
1284:
321:
1810:
1196:
958:
478:
2088:
1114:
1102:
2692:
2676:
2651:
938:'s as a uniformed internal security force of reliable resistance fighters. By 1989, the division had an organization of five
2242:
1316:
in 1968, all UPSh personnel returned to Albania. Alumni from these academies would also be purged, including the following:
1184:
3009:
2850:
1667:
927:
457:. After relations declined between the two countries Albania turned to the Soviet Union for military aid. In 1960, as the
1870:
1822:
1002:
592:
442:
406:
After 1946, Albania became a part of the Eastern Bloc and under Soviet influence. In its early years, it consisted of ex-
177:
873:
began to rise despite initial Albanian efforts, all of which claimed the lives of 35 Albanian pilots from 1955 to 2005.
2087:(in Albanian). Boulevard "Petro Nini Luarasi", No. 101, Tirana, Albania: Independent Balkan News Agency. Archived from
1403:
1167:
1155:
2300:
2620:
2505:
1982:
1786:
846:
411:
2215:
2897:
1954:
2909:
2843:
2201:
1399:
1353:
1296:
aimed to only utilize the UPS's resources to defend Albania's national integrity and sovereignty "at all costs".
2933:
1358:
1347:
2052:(1974). "Instructions on the Functions and Tasks of the Party Organizations in the National Liberation Army".
500:
In February 1991, during a meeting of hardline communists at the local military academy, rumors of a possible
2957:
2914:
2458:
1305:
1256:
1090:
1078:
897:
shortening the lifespan of the jet engines. In 1990, the air force had 200 jets and 40 helicopters, and four
542:
154:
2062:
2053:
2113:
1846:
386:
121:
98:
2945:
1834:
1798:
1033:
438:
2938:
2902:
2495:
2032:
1367:
1013:
970:
374:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
2926:
2610:
1971:
1429:
1236:
1126:
462:
434:
50:
2358:
1858:
1044:, it involves soldiers curling their right fist and raising it to shoulder level. It replaced the
2950:
2560:
2546:
1915:
1381:
306:
80:
2733:
1943:
1563:
990:
2264:
652:
of the UPSh despite the role of head of a nation's military traditionally being vested in the
2432:
1546:
1527:
1516:
961:, which charged it with securing the security of high-ranking state officials and performing
665:
661:
390:
2755:
508:
418:
251:
1875:
378:
8:
2974:
1250:
Colonel Joseph Zagali, the Chief Engineer of the Albanian Ministry of Defence during the
1049:
1017:
939:
466:
422:
407:
84:
1948:
1320:
1293:
1221:
1057:
657:
649:
522:
477:
were liberalizing their foreign policy approach to Yugoslavia and after condemning the
316:
1312:
in Moscow to pursue a higher military education. After the Albanian withdrew from the
89:
2672:
2647:
2616:
2501:
2107:
1443:
1435:
1289:
1280:
982:
923:
489:
470:
458:
350:
1268:
946:
501:
109:
2152:
2099:
1053:
877:
for these planes also began locally, with the first attempt being in 1961 when the
842:
838:
2696:
1538:
1225:
1037:
474:
366:
311:
238:
74:
2390:
579:
2586:
Myre, Greg (20 May 1999). "Refugees Using Albania's Bunkers". Associated Press.
1976:
1554:
1486:
1406:
898:
796:
1448:
2998:
1336:
1323:
1264:
1045:
962:
931:
653:
611:
555:
331:
93:
2129:"Shkurt 1991: Kur Shkolla e Oficerëve donte të mbronte figurën e diktatorit"
1574:
1566:
1557:
1549:
2969:
2921:
1928:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1762:
1748:
1717:
1693:
1681:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1419:
1329:
1009:
935:
886:
830:
826:
810:
605:
599:
573:
567:
561:
370:
281:
244:
205:
182:
1541:
1505:
1497:
1481:
1028:
In terms of culture, the UPSh took steps to differentiate itself from the
417:. Most communist party elites had high ranks in the UPSh. The ideology of
2866:
2835:
2049:
1996:
1589:
1313:
1244:
1029:
617:
549:
529:
486:
159:
133:
2235:"Kur ka qenë më e fortë ushtria shqiptare, në komunizëm apo demokraci?"
