Great Trek - Knowledge

1424: 450:. The British retaliated by hanging at least five Boers for insurrection. In 1828, the Cape governor declared that all native inhabitants but slaves were to have the rights of "citizens", in respect of security and property ownership, on parity with the settlers. This had the effect of further alienating the colony's white population. Boer resentment of successive British administrators continued to grow throughout the late 1820s and early 1830s, especially with the official imposition of the English language. This replaced Dutch with English as the language used in the Cape's judicial and political systems, putting the Boers at a disadvantage, as most spoke little or no English. 1151: 590: 1114: 1316: 1375: 1772: 4731: 47: 611: 1361: 510: 1203:'s written eye-witness account survived. Retief's written request for land contained veiled threats by referring to the Voortrekker's defeat of indigenous groups encountered along their journey. The Voortrekker demand for a written contract guaranteeing private property ownership was incompatible with the contemporaneous Zulu oral culture which prescribed that a chief could only temporarily dispense land as it was communally owned. 481:

expensive military intervention. However, authorities at the Cape also judged that the human and material cost of pursuing the settlers and attempting to re-impose an unpopular system of governance on those who had deliberately spurned it was not worth the immediate risk. Some officials were concerned for the tribes the Boers were certain to encounter, and whether these tribes would be enslaved or otherwise reduced to a state of

329: 372:(free citizens), former Company employees who remained in Dutch territories overseas after completing their contracts. Since the primary purpose of the Cape settlement at the time was to stock provisions for passing Dutch ships, the VOC offered grants of farmland to its employees under the condition they would cultivate grain for the Company warehouses, and released them from their contracts to save on their wages. 675:. Sometime around late August 1834 he arrived in Grahamstown, contacted Uys and made his introductions. Bantjes was already well known in the area as an educated young man fluent both in spoken and written Dutch and in English. Because of these skills, Uys invited Bantjes to join him. Bantjes's writing skills would prove invaluable in recording events as the journey unfolded. 978: 472:, a class of Boers who pursued semi-nomadic pastoral activities, were frustrated by the apparent unwillingness or inability of the British government to extend the borders of the Cape Colony eastward and provide them with access to more prime pasture and economic opportunities. They resolved to trek beyond the colony's borders on their own. 831:

in the main church to much approval, and the first sparks of Trek Fever began to take hold. From all the information accumulated at Port Natal, Bantjes drew up the final report on "Natalia or Natal Land" that acted as the catalyst which inspired the Boers at the Cape to set in motion the Great Trek.

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and provided the trekkers with information regarding conditions at Port Natal. Bantjes made notes suggested by Uys, which later formed the basis of his more comprehensive report on the positive aspects of Natal. Bantjes also made rough maps of the bay - although this journal is now missing - showing

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rivers. Travel was slow due to the rugged terrain, and since it was the summer, the rainy season had swollen many of the rivers to their maximum. Progress required days of scouting to locate the most suitable tracks to negotiate. Eventually, after weeks of extraordinary toil, the small party arrived

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and, encouraged by his father Bernard Louis Bantjes, sent word to Uys of his interest in participating. Bantjes wanted to help re-establish Dutch independence over the Boers and to get away from British law at the Cape. In early August 1834, he set off with some travellers headed for Grahamstown 220

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left Port Natal for Grahamstown with a stash of ivory in early June 1835, following more or less the same route back to the Cape, and arrived at Grahamstown in October 1835. On Piet Uys's recommendation, Bantjes set to work on the first draft of the Natalialand Report. Meetings and talks took place

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For its part, the distinct Cape Dutch community had accepted British rule; many of its members even considered themselves loyal British subjects with a special affection for English culture. The Cape Dutch were also much more heavily urbanised and therefore less likely to be susceptible to the same

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The British government insisted that the Cape finance its own affairs through self-taxation, an approach which was alien to both the Boers and the Dutch merchants in Cape Town. In 1815, the controversial arrest of a white farmer for allegedly assaulting one of his servants resulted in the abortive

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The commemoration sparked mass enthusiasm amongst Afrikaners as the re-enactment trek passed through the small towns and cities of South Africa. Both participants and spectators participated by dressing in Voortrekker clothing, renaming streets, holding ceremonies, erecting monuments, and laying

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Britain's alienation of the Boers was particularly amplified by the decision to abolish slavery in all its colonies in 1834. All 35,000 slaves registered with the Cape governor were to be freed and given rights on par with other citizens, although in most cases their masters could retain them as

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At the onset of the British rule, the Cape Colony encompassed 100,000 square miles (260,000 km) and was populated by about 26,720 people of European descent, a relative majority of whom were of Dutch origin. Just over a quarter were of German ancestry and about one-sixth were descended from

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refugees at the Cape. As a result, by 1691 over a quarter of the colony's European population was not ethnically Dutch. Nevertheless, there was a degree of cultural assimilation through intermarriage, and the almost universal adoption of the Dutch language. Cleavages were likelier to occur along

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The Voortrekkers' guns offered them a technological advantage over the Zulu's traditional weaponry of short stabbing spears, fighting sticks, and cattle-hide shields. The Boers attributed their victory to a vow they made to God before the battle: if victorious, they and future generations would

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A map charting the routes of the largest trekking parties during the first wave of the Great Trek (1835-1840) along with key battles and events. The yellow area indicating the initial area of colonisation extends too far south – south of Thaba Nchu and what would become Bloemfontein was an area

1060:(Matebele) patrol attacked the Liebenberg family part of Potgieter's party, killing six men, two women and six children. It is thought that their primary aim was to plunder the Voortrekkers' cattle. On 20 October 1836, Potgieter's party was attacked by an army of 4,600 Ndebele warriors at the 465:

Bridling at what they considered an unwarranted intrusion into their way of life, some in the Boer community considered selling their farms and venturing deep into South Africa's unmapped interior to preempt further disputes and live completely independent from British rule. Others, especially

