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The island was bleak and inhospitable, and its terrain devoid of vegetation, although it had fresh water, and a relative abundance of seals and penguins to provide food and fuel for immediate survival. The rigours of an
Antarctic winter were fast approaching; the narrow shingle beach where they were camped was already being swept by almost continuous gales and blizzards, which destroyed one of the tents in their temporary camp, and knocked others flat. The pressures and hardships of the previous months were beginning to tell on the men, many of whom were in a run-down state both mentally and physically.
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395:. He offered the final place to the carpenter, McNish. "He was over fifty years of age", wrote Shackleton of McNish (he was in fact 41), "but he had a good knowledge of sailing boats and was very quick". Vincent and McNish had each proved their worth during the difficult boat journey from the ice to Elephant Island. They were both somewhat awkward characters, and their selection may have reflected Shackleton's wish to keep potential troublemakers under his personal charge rather than leaving them on the island where personal animosities could fester.
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352:(1 tonne) of ballast, to lessen the risk of capsizing in the high seas that Shackleton knew they would encounter. Worsley believed that too much extra ballast (formed from rocks, stones and shingle taken from the beach) was added, making the boat excessively heavy, giving an extremely uncomfortable 'stiff' motion and hampering the performance for sailing upwind or into the weather. However, he acknowledged that Shackleton's biggest concern was preventing the boat capsizing during the open-ocean crossing.
172:, the southernmost explored point of the Weddell Sea at 77° 49' S, where a shore party was to land and prepare for a transcontinental crossing of Antarctica. Before reaching its destination, the ship became trapped in pack ice, and by 14 February 1915 was held fast, despite prolonged efforts to free her. During the following eight months the crew stayed with the ship as she drifted northward in the ice until, on 27 October, she was crushed by the pack's pressure, finally sinking on 21 November.
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99:. They drifted northward until April 1916, when the floe on which they were camped broke up; they made their way in the ship's boats to Elephant Island. Shackleton decided to sail one of the boats with a small crew to South Georgia to seek help. It was not the closest human settlement but the only one that did not require them to sail into the prevailing westerlies.
530:, and finally, after several attempts, made their landing there. Shackleton was later to describe the boat journey as "one of supreme strife"; historian Caroline Alexander comments: "They could hardly have knownâor caredâthat in the carefully weighted judgement of authorities yet to come, the voyage of the
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Success depended on
Worsley's navigation, which was based on brief sightings of the sun as the boat pitched and rolled. The first observation was made after two days, and showed them to be 128 nautical miles (237 km; 147 mi) north of Elephant Island. The course was changed to head directly
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calculation by
Worsley on the next day, 6 May, suggested that they were now 115 nautical miles (213 km; 132 mi) from the western point of South Georgia. The strains of the past two weeks were by now taking their toll on the men. Shackleton observed that Vincent had collapsed and ceased to
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On 5 May the worst of the weather returned, and brought them close to disaster in the largest seas so far. Shackleton later wrote: "We felt our boat lifted and flung forward like a cork in breaking surf". The crew bailed frantically to keep afloat. Nevertheless, they were still moving towards their
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Elephant Island, on the eastern limits of the South
Shetland Islands, was remote from anywhere that the expedition had planned to go, and far beyond normal shipping routes. No relief ship would search for them there, and the likelihood of rescue from any other outside agency was equally negligible.