1891:
1458:
1332:
1061:
535:
511:
142:
1212:
1698:
1310:
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR
834:
669:
1489:
864:
for a short period of time before the collapse of relations between
822:
1021:
942:
915:
882:
874:
806:
645:
1524:– produced locally as the ASh78-1. The AKMS copy is called ASh-82.
1343:
The following educational establishments operated in the country:
1736:
1642:
1494:
1060:
similar to that of those in the PRC and the USSR in the 1930s. A
989:) assisted the UPSh in combat operations on the front. After the
865:
382:
969:
to the Republican Guard Regiment. It is continued in the modern
465:
was unfolding, the UPSh switched its military alliance from the
1654:
1630:
1618:
1453:
1375:
437:), the military ranks were changed to the ranks of the Chinese
114:
2497:
The Rebirth of History: Eastern Europe in the Age of Democracy
1036:
in the late 1960s. The People's Army used a different type of
1966:
1957 United States Air Force incursion into Albanian airspace
1923:
1886:
1853:
1767:
1743:
1731:
1712:
1662:
1584:
1579:
1511:
1478:
1465:
1385:
1371:
1271:
attempt, arrest, and execution within a year of that speech.
269:
805:
Due to it being based on the original partisan war model of
2293:"Shqipëria pas pushtimit të Çekosllovakisë 52 vjet më parë"
1686:
1594:
1571:
1240:
976:
894:
1532:
1521:
1502:
1040:
to render honors to high ranking personnel. Known as the
919:
870:
2522:"Hapet dosja, ja harta e bunkerëve dhe tuneleve sekretë"
2083:[Why and How Was the Albanian Army Destroyed?].
507:
In 1991 the native rank system was reestablished under
1605:
3030:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1990
2829:
Pickaxe and Rifle: The Story of the Albanian People
2421:
1937:
893:. These attempts were notably low-quality with the
2710:
987:Forcat Vullnetare të Vetëmbrojtjes Popullore, FVVP
588:Ndriçim Karakaçi (11 June 1991 – 18 December 1991)
3025:Military units and formations established in 1946
641:First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania
2996:
2590:
2287:
2285:
825:to repair Albania's remaining ships. In 1954, a
365:from 1946 to 1990. Like the militaries of other
2641:
2038:. United States Marine Corps. pp. 162–288.
2669:Isolationist States in an Interdependent World
2646:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 210.
981:The Voluntary Forces of Popular Self-Defense (
635:Kiço Mustaqi (13 October 1982 – February 1991)
425:to increase government control over the UPSh.
40:
3055:Military units and formations of the Cold War
2851:
2282:
1400:Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Treaty forces
585:Ndriçim Karakaçi (12 May 1991 – 11 June 1991)
448:
27:1946–1991 combined military forces of Albania
2459:"Historiku i Shkurtër i Gardë së Republikës"
2126:
2081:"Pse dhe si u shkatërrua ushtria shqiptare?"
2055:Selected Works, November 1941 – October 1948
837:unit was established in 1958. In the 1960s,
2612:The artful Albanian: memoirs of Enver Hoxha
2561:"Josif Zegali, projektant albanskih bunker"
1754:
845:fast inshore gunboats and two older Soviet
737:II-Strategic Operational Units of the Army
453:Before 1948 the UPSh was heavily funded by
2865:
2858:
2844:
2644:Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity
2642:Vickers, Miranda; Pettifer, James (1997).
2635:
2359:"The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean"
2321:Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity
1073:Roundels of Albanian Air Force (1946–1992)
629:Sami Meçollari (July 1974 – December 1974)
2963:Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania
2356:
2241:(in Albanian). 2019-09-30. Archived from
1991:Albania–Yugoslav aircraft incident (1967)
369:, the UPSh was subjected to the nation's
2608:
2262:
1874:
1211:
977:Voluntary Forces of Popular Self-Defense
916:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
795:
18:Voluntary Forces of Popular Self-Defense
2671:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 108.