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Conflict amongst the Voortrekkers was a problem because the trek levelled out the pre-existing class hierarchy which had previously enforced discipline, and thus social cohesion broke down. Instead the trek leaders became more reliant on patriarchal family structure and military reputation to

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and the following period, between 1906 and 1934, of a lack of public discussion about the war within the Afrikaans community helped set the scene for a large increase in interest in Afrikaans national identity. The celebration of the centenary of the Great Trek along with a new generation of

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Although it did nothing to impede the Great Trek, Great Britain viewed the movement with pronounced trepidation. The British government initially suggested that conflict in the far interior of Southern Africa between the migrating Boers and the Bantu peoples they encountered would require an

1220:" (Zulu for "kill the witches") may indicate that he considered the Boers to wield evil supernatural powers. After killing Retief's delegation, a Zulu army of 7,000 impis were sent out and immediately attacked Voortrekker encampments in the Drakensberg foothills at what later was called 376:

were granted tax-exempt status for 12 years and loaned all the necessary seeds and farming implements they requested. They were married Dutch citizens, considered "of good character" by the Company, and had to commit to spending at least 20 years on the African continent. Reflecting the

576: 442:. Relations between the settlers – especially the Boers – and the new administration quickly soured. The British authorities were adamantly opposed to the Boers' ownership of slaves and what was perceived as their unduly harsh treatment of the indigenous peoples. 636:

as a potential colony. On their return to the Cape, Smith waxed very enthusiastic, and the impact of discussions Berg had with the Boers proved crucial. Berg portrayed Natal as a land of exceptional farming quality, well watered, and nearly devoid of inhabitants.

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Most versions agree that the following happened: King Dingane's authority extended over some of the land in which the Boers wanted to settle. As prerequisite to granting the Voortrekker request, he demanded that the Voortrekkers return some cattle stolen by

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They arrived at the sweltering hot bay of Port Natal in February 1835, exhausted after their long journey. There, the trek was soon welcomed with open arms by the few British hunters and ivory traders there such as James Collis, including Reverend

1493:. In 1938, celebrations of the centenary of the Battle of Blood River and the Great Trek mobilised behind an Afrikaans nationalist theses. The narrative of Afrikaner nationalism was a significant reason for the National Party's victory in the 1211:, a rival chief. After the Boers retrieved the cattle, King Dingane invited Retief to his residence at uMgungundlovu to finalise the treaty, having either planned the massacre in advance, or deciding to do so after Retief and his men arrived. 363:

station there in 1652 to provide its outward bound fleets with fresh provisions and a harbour of refuge during the long sea journey from Europe to Asia.Hunt, John (2005)In a few short decades, the Cape had become home to a large population of

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and weaving their way through the coastal forest into the bay area. They had travelled a distance of about 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Grahamstown. This trip would have taken about 5 to 6 months with their slow moving wagons. The

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The first wave of Voortrekkers lasted from 1835 to 1840, during which an estimated 6,000 people (roughly 10% of the Cape Colony's white population or 20% of the white population in the eastern district in 1830s) trekked.

2314: 492:, to which most of the Boers belonged, explicitly refused to endorse the Great Trek. Despite their hostility towards the British, there were Boers who chose to remain in the Cape of their own accord. 267:. It was also reflective of an increasingly common trend among individual Boer communities to pursue an isolationist and semi-nomadic lifestyle away from the developing administrative complexities in 488:

The Great Trek was not universally popular among the settlers either. Around 12,000 of them took part in the migration, about a fifth of the colony's Dutch-speaking white population at the time. The

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wreaths at the graves of Afrikaner heroes. Cooking meals over an open fire in the same way the Voortrekkers did became fashionable amongst urbanites, giving birth to the South African tradition of

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owned slaves at the time, and the size of their slave holdings correlated greatly to their production output. Compensation was offered by the British government, but payment had to be received in

1458:) was made in 1938 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Great Trek. The film tells the Afrikaans version of the history of South Africa from 1652 to 1910 with a focus on the Great Trek. 797:

to investigate with King Dingane the possibility of granting them land. When Dick King returned to Port Natal some weeks later, he reported that King Dingane insisted they visit him in person.

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from 1836 onwards, seeking to live beyond the Cape's British colonial administration. The Great Trek resulted from the culmination of tensions between rural descendants of the Cape's original

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began their trek from Graaff-Reinet. There was no clear consensus amongst the trekkers on where they were going to settle, but they all had the goal of settling near an outlet to the sea.

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with the loss of two men and almost all the trekkers' cattle. Potgieter, Uys and Maritz mounted two punitive commando raids. The first resulted in the sacking of the Ndebele colony at

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apprentices until 1838. Many Boers, especially those involved with grain and wine production, were dependent on slave labour; for example, 94% of all white farmers in the vicinity of

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continued to promote the centenary's goals of furthering the Afrikaner cause and entrenching a greater sense of unity and solidarity within the community well into the 20th century.

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French Huguenots, although most had ceased speaking French since about 1750. There were also 30,000 African and Asian slaves owned by the settlers, and about 17,000 indigenous

4540: 2688: 2318: 1532:'), since this was the experience of only one section of our community". When apartheid in South Africa ended and the country transitioned to majority rule, President 3318: 1274:, aligned with the Voortrekkers to overthrow the king and impose himself. Mpande sent 10,000 impis to assist the trekkers in follow-up expeditions against Dingane. 1255:, southwest of uMgungundlovu. The well-known reluctance of Afrikaner leaders to submit to one another's leadership, which later hindered sustained success in the 1200: 406: 210: 4107: 421:

occupied the fledgling colony by force until 1803. From 1806 to 1814, the Cape was governed as a British military dependency, whose sole importance to the

1497:. A year later the Voortrekker Monument was completed and opened in Pretoria by the newly elected South African Prime Minister and National Party member 654:('Commission Trek') to visit Natal and to assess its potential as a new homeland for the Cape Boers who were disenchanted with British rule at the Cape. 774:, chosen because it had suitable grazing for the oxen and horses and was far from the foraging hippos in the bay. Several small streams running off the 3565: 3269: 1489:

as a core symbol of a common Afrikaans history. It was used to promote the idea of an Afrikaans nation and a narrative that promoted the ideals of the

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and attended by over 100,000 people. A second re-enactment trek starting at the same time and place ended at the scene of the Battle of Blood River.

