629:. The printed page contains both a plain text record and a simple barcode of the voter's selections. This page is the official ballot that is then fed through a scanner into a locked ballot box so that all originals are saved in case of the need for a recount or audit. The electronic record from the DRE is compared with the barcode scanner record and in case of any discrepancy, the paper ballots are used to determine the official vote, not the electronic record. The voter has the ability to proofread the ballot before it is placed into the scanner/lockbox and have it voided if there is any error, just as has always been possible with existing manual voting systems.
847:, precinct with multiple voting machines. Because both sets of records independently established the order of electronic ballots cast, they directly linked a voter's identification to his or her preference. Over 1.4 million registered voters in ten Ohio counties were affected. The situation was resolved before the next election by omitting the consecutive numbers on Authority To Vote slips from pollbook records. However, similar vulnerabilities may still exist in other states.
585:
338:. Insecure voting machine records could potentially be changed quickly without detection by the voting machine itself. Auditable paper ballots make it more difficult for voting machines to corrupt records without human intervention. Corrupt or malfunctioning voting machines might store votes other than as intended by the voter unnoticed. A VVPAT allows voters to verify their votes are cast as intended, an additional barrier to changing or destroying votes.
906:
component to a DRE machine, a jurisdiction would be required to purchase the system designed by the vendor of the DRE machine with a no bid, sole source purchase contract. That assumes the vendor has designed a component that is compatible with the DRE machine in use. The vendor may not have developed a VVPAT component that is compatible with the DRE machine in use, thus requiring the jurisdiction to purchase an entirely new
553:(0.23 percent or 11,779 votes)—the first by a Democratic presidential candidate in the state since 1992—automatically triggered a statewide audit, made possible by the new auditable paper ballot system. The audit found several human errors at the county level, netting Trump 1,274 votes. At the Trump campaign's request, this was followed by a full statewide hand recount of the paper ballots, which confirmed the result.
597:
389:
808:
printer backwards leaving a blank tape, which was not realized by voters who couldn't verify the paper trail. The
Cuyahoga Election Review Panel proposed in its final report to remove the opaque doors covering the VVPAT except the ones equipped with equipment for blind voters. In general collecting and counting these printed records can be difficult.
688:
for an initial count or, in some cases, if the VVPAT is damaged or otherwise unreadable. In any subsequent recounts or challenges the paper, not the electronic ballot, would be used for tabulation. Whenever a paper record serves as the legal ballot, that system will be subject to the same benefits and concerns of any paper ballot system.
807:
maintenance and use and new elections law requirements. In the 2006 primary election in
Cuyahoga County, Ohio, a study found that 9.6 percent of the VVPAT tapes were either destroyed, blank, illegible, missing, taped together or otherwise compromised. In one case the thermal paper was loaded into the
695:
DRE system, believes that "There's no reason voters should trust a system that doesn't have , and they shouldn't be asked to. Why on earth should have to trust me – someone with a vested interest in the project's success? A voter-verified audit trail is the only way to 'prove' the system's integrity
571:
In additional to providing transparency, Georgia's new VVPAT system helped counter a strong disinformation campaign by facilitating a total of three cross-confirming counts—initial vote, audit, and hand recount. This increased voter confidence, providing a reliable method to verify the results during
872:
at a June 2005 hearing on Voter
Verification in Federal Elections "The blind cannot verify their choices by means of a piece of paper alone in a manner that is either independent or private. Nor can an individual who has a mobility disability, such as hand limitations, verify a piece of paper alone,
687:
An auditable system, such as that provided with VVPAT, can be used in randomized recounts to detect possible malfunction or fraud. With the VVPAT method, the paper ballot can be treated as the official ballot of record. In this scenario, the ballot is primary and the electronic records are used only
651:
Use of precinct-based optical scan or mark-sense tabulators instead of DREs. In this simple and cost-effective system, voters fill out paper ballots which are then counted electronically by a tabulator at the precinct, similar to the technology used to score standardized tests. Optical scan machines
379:
As of 2024, VVPAT systems are used in countries including the United States, India, Venezuela, the
Philippines, and Bulgaria. In the U.S., 98.5 percent of registered voters live in jurisdictions offering some form of paper ballot, whether hand-marked or VVPAT. Only 1.4 percent use electronic systems
323:
or malfunction, and to provide a means to audit the stored electronic results. It contains the name and party affiliation of candidates for whom the vote has been cast. While VVPAT has gained in use in the United States compared with ballotless voting systems without it, hand-marked ballots are used
827:
Alternatively, an attacker could watch the order in which people use a particular voting system and note the order of each particular vote he is interested in. If that attacker later obtains the paper ballot records she could compare the two and compromise the privacy of the ballot. This could also
823:
DRE VVPAT systems that print the ballot records out in the order in which they were cast (often known as reel-to-reel systems) raise privacy issues, if the order of voting can also be recorded. VVPAT printers that cut the paper after each ballot to form individual ballots can avoid this concern. If
786:
Alternatively the printer could invalidate the printed record after the voter leaves and print a new fraudulent ballot. These ballots would be undetectable as invalidated ballots are quite common during elections. Also, VVPAT systems that are technically able to reverse the paper feed could be open
556:
Starting in 2002 with the statewide adoption of DREs and as recently as the 2016 election, the lack of a system producing auditable paper ballots would have made a recount impossible. The VVPAT system allowed officials to cross-check electronic results with paper records, confirming the accuracy of
941:
In the event an audit is performed after the election and a discrepancy is discovered between the ballot count and the audit count it is unclear which count is the authoritative count. Some jurisdictions have statutorily defined the ballot as the authoritative count leaving the role of an audit in
885:
points out that "Adding a paper printing device to a DRE machine naturally adds another component that can fail, run out of ink, jam or run out of paper. If DREs are alleged already to be prone to failure, adding a paper trail cannot improve that record." In Brazil in 2003, where a small number of
795:
For the voter, the printed record is "in a different format than the ballot, in a different place, is verified at a different time, and has a different graphical layout with different contrast and lighting parameters." In
November 2003 in Wilton, CT, virtually all voters had to be prompted to find
466:
required the use of VVPAT technology statewide and adopted the
Sequoia system. It is notable that, in Avante's design, the shield preventing the voter from taking the paper record was an afterthought, while in Sequoia's design, the paper record for successive voters were printed sequentially on a
859:
to actually check the paper audit before casting a ballot, which is critical to "verifying" the vote. While the option to look at the paper may provide comfort to an individual voter, the VVPAT does not serve as an effective check on malfunction or fraud unless a statistically relevant number of
758:
Other hurdles in the implementation of paper audit trails include the performance and authority of the audit. Paper audit systems increase the cost of electronic voting systems, can be difficult to implement, often require specialized external hardware, and can be difficult to use. In the United
933:
to protect against machine malfunction. However, the partial tallying of votes before the polls have closed could create a problem similar to the occurrence in
American national elections where a winner is declared based on East Coast results long before polls have closed on the West Coast. In
905:
It can be significantly more difficult to implement a VVPAT as an after-the-fact feature. For jurisdictions currently using DRE voting machines that lack a VVPAT, implementation can be expensive to add and difficult to implement due to the specialized external hardware required. To add a VVPAT
683:
in favor of voting systems that use a paper ballot and disfavoring systems that use retrofitted VVPAT attachments. He has said on his personal blog that "after four years of studying the issue, I now believe that a DRE with a VVPAT is not a reasonable voting system."
636:
receipt that is either retained by the voter or stored within the machine. If the receipt is retained, the receipts can be manually counted and compared to the electronic vote totals in the event of a dispute. These systems have not been used in
616:
voting machines that print paper records stored within the machine. Such designs usually present the record to the voter behind a transparent surface to enable a voter to confirm a printed record matches the electronic ballot. The records can be
775:
The introduction of malicious software into a VVPAT system can cause it to intentionally misrecord the voter's selections. This attack could minimize detection by manipulating only a small percentage of the votes or for only lesser known races.
621:
and compared to the electronic vote totals in the event of a dispute. The solution linking electronic ballot images and the voter-verified paper record with randomly generated unique voting session identifier is covered by patents issued and
431:
In 1899, Joseph Gray addressed this problem with a mechanical voting machine that simultaneously recorded votes in its mechanism and punched those votes on a paper ballot that the voter could inspect before dropping it in a
715:
introduced a built-in-hood on top of the contrast sensor and paper roll that does not soak humidity in all VVPATs to prevent it from excess light and heat. In case of a discrepancy between the information on VVPATs and the
573:
455:
345:(DRE), to assure voters that their votes have been recorded as intended and as a means to detect fraud and equipment malfunction. Depending on election laws, the paper audit trail may constitute a legal
720:, the paper slips of the particular polling station in question are recounted. If the discrepancy persists, the count established by the VVPAT paper slips prevails over the vote count registered on the
652:
have been in use for decades, and provide a voter-verified audit trail by default. Tabulators can detect overvotes at the poll so that the voter can be given the opportunity to correct a spoiled ballot.
843:
and James Moyer executed and publicized a proof of concept for this theory. Via a public records request, the two extracted voter identification from pollbooks, and voter preference from VVPATs, for a
576:
conducted before and after the election found a smaller-than-expected drop in
Georgia voters' confidence (from 90% in October 2020 to 85% in January 2021) that their votes would count as intended.