1285:Albanian resistance during World War II
918:was the Albanian version of the Soviet
859:Air Force of the Albanian People's Army
322:The attack on the Soviet naval presence
14:
3005:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
2997:
2615:. Jon Halliday. pp. 304 and 307.
2567:(in Serbian). Belgrade. 4 January 1998
2493:
2179:. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2000. p. 224.
2078:
1811:152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)
1056:. By the 70s, the UPSh had utilized a
683:The UPSh had the following structure:
479:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
428:
363:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
2839:
2732:. Armstrade.sipri.org. Archived from
2722:
2666:
2597:Albania as Dictatorship and Democracy
2553:
2357:McCormick, Gordon H. (October 1987).
2229:
2227:
2225:
2189:Albania as Dictatorship and Democracy
2048:
1348:Enver Hoxha United School of Officers
1299:
959:Albanian Ministry of Internal Affairs
2585:
2579:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1704:
1668:Type 63 (armoured personnel carrier)
1274:
749:23 Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiments
693:Second Infantry Corps in Gjirokastra
632:Veli Llakaj (1974 – 13 October 1982)
495:
3060:Military wings of communist parties
2826:
2716:
2263:Telegraf, Gazeta (12 August 2019).
1871:List of Albanian Air Force aircraft
1823:130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)
1003:Cultural and Ideological Revolution
952:
687:I-Army Strategic Operational Unit:
469:to the PLA. Concerned that Premier
443:Cultural and Ideological Revolution
24:
2222:
2079:Albert, Zholi (January 13, 2019).
1606:Armoured personnel carriers (APCs)
1370:, since its 1962 establishment in
1361:(the military academy of the UPSh)
996:
776:1 Electronic Intelligence Regiment
699:Fourth Coast Guard Corps in Tirana
25:
3071:
3020:1990 disestablishments in Albania
2831:. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd.
2265:"Madhështia e Ushtrisë shqiptare"
2010:
1983:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
1787:152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
1412:
1279:Hoxha had based the UPS's entire
722:Combat Aviation Command in Tirana
614:(28 January 1948 – November 1952)
570:(26 April 1980 – 14 October 1982)
564:(29 October 1974 – 26 April 1980)
558:(1 August 1953 – 29 October 1974)
552:(22 October 1944 – 1 August 1953)
532:(8 November 1941 – 11 April 1985)
412:Albanian National Liberation Army
300:Battles/Wars during the Cold War:
2983:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2879:
2756:"Albania Air Force Unit History"
2061:. Vol. I. Tirana, Albania:
1955:1950 Albanian coastline ambushes
1938:Military confrontation/operation
1922:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1761:
1742:
1730:
1711:
1692:
1680:
1661:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1508:– produced locally as the ASh-56
1195:
1183:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
791:
767:1 Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment
711:Eighth Infantry Corps in Elbasan
708:Seventh Infantry Corps in Burrel
608:(August 1946 – January 28, 1948)
274:
262:
97:
88:
79:
49:
2792:
2770:
2748:
2685:
2660:
2602:
2539:
2514:
2487:
2475:from the original on 2017-08-18
2451:
2397:
2383:
2371:from the original on 2017-02-02
2350:
2326:
2314:
2256:
2177:The Albanians: A Modern History
1673:
1374:, it operated two squadrons of
1354:Skanderbeg Military High School
714:Ninth Infantry Corps in Shkodra
690:First Coast Guard Corps in Fier
576:(14 October 1982 – 9 July 1990)
389:, the UPSh was replaced by the
361:) was the national army of the
3015:1946 establishments in Albania
2208:
2194:
2182:
2169:
2145:
2120:
2072:
2042:
1957:(September and November, 1950)
1723:
1364:3 Schools for Reserve Officers
1202:Coast Guard Ensign (1958–1992)
904:
725:Combat Fleet Command in Tirana
705:Sixth Infantry Corps in Tirana
626:Petrit Dume (1956 – July 1974)
401:
85:Albanian People's Ground Force
13:
1:
2216:"Year Book Covering the Year"
2003:
1962:Gramos Incident (24 May 1950)
1472:
1388:, it was established in 1961.