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After struggling to make headway over several days, they abandoned the march; the party established "Patience Camp" on a flat ice floe, and waited as the drift carried them further north, towards open water. They had managed to salvage the three boats, which
Shackleton had named after the principal
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As his 27-man crew set up camp on the slowly moving ice, Shackleton's focus shifted to how best to save his party. His first plan was to march across the ice to the nearest land, and try to reach a point that ships were known to visit. The march began, but progress was hampered by the nature of the
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As they approached the high cliffs of the coastline, heavy seas made immediate landing impossible. For more than 24 hours they were forced to stand clear, as the wind shifted to the north-west and quickly developed into "one of the worst hurricanes any of us had ever experienced". For much of
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would reach land on the uninhabited south-west coast. They would then try to work the boat round to the whaling stations on the northern side of the island. "Things were bad for us in those days", wrote
Shackleton. "The bright moments were those when we each received our one mug of hot milk during
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was taking on water in heavy seas and in danger of sinking, kept afloat by continuous bailing. The temperature fell sharply, and a new danger presented itself in the accumulations of frozen spray, which threatened to capsize the boat. In turns, they had to crawl out on to the pitching deck with an
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in 1910â13, where he had distinguished himself on the fatal polar march. Shackleton was confident that Crean would persevere to the bitter end, and had great faith in
Worsley's skills as a navigator, especially his ability to work out positions in difficult circumstances. Worsley later wrote: "We
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As the party recuperated, Shackleton realised that the boat was not capable of making a further voyage to reach the whaling stations, and that
Vincent and McNish were unfit to travel further. He decided to move the boat to a safer location within King Haakon Bay, from which point he, Worsley and
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Shackleton ordered
Worsley to set a course due north, instead of directly for South Georgia, to get clear of the menacing ice-fields that were beginning to form. By midnight they had left the immediate ice behind, but the sea swell was rising. At dawn the next day, they were 45 nautical miles
612:. They travelled continuously for 36 hours, before reaching Stromness. Shackleton's men were, in Worsley's words, "a terrible trio of scarecrows", dark with exposure, wind, frostbite and accumulated blubber soot. Later that evening, 19 May, a motor-vessel (the Norwegian whale catcher
258:, in conditions of rapidly approaching winter, but with the help of following winds it appeared feasible. Shackleton thought that "a boat party might make the voyage and be back with relief within a month, provided that the sea was clear of ice, and the boat survive the great seas".
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The boat was loaded with provisions to last six men one month; as
Shackleton later wrote, "if we did not make South Georgia in that time we were sure to go under". They took ration packs that had been intended for the transcontinental crossing, biscuits,
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On 7 May Worsley advised Shackleton that he could not be sure of their position within ten miles. To avoid the possibility of being swept past the island by the fierce south-westerly winds, Shackleton ordered a slight change of course so that the
522:, five miles from the coast. On 10 May, when the storm had eased slightly, Shackleton was concerned that the weaker members of his crew would not last another day, and decided that whatever the hazard they must attempt a landing. They headed for
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The next observation, on 29 April, showed that they had travelled 238 nautical miles (441 km; 274 mi). Thereafter, navigation became, in Worsley's words, "a merry jest of guesswork", as they encountered the worst of the weather. The
192:. The party waited until 8 April 1916, when they finally took to the boats as the ice started to break up. Over a perilous period of seven days they sailed and rowed through stormy seas and dangerous loose ice, to reach the temporary haven of
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The James Caird Society was established in 1994, to "preserve the memory, honour the remarkable feats of discovery in the Antarctic, and commend the outstanding qualities of leadership associated with the name of Sir Ernest Shackleton".
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The advent of the southern winter and adverse ice conditions meant that it was more than three months before Shackleton was able to achieve the relief of the men at Elephant Island. His first attempt was with the British ship
246:. However, reaching it would also involve a journey against the prevailing windsâthough in less open seasâwith ultimately no certainty when or if rescue would arrive. After discussions with the expedition's second-in-command,
712:, and underwent restoration. It was then displayed by the museum until 1985, when it was returned to Dulwich College and placed in a new location in the North Cloister, on a bed of stones gathered from South Georgia and
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crossed the island's mountains to a whaling station on the north side. Here they organised the relief of the three men left on the south side of the island and of the larger Elephant Island party. Ultimately, the entire
456:, until the wind dropped sufficiently for them to raise sail and proceed. Despite their travails, Worsley's third observation, on 4 May, put them only 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) from South Georgia.
