219:
502:
38:
336:, there is no expectation that an English-speaker would nasalize the vowels to the same extent as French-speakers or Portuguese-speakers. Likewise, pronunciation keys in English dictionaries do not always indicate nasalization of French or Portuguese loanwords.
1251:
Carignan, Christopher et al. 2010. Lingual response to vowel nasalization. Conference on
Phonetic Universals, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, October 2010
271:
to decide whether or not the nasality is of linguistic importance. In French, for instance, nasal vowels are distinct from oral vowels, and words can differ by the vowel quality. The words
220:
359:; phonemically distinctive nasalization tends to lower the vowel. According to a different assessment, high vowels do tend to be lowered, but low vowels tend to be raised instead.
488:
period, the realization of the nasal consonant became variable, as VN > Ṽ(N). As the language evolves into its modern form, the consonant is no longer realized, as ṼN > Ṽ.
1363:
Hajek, John & Maeda, Shinji. (2000). Investigating
Universals of Sound Change: the Effect of Vowel Height and Duration on the Development of Distinctive Nasalization.
418:. The notation of Terry and Webb will be used below, where V, N, and Ṽ (with a tilde above) represent oral vowel, nasal consonant, and nasal vowel, respectively.
256:
and are therefore technically nasal, but few speakers would notice. That is the case in
English: vowels preceding nasal consonants are nasalized, but there is no
1377:
Michaud, A., Jacques, G., & Rankin, R. L. (2012). Historical transfer of nasality between consonantal onset and vowel: from C to V or from V to C?
382:, contrast lightly nasalized and heavily nasalized vowels. They may be contrasted in print by doubling the IPA diacritic for nasalization: ⟨
362:
In most languages, vowels of all heights are nasalized indiscriminately, but preference occurs in some languages, such as for high vowels in
1289:
Terry, Kristen
Kennedy & Webb, Eric Russell. (2011). Modeling the emergence of a typological anomaly: Vowel nasalization in French. In
789:. There is no orthographic way to denote the nasalization, but it is systematically taught as part of the essential rules of
102:
1250:
74:
17:
549:
121:
531:
1356:
de
Medeiros, Beatriz Raposo. (2011). Nasal Coda and Vowel Nasality in Brazilian Portuguese. In S. M. Alvord (Ed.),
81:
1111:
601:
527:
59:
88:
523:
414:
Rodney
Sampson described a three-stage historical account, explaining the origin of nasal vowels in modern
55:
901:
399:
395:
387:
383:
322:
315:
290:
282:
275:
143:
70:
637:
348:
1314:"Vowel nasalisation in Scottish Gaelic: No evidence for incomplete neutralisation in initial mutation"
512:
481:
253:
871:
516:
402:⟩. (The ogonek is sometimes used in an otherwise IPA transcription to avoid conflict with
48:
986:
951:
786:
1406:
629:
260:
distinction between nasal and oral vowels, and all vowels are considered phonemically oral.
608:
over the symbol for the vowel. The same practice can be found in
Portuguese marking with a
1031:
8:
1116:
1101:
936:
304:
95:
1358:
Selected
Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology
1335:
1066:
1036:
1011:
981:
723:
696:
379:
735:
665:
244:
are vowels under the influence of neighbouring sounds. For instance, the of the word
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1141:
1131:
976:
961:
926:
876:
846:
836:
831:
669:
363:
1086:
248:
is affected by the following nasal consonant. In most languages, vowels adjacent to
1370:
Jeong, Sunwoo. (2012). Directional asymmetry in nasalization: Aperceptual account.
1325:
1161:
1151:
1106:
1071:
1021:
1016:
991:
921:
881:
866:
861:
841:
826:
782:
734:
etc., is indicated by placing the nasal vowel, a dotless form of the Arabic letter
727:
625:
582:
578:
1401:
1302:
Nasalization is weak in Indian
Bengali, and mostly absent in Bangladeshi Bengali)
1261:
Hajek, John. (2013). Vowel
Nasalization. In M. Dryer & M. Haspelmath (eds.),
1176:
1146:
1126:
1121:
1096:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1026:
1001:
956:
906:
891:
886:
856:
771:
692:
649:
645:
590:
586:
415:
352:
249:
212:
1330:
1313:
1081:
1006:
941:
931:
1395:
1171:
1166:
996:
971:
916:
911:
731:
567:
485:
367:
252:
are produced partially or fully with a lowered velum in a natural process of
1189:
1136:
1091:
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775:
708:
673:
563:
344:
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235:
227:
1199:
1156:
966:
208:
200:
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1204:
704:
477:
298:
204:
151:
804:
1076:
896:
796:
767:
653:
597:
403:
308:
501:
356:
37:
719:
715:
329:
1240:
Phonological and phonetic effects of nasalization on vowel height
946:
641:
390:⟩. Bickford & Floyd (2006) combine the tilde with the
264:
257:
707:
nasalization in a consonant cluster following the vowel) or the
289:
that contrasts primarily the vowel nasalization even though the
1266:
791:
657:
391:
800:
29:
Pronunciation of a vowel through the nose as well as the mouth
1365:
Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the lexicon
1194:
609:
605:
311:, which contrast with their oral counterparts, like the pair
196:
799:. Nasalization occurs in recitation, usually when a final
1229:(6th ed., pp. 320–321). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
636:) in the standardized orthographies of most varieties of
263:
Some languages contrast oral vowels and nasalized vowels
1278:
Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns
1291:
Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 37
624:). While the tilde is also used for this purpose in
203:(or velum) so that the air flow escapes through the
821:The following languages use phonemic nasal vowels:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1372:Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology, 18
1393:
774:, nasalization is represented with the standard
422:Historical development of French nasal vowels
1263:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
808:
711:(◌ँ) diacritic (and its regional variants).