1359:Mehmet Shehu Military Academy
881:factory produced the special
761:4 Coastal Artillery Regiments
719:Air Defense Command in Tirana
696:Third Infantry Corps in Korça
675:
543:Ministers of People's Defence
517:
1847:122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)
1773:
1430:Webbing load-carrying system
1392:
1326:, former Minister of Defense
1292:, the UPSh and Hoxha as the
967:"Order of the National Flag"
852:
702:Fifth Infantry Corps in Pukë
538:(13 April 1985 – 4 May 1991)
387:fall of communism in Albania
379:as in other Communist states
155:Minister of People's Defence
7:
3010:Military history of Albania
2127:ObserverKult (2021-02-23).
1879:A Z-5 of Albanian Air Force
1864:
1835:203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4)
1799:152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)
1368:School of Aviation Officers
1231:policy of "bunkerization" (
1216:A diagram of a bunker plan.
909:
785:6 Volunteer Forces Brigades
782:5 University Youth Brigades
770:1 Chemical Defense Regiment
623:Arif Mema Hasko (1954–1956)
602:(24 May 1944 – August 1946)
582:(9 July 1990 – 12 May 1991)
355:Ushtria Popullore Shqiptare
103:Albanian People's Air Force
42:Ushtria Popullore Shqiptare
10:
3076:
2915:Czechoslovak People's Army
2820:
2547:"Bunkerët (bunker) / LoRa"
2063:8 NĂ«ntori Publishing House
2033:"Albania: A Country Study"
1868:
1219:
1207:
1067:
1014:Party of Labour of Albania
1000:
856:
773:1 Radio Detection Regiment
593:Chief of the General Staff
492:on behalf of the country.
483:withdrew entirely from the
449:Foreign military relations
396:
375:Party of Labour of Albania
339:(Rank 7 in the world 1980)
178:Chief of the General Staff
2981:
2874:
2202:"Albania – People's Army"
1179:Other ensigns (1946–1992)
1138:Naval ensigns (1946–1992)
435:International Workers Day
433:Beginning on 1 May 1966 (
421:was enforced strictly by
330:
292:
287:
257:
250:
237:
232:
224:
214:
204:
199:
176:
153:
127:
120:
108:
73:
65:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2112:: CS1 maint: location (
1859:Type 60 122 mm field gun
1755:Light self-propelled gun
1382:School of Naval Officers
1190:State Ensign (1958–1992)
1173:Naval Ensign (1958–1992)
1161:Naval Ensign (1954–1958)
1149:Naval Ensign (1946–1954)
1048:, which was used by the
1034:People's Liberation Army
829:unit was established on
660:. According to the 1976
439:People's Liberation Army
307:World War II in Albania
2939:Hungarian People's Army
2903:Bulgarian People's Army
1916:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
1404:Soviet Defence Minister
816:
779:8 School Youth Brigades
228:48,000 personnel (1991)
220:375,000, age 15–49
2927:National People's Army
2886:Albanian People's Army
2609:Halliday, Jon (1986).
2494:Glenny, Misha (1993).
1944:Corfu Channel incident
1880:
1564:Degtyaryov machine gun
1378:for training purposes.
1283:on the actions of the
1239:and alliances such as
1237:Yugoslav People's Army
1217:
1020:similar to the Soviet
986:
801:
800:A soldier of the UPSh.
728:Command of Tirana City
354:
347:Albanian People's Army
94:Albanian People's Navy
41:
35:Albanian People's Army
2778:"Albanian Harbin-Z-5"
2667:Turku, Helga (2009).
2433:Albanian Armed Forces
1972:Albanian–Soviet split
1878:
1547:Dragunov sniper rifle
1528:Type 56 assault rifle
1517:Type 63 assault rifle
1215:
1132:Fin flash (1946–1960)
799:
758:6 Anti-Tank Regiments
746:13 Artillery Brigades
662:Albanian Constitution
463:Albanian–Soviet split
391:Albanian Armed Forces
2951:Polish People's Army
2391:"The Khrushchevites"
1052:under the regime of
1018:political commissars
764:5 Aviation Regiments
740:74 Infantry Brigades
731:Sazan Island Command
423:political commissars
410:associated with the
2975:Soviet Armed Forces
2429:"Air Force History"
2085:Albanian Free Press
1968:(December 23, 1957)
1425:M44 TTsMKK coverall
1335:, Commander of the
1050:Royal Albanian Army
940:mechanized infantry
755:1 Detection Brigade
752:3 Engineer Brigades
743:19 Assault Brigades
734:5 Army Supply Bases
467:Soviet Armed Forces
429:Cultural Revolution
373:, in this case the
2758:. aeroflight.co.uk
1949:Operation Valuable
1881:
1560:- Pre-1969 version
1321:Lieutenant General
1300:Military education
1294:commander-in-chief
1259:and member of the
1222:Bunkers in Albania
1218:
1058:full dress uniform
901:transport planes.