1491:
360:– the voter does not have an option to review a tangible ballot to confirm the voting system accurately recorded his or her intent. In addition, an election official is unable to manually
451:, as some have called it, was refined in her Ph.D. dissertation in October 2000; in her final version, the paper record is printed behind glass so that the voter may not take it or alter it.
754:
And while VVPAT is designed to serve as a check on DRE (Direct
Recording Electronic) vote recorders, it relies on the same proprietary programming and electronics to produce the audit trail.
917:
that includes a VVPAT component would have less implementation challenges. Some implementations of the VVPAT place a high cognitive burden on the voter and are extraordinarily error prone.
530:
In July 2019, after legal challenges and concerns about the security and reliability of its aging electronic voting machines, Georgia officials approved a $ 107 million contract with
436:. Gray explained that "in this manner, we have a mechanical check for the tickets , while the ticket is also a check upon the register ." This check is only effective if there is an
420:
noted that a voter casting a vote on such a machine without a written record "has no knowledge through his senses that he has accomplished a result. The most that can be said, is,
1864:
1431:
334:
when storing votes. A paper VVPAT is readable by the human eye and voters can directly interpret their vote. Computer memory requires a device and software which is potentially
2331:
1589:
796:
and verify their receipt, increasing the time required to vote and the work for the pollworkers. The VVPAT adds to the complexity of voting, already a deterrent to voting.
2102:
376:
allow only a recount of the "stored votes". These "stored votes" might not represent the correct voter intent if the machine has been corrupted or suffered malfunction.
1349:
869:
1527:
1451:
534:
to equip all 159 Georgia counties with new ballot-marking devices that provide a paper ballot for every vote cast (VVPAT). The upgrade was completed in time for the
1317:
1843:
2093:
1509:
783:. Even if additional votes were discovered through matching to the voters list, it would be impossible to identify legitimate ballots from fraudulent ballots.
680:
252:
2369:
1569:
1471:
1299:
626:
546:
2155:
1495:
934:
addition, the partial tallying of votes before the polls have closed may be illegal in some jurisdictions. Others have suggested that random audits of
1367:
518:, the first time that entire state in India saw the implementation of VVPAT. A VVPAT system was introduced in all 543 Lok sabha constituencies in the
1896:
886:
precincts had installed paper trails, failure of the printers delayed voters by as much as 12 hours, a figure that would be catastrophic in the U.S.
1882:
965:
645:
443:
The idea of creating a parallel paper trail for a direct-recording voting mechanism remained dormant for a century until it was rediscovered by
2202:
1961:
1609:
840:
704:
539:
535:
1691:
700:
511:
2251:
1335:
2328:
1385:
491:
487:
1410:
1263:
Rebecca T. Mercuri, Physical verifiability of computer systems, Proc. 5th
International Computer Virus and Security Conference.
510:
constituencies. VVPAT along with EVMs was used on a large-scale for the first time in India, in 10 assembly seats out of 40 in
515:
283:
1107:
741:
Video of voter behavior during an actual election revealed that most voters do not verify their choices by reading the VVPAT.
1756:
424:
the machine worked as intended, then he ... has voted." This observation remains at the center of concerns with ballotless
2223:
503:
483:
2359:
1825:
1188:
1082:
644:
Creation of an encrypted audit trail at the same time the electronic ballot is created in a DRE voting machine, a form of
1667:
1321:
980:
237:
2374:
353:
2426:
2421:
656:
Systems that allow the voters to prove how they voted do not conform to the generally accepted definition of voting by
558:
1010:
925:
One important question of VVPAT systems is regarding the time of the audit. Some have suggested that random audits of
2106:
751:
A manual VVPAT recount/audit is labor-intensive and expensive, and likely unaffordable to most candidates seeking it.
495:
1513:
868:
Current VVPAT systems are not usable by some disabled voters. Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT) testified before the
824:
there are multiple voting machines it would be more difficult to match between the full voter list and the VVPATs.
507:
479:
247:
214:
1398:
499:
462:
AVC Edge called the VeriVote Printer. Avante's system saw its first trial use in 2002, and in 2003, the state of
373:
707:
as the number of votes entered in the Form 17C of a polling booth and the total number of votes recorded in the
474:
in Nagaland. The VVPAT system was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project in the
1717:
1653:
638:
601:
471:
183:
2168:
219:
897:
will fade with time. Also, heat applied to the paper before or after the election can destroy the printing.
811:
Records printed on continuous rolls of paper is more difficult than counting standard paper ballots or even
779:
Another security concern is that a VVPAT could print while no voter is observing the paper trail, a form of
118:
2259:
1289:
Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 5.5, pp. 111–115.