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more seaworthy. Using improvised tools and materials, McNish built a makeshift deck of wood and canvas, sealing his work with oil paints, lamp wick and seal blood. The craft was strengthened by having the mast of the
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and wavesâthe notorious Cape Horn Rollersâmeasuring from trough to crest as much as 18 m (60 ft). Shackleton therefore selected the heaviest and strongest of the three boats, the 22.5-foot (6.9 m) long
608:). Early on 18 May Shackleton, Worsley and Crean began what would be the first confirmed land crossing of the South Georgia interior. Since they had no map, they had to improvise a route across mountain ranges and
443:, where giant waves sweep round the globe, unimpeded by any land. The movement of the boat made preparing hot food on the Primus nearly impossible, but Crean, who acted as cook, somehow kept the men fed.
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254:, Shackleton decided to attempt to reach the whaling stations of South Georgia, to the north-east. This would mean a longer boat journey of 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi) across the
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in London to Worsley's orders, designed on the "double-ended" tradition. Knowing that a heavily laden open sea voyage was now unavoidable, Shackleton had already asked the expedition's carpenter,
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was launched from Elephant Island on 24 April 1916. The wind was a moderate south-westerly, which aided a swift getaway, and the boat was quickly out of sight of the land.
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After surviving a series of dangers, including a near capsizing, the small crew and boat reached the southern coast of South Georgia after a 17-day voyage. Shackleton,
114:, strengthened and adapted the boat to withstand the seas of the Southern Ocean, sealing his makeshift wood and canvas deck with lamp wick, oil paint and seal blood.
622:. Worsley wrote that the Norwegian seamen at Stromness all "claimed the honour of helping to haul her up to the wharf", a gesture which he found "quite affecting".
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knew it would be the hardest thing we had ever undertaken, for the Antarctic winter had set in, and we were about to cross one of the worst seas in the world".
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234:, 570 nautical miles (1,100 km; 660 mi) away, but was made unreachable by the prevailing westerly winds. A better option was to head for
701:, who had financed this last expedition and was a former school friend of Shackleton's from Dulwich College, South London, decided to present the
1280:"Series 02: Slides of the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1917, including expedition members, general views and the Endurance"
1251:"Series 02: Slides of the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1917, including expedition members, general views and the Endurance"
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winds. Shackleton established an on-board routine: two three-man watches, with one man at the helm, another at the sails, and the third on
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In 1967, thanks to a pupil at Dulwich College, Howard Hope, who was dismayed at the state of the boat, it was given to the care of the
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this time they were in danger of being driven on to the rocky South Georgia shore, or of being wrecked on the equally menacing
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departed, and that should the journey fail, he was to attempt to take the party to Deception Island the following spring. The
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from South Georgia for the Weddell Sea, on the first stage of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. They were making for
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1567:, p. 571, states that Norwegian skiers had "probably" crossed at various points, but these journeys were not recorded.
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be an active member of the crew, McCarthy was "weak, but happy", McNish was weakening but still showing "grit and spirit".
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For the remaining places Shackleton requested volunteers, and of the many who came forward he chose two strong sailors in
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by 8â10 inches (20â25 cm). Now in the primitive camp on Elephant Island, McNish was again asked if he could make the
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ice's surface, later described by Shackleton as "soft, much broken up, open leads intersecting the floes at all angles".
110:, a Dundee philanthropist whose sponsorship had helped finance the expedition). Before its voyage, the ship's carpenter,
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Hurley captioned this photograph as the rescue party arriving at Elephant Island. However, Worsley captioned it as the
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which were known never to venture far from land. Shortly after noon on 8 May came the first sighting of South Georgia.
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near the head of the bay. Here the boat was beached and up-turned to provide a shelter. The location was christened "
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which had been broken up with this purpose in mind before the ship's final loss, McNish had raised the sides of the
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to the college. It remained there until 1967, although its display building was severely damaged by bombs in 1944.
