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275:) were buildings by the various Greek city-states to hold their own votive offerings in money and precious metal. The sites also contained large quantities of votive sculptures, although these were clearly intended to glorify each city in view of its rivals as well as to give thanks to the gods. Votive offerings were also used as atonement for sins committed against a god or goddess. The offerings were in certain cases created by a separate person due to the gifter having an injury or other circumstances, which was allowed.
51:
79:
417:, where 130 examples are recorded, and at Uley, where over 140 examples are visible. The use of the curse-tablet in seeking restoration of stolen property is strong evidence of invoking divine power through a non-traditional religious ceremony, often involving some form of water-deposition. The usual form of divine invocation was through prayer, sacrifice and altar dedication so access to this information provides useful insights into Roman provincial culture.
20:
328:
archaeologists can interpret that, of the early dedicators, there were very few in number and that most, if not all, were from the upper classes. One piece of pottery was found that may have had measurement signs on it. This would indicate an everyday literacy among the
Spartans if this is true. Unfortunately, scholars have not recovered any other piece of pottery with a similar inscription to support that single find.
894:. Votive tablets served both as meritorious offerings and as souvenirs. Most were made of clay, while a more rare and expensive tablet was made from metal. Historically, votive tablets can be found in Asian Buddhist lands, from Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. In Thailand, votive tablets are known as
226:. Often all the objects in a ritual hoard are broken, possibly 'killing' the objects to put them even further beyond utilitarian use before deposition. The purposeful discarding of valuable items such as swords and spearheads is thought to have had ritual overtones. The items have since been discovered in rivers, lakes and present or former
551:
430:
environments. However, many seabeds have been disturbed, rivers and streams have been stretched out or re-routed in the landscape, and many wetlands have been fully or partially drained or landfilled for various reasons in the last 100–200 years. Therefore, many remaining objects are in danger of
452:
makes provision for "free-will offerings" which may be made by any individual. These are different from votive offerings which are linked to a vow. cf
Leviticus 22.23 where the Hebrew root letters for a freewill offering are × ×“×‘ (nadab), but for a votive offering are × ×“×¨ (nadar). In this verse a
327:
Archaeologists have recovered some votive offerings in ancient Sparta from the 5th century BC. These votive offerings give evidence to the presence of literacy in
Spartan culture. Placing greater emphasis on inscriptions which seem to have been made by the individual making the offering,
125:
While some offerings were apparently made in anticipation of the achievement of a particular wish, in
Western cultures from which documentary evidence survives it was more typical to wait until the wish had been fulfilled before making the offering, for which the more specific term
425:
Many unrecovered ancient votive offerings are threatened in today's world, especially those submerged in wetlands or other bodies of water. Wetlands and other aquatic sites often protect and preserve materials for thousands of years, because of their natural occurring
439:
fishing boats, agricultural activities, peat cutting, groundwater extraction by water wells and establishments of larger infrastructural facilities like expressways, water treatment plants, and in some instances, large-scale nature re-establishment projects.
906:
387:
is a small sheet of tin or lead on which a message wishing misfortune upon someone else was inscribed. Usually found rolled up and deliberately deposited, there are five main reasons for dedicating a curse tablet:
141:
and other contemporary structures. Votive offerings have been described in historical Roman era and Greek sources, although similar acts continue into the present day—for example, in traditional
818:
are paralleled in other countries. In Italy, where more than 15,000 ex-voto paintings are thought to survive from before 1600, these began to appear in the 1490s, probably modelled on the small
890:
and contain text. These tablets are left in sacred
Buddhist sites by devotees as an offering during their pilgrimage. An example are Buddhist Tibetan votive tablets made for a pilgrimage to
836:
453:
clear differentiation is made between the two. See
Strongs numbers H5068 where the Hitpael is to volunteer, or make a free will offering and H5087 where the Qal is to vow a vow.
1301:
740:
is a late example of many churches which are themselves votive offerings, in this case built to give thanks for a narrow escape from assassination by
Emperor
814:
Especially in the Latin world, there is a tradition of votive paintings, typically depicting a dangerous incident which the offeror survived. The
298:
in base metal comes from these and other excavated deposits of offerings. Arms and armour, especially helmets, were also given after a victory.
936:
in India. Some of them date back to the 1st century. These slabs are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the
215:
symbols, coins, various treasures and animal statuettes (often dogs, oxen and in later periods horses) were common offerings in antiquity.