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The Voortrekkers retaliated with a 347-strong punitive raid against the Zulu (later known as the Flight Commando), supported by new arrivals from the

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was its strategic relation to Indian maritime traffic. The British formally assumed permanent administrative control around 1815, as a result of the

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Petzold, Jochen. "'Translating' the Great Trek to the twentieth century: re-interpretations of the Afrikaner myth in three South African novels."

1281:. After Dingane's death, Mpande was proclaimed king, and the Zulu nation allied with the short-lived Natalia Republic until its annexation by the 1277:

After the defeat of the Zulu forces and the recovery of the treaty between Dingane and Retief from Retief's body, the Voortrekkers proclaimed the

4212: 3485: 3276: 2681: 723: 2983: 4526: 4505: 4366: 3283: 801:, brother of Piet Uys, and a number of comrades with a few wagons travelled toward King Dingane's capital at uMgungundlovu, and after making a 798: 2356: 4128: 3478: 1759:(1961), an adventure/love story about two British soldiers who desert the military and join a group of Boers heading north on the Great Trek. 1221: 4044: 3960: 3415: 3394: 1244:

on the eastern Cape frontier, the Zulus killed women and children along with men, wiping out half of the Natal contingent of Voortrekkers.

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of 40 men and one woman, as well as a retinue of coloured servants, set off from Grahamstown for Natal with 14 wagons. Moving through the

4498: 3364: 3325: 1208: 4735: 4177: 3533: 3154: 2674: 4561: 4422: 4345: 3635: 2574: 1747:(1955), an adventure/love story set in the later part of the trek about an Irish woman seeking a new life in South Africa after the 4703: 4491: 4226: 3558: 1071: 696:, and they passed unharmed into Natal. They travelled more or less the same route that Smith and Berg had taken two years earlier. 2357:"(Re)reading the Narratives of Political Violence in South Africa: Indigenous founding myths & frontier violence as discourse" 4484: 4331: 4289: 4037: 3918: 3501: 3036: 2974: 1408:

The centenary celebrations began with a re-enactment of the trek beginning on 8 August 1938 with nine ox wagons at the statue of

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Afrikaners interested in learning about the Afrikaans experiences of the Boer War catalysed a surge of Afrikaans nationalism.

4770: 4765: 4456: 4023: 3117: 2632: 2315:"Johannes Jacobus Janse (Lang Hans) van Rensburg, leader of one of the early Voortrekker treks, is born at the Sundays River" 1021:

In late July 1836 van Rensburg's entire party of 49, except two children who were saved by a Zulu warrior, were massacred at

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Benyon, John. "The necessity for new perspectives in South African history with particular reference to the Great Trek."

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A group of Afrikaans women at the centenary celebrations in 1938 dressed in Voortrekker clothing most notably the white

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arrived to assist in the defence. A few days later on 16 December 1838, the trekkers fought against Zulu impis at the

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referring to the Great Trek, was chosen to be the words of the pre-1994 South African national anthem. The post-1997

557: 539: 4282: 4121: 3290: 3204: 3147: 1270:. Pretorius's victory over the Zulu army led to a civil war within the Zulu nation as King Dingane's half-brother, 410: 417:, on Dutch soil. This opened the Cape to French warships. To protect her own prosperous maritime shipping routes, 4512: 4275: 4191: 4072: 4058: 4030: 3297: 3241: 1517: 1193: 167: 128: 3450: 1192:. King Dingane, suspicious and untrusting because of previous Voortrekker influxes from across the Drakensberg, 4261: 4170: 3925: 3684: 2233: 1635: 1621: 1423: 535: 2520: 4415: 4401: 4324: 4205: 4163: 4142: 4016: 3579: 3225: 2947: 2622: 1490: 38: 3457: 4679: 4623: 4449: 4338: 4310: 4247: 3939: 3797: 1513: 3464: 4616: 4519: 4394: 4303: 4149: 3508: 531: 447: 17: 1150: 4086: 3607: 3515: 3471: 3248: 3126: 3025: 1014:

in January 1836, but in April 1836 the two parties split up, just 110 kilometres (70 mi) from the

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trekked out of the Tarka area in either late 1835 or early 1836, and in September 1836 a party led by

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status as well, and in 1688 the Dutch government sponsored the resettlement of over a hundred French

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This article is about the migration of Dutch-speaking people in southern Africa. For other uses, see

396:, poor farmers who settled directly on the frontier, and the more affluent, predominantly urbanised 4442: 3705: 3357: 2363: 1507: 520: 352: 4079: 3974: 3841: 3691: 3572: 3304: 3087: 2997: 1944:

An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa

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in which 532 people were killed, including 282 Voortrekkers, of whom 185 were children, and 250

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by the South African government, in order to foster reconciliation between all South Africans.

1271: 1003: 884: 740: 633: 426: 293: 73: 2150: 1113: 589: 4184: 4114: 4009: 3904: 3758: 3408: 3188: 3101: 2896: 2716: 1638:- a controversial novel about a promiscuous drug-using Voortrekker set during the Great Trek. 1486: 1464: 1304: 1267: 1172: 489: 205: 31: 4785: 4780: 3932: 3818: 3586: 3522: 3255: 3018: 3011: 2963: 2746: 1602: 1413: 1320: 944: 767: 596: 254: 225: 2391:

Britain across the seas: Africa; a history and description of the British Empire in Africa

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Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits: How Masters of Irregular Warfare Have Shaped Our World

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By spring 1837, five to six large Voortrekker colonies had been established between the

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In January 1832, Andrew Smith (an Englishman) and William Berg (a Boer farmer) scouted

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social and economic lines; broadly speaking, the Cape colonists were delineated into

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The celebration of the Great Trek in the 1930s played a major role in the growth of

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Etherington, Norman. "The Great Trek in relation to the Mfecane: a reassessment."