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records indicated that this island held stores for shipwrecked mariners, and was also visited from time to time by
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was moved from South Georgia to England. Since 1922 it has been on regular display at Shackleton's alma mater,
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In these conditions, Shackleton decided to try to reach help, using one of the boats. The nearest port was
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798:, was built and purchased by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, and since 2008 has been on display at the
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834:. Using the same materials, clothing, food, and chronometer, Jarvis and the team sailed their replica
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s permanent home, although the boat is sometimes lent to major exhibitions and has taken part in the
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was started in June 2008 and was finished in 2010, and was officially launched on 18 March 2012 in
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Before leaving, Shackleton instructed Frank Wild that he was to assume full command as soon as the
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for his third attempt, but the ship's engine blew. Then, finally, with the aid of the steam-tug
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axe and chip away the ice from deck and rigging. For 48 hours they were stopped, held by a
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for South Georgia. They were clear of floating ice but had reached the dangerous seas of the
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1017:, pp. 120â143, Shackleton (p. 143) claimed it as the first landing ever on the island..
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and five others successfully recreated Shackleton's crossing of the Southern Ocean in the
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of 1914â1917. Many historians regard the voyage of the crew in a 22.5-foot (6.9 m)
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Bergman, Lars; Huxtable, George; Morris, Bradley R.; Stuart, Robin G. (December 2018).
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688:. On 5 January 1922, he died suddenly of a heart attack, while the expedition's ship
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was deemed the most likely to survive the journey (Shackleton had named it after Sir
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archived it under this same description and has a similar image showing the masted
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1929:"Explorer Tim Jarvis on climate change, cannibalism and revolting expedition food"
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crew returned home, without loss of life. After the First World War, in 1919, the
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871:. Author Caroline Alexander wrote that the original negative viewed at the
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630:. Then the government of Uruguay loaned him a ship. While searching on the
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would be ranked as one of the greatest boat journeys ever accomplished".
427:(83 km; 52 mi) from Elephant Island, sailing in heavy seas and
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from Elephant Island to South Georgia, just as Shackleton did in 1916.
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and five companions to obtain rescue for the main body of the stranded
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the long, bitter watches of the night". Late on the same day floating
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lashed inside, along the length of her keel. She was then fitted as a
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made a run of about 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) to a
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was returned to England in 1919. In 1921, Shackleton went back to
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On 5 December 1914, Shackleton's expedition traveled via the ship
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1877:"Shackleton legacy honoured with launch of centenary expedition"
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Crean would cross the island on foot, aiming for the station at
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Shackleton's first choices for the boat's crew were Worsley and
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831:
748:
357:
148:
16:
Small-boat journey by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
875:
has a hole intentionally scratched in the center to erase the
762:
510:
was spotted, and the next morning there were birds, including
2698:
1700:
1468:
1365:
1121:
1020:
467:
nearing South Georgia (from Shackleton's expedition account,
325:
295:
to modify the boats during the weeks the expedition spent at
1395:"Navigation of the James Caird on the Shackleton Expedition"
1158:
984:
972:
1737:
1583:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1392:
1330:
1191:
1049:
756:
1959:
The Endurance: Shackleton's legendary Antarctic expedition
960:
924:
1672:
1546:
1510:
1353:
1085:
1061:
345:
1522:
1493:
1306:
1294:
1073:
5240:
3903:
1775:
1456:
1444:
1420:
1318:
1146:
1037:
936:
407:
Elephant Island party waving goodbye to sailors on the
95:, leaving Shackleton and his 27 companions adrift on a
1717:
1715:
1603:"Exploring the explorer â Traces of Ernest Shackleton"
996:
948:
912:
900:
1844:"Team sets out to recreate Shackleton's epic journey"
1432:
1231:
1219:
1179:
1097:
78:" as the greatest small-boat journey ever completed.
46:
was a journey of 1,300 kilometres (800 mi) from
1607:
libraryblogs.is.ed.ac.uk/edinburghuniversityarchives
2036:
South: The story of Shackleton's 1914â17 expedition
1712:
648:, the entire party was brought to safety, reaching
1842:
1749:
278:The South Georgia boat party could expect to meet
1806:"The Carr Maritime Gallery, South Georgia Museum"
778:built a detailed copy of Shackleton's boatânamed
558:at the western (upper) end of the southerly side.