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made to God for deliverance, or a thing left to a Church in gratitude for some favor that was granted. Today, votives can be lit
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504:
The tradition of votive offerings has been carried into
Christianity in both the East and the West. The particular type of the
222:, whence they could not possibly have been recovered. In certain cases entire ships have been sacrificed, as in the Danish bog
736:, displays over 10,000, with a military specialization and including many military decorations given by their recipients. The
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1433:"An ayagapata or Jain homage tablet, with small figure of a tirthankara in the centre and inscription below, from Mathura"
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may be used. Other offerings were very likely regarded just as gifts to the deity, not linked to any particular need.
28:
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830:, typically painted on tin plates salvaged from packaging. Other examples may be large and grand paintings, such as
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Of those in
Britain the vast majority are of type 5. The two largest concentrations are from the sacred springs at
94:
Ancient greek votive relief. 400 BC. Asclepios is sitting on an omphalos between his wife Epione and a man clad in
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587:, he donated one of the crosses he carried in battle to the Church. This cross is reputed to be preserved on
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purposes. Such items are a feature of modern and ancient societies and are generally made to gain favor with
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706:, offered flowers, statues, vestments and monetary donations. Traditional special forms of votive offering
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was a prevalent practice in
Ancient India, an example of which can be observed in the ruins of the ancient
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and model ships donated by sailors who have survived a dangerous voyage. In the Spanish-speaking world a
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built the first temple he provided a number of furnishings above and beyond what had been commanded to
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restored. In thanksgiving, he had a silver replica of his hand fashioned and attached it to the icon (
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originated, suggesting that both have commonalities in rituals. A scholar on Jain art wrote about an
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by construction workers, peat diggers, metal-detectorists, members of the public and archaeologists.
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Donations, Inheritance and Property in the Nordic and Western World from Late Antiquity until Today
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The votive offerings were sacrificed and buried or more commonly cast into bodies of water or peat
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is one or more objects displayed or deposited, without the intention of recovery or use, in a
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928:. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like
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620:, he was falsely accused of treachery and his hand was cut off. Upon praying in front of an
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include small silver models of the afflicted part of the body, inscribed stone tablets,
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Orthodox Christians continue to make votive offerings to this day, often in the form of
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oxidation and eventual rapid deterioration. The leading causes of the disturbances are
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many small figurines, mostly of animals, were thrown onto the huge pile of ashes from
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567:); the third hand in silver is a votive offering in thanksgiving for a miracle. From
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255:'There would have been far more, if those who were not saved had set up offerings.'
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The Santa Heduwiges Retablo in my family (Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico)
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673:. In addition, many will leave something of personal value, such as jewelry, a
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Many Catholic churches still have areas where such offerings are displayed.
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discovered around Kankali Tila: "The technical name of such a tablet was
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can be considered an example of a votive practice with ancient roots.
1092:"The Glorious Heritage of Vikramshila University – Travel News India"
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1168:(2004). "Being Roman: Expressing Identity in a Provincial Setting".
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had a golden statue of his queen made and placed on the shrine of
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Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter
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When some one expressed astonishment at the votive offerings in
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Rønning, Ole-Albert; Sigh, Helle Møller; Vogt, Helle (2017).
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1469:"The 'topping out' traditions of the high-steel ironworkers"
882:, votive offerings usually take the form of a small clay or
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976:, stone tablets that were placed under trees to worship
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These stone tablets bear a resemblance to the earlier
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is a small metal offering, equivalent to the Orthodox
508:, originally Byzantine, was also adopted in the West.
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Object placed or left somewhere for religious purposes
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In Buddhism, votive offering such as construction of
1507:
Votive Offerings on the Catholic Encyclopedia (1917)
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which contains Buddhist votive tablets, 8th-century
1307:
1417:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJainFischer1978 (
657:, metal plaques symbolizing the subject of their
180:, votive deposits are known from as early as the
153:or fountain. The modern construction practice of
62:, set in a niche of a pillar in the sanctuary of
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1487:Agents of Faith: Votive Giving in Time and Place
278:Some Greek offerings, such as bronze tripods at
1313:
803:The song "O Wilhelme, pastor bone" composed by
305:, votive deposits have been recovered from the
46:of 1911; the man survived an attack by a bull.