339:
530:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
759:
751:
739:
480:period, vowels become nasalized under the
1329:
1227:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
550:Learn how and when to remove this message
373:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1311:
577:, as is the case in French, Portuguese,
566:may indicate nasal vowels by a trailing
199:that is produced with a lowering of the
656:use a hook under the letter, called an
14:
1394:
718:-based Arabic scripts of languages in
628:, phonemic nasality is indicated by a
596:In other cases, they are indicated by
1280:(p. 203). Cambridge University Press.
616:) and for words ending in /ɐ̃/ (e.g.
758:, always occurring word finally, or
528:adding citations to reliable sources
495:
332:into English with nasal vowels like
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
809:
24:
1350:
1312:Morrison, Donald Alasdair (2021).
1225:Crystal, David. (2008). Nasal. In
785:but not in contemporary speech or
25:
1418:
1386:Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance
746:) or the letter marked with the
604:, nasal vowels are denoted by a
500:
36:
1265:. Retrieved 30 March 2019 from
1112:San Andres y Providencia Creole
602:International Phonetic Alphabet
581:(central classic orthography),
47:needs additional citations for
1305:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1255:
1244:
1232:
1219:
703:(◌ं), homophonically used for
491:
13:
1:
1212:
1022:Louisiana Creole (Kouri-Vini)
455:
446:
438:
816:
766:in the medial form, called "
355:tends to cause a raising of
7:
1276:Blevins, Juliette. (2004).
1183:
699:mark nasalization with the
10:
1423:
1388:. Oxford University Press.
1331:10.1007/s11525-020-09347-5
781:Nasalized vowels occur in
328:Although there are French
211:simultaneously, as in the
1384:Sampson, Rodney. (1999).
760:
752:
740:
409:
378:A few languages, such as
340:Influence on vowel height
178:
165:
160:
150:
141:
136:
750:diacritic: respectively
484:, as VN > ṼN. In the
267:. Linguists make use of
872:Central Plains Mandarin
562:Languages written with
482:regressive assimilation
952:Jamaican Maroon Creole
787:Modern Standard Arabic
374:Degree of nasalization
234:are produced without
1238:Beddor, P. S. 1983.
612:in diphthongs (e.g.
524:improve this section
398:⟩ vs ⟨
386:⟩ vs ⟨
56:improve this article
795:, used to read the
676:uses a superscript
423:
406:above the vowels.)
347:as a result of the
626:Paraguayan Guaraní
421:
380:Palantla Chinantec
366:and low vowels in
18:Vowel nasalisation
1367:(pp. 52–69).
1360:(pp. 33–45).
1142:Taiwanese Hokkien
977:Jiaoliao Mandarin
803:is followed by a
670:Taiwanese Hokkien
560:
559:
552:
474:
473:
297:is slightly more
189:
188:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
1414:
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1268:
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987:Kelantan-Pattani
902:Franco-Provençal
812:
811:
783:Classical Arabic
765:
764:
763:
757:
756:
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745:
744:
743:
714:Nasalization in
668:romanization of
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460:
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451:
448:
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440:
424:
420:
401:
397:
389:
385:
324:
317:
292:
284:
278:"beautiful" and
277:
250:nasal consonants
242:Nasalized vowels
225:
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21:
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1379:Diachronica, 29
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1351:Further reading
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1122:Scottish Gaelic
1047:Munda languages
1027:Mande languages
957:Jamaican Patois
892:Dutch Low Saxon
887:Church Slavonic
819:
761:
753:
741:
697:Indic languages
693:Brahmic scripts
556:
545:
539:
536:
521:
505:
494:
458:
449:
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412:
404:tone diacritics
376:
353:nasal consonant
342:
230:. By contrast,
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142:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
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30:
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1345:
1324:(2): 121–146.