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In August 1836, despite pre-existing peace agreements with local black leaders, a

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were erected in small towns across the country during the centenary celebrations.

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The history of the great Boer trek and the origin of the South African republics

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the potential for a harbour which could supply the Boers in their new homeland.

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The trek avoided the coastal route, keeping to the flatter inland terrain. The

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tribes. The first Europeans settled in the Cape area under the auspices of the

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maintain control over their parties. This had a large and lasting impact on

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Various interpretations of what transpired exist, as only the missionary

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Afrikaans horsemen celebrating the centenary of the Great Trek in 1938.

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was a northward migration of Dutch-speaking settlers who travelled by

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The first two parties of Voortrekkers left in September 1835, led by

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mountains, following differences between Tregardt and van Rensburg.

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The Protestant International and the Huguenot Migration to Virginia

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The Great Trek led directly to the founding of several autonomous

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The Angry Divide: Social and Economic History of the Western Cape

2000:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor. 1291: 1120: 693: 439: 348: 277:

meaning "pioneers", "pathfinders" (literally "fore-trekkers") in

271:. Boers who took part in the Great Trek identified themselves as 1820:

Bradley, John; Bradley, Liz; Vidar, Jon; Fine, Victoria (2011).

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Depiction of a Zulu attack on a Boer camp in February 1838. The

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rural grievances and considerations as those held by the Boers.

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Von Veh, Karen. "The politics of memory in South African art."

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accompanying them. In contrast to earlier conflicts with the

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that contributed to the decline and eventual collapse of the

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At Port Natal, Uys sent Dick King, who could speak Zulu, to

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1836–1852 Boer migrations away from the British Cape Colony

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Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting

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Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708

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kilometres (140 mi) away, a three-week journey from

66: Survivors of Tregardt’s trek evacuated by sea, 1839 1751:. Based on a 1950 novel of the same name by Helga Moray. 1729:

Piet Uijs, of lijden en strijd der voortrekkers in Natal

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was raised to commemorate the Voortrekkers who left the

1824:. Madison, Wisconsin: Modern Overland. pp. 13–19. 1819: 2251:

The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880–1881

1866:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36–55. 462:, and few Boers possessed the funds to make the trip. 377:

multi-national character of the VOC's workforce, some

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King Dingane's reputed instruction to his warriors, "

1133:" ('kill the witches'). They were killed outside the 1767: 1078:

and his followers to flee to what is now modern day

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who were in dispute with the neighbouring Zulu King

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on 19 September 2018 – via HighBeam Research.