58:Votive offering, 4th century BC, probably by
1136:. Chisester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–31.
583:'s conversion and subsequent victory at the
1496:. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell.pp. 1–31.
1412:
910:Ayagapatta, c. 1st century, excavated from
787:A diamond and a ruby, adorning the tomb of
698:, offerings were made either to fulfill a
1293:
1276:"Recording Miracles in Renaissance Italy"
1209:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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797:Numerous crutches, left in the grotto at
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1001:
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886:tablet bearing Buddhist images, usually
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549:
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482:also speaks of a huge golden grape vine
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54:Part of a female face with inlaid eyes,
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38:
18:
1461:. University of Wisconsin Press (1996).
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1384:
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840:, given in thanks for a naval victory.
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531:(votive offerings) left in front of an
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98:. New Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece.
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1480:Ex Voto: Votive Giving Across Cultures
490:before its destruction by the Romans.
86:, votive offerings, 8th–7th century BC
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640:" (The Three-handed) is preserved at
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848:The practice of votive offerings in
689:
171:
856:, continued after the Reformation.
199:such as armor and weaponry (mostly
13:
807:is a Votive Antiphon dedicated to
715:paintings of an incident of danger
335:were unearthed in 1737 on a local
14:
1550:
1500:
1117:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
777:A falcon in wax at the shrine of
145:and, arguably, in the modern-day
1300:An account of the shrine of the
924:slab associated with worship in
486:outside of the holy site of the
374:
313:(dated to 1600–1200 BC) and the
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1406:
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1243:"Home - Wetlands International"
734:Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris
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191:, reaching a peak in the late
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82:Bronze animal statuettes from
1:
1539:Archaeological artefact types
1451:
1119:, Book VI, Chapter 2, 59, on
1171:Journal of Roman Archaeology
598:votive offerings is that by
585:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
571:monastery, 8th–14th century.
7:
997:
859:
747:Medieval examples include:
341:Province of Pesaro e Urbino
294:. Much of our knowledge of
211:and arrows), fertility and
10:
1555:
1148:"History of Pesaro, Italy"
901:
816:votive paintings of Mexico
719:votive paintings of Mexico
661:. Other offerings include
636:). This icon, now called "
609:, while he was serving as
515:
497:
443:
420:
1394:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1184:10.1017/S104775940000814X
742:Franz Joseph I of Austria
290:at the altar outside the
147:practice of tossing coins
1364:"The world of senjafuda"
1340:"Buddhist Votive Tablet"
1318:. Taylor & Francis.
1077:
23:Votive paintings in the
1413:Jain & Fischer 1978
1121:Perseus Digital Library
994:meaning homage panel."
755:, such as those in the
681:as a sign of devotion.
594:One of the most famous
333:Votive Stones of Pesaro
44:Mexican votive painting
1494:Ancient Greek Religion
1492:Mikalson, Jon (2009).
1485:Weinryb, Ittai (ed.),
1478:Weinryb, Ittai (ed.).
1344:The Walters Art Museum
1247:Wetlands International
1134:Ancient Greek Religion
1132:Mikalson, Jon (2009).
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875:
826:. These are a form of
763:Iron Crown of Lombardy
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561:, "The Three-handed" (
547:
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139:Vikramshila University
99:
87:
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1288:(Suppl 11): 191–212.
1005:
909:
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757:Treasure of Guarrazar
738:Votive Church, Vienna
696:Roman Catholic Church
581:Constantine the Great
553:
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498:Further information:
261:Treasuries at Olympia
243:
93:
81:
53:
42:
22:
1295:10.1093/pastj/gtw026
1274:Laven, Mary (2016).
1205:Warrior, V. (2006).
1152:www.italythisway.com
768:Henry III of England
685:Western Christianity
512:Eastern Christianity
1115:Diogenes Laërtius,
1024:Devotional articles
896:Thai Buddha amulets
679:military decoration
488:Temple in Jerusalem
406:– Erotic Ambition,
1517:2011-02-08 at the
1459:The Walled-up Wife
1281:Past & Present
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957:A large number of
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634:see image at right
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235:Diogenes of Sinope
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88:
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37:
35:, Bavaria, Germany
1435:. British Library
1302:Madonna dell’Arco
1232:World Archaeology
1096:Travel News India
850:Lutheran Churches
789:St. Thomas Becket
690:Roman Catholicism
470:Temple of Solomon
296:ancient Greek art
288:animal sacrifices
273:Siphnian Treasury
269:Athenian Treasury
239:Diogenes Laërtius
172:Ancient offerings
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1489:(New York, 2018)
1482:(New York, 2016)
1473:Western Folklore
1465:John V. Robinson
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480:Rabbinic Judaism
184:, with polished
143:Catholic culture
72:Acropolis Museum
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398:– Competition,
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331:The 13 Ancient
324:(850–1550 AD).