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989:
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932:Haitian Creole
929:
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919:
914:
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904:
899:
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889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
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829:
823:
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815:
695:used for most
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3:
2:
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1400:
1399:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1381:(2), 201–230.
1380:
1376:
1374:(3), 437–469.
1373:
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1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1341:
1337:
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1327:
1323:
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1293:(1), 155–169.
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1168:
1167:Xiang Chinese
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983:
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975:
973:
972:Jilu Mandarin
970:
968:
965:
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960:
958:
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953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
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938:
935:
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928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:Gheg Albanian
915:
913:
912:Gbe languages
910:
908:
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903:
900:
898:
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529:
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519:
518:
514:
509:This section
507:
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498:
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489:
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486:Middle French
483:
479:
470:
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465:
464:
454:
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371:
369:
365:
360:
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354:
350:
346:
337:
335:
331:
326:
321:
314:
310:
307:allows nasal
306:
302:
300:
296:
288:
285:"good" are a
281:
274:
270:
269:minimal pairs
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
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206:
202:
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194:
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126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
71:"Nasal vowel"
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
27:
19:
1407:Nasalization
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1190:Nasalization
1137:Sranan Tongo
1092:Pahang Malay
852:Belize Kriol
820:
790:
780:
747:
713:
690:
685:
681:
677:
661:
638:Tupí-Guaraní
633:
621:
617:
613:
595:
574:
570:
564:Latin script
561:
546:
537:
522:Please help
510:
475:
413:
377:
361:
357:vowel height
349:assimilation
345:Nasalization
343:
333:
327:
319:
312:
303:
294:
287:minimal pair
279:
272:
265:phonemically
262:
254:assimilation
245:
241:
240:
236:nasalization
231:
215:vowel /ɑ̃/ (
192:
190:
118:
112:October 2021
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
26:
1200:front vowel
967:Jin Chinese
492:Orthography
459: 17th
450: 14th
442: 13th
232:oral vowels
201:soft palate
193:nasal vowel
1396:Categories
1318:Morphology
1213:References
1205:back vowel
1152:Terengganu
1117:Saramaccan
1102:Portuguese
937:Hindustani
776:nun letter
768:nūn ghunna
722:, such as
705:homorganic
666:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
640:spoken in
598:diacritics
478:Old French
394:: ⟨
318:"bad" and
309:diphthongs
305:Portuguese
173:̃
152:IPA Number
82:newspapers
1340:213501945
1172:Yélî Dnye
1077:Old Norse
1067:Nheengatu
1037:Mirandese
982:Kashubian
897:Elfdalian
817:Languages
709:anunāsika
654:Elfdalian
630:diaeresis
600:. In the
540:July 2024
511:does not
334:croissant
330:loanwords
168:(decimal)
1184:See also
1132:Silesian
1032:Maxakalí
1012:Lechitic
962:Japanese
927:Gujarati
877:Cherokee
847:Bavarian
837:Assamese
832:Acehnese
748:maghnūna
720:Pakistan
716:Nastaliq
701:anusvāra
688:, ...).
660:, as in
433:Stage 3
364:Chamorro
325:"hand".
323:/ˈmɐ̃w̃/
258:phonemic
207:and the
179:Unicode
161:Encoding
1162:Xavante
1107:Punjabi
1072:Occitan
1017:Lombard
992:Konkani
947:Hokkien
922:Guaraní
882:Choctaw
867:Burmese
862:Bengali
842:Balochi
827:Abenaki
728:Saraiki
724:Punjabi
642:Bolivia
579:Lombard
532:removed
517:sources
476:In the
466:vend ,
430:Stage 2
427:Stage 1
166:Entity
96:scholar
1402:Vowels
1338:
1177:Yoruba
1147:Telugu
1127:Seneca
1097:Polish
1062:Nepali
1057:Ndyuka
1052:Navajo
1042:Mohawk
1002:Lakota
907:French
857:Breton
797:Qur'an
792:tajwid
772:Sindhi
770:". In
664:. The
658:ogonek
652:, and
650:Navajo
646:Polish
591:Yoruba
589:, and
587:Breton
583:Bamana
568:silent
461:–18th
416:French
410:Origin
392:ogonek
316:/ˈmaw/
213:French
185:U+0303
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1336:S2CID
1195:Vowel
1087:Paicî
1082:Oriya
1007:Latin
942:Hmong
618:manhã
610:tilde
606:tilde
452:–16th
351:of a
293:from
283:/bɔ̃/
226:) or
209:mouth
197:vowel
195:is a
181:(hex)
137:Nasal
103:JSTOR
89:books
997:Krio
813:).
732:Urdu
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