1971:. New York: Peter Land Publishing. pp. 32–34. 1512:" ('The Voice of South Africa'), a poem written by 766:('wagon fort') camp in the area of the present-day 37:"Voortrekkers" redirects here. For other uses, see 2491: 1863:The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War 1093:with a total population of around 2,000 trekkers. 2652:Routh, C. R. N. "The Great South African Trek." 2220: 4747: 2228:. Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers. p. 161. 1992: 1990: 1988: 1917:Hunt, John (2005). Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.). 1461:A number of Afrikaans organisations such as the 1427:Monuments to the Great Trek such as this one in 931:Over 700 people including roughly 100 white men 3486:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 2603:(in Afrikaans). Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau. 1707: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1653: 1527: 1521: 1505: 1470: 1462: 1453: 1381: 1136: 1065: 825: 816: 802: 759: 700: 679: 658:was chosen as trek leader. At the same time at 649: 617: 106:'s route, including missions with his entourage 2317:. South African History Online. Archived from 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2012: 1412:in Cape Town and ended at the newly completed 1194:had Retief and seventy of his followers killed 1188:to negotiate a treaty for land in what is now 381:soldiers and sailors were also considered for 2682: 2278:. Abingdon: Routledge Books. pp. 97–98. 2276:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 2253:. Abingdon: Routledge Books. pp. 10–13. 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2148: 1985: 1127:and his Boer representatives with the words " 1051: 499: 136: 2499:"Great Trek Centenary Celebrations commence" 2405:Bulpin, T. V. "11 - The Republic of Natal". 2381: 2169:Simons, Mary; James, Wilmot Godfrey (1989). 2149:Newton, A. P.; Benians, E. A., eds. (1963). 2144: 2142: 2140: 2046: 1880: 1400:. It is thought that the experiences of the 879:Nine families including the Tregardt family 76:'s route, after it separated from Tregardt’s 2307: 2173:. Claremont: David Philip. pp. 31–35. 2168: 2152:The Cambridge History of the British Empire 2114: 2112: 2110: 2013:Mbenga, Bernard; Giliomee, Hermann (2007). 1822:Cape Town: Winelands & the Garden Route 1727: 599:, depicting the exodus of farmers from the 538:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2689: 2675: 2521:"The national anthem is owned by everyone" 2187: 1539:invoked the measures as a new Great Trek. 1215: 1128: 581:A romanticised depiction of the Great Trek 143: 129: 2575:"Mad Boers burn Great Trek bodice ripper" 2566: 2164: 2162: 2137: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1343: 1096: 909:Over 200 once united with the parties of 558:Learn how and when to remove this message 3559:Reconstruction and Development Programme 2598: 2398: 2387: 2298: 2118: 2107: 2017:. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 59–60. 1422: 1314: 1160:was the massacre of Voortrekkers by the 976: 735:into Natal had not yet been discovered. 616:Flag of the Voortrekkers, also known as 327: 45: 3155:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 2572: 2525:South African Music Rights Organisation 2333: 2008: 2006: 1966: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1859: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1658:(2007; 'The sun comes up over the sea') 14: 4748: 3636:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 2340:Bulpin, T. V. "9 - The Voortrekkers". 2248: 2242: 2159: 2065: 2047:Collins, Robert; Burns, James (2007). 1960: 1946:. New York: Springer. pp. 29–33. 1838: 1142:on the execution rock called Matiwane. 949:Roughly 100 men, women, and children. 2670: 2549: 2513: 2418: 2416: 2273: 2267: 2226:The Afrikaners: Biography of a People 2088: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 1941: 343:Before the arrival of Europeans, the 124: 86:'s trek, campaign and scouting routes 2469: 2003: 1935: 1916: 1905: 1808: 1473:Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuurvereniging 967:Over 100 members of the Uys family. 713:, crossing the upper regions of the 666:heard about the exploratory trek to 536:adding citations to reliable sources 503: 3566:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3212:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 2573:Ritchie, Kevin (11 February 2012). 2354: 1480: 51:colonised by Griqua and Trekboers. 24: 2611: 2413: 2404: 2339: 2303:. London: John Murray. p. 42. 2031: 640:In June 1834, the Boer leaders of 355:(also known by its Dutch initials 25: 4797: 4718:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 4353:South African Party (Cape Colony) 2388:Johnston, Harry Hamilton (1910). 4730: 4729: 2640:South African Historical Journal 2550:Lyman, Rick (22 December 1993). 1770: 1373: 1359: 1149: 1112: 1006:. These two parties crossed the 842:Largest first wave trek parties 609: 588: 574: 508: 411:Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam 257:settlers, known collectively as 4367:South African Party (1977–1980) 4360:South African Party (1911–1934) 4276:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 4073:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 2592: 2543: 2441: 2348: 2292: 2049:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa 1518:national anthem of South Africa 3685:2019 service delivery protests 3671:#FeesMustFall student protests 3416:1983 constitutional referendum 2656:(May 1951) 1#5 pp 7–13 online. 2601:Die Son Kom Aan die Seekant Op 2527:. 17 June 2012. Archived from 2501:. South African History Online 1655:Die son kom aan die seekant op 1303:, the name was changed to the 150: 13: 1: 4761:Internal migrations in Africa 4143:Johannesburg Reform Committee 3372:Israel–South Africa Agreement 2765: 2750: 2727: 2720: 2091:The British Empire, 1558–1995 1801: 1547: 1542: 989: 834: 475: 323: 39:Voortrekkers (disambiguation) 4771:19th century in South Africa 4766:Dutch colonisation in Africa 3798:Black Consciousness Movement 3552:Government of National Unity 2409:. T. V. Bulpin Publications. 2362:. p. 18. Archived from 2344:. T. V. Bulpin Publications. 1892:South African History Online 1642: 1514:Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven 815:and forced to return to the 778:ridge provided fresh water. 