802:
658:head of government
650:Commander-in-Chief
523:Commander-in-chief
317:Operation Valuable
168:Ndriçim Karakaçi (
129:Commander-in-chief
2992:
2991:
2730:"Trade Registers"
2678:978-0-7546-7932-5
2653:978-1-85065-290-8
2175:Miranda Vickers.
1705:Main battle tanks
1436:Kalashnikov rifle
1290:guerrilla warfare
1281:military doctrine
1275:Military doctrine
666:People's Assembly
496:Fall of communism
490:military alliance
471:Nikita Khrushchev
459:Sino-Soviet split
441:(PLA) during the
343:
342:
258:Foreign suppliers
16:(Redirected from
3067:
3050:1980s in Albania
3045:1970s in Albania
3040:1960s in Albania
3035:1950s in Albania
2987:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2912:
2901:
2900:
2884:
2883:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2827:Ash, W. (1974).
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2695:. Archived from
2689:
2683:
2682:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2524:. Archived from
2518:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2435:. Archived from
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2299:. Archived from
2289:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2100:Internet Archive
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2029:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1257:Defence Minister
1199:
1187:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1054:Zog I of Albania
971:Republican Guard
953:Republican Guard
922:responsible for
847:Kronshtadt-class
839:Pasha Liman Base
419:Marxism–Leninism
367:Communist states
288:Related articles
280:
278:
277:
268:
266:
265:
225:Active personnel
217:military service
101:
92:
83:
75:Service branches
53:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2804:www.photius.com
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2409:www.photius.com
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2338:www.photius.com
2332:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2269:Gazeta Telegraf
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2091:on July 9, 2021
2077:
2073:
2065:. p. 286.
2058:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2011:
2006:
1993:(July 17, 1967)
1940:
1921:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1776:
1760:
1757:
1741:
1729:
1726:
1710:
1707:
1691:
1679:
1676:
1660:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1608:
1539:RPD machine gun
1475:
1415:
1395:
1302:
1277:
1228:
1220:Main articles:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1070:
1042:Hoxhaist Salute
1038:military salute
1005:
999:
997:Characteristics
991:Peza Conference
979:
955:
912:
907:
861:
855:
819:
794:
678:
520:
498:
475:Leonid Brezhnev
451:
431:
404:
399:
326:
312:Greek Civil War
275:
273:
272:
263:
261:
216:
190:
167:
141:
96:
87:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2791:
2780:. Demand media
2769:
2747:
2736:on 13 May 2011
2721:
2719:, p. 197.
2709:
2693:"Forca Ajrore"
2684:
2677:
2659:
2652:
2634:
2621:
2601:
2589:
2578:
2552:
2538:
2513:
2506:
2486:
2450:
2420:
2396:
2382:
2349:
2325:
2313:
2281:
2255:
2221:
2207:
2193:
2181:
2168:
2144:
2119:
2071:
2041:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1977:Vlora incident
1969:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1906:
1894:
1869:Main article:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1555:PK machine gun
1552:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1492:
1487:Makarov pistol
1484:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1414:
1413:Personal gears
1411:
1407:Andrei Grechko
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1301:
1298:
1276:
1273:
1261:PPSH Politburo
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1066:
998:
995:
978:
975:
954:
951:
924:state security
911:
908:
906:
903:
857:Main article:
854:
851:
849:patrol boats.