267:(including the
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29:Chapel of Grace
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292:Temple of Zeus
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195:. High status
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318:Sacred Cenote
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1427:
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1371:. Retrieved
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1304:near Naples.
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1098:. 2017-02-14
1095:
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1061:Sin offering
1051:Ralaghan Man
1036:Fire worship
1028:
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717:such as the
693:
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593:
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557:icon of the
526:
506:votive crown
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494:Christianity
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381:curse tablet
380:
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339:farm in the
330:
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322:Chichen Itza
300:
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233:A saying by
232:
217:
175:
159:
151:wishing well
132:
124:
120:supernatural
107:
103:
101:
1392:"Ayagapata"
1373:24 November
1071:Votive site
1041:Grave goods
963:tirthankara
945:dharmacakra
844:Lutheranism
824:altarpieces
646:Mount Athos
638:TrojeruÄŤica
589:Mount Athos
564:TrojeruÄŤica
466:Mount Sinai
415:Aquae Sulis
303:Mesoamerica
162:archaeology
155:topping out
1528:Categories
1452:References
1349:2020-02-02
1102:2017-02-24
974:Shilapatas
888:Buddharupa
884:terracotta
793:Canterbury
772:St. Edward
618:Al-Walid I
357:MAT-MATVTA
349:Roman gods
247:Samothrace
224:Nydam Mose
193:Bronze Age
114:place for
25:ambulatory
1192:160115205
1056:Senjafuda
1011:Lithuania
992:Ayagapata
988:Ayagapata
959:ayagapata
918:Ayagapata
744:in 1853.
667:prosphora
626:Theotokos
607:tradition
559:Theotokos
428:anaerobic
402:– Trade,
311:El Manati
197:artifacts
182:Neolithic
116:religious
64:Asclepios
33:Altötting
1515:Archived
1467:(2001).
1439:18 April
1398:18 April
1178:: 5–25.
1019:Anathema
998:See also
951:triratna
892:Bodhgaya
880:Buddhism
860:Buddhism
828:folk art
820:predella
783:Edward I
751:Several
712:folk art
708:ex votos
642:Hilandar
596:Orthodox
579:, after
569:Hilandar
484:artifact
433:dredging
410:– Theft
351:such as
309:site of
251:Diogenes
228:wetlands
122:forces.
96:himation
74:, Athens
1264:iii. 8.
1030:Favissa
984:Jainism
979:Yakshas
967:Mathura
934:Mathura
926:Jainism
902:Jainism
869:Stupika
799:Lourdes
723:milagro
694:In the
671:incense
663:candles
659:prayers
624:of the
535:of the
500:Ex-voto
458:Solomon
444:Judaism
421:Threats
385:defixio
284:Olympia
249:, his (
201:shields
149:into a
128:ex-voto
84:Olympia
60:Praxias
27:of the
1322:
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922:votive
832:Titian
727:tamata
654:tamata
615:Caliph
611:Vizier
541:Chania
528:Tamata
353:APOLLO
337:Pesaro
280:Delphi
265:Delphi
209:spears
205:swords
189:hoards
178:Europe
166:hoards
135:stupas
112:sacred
68:Athens
1261:Midot
1188:S2CID
1078:Notes
1046:Pinax
939:stupa
932:near
600:Saint
545:Crete
468:(see
462:Moses
456:When
450:Torah
361:SALVS
345:Italy
307:Olmec
31:, in
1441:2012
1419:help
1400:2012
1375:2022
1320:ISBN
1211:ISBN
948:and
873:Bali
622:icon
533:icon
448:The
369:Juno
365:FIDE
315:Maya
271:and
263:and
259:The
220:bogs
213:cult
1290:doi
1286:230
1180:doi
878:In
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781:by
700:vow
677:or
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186:axe
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