722:at Port Natal, crossing the 688:, they were welcomed by the 249:into the interior of modern 7: 3509:Saint James Church massacre 3395:Weapons of mass destruction 2089:Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1997). 2015:New History of South Africa 1763: 1520:incorporates a section of " 1485:The Great Trek was used by 705:approached Port Natal from 10: 4802: 3249:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 3127:South West Africa campaign 3026:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 2991:French Huguenot settlement 2599:Ferreira, Janette (2007). 2457:] (in Afrikaans). 1938 2407:Natal and the Zuku Country 2342:Natal and the Zulu Country 1552: 1170: 1052:Conflict with the Matebele 500:Exploratory treks to Natal 296:(also known simply as the 36: 29: 4727: 4704:African National Congress 4693: 4599: 4432: 4164:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 3887: 3878: 3736: 3532: 3502:1992 apartheid referendum 3171: 3116: 3035: 2973: 2946: 2939: 2705: 2299:Ransford, Oliver (1972). 1713: 1701: 1689: 1677: 1310: 1289:commemorate the day as a 1029:(a force of warriors) of 841: 807:camp at the mouth of the 782:was also at the bay as a 743:, an ex-commander of the 678:On 8 September 1834, the 432: 312:, and conflicts with the 160: 4157:Labour Party (1969–1994) 4150:Labour Party (1910–1958) 3706:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 3664:#RhodesMustFall protests 3263:1960 republic referendum 2556:Knight-Ridder Newspapers 1860:Greaves, Adrian (2013). 1720: 1614:The Madonna of Excelsior 1529:met die kreun van ossewa 1523:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika 1508:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika 1259:, was largely to blame. 1123:ordering the killing of 694:Dingane ka Senzangakhona 448:Slachter's Nek Rebellion 353:Dutch East India Company 4602:terrorist organisations 3692:2019 Johannesburg riots 3305:Constructive engagement 3270:International isolation 3088:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 2428:Encyclopædia Britannica 2424:"Battle of Blood River" 2119:Arquilla, John (2011). 1967:Lambert, David (2009). 1796:History of South Africa 1736: 1726:C. W. H. Van der Post, 904:late 1835 or early 1836 758:The Boers set up their 755:to become their guide. 359:), which established a 310:Northern Ndebele people 60:'s route (1833 to 1838) 3615:Attack on Kennedy Road 3226:Congress of the People 2817:South African Republic 2477:"Die Bou van 'n Nasie" 1728: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1654: 1594:is based on this book. 1592:movie of the same name 1528: 1522: 1506: 1487:Afrikaner nationalists 1471: 1463: 1454: 1432: 1382: 1352:Centenary celebrations 1344:Centenary celebrations 1332: 1331:between 1835 and 1854. 1272:Mpande kaSenzangakhona 1216: 1137: 1129: 1097:Conflict with the Zulu 1066: 995: 826: 817: 803: 760: 741:Allen Francis Gardiner 701: 680: 650: 618: 595:A stone relief at the 347:area was populated by 340: 294:South African Republic 168:Piet Retief Delegation 118: 4185:Natal Indian Congress 3905:Afrikaner Broederbond 3759:Afrikaner nationalism 3545:1994 general election 3516:Bophuthatswana crisis 3409:Church Street bombing 3189:Apartheid legislation 3182:1948 general election 3102:South Africa Act 1909 2897:Union of South Africa 2717:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 2697:Political history of 2649:34.1 (2007): 115–131. 2249:Laband, John (2005). 1942:Lucas, Gavin (2004). 1888:"The Empty Land Myth" 1465:Afrikaner Broederbond 1426: 1340:culture and society. 1318: 1305:Day of Reconciliation 1268:Battle of Blood River 1217:Bulalani abathakathi! 1173:Battle of Blood River 980: 490:Dutch Reformed Church 333:Trekboers making camp 331: 49: 32:Trek (disambiguation) 3819:Greater South Africa 3657:2014 platinum strike 3523:Shell House massacre 3451:Transkei coup d'état 3256:Sharpeville massacre 3019:Battle of Blaauwberg 3012:Battle of Muizenberg 2964:Battle of Salt River 2747:Mthethwa Paramountcy 2479:(in Afrikaans). IMDb 2450:Die Bou van 'n Nasie 2274:Gooch, John (2000). 1996:Entry: Cape Colony. 1702:Land of the covenant 1628:Canvas under the Sky 1504:A few years later, " 1455:Die Bou van 'n Nasie 1414:Voortrekker Monument 1321:Voortrekker Monument 1164:on 17 February 1838. 1130:Bulalani abathakathi 768:Greyville Racecourse 664:Jan Gerritze Bantjes 597:Voortrekker Monument 532:improve this section 4711:Democratic Alliance 3888:Civic and political 3752:Afrikaner Calvinism 3745:African nationalism 3594:African Renaissance 3284:UNSC Resolution 591 3205:Internal resistance 3106:National Convention 3074:Transvaal Civil War 2998:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 2881:Orange River Colony 2621:33.2 (1988): 1–10. 2369:on 17 December 2008 2321:on 19 February 2014 1778:South Africa portal 913:and Casper Kruger. 3458:Ciskei coup d'état 3277:UN Resolution 1761 3242:Women's March 1956 3095:South African Wars 3081:Mineral Revolution 2663:54.1 (2019): 3–24. 2642:25.1 (1991): 3–21. 2631:(J. Murray, 1899) 1756:The Fiercest Heart 1433: 1333: 996: 858:Point of departure 368:, also denoted as 341: 119: 4743: 4742: 4696:political parties 4689: 4688: 4666:Orde van die Dood 4283:Progressive Party 3989:Congress Alliance 3805:Cape Independence 3737:Political culture 3732: 3731: 3699:COVID-19 pandemic 3629:Marikana massacre 3465:Venda coup d'état 3219:Defiance Campaign 2809:Orange Free State 2739:Dutch Cape Colony 2647:English in Africa 2455:Building a Nation 2222:Giliomee, Hermann 1690:Land of sacrifice 1648:Jeanette Ferreira 1598:James A. Michener 1450:Building a Nation 1264:Andries Pretorius 1262:In November 1838 1249:Orange Free State 1228:, leading to the 1042:Hendrik Potgieter 1004:Hans van Rensburg 982:Hendrik Potgieter 971: 970: 900:Hendrik Potgieter 885:Hans van Rensburg 853:Date of departure 656:Petrus Lafras Uys 568: 567: 560: 415:Batavian Republic 407:Flanders Campaign 345:Cape of Good Hope 302:Orange Free State 234: 233: 84:Hendrik Potgieter 16:(Redirected from 4793: 4776:Afrikaner people 4733: 4732: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4600:Paramilitary and 4592: 4590:Umkosi Wezintaba 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4435:social movements 4433:Trade unions and 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3954:Boerestaat Party 3949: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3885: 3884: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3725: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3444:Dakar