712:
618:
519:
475:
104:
23:
2320:
1780:
1731:
1472:"Sahib Pataliputra: 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra | Patna News - Times of India"
454:
The first commercial voting systems to incorporate voter verifiable paper audit trail printers were the
349:
and therefore provide a means by which a manual vote count can be conducted if a recount is necessary.
1965:
1239:, Vol. XIX, E.L. Freeman & Sons, Providence (1898); 732–735, quotation from the bottom of page 734.
1140:
960:
767:. Another eighteen States don't require them, but use them either statewide or in local jurisdictions.
648:. The audit trail can be accessed and compared to the electronic vote totals in the event of a dispute.
562:
417:
276:
68:
2195:
Threat to voter privacy with voter verified paper audit trail voting systems using spooled paper rolls
1237:
Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island
1062:
63:
2416:
699:
In India, in an instance VVPAT was helpful in resolving an issue pertaining to a tally of votes in
589:
364:
ballots in the event of a dispute. Because of this, critics claim there is an increased chance for
1969:
1552:
1990:
669:
531:
2131:
1911:"Making Electronic Voting Machines Tamper-proof: Some Administrative and Technical Suggestions"
1910:
1897:"In case of a mismatch between EVM and VVPAT machine counts, the latter will be held valid: EC"
721:
717:
708:
470:
Voter-verifiable paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in
459:
393:
1236:
625:
Attachment of a printer to DRE voting machines that print paper records on special paper with
2135:
844:
668:. As such, systems that allow such proof are generally forbidden under the terms of numerous
269:
257:
242:
162:
157:
1933:
2248:
1212:
985:
914:
907:
335:
88:
2281:
2033:
2001:
1935:
The Usability of Electronic Voting Machines and How Votes Can Be Changed Without Detection
812:
8:
2164:
2017:
1801:
1213:"Collection: McTammany's voting machine | Rhode Island Department of State ArchivesSpace"
759:
States twenty-seven states require a paper audit trail by statute or regulation for all
2193:
2037:
2021:
1848:
1594:
1574:
1476:
1456:
1436:
1264:
970:
943:
935:
926:
882:
833:
804:
760:
661:
613:
565:
425:
413:
401:
357:
342:
319:
A VVPAT allows voters to verify that their vote was cast correctly, to detect possible
152:
73:
53:
1627:
1235:
Horatio Rogers, (19 R.I. 729) opinion of the Justices in re voting machine: dissent.
1711:
1692:"Historic First Statewide Audit of Paper Ballots Upholds Result of Presidential Race"
1647:
1115:
975:
787:
to manipulated software overwriting or altering the VVPAT after the voter checks it.
312:
167:
58:
2357:
Independent Verification: Essential Action to Assure Integrity in the Voting Process
1037:
2263:
938:
voting machines be performed after the election or only in the event of a dispute.
331:
328:
2363:
2335:
2324:
2255:
1760:
1035:
890:
780:
557:
the final vote count and refuting claims by President Trump in a January 2, 2021
444:
365:
193:
188:
43:
1277:
2356:
2307:
Mira, Leslie, "For Brazil Voters, Machines Rule," Wired News, January 24, 2004.
2063:
1058:
990:
881:
VVPAT systems can also introduce increased concern over reliability. Professor
800:
448:
409:
405:
369:
320:
78:
913:
For jurisdictions not currently using DRE machines, the introduction of a new
327:
As a paper-based medium, the VVPAT offers some fundamental advantages over an
2410:
2005:
1250:
1119:
894:
657:
633:
132:
1036:
Ariel J. Feldman; J. Alex Halderman; Edward W. Felten (September 13, 2006).
829:
665:
48:
2167:: Cuyahoga Election Review Panel, 20 July 2006, p. 50, archived from
584:
2384:
525:
2059:
433:
198:
2380:
1784:
955:
696:
to the vast majority of electors, who after all, own the democracy."
692:
676:
550:
127:
2329:
Eminent Computer Scientist Criticizes ES&S "Real Time Audit Log"
1432:"Patna Sahib electorate can see who they voted for - Times of India"
1164:
930:
893:
to print their paper ballot records. Ballot records printed on the
764:
608:
Various technologies can be used to implement a paper audit trail.
113:
2401:
1913:. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy. August 30, 2018
2396:
1754:
1590:"Paper slips of VVPATs will be counted last: Election Commission"
873:
if that individual is required to pick up and handle the paper."
596:
361:
1883:"What happens when there is a mismatch between EVMs and VVPATs?"