818:
815:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
677:
674:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
615:
609:
603:
590:
589:
586:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
540:
539:
533:
519:
516:
497:
494:
450:
447:
430:
427:
403:
400:
398:
395:
341:
340:
337:Military ranks
334:
328:
327:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
296:
294:
290:
289:
285:
284:
259:
255:
254:
248:
247:
241:
235:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
208:
202:
201:
197:
196:
191:Kiço Mustaqi (
180:
174:
173:
157:
151:
150:
131:
125:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3072:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2779:
2773:
2757:
2751:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2699:on 2019-08-14
2698:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2624:
2622:0-7011-2970-0
2618:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2528:on 2017-09-17
2527:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2507:9780140172867
2503:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2439:on 2016-03-17
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2303:on 2020-12-18
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2271:(in Albanian)
2270:
2266:
2259:
2245:on 2021-07-09
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1434:Chest rig of
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:field uniform
1421:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:in the 1950s.
1338:
1337:Albanian navy
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:Beqir Balluku
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Fascist Italy
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:Beqir Balluku
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Zogist salute
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
974:
972:
968:
964:
963:public duties
960:
950:
948:
944:
941:
937:
933:
932:secret police
929:
925:
921:
917:
902:
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884:
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876:
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867:
860:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
814:
812:
808:
798:
792:Ground Forces
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
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748:
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742:
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689:
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673:
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663:
659:
655:
654:head of state
651:
648:
647:
642:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:Beqir Balluku
610:
607:
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598:
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587:
584:
581:
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572:
569:
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563:
560:
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556:Beqir Balluku
554:
551:
548:
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537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
526:
524:
515:
513:
510:
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493:
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488:
484:
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476:
473:and Chairman
472:
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394:
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215:Available for
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38:
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30:
19:
2885:
2828:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:the original
2724:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:the original
2687:
2668:
2662:
2643:
2637:
2626:. Retrieved
2611:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2541:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2516:
2496:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2466:garda.gov.al
2465:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2423:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2364:. Rand.org.
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2296:
2273:. Retrieved
2268:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2238:
2210:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2136:. Retrieved
2133:ObserverKult
2132:
2122:
2098:– via
2093:. Retrieved
2089:the original
2084:
2074:
2066:
2054:
2050:Hoxha, Enver
2044:
1979:(March 1961)
1951:(1949–1945)
1933:Shenyang j-7
1929:Shenyang J-6
1904:Lisunov Li-2
1718:Type 59 tank
1674:Medium tanks
1600:M1943 Mortar
1420:Gymnastyorka
1396:
1342:
1330:Rear-Admiral
1303:
1278:
1251:
1249:
1232:
1229:
1226:People's war
1041:
1027:
1010:Eastern Bloc
1006:
980:
966:
956:
936:Haxhi Lleshi
928:intelligence
913:
890:
887:jet aircraft
878:
862:
831:Sazan Island
827:torpedo boat
820:
811:Adriatic Sea
803:
682:
679:
644:
638:
606:Mehmet Shehu
600:Spiro Moisiu
591:
580:Kiço Mustaqi
574:Prokop Murra
568:Kadri Hazbiu
562:Mehmet Shehu
541:
521:
506:
499:
452:
432:
414:
405:
371:ruling party
358:
346:
344:
298:
297:
282:Soviet Union
206:Conscription
192:
186:
183:Spiro Moisiu
169:
163:
146:
137:
110:Headquarters
29:
2867:Warsaw Pact
2784:17 February
2762:17 February
2500:. Penguin.
2297:Gazeta Dita
2157:www.hrw.org
1997:Vietnam War
1985:(1961–1964)
1724:Light tanks
1590:Type 69 RPG
1449:Hełm wz. 50
1384:, based in
1314:Warsaw Pact
1269:coup d'Ă©tat
1252:bunkerizimi
1245:Warsaw Pact
1243:and/or the
1233:bunkerizimi
1120:(1960–1992)
1108:(1960–1992)
1096:(1958–1960)
1084:(1946–1958)
1030:Soviet Army
947:coup d'Ă©tat
905:Other units
843:Shanghai-II
620:(1952–1954)
618:Petrit Dume
550:Enver Hoxha
530:Enver Hoxha
502:coup d'Ă©tat
487:Warsaw Pact
485:Soviet-led
402:Early years
377:. In fact,
233:Expenditure
160:Enver Hoxha
134:Enver Hoxha
2999:Categories
2869:militaries
2809:2016-09-15
2703:2019-08-14
2628:2010-06-03
2571:11 January
2565:Naša borba
2532:2019-08-17
2414:2016-09-14
2343:2016-09-14
2307:2021-07-05
2275:2021-07-05
2249:2021-07-05
2239:Kosova ime
2162:2021-07-11
2138:2021-07-11
2095:2021-07-05
2004:References
1892:Harbin Z-5
1575:12.7Ă—108mm
1567:7.62Ă—54mmR
1558:7.62Ă—54mmR
1550:7.62Ă—54mmR
1473:Small arms
1333:Teme Sejko
1062:peaked cap
1001:See also:
813:littoral.