Conference 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3374: 3367: 3365:Israeli alliance 3360: 3353: 3346: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3319:Sporting boycott 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3291:Academic boycott 3286: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3148:Great Depression 3143: 3136: 3134:Maritz rebellion 3129: 3109: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2984:Dutch settlement 2966: 2959: 2957:Bantu migrations 2944: 2943: 2932: 2924: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2892: 2889:Transvaal Colony 2884: 2876: 2868: 2860: 2857:Nieuwe Republiek 2852: 2844: 2836: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2796: 2793:Natalia Republic 2788: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2762:Ndwandwe Kingdom 2757: 2755: 2752: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2619:Historia Archive 2605: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2558:. Archived from 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2531:on 13 March 2013 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2355:du Toit, André. 2352: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2218: 2185: 2184: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2135: 2134: 2116: 2105: 2104: 2086: 2063: 2062: 2044: 2029: 2028: 2010: 2001: 1994: 1983: 1982: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1914: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1857: 1836: 1835: 1817: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1731: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1657: 1590:(1950) - a 1955 1559:H. Rider Haggard 1536: 1531: 1525: 1511: 1481:Political impact 1476: 1468: 1457: 1410:Jan van Riebeeck 1385: 1377: 1363: 1279:Natalia Republic 1219: 1177:In October 1837 1153: 1140: 1132: 1116: 1069: 1062:Battle of Vegkop 994: 991: 839: 829: 820: 806: 780:Alexander Biggar 765: 704: 683: 653: 624:Potgieter's Flag 621: 613: 592: 578: 563: 556: 552: 549: 543: 512: 504: 306:Natalia Republic 155: 145: 138: 131: 122: 121: 111: 101: 91: 81: 71: 65: 55: 21: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4176: 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2873:Klein Vrystaat 2869: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2821: 2813: 2805: 2797: 2789: 2781: 2773: 2758: 2743: 2735: 2712: 2710: 2703: 2702: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2625: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2591: 2565: 2542: 2512: 2490: 2468: 2440: 2412: 2397: 2380: 2347: 2332: 2306: 2301:The Great Trek 2291: 2285:978-0714651019 2284: 2266: 2260:978-0582772618 2259: 2241: 2234: 2186: 2180:978-0864861160 2179: 2158: 2136: 2130:978-1566638326 2129: 2106: 2100:978-0198731337 2099: 2064: 2058:978-1107628519 2057: 2030: 2024:978-0624043591 2023: 2002: 1984: 1978:978-1433107597 1977: 1959: 1953:978-0306485381 1952: 1934: 1928:978-1904744955 1927: 1904: 1879: 1873:978-1629145136 1872: 1837: 1831:978-1609871222 1830: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732:, novel, 1918. 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1678:Afflicted land 1668: 1667: 1660: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1624: 1607: 1595: 1584: 1581:Turning Wheels 1574: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1495:1948 elections 1491:National Party 1482: 1479: 1379: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1312: 1309: 1301:Post-apartheid 1297:Day of the Vow 1283:British Empire 1190:Kwa-Zulu Natal 1171:Main article: 1155: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1118: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1053: 1050: 1012:Robert's Drift 1000:Louis Tregardt 993: 1851–52 969: 968: 965: 960: 957: 951: 950: 947: 942: 939: 933: 932: 929: 924: 923:September 1836 921: 915: 914: 911:Sarel Cilliers 907: 905: 902: 896: 895: 892: 890: 889:September 1835 887: 881: 880: 877: 875: 874:September 1835 872: 870:Louis Tregardt 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 844: 843: 836: 833: 615: 608: 607: 606: 594: 587: 586: 585: 580: 573: 572: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 516: 514: 507: 501: 498: 477: 474: 434: 431: 405:Following the 337:Samuel Daniell 325: 322: 290:Boer republics 232: 231: 229: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 176: 175: 170: 161: 158: 157: 148: 147: 140: 133: 125: 108: 98: 88: 78: 68: 62: 58:Louis Tregardt 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4798: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4738: 4737: 4726: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576:Die Spoorbund 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4416:Workers Party 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297:Radio Freedom 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4248:Oranjewerkers 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890:organisations 3886: 3883: 3881:organisations 3877: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3774: 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3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053:1820 Settlers 3050: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2763: 2759: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2654:History Today 2651: 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1784: 1783: 1779: 1768: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1714:Intended land 1710: 1709:Bedoelde land 1706: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1673:Geknelde land 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586:Helga Moray, 1585: 1582: 1578: 1577:Stuart Cloete 1575: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1384: 1376: 1362: 1353: 1341: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1106: 1094: 1092: 1091:Orange Rivers 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1046:Gerrit Maritz 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 987: 983: 979: 975: 966: 964: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 948: 946: 943: 941:February 1837 940: 938: 935: 934: 930: 928: 927:Graaff-Reinet 925: 922: 920: 919:Gerrit Maritz 917: 916: 912: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 840: 832: 828: 827:Kommissietrek 822: 819: 814: 810: 805: 800: 796: 795:uMgungundlovu 791: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 763: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 736: 734: 730: 725: 724:Congela River 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 702:Kommissietrek 697: 695: 691: 687: 682: 681:Kommissietrek 676: 674: 673:Graaff-Reinet 669: 665: 661: 660:Graaff-Reinet 657: 652: 651:Kommissietrek 647: 643: 638: 635: 625: 620: 612: 602: 598: 591: 577: 562: 559: 551: 548:November 2022 541: 537: 533: 527: 526: 522: 517:This section 515: 511: 506: 505: 497: 493: 491: 486: 484: 473: 471: 470: 463: 461: 457: 451: 449: 443: 441: 430: 428: 424: 420: 419:Great Britain 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 400: 395: 394: 388: 384: 380: 375: 371: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 338: 334: 330: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 292:, namely the 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 164: 159: 154: 146: 141: 139: 134: 132: 127: 126: 123: 115: 105: 95: 94:Gerrit Maritz 85: 75: 59: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4734: 4694:Histories of 4395:United Party 4304:Reform Party 4241:Orangia Unie 3866: 3857: 3850:Swart gevaar 3848: 3832: 3788: 3779: 3720: 3622:Blikkiesdorp 3059: 2948:Pre-colonial 2801:Natal Colony 2785:Zulu Kingdom 2699:South Africa 2660: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2628: 2618: 2600: 2594: 2582:. Retrieved 2578: 2568: 2560:the original 2555: 2545: 2533:. Retrieved 2529:the original 2524: 2515: 2503:. Retrieved 2493: 2481:. Retrieved 2471: 2459:. Retrieved 2454: 2449: 2443: 2431:. Retrieved 2427: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2383: 2371:. Retrieved 2364:the original 2350: 2341: 2335: 2323:. Retrieved 2319:the original 2309: 2300: 2294: 2275: 2269: 2250: 2244: 2225: 2170: 2151: 2120: 2090: 2048: 2014: 1997: 1968: 1962: 1943: 1937: 1918: 1895:. Retrieved 1891: 1882: 1862: 1821: 1754: 1749:Great Famine 1742: 1627: 1613: 1603:The Covenant 1601: 1587: 1580: 1568: 1562: 1503: 1499:Daniel Malan 1484: 1460: 1449: 1434: 1407: 1392: 1351: 1334: 1290: 1287: 1276: 1261: 1246: 1213: 1205: 1201:Francis Owen 1198: 1186:King Dingane 1176: 1104: 1084: 1055: 1039: 1020: 1016:Soutpansberg 997: 972: 862: 857: 852: 847: 823: 813:Tugela River 799:Johannes Uys 792: 784:professional 757: 748: 737: 698: 686:Eastern Cape 677: 648:discussed a 639: 631: 623: 554: 545: 530:Please help 518: 494: 487: 479: 467: 464: 456:Stellenbosch 452: 444: 436: 404: 397: 391: 382: 373: 369: 365: 356: 342: 332: 318:Zulu Kingdom 297: 287: 274:voortrekkers 273: 272: 258: 251:South Africa 243:wagon trains 238: 236: 179: 178: 162: 152: 74:Van Rensburg 43: 4786:Cape Colony 4781:Voortrekker 3834:Rooi gevaar 3713:2021 unrest 3643:Nkandlagate 3472:Third Force 3333:Rugby union 2931:(1981–1994) 2923:(1979–1994) 2915:(1977–1994) 2907:(1976–1994) 2899:(1910–1961) 2891:(1902–1910) 2883:(1902–1910) 2875:(1886–1891) 2867:(1885–1887) 2859:(1884–1888) 2851:(1882–1885) 2843:(1882–1883) 2835:(1870–1873) 2827:(1861–1879) 2819:(1856–1902) 2811:(1854–1902) 2803:(1843–1910) 2795:(1839–1843) 2787:(1816–1897) 2779:(1795–1910) 2777:Cape Colony 2769: 1780 2754: 1780 2741:(1652–1806) 2731: 1220 2724: 1075 2505:31 December 1697:Gelofteland 1664:F.A. Venter 1567:(1899) and 1535:F. W. 1429:Clanwilliam 1398:nationalism 1329:Cape Colony 1222:Blaauwkrans 1105:Blood River 1035:Delagoa Bay 986:Delagoa Bay 937:Piet Retief 809:Mvoti River 729:Drakensberg 646:Grahamstown 601:Cape Colony 374:Vrijburgers 361:victualling 314:Zulu people 247:Cape Colony 206:Blood River 104:Piet Retief 18:Voortrekker 4756:Great Trek 4750:Categories 4645:Greyshirts 4409:Volksparty 3947:Black Sash 3608:Xenophobia 3601:Travelgate 3358:Border War 3162:Bantustans 3060:Great Trek 3005:Xhosa Wars 2865:Upingtonia 2849:Stellaland 2235:062403884X 1897:7 December 1802:References 1712:(English: 1700:(English: 1688:(English: 1676:(English: 1636:1920143637 1622:0312423829 1548:Literature 1543:In fiction 1008:Vaal river 959:April 1837 835:First wave 745:Royal Navy 733:Kerkenberg 731:route via 668:Port Natal 476:Opposition 423:Royal Navy 399:Cape Dutch 383:vrijburger 335:(1804) by 324:Background 304:, and the 239:Great Trek 226:Boomplaats 211:Opatikloof 153:Great Trek 3868:Volkstaat 3859:Uitlander 3790:Boerehaat 3766:Anarchism 3573:Arms Deal 3536:apartheid 3196:Pass laws 3173:Apartheid 3118:1910–1948 3037:1815–1910 2975:1652–1815 2535:8 January 2373:18 August 2325:24 August 1786:Trekboers 1685:Offerland 1643:Afrikaans 1610:Zakes Mda 1501:in 1949. 1444:language 1442:Afrikaans 1395:Afrikaans 1338:Afrikaans 1285:in 1843. 1209:Sekonyela 1181:met with 1076:Mzilikazi 1023:Inhambane 963:Uitenhage 753:Dick King 642:Uitenhage 619:Kruisvlag 519:does not 469:trekboers 370:"burgers" 366:"Glidden" 298:Transvaal 283:Afrikaans 269:Cape Town 245:from the 163:Massacres 4736:Category 4638:Boeremag 4136:Jeugkrag 4087:Het Volk 3781:Baasskap 3723:incident 3326:Olympics 2905:Transkei 2708:polities 2706:Defunct 2579:IOL News 2461:22 March 2224:(2003). 1764:See also 1716:) (1968) 1704:) (1966) 1692:) (1963) 1680:) (1960) 1537:de Klerk 1418:Pretoria 1325:Pretoria 1253:Ithaleni 1234:Khoikhoi 1080:Zimbabwe 1031:Manukosi 955:Piet Uys 719:Umkomazi 715:Mtamvuna 409:and the 387:Huguenot 263:and the 255:European 221:Congella 216:Maqongqo 116:'s route 114:Piet Uys 96:'s route 4541:SAAPAWU 3879:Defunct 3842:Slavery 3046:Mfecane 2661:de arte 2584:1 March 2483:1 March 1744:Untamed 1630:(2011) 1616:(2002) 1588:Untamed 1564:Swallow 1553:English 1448:called 1438:braaing 1292:Sabbath 1121:Dingane 1058:Ndebele 749:Clinker 540:removed 525:sources 440:Khoisan 349:Khoisan 300:), the 265:British 201:Italeni 180:Battles 4492:FOSATU 4346:SAYRCO 4318:SADECO 4234:Occupy 3773:Azania 3721:Lady R 3650:Racism 3479:CODESA 2940:Events 2929:Ciskei 2841:Goshen 2771:–1819) 2756:–1817) 2633:online 2623:online 2433:21 May 2282: 2257: 2232: 2177: 2127: 2097: 2055: 2021: 1975: 1950: 1925: 1870: 1828: 1634: 1620: 1606:(1980) 1583:(1937) 1573:(1912) 1383:kappie 1311:Impact 1238:Basuto 1226:Weenen 1179:Retief 1135:royal 1125:Retief 1072:Mosega 1067:laager 1025:by an 945:Albany 848:Leader 818:laager 804:laager 772:Durban 762:laager 483:penury 460:London 433:Causes 379:German 196:Kapain 191:Mosega 186:Vegkop 173:Weenen 112: 110: 102: 100: 92: 90: 82: 80: 72: 70: 64: 56: 54: 4673:PAGAD 4569:SATUC 4562:SARHU 4548:SACTU 4527:NURHS 4485:FNETU 4471:CTSWU 4464:CNETU 4457:BLATU 4339:SAYCO 4227:NUSAS 4108:IDASA 3919:AITUP 3534:Post- 2921:Venda 2453:[ 2367:(PDF) 2360:(PDF) 1721:Dutch 1570:Marie 1440:. 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