1788:
1528:"VVPATs to be used on large-scale for 1st time in Mizoram polls"
2317:
463:
346:
1844:"EC makes small changes to prevent failure of VVPAT machines"
1350:"LS polls: Voters to get 'automated-receipts' at Gandhinagar"
1038:"Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine"
632:
Attachment of a printer to DRE voting machines that print an
437:
400:
In 1897, responding to a question from Rhode Island Governor
225:
1108:"Venezuela votes in hi-tech poll to choose Chávez successor"
388:
2072:
1865:"All VVPATs in 2019 to come with hood to keep light at bay"
799:
In addition, a VVPAT component may not be easily usable by
572:
the intense scrutiny of the 2020 election. A survey by the
230:
2267:
870:
United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
1254:, issued Mar. 7, 1899; quoted from lines 103-105, page 2.
514:. VVPAT -fitted EVMs was used in entire Goa state in the
311:) is a method of providing feedback to voters who use an
711:
control unit of that booth did not tally. In June 2018,
447:, who suggested essentially the same idea in 1992. The
2376:
Secret-Ballot Receipts: True Voter-Verifiable Elections
2095:
DRE Analysis for May 2006 Primary Cuyahoga County, Ohio
1403:
1336:"EVM-paper trail introduced in 8 of 543 constituencies"
946:
voting systems the authority question remains unclear.
1991:
Forbes.com: Paper Jams a Problem for Electronic Voting
1452:"EVM slip will help verify your vote - Times of India"
1011:"America Moves Decidedly Toward Paper-Based Elections"
526:
Case study: U.S. presidential election in Georgia 2020
1668:"2020 United States presidential election in Georgia"
681:
United States House Committee on House Administration
592:
AccuVote-TSx DRE voting machine with VVPAT attachment
549:
in November 2020. A razor-thin margin of victory for
372:, have demanded voter-verifiable paper audit trails.
2282:"Paper v. Electronic Voting Records – An Assessment"
1411:"VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency"
253:
Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment
1570:"Poll panel to introduce paper trail for Goa polls"
2249:Hearing on Voter Verification in Federal Elections
1953:
1368:"VVPAT machine to be on demonstration for 10 days"
1736:The Center for Election Innovation & Research
1386:"VVPAT to be introduced in Jadavpur constituency"
2408:
966:2004 United States election voting controversies
942:question. Because VVPAT is a recent addition to
404:about the legality of using the newly-developed
1300:"Nagaland first to use VVPAT device for voting"
1106:Watts, Jonathan; Lopez, Virginia (2013-04-14).
2279:
2065:Security Vulnerabilities and Problems with VVP
748:check ballot summaries overlook discrepancies.
2224:"E-voting predicament: Not-so-secret ballots"
1063:"The Problem with Electronic Voting Machines"
705:2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
574:Center for Election Innovation & Research
440:to compare the paper and mechanical records.
368:or malfunction and security experts, such as
277:
889:Current implementation of VVPAT systems use
356:– both mechanical voting machines and
2370:Brennan Center Voting Technology Initiative
2058:
1732:"Confidence in Georgia's 2020-21 Elections"
803:, many of whom are already struggling with
790:
761:direct recording electronic voting machines
2390:
2071:, Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project /
1984:
1165:"ans_9349_1277290638 | International IDEA"
1138:
1105:
727:
701:Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)
691:Matt Quinn, the developer of the original
512:2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
324:by a greater proportion of jurisdictions.
284:
270:
2289:Computers, Freedom and Privacy Conference
2221:
2091:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1962:"Voter-Verified Paper Record Legislation"
1318:"India devises flawless ballot mechanism"
1306:. Press Trust of India. 4 September 2013.
1276:Rebecca T. Mercuri, A better ballot box,
1083:"India devises flawless ballot mechanism"
343:direct recording electronic voting system
2132:"Problems Found in Ohio Computer Voting"
1057:
855:Also problematic is that voters are not
604:DRE voting machine with VVPAT attachment
595:
583:
387:
2129:
1931:
2409:
2402:National Committee on Voting Integrity
2043:
1799:
1755:AVANTE International Technology, Inc.
1356:. Press Trust of India. 29 April 2014.
545:The system proved critical during the
16:Method of providing feedback to voters
1632:Electronic Privacy Information Center
1139:Panganiban, Artemio V. (2016-03-27).
2222:McCullagh, Declan (20 August 2007).
2191:
2266:. Retrieved February 3, 2007, from
2130:Fessler, Pam (September 13, 2006).
1968:. December 21, 2006. Archived from
1862:
1141:"VVPAT and other electoral reforms"
981:End-to-end auditable voting systems
660:, as such proof raises the risk of
458:Vote Trakker and a retrofit to the
238:End-to-end auditable voting systems
13:
920:
732:
374:Non-document ballot voting systems
354:non-document ballot voting systems
297:Voter verifiable paper audit trail
14:
2438:
2366:, Roy G. Saltman, August 22, 2006
2345:
2002:VVPR Attack with Misprinted VVPAT
900:
614:direct-recording electronic (DRE)
540:Democratic presidential primaries
1800:Zetter, Kim (November 3, 2003).