676:Components
536:Ramiz Alia
518:Leadership
512:Ramiz Alia
455:Yugoslavia
243:3 billion
143:Ramiz Alia
122:Leadership
2740:5 January
2479:6 January
2375:6 January
1774:Artillery
1699:T-54/T-55
1542:7.62Ă—39mm
1506:7.62Ă—39mm
1498:7.62Ă—25mm
1482:7.62Ă—25mm
1393:Equipment
943:regiments
853:Air Force
835:submarine
670:Politburo
509:President
481:the UPSh
408:Partisans
200:Personnel
66:Disbanded
2717:Ash 1974
2599:, p. 632
2470:Archived
2366:Archived
2323:, p. 211
2191:, p. 633
2108:cite web
1865:Aircraft
1657:vehicles
1440:Helmets
1263:General
1022:Red Army
983:Albanian
910:Sigurimi
883:kerosene
875:Jet fuel
807:infantry
646:de facto
643:was the
461:and the
351:Albanian
252:Industry
2888:(until
2821:Sources
2218:. 1979.
1999:(1970s)
1749:Type 59
1737:Type 62
1643:BTR-152
1495:PPSh-41
1428:M43/58
1418:M43/58
1376:Yak-18s
1208:Bunkers
1068:Symbols
1032:or the
889:called
866:Albania
672:.
415:(UNÇSH)
397:History
383:militia
293:History
58:Founded
2675:
2650:
2619:
2504:
2443:9 June
1655:BRDM-1
1631:BTR-50
1619:BTR-40
1490:9Ă—18mm
1454:SSh-60
1444:SSh-40
879:Kuçova
833:and a
823:Durrës
664:, the
279:
267:
239:Budget
115:Tirana
2473:(PDF)
2462:(PDF)
2369:(PDF)
2362:(PDF)
2153:"HSW"
2059:(PDF)
2036:(PDF)
1768:SU-76
1585:RPG-7
1580:RPG-2
1512:AK-47
1479:TT-33
1468:boots
1466:Kirza
1386:Vlora
1372:Vlora
899:Il-14
332:Ranks
270:China
187:first
164:first
138:first
2890:1968
2786:2013
2764:2013
2742:2019
2673:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2573:2012
2502:ISBN
2481:2021
2445:2016
2377:2022
2114:link
1687:T-34
1595:HN-5
1572:DShK
1402:and
1241:NATO
1224:and
930:and
914:The
895:fuel
885:for
871:MiGs
817:Navy
639:The
359:UPSh
345:The
245:lekë
193:last
170:last
147:last
69:1991
61:1944
1533:RPK
1522:AKM
1503:SKS
1459:M33
920:KGB
891:TSI
656:or
210:Yes
3001::
2802:.
2563:.
2468:.
2464:.
2431:.
2407:.
2336:.
2295:.
2284:^
2267:.
2237:.
2224:^
2155:.
2131:.
2110:}}
2106:{{
2012:^
985::
973:.
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353::
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2706:.
2681:.
2656:.
2631:.
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2549:.
2535:.
2510:.
2483:.
2447:.
2417:.
2393:.
2379:.
2346:.
2310:.
2278:.
2252:.
2204:.
2165:.
2141:.
2116:)
2102:.
1918:.
349:(
195:)
189:)
185:(
172:)
166:)
162:(
149:)
145:(
140:)
136:(
20:)
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