5828:
1882:. Shackleton Epic. 18 March 2012. Archived from
1757:"Eminent Old Alleynians: Sir Ernest Shackleton"
739:. It has travelled overseas to be exhibited in
5226:
2105:
566:Elephant Isle party being rescued by the tug
336:made by cutting down the mainmast from the
5233:
5219:
2112:
2098:
2030:
1975:
1901:
1706:
1678:
1552:
1540:
1516:
1487:
1380:
1359:
1213:
1140:
1091:
1067:
1031:
1014:
990:
978:
942:
930:
906:
1956:
1528:
1504:
1312:
1300:
1173:
1079:
1055:
786:was among the first exhibitions when the
5170:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1994:
1803:
1743:
1694:
1654:"Tom Crean, an Irish Antarctic explorer"
1589:
1577:
1564:
1462:
1450:
1426:
1347:
1324:
1197:
1152:
1115:
1043:
1002:
966:
954:
918:
761:
659:
561:
541:
483:
458:
402:
265:
203:
147:
22:
4745:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2066:
2052:
1815:. Huntingdon. p. 5. Archived from
1690:
1438:
1237:
1209:
1185:
1103:
841:
496:at the end of its voyage on 10 May 1916
274:to Elephant Island and to South Georgia
5829:
2016:
1926:
1225:
5214:
3889:
2131:
2119:
2093:
2059:Endurance: An Epic of Polar Adventure
1840:
5807:
1813:South Georgia Association Newsletter
398:
5847:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
5242:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4531:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2728:Norse colonization of North America
68:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
13:
4060:United States Exploring Expedition
2002:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
1927:Taylor, Andrew (24 October 2017).
826:. The construction of the replica
375:, 1901â04, and had also been with
199:
89:had sunk the main expedition ship
14:
5858:
5134:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
4502:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1759:. Dulwich College. Archived from
1629:"The voyage of the 'James Caird'"
879:and leave pictured the de-masted
5806:
5795:
5794:
5028:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4421:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1402:Records of the Canterbury Museum
1288:State Library of New South Wales
1259:State Library of New South Wales
865:State Library of New South Wales
537:
215:, April 1916, after the loss of
1980:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
1949:
1920:
1869:
1857:from the original on 7 May 2022
1841:Marks, Kathy (2 January 2013).
1834:
1797:
1646:
1621:
1595:
1570:
1386:
1272:
1243:
1203:
853:
794:was opened. A further replica,
774:In 2000, German polar explorer
261:
2062:. London: Butler & Tanner.
2038:. London: Century Publishing.
2026:. London: Butler & Tanner.
1543:, pp. 185â186 and p. 191.
652:in Chile on 3 September 1916.
1:
4407:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4342:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3890:
1917:. Retrieved on 9 August 2011.
1804:Davidson, Elsa (April 2009).
814:In 2013, Australian explorer
788:International Maritime Museum
694:was moored at South Georgia.
143:
4764:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4580:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
4386:French Antarctic Expeditions
4316:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4202:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2320:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
894:
846:
686:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
655:
299:. Using material taken from
7:
3849:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3528:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2393:Andrée's balloon expedition
716:. This site has become the
180:backers of the expedition:
10:
5863:
3050:Franklin's lost expedition
2750:Christian IV's expeditions
2132:
883:, which helped launch the
873:Royal Geographical Society
809:
5789:
5565:
5388:
5379:
5298:
5248:
4867:
4598:
4185:
3925:
3902:
3898:
3885:
3404:Great Northern Expedition
3298:
3080:RaeâRichardson expedition
2829:
2674:
2280:British Arctic Expedition
2172:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2072:Shackleton's Boat Journey
1933:The Sydney Morning Herald
1723:"The James Caird Society"
751:, Australia, Wellington (
570:, visible in the distance
287:. It had been built as a
4688:British Antarctic Survey
4682:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3927:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2074:. London: W. W. Norton.
710:National Maritime Museum
102:Of the three boats, the
5164:Pole of inaccessibility
4827:Antarctic Treaty System
3168:2nd Grinnell expedition
1976:Barczewski, S. (