1492:"VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South"
1248:Joseph A. Gray, Voting-machine,
929:voting machines be performed on
863:
850:
568:that the count was inaccurate.
248:Independent verification systems
215:Certification of voting machines
84:Voter-verified paper audit trail
2310:
2301:
2273:
2242:
2215:
2185:
2148:
2123:
2092:Hertzberg, Steven, ed. (2006),
2085:
2027:
2011:
1995:
1925:
1903:
1889:
1875:
1856:
1836:
1818:
1802:"Aussies Do It Right: E-Voting"
1793:
1774:
1748:
1724:
1684:
1660:
1620:
1602:
1582:
1562:
1545:
1520:
1502:
1484:
1464:
1444:
1424:
1392:
1378:
1360:
1342:
1328:
1310:
1292:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1242:
1229:
184:Election Systems & Software
1205:
1181:
1157:
1132:
1099:
1075:
1051:
1028:
1003:
876:
744:Research indicates voters who
679:has testified in front of the
639:elections in the United States
579:
472:Noksen (Assembly Constituency)
1:
2280:Michael Shamos (April 2004).
1781:Today's Congressional hearing
1399:8 seats having VVPAT facility
996:
220:Independent Testing Authority
713:Election Commission of India
520:2019 Indian general election
476:2014 Indian general election
7:
2350:
2062:; Goler, Jon (April 2004),
2034:Paper Trail Manipulation II
1510:"VVPAT training in Tripura"
949:
936:direct recording electronic
927:direct recording electronic
770:
737:Common VVPAT problems are:
612:Attachment of a printer to
478:. VVPAT was implemented in
10:
2443:
2103:Election Science Institute
2018:Paper Trail Manipulation I
1966:Verified Voting Foundation
1932:Everett, Sarah P. (2007).
1716:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1696:Georgia Secretary of State
1652:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1628:"Curling v. Raffensperger"
1553:"AnnexureVI VVPAT Page 24"
961:Electronic voting in India
818:
563:Georgia Secretary of State
418:Rhode Island Supreme Court
394:electronic voting machines
383:
69:Optical scan voting system
2427:Electronic voting methods
2422:Electoral reform in India
1267:with added notes in 2005.
64:Electronic voting machine
2264:Senator Christopher Dodd
791:Usability and ergonomics
670:international agreements
590:Diebold Election Systems
2391:Advocacy and commentary
2262:. (2005). testimony of
1354:Business Standard India
1304:Business Standard India
1280:, Oct. 2002; pp. 46–50.
728:Challenges and concerns
536:2020 Georgia Republican
532:Dominion Voting Systems
516:2017 assembly elections
392:VVPAT used with Indian
380:with no paper record.
1941:(PhD). Rice University
605:
593:
467:single roll of paper.
397:
2136:National Public Radio
2101:, San Francisco, CA:
1826:"VVPAT saves the day"
1783:, March 7, 2007 from
1061:(November 10, 2004).
845:Delaware County, Ohio
599:
587:
391:
341:The VVPAT includes a
305:verified paper record
258:Software independence
243:Help America Vote Act
163:Software verification
158:Qualification testing
2268:Senate Rules website
2174:on 28 September 2011
1972:on December 14, 2006
1634:. September 17, 2024
1516:on November 7, 2017.
986:Vote counting system
860:voters participate.
412:, Associate Justice
89:Vote counting system
2192:Wack, John (2005),
2165:Cuyahoga County, OH
1863:Vishnoi, Anubhuti.
1698:. November 19, 2020
1265:Reposted on the web
1251:U.S. patent 620,767
672:and domestic laws.
426:DRE voting machines
396:in Indian Elections
358:DRE voting machines
31:Election technology
2362:2011-07-28 at the
2334:2018-10-17 at the
2323:2018-10-16 at the
2254:2009-02-26 at the
2038:Michael Ian Shamos
2022:Michael Ian Shamos
1885:. 25 October 2022.
1869:The Economic Times
1849:The Times of India
1757:"Patents & IP"
1614:The Economic Times
1595:The Times of India
1575:The Times of India
1477:The Times of India
1457:The Times of India
1437:The Times of India
1217:catalog.sos.ri.gov
1087:www.thenews.com.pk
971:DRE voting machine
834:voter intimidation
662:voter intimidation
606:
594:
566:Brad Raffensperger
402:Charles W. Lippitt
398:
153:Acceptance testing
74:Provisional ballot
54:DRE voting machine
2316:Warren, Stewart.
1852:. 12 August 2018.
1413:. DNA. 2014-04-27
976:Electronic Voting
627:security features
408:direct-recording
313:electronic voting
294:
293:
168:Usability testing
59:Electronic voting
2434:
2339:
2338:. June 21, 2006.
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2105:, archived from
2100:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2056:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1759:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1512:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1494:. Archived from
1488:
1482:
1481:
1480:. 17 April 2014.
1468:
1462:
1461:
1460:. 28 April 2014.
1448:
1442:
1441:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1320:. Archived from
1314:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1007:
891:thermal printers
619:manually counted
547:general election
332:recording medium
286:
279:
272:
19:
18:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2417:Electoral fraud
2407:
2406:
2397:Verified Voting
2393:
2364:Wayback Machine
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2336:Wayback Machine
2325:Wayback Machine
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2256:Wayback Machine
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2112:on 5 March 2016
2109:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2057:
2044:
2040:October 5, 2005
2032:
2028:
2024:October 5, 2005
2016:
2012:
2008:October 2, 2003
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1861:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1794:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1610:"What is VVPAT"
1608:
1607:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:on May 3, 2014.
1490:
1489:
1485:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:. 7 April 2014.
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1388:. 2 April 2014.
1384:
1383:
1379:
1374:. 4 April 2014.
1366:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1193:Verified Voting
1187:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1059:Schneier, Bruce
1056:
1052:
1040:
1034:See page 3 of:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
952:
923:
921:Legal questions
903:
879:
866:
853:
821:
793:
781:ballot stuffing
773:
763:used in public
735:
733:Common problems
730:
582:
528:
492:Chennai Central
488:Bangalore South
445:Rebecca Mercuri
386:
366:electoral fraud
329:electronic-only
290:
207:Related aspects
194:Dominion Voting
189:Hart InterCivic
44:Absentee ballot
17:
12:
11:
5:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2372:
2367:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:External links
2344:
2341:
2340:
2309:
2300:
2272:
2241:
2214:
2184:
2147:
2122:
2084:
2042:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1983:
1952:
1924:
1902:
1888:
1874:
1855:
1835:
1832:. 20 May 2016.
1817:
1792:
1773:
1747:
1723:
1683:
1659:
1619:
1601:
1598:. 20 May 2019.
1581:
1561:
1544:
1519:
1501:
1483:
1463:
1443:
1423:
1402:
1391:
1377:
1359:
1341:
1327:
1324:on 2014-01-03.
1309:
1291:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1241:
1228:
1204:
1180:
1156:
1131:
1098:
1074:
1050:
1027:
1001:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
991:Voting machine
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
951:
948:
922:
919:
902:
901:Implementation
899:
883:Michael Shamos
878:
875:
865:
862:
852:
849:
820:
817:
792:
789:
772:
769:
756:
755:
752:
749:
742:
734:
731:
729:
726:
654:
653:
649:
646:witness system
642:
630:
623:
581:
578:
527:
524:
449:Mercuri method
414:Horatio Rogers
410:voting machine
385:
382:
370:Bruce Schneier
321:election fraud
292:
291:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
209:
208:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
178:
177:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
147:
146:
142:
141:
140:
139:
130:
125:
119:Precinct count
116:
111:
99:
98:
94:
93:
92:
91:
86:
81:
79:Voting machine
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2439:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2006:David L. Dill
2003:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1763:on 2008-05-03
1762:
1758:
1751:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1702:September 17,
1697:
1693:
1687:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1638:September 17,
1633:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1278:IEEE Spectrum
1273:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
947:
945:
944:direct record
939:
937:
932:
928:
918:
916:
915:voting system
911:
909:
908:voting system
898:
896:
895:thermal paper
892:
887:
884:
874:
871:
864:Accessibility
861:
858:
851:Effectiveness
848:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
825:
816:
814:
809:
806:
802:
797:
788:
784:
782:
777:
768:
766:
762:
753:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
694:
689:
685:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:secret ballot
650:
647:
643:
640:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
610:
609:
603:
598:
591:
586:
577:
575:
569:
567:
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
390:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
330:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
176:Manufacturers
175:
174:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:Residual vote
131:
129:
126:
124:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
106:
105:Central count
103:
102:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
41:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2375:
2318:VoteTrustUSA
2312:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2275:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2227:
2217:
2206:, retrieved
2194:
2187:
2176:, retrieved
2169:the original
2157:Final Report
2156:
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2125:
2114:, retrieved
2107:the original
2094:
2087:
2076:, retrieved
2064:
2036:, Professor
2029:
2020:, Professor
2013:
1997:
1986:
1976:December 22,
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1934:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1905:
1891:
1877:
1868:
1858:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1676:, retrieved
1674:, 2024-09-02
1671:
1662:
1636:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1593:
1584:
1573:
1564:
1547:
1536:. Retrieved
1534:. 2013-11-24
1531:
1522:
1514:the original
1504:
1496:the original
1486:
1475:
1466:
1455:
1446:
1435:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1405:
1394:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1330:
1322:the original
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1244:
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1169:www.idea.int
1168:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1145:INQUIRER.net
1144:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1112:The Guardian
1111:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1017:. 2022-07-10
1014:
1005:
940:
931:Election Day
924:
912:
904:
888:
880:
867:
856:
854:
838:
830:vote selling
826:
822:
810:
801:poll-workers
798:
794:
785:
778:
774:
757:
745:
736:
698:
690:
686:
674:
666:vote selling
655:
607:
570:
555:
544:
529:
469:
453:
442:
430:
421:
399:
378:
351:
340:
326:
316:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
136:
122:
108:
83:
2385:David Chaum
2060:Selker, Ted
877:Reliability
841:Jim Cropcho
813:punch cards
580:Application
504:Patna Sahib
484:Gandhinagar
336:proprietary
97:Terminology
2411:Categories
2294:2007-02-03
2260:109th Cong
2141:2007-02-04
1811:2011-08-17
1806:Wired News
1767:2008-06-21
1741:2024-09-17
1678:2024-09-15
1538:2013-12-09
1417:2014-04-27
1222:2024-09-15
1198:2024-09-15
1189:"Verifier"
1174:2024-09-15
1150:2024-09-15
1125:2024-09-15
1092:2024-09-15
1068:2006-12-22
1021:2022-12-09
997:References
693:Australian
675:Professor
559:phone call
434:ballot box
199:Smartmatic
36:Technology
2234:17 August
2228:CNET News
2208:17 August
2178:17 August
2116:17 August
2078:17 August
1830:The Hindu
1785:Avi Rubin
1672:Knowledge
1532:The Hindu
1372:The Hindu
1120:0261-3077
1045:J Halderm
1015:Governing
956:Totaliser
839:In 2007,
765:elections
677:Avi Rubin
634:encrypted
551:Joe Biden
406:McTammany
128:Undervote
2360:Archived
2351:Research
2332:Archived
2321:Archived
2252:Archived
1712:cite web
1648:cite web
950:See also
857:required
828:lead to
771:Security
622:pending.
602:ES&S
496:Jadavpur
137:drop-off
114:Overvote
24:a series
22:Part of
1945:June 3,
1917:June 3,
819:Privacy
508:Mizoram
480:Lucknow
460:Sequoia
428:today.
416:of the
384:History
362:recount
145:Testing
2381:mirror
2230:. CNET
1118:
500:Raipur
464:Nevada
456:Avante
347:ballot
315:system
2383:) by
2285:(PDF)
2199:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
2110:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
1959:See:
1939:(PDF)
1556:(PDF)
1041:(PDF)
561:with
438:audit
303:) or
301:VVPAT
226:NVLAP
222:(ITA)
2236:2011
2210:2011
2203:NIST
2180:2011
2118:2011
2080:2011
2073:NIST
1978:2006
1947:2019
1919:2019
1789:blog
1718:link
1704:2024
1654:link
1640:2024
1116:ISSN
832:and
722:EVMs
718:EVMs
664:and
538:and
506:and
231:VVSG
123:PCOS
109:CCOS
49:Chad
1787:'s
805:DRE
709:EVM
703:in
600:An
352:In
309:VPR
135:or
121:or
107:or
2413::
2327:.
2287:.
2258:,
2226:.
2201:,
2163:,
2134:.
2045:^
2004:,
1964:.
1867:.
1846:.
1828:.
1804:.
1734:.
1714:}}
1710:{{
1694:.
1670:,
1650:}}
1646:{{
1630:.
1612:.
1592:.
1572:.
1530:.
1474:.
1454:.
1434:.
1370:.
1352:.
1302:.
1215:.
1191:.
1167:.
1143:.
1114:.
1110:.
1085:.
1043:.
1013:.
910:.
836:.
815:.
746:do
724:.
588:A
542:.
522:.
502:,
498:,
494:,
490:,
486:,
482:,
422:if
26:on
2379:(
2297:.
2270:.
2238:.
2144:.
1980:.
1949:.
1921:.
1899:.
1871:.
1814:.
1770:.
1744:.
1720:)
1706:.
1656:)
1642:.
1616:.
1578:.
1558:.
1541:.
1420:.
1338:.
1225:.
1201:.
1177:.
1153:.
1128:.
1095:.
1071:.
1047:.
1024:.
641:.
317:.
307:(
299:(
285:e
278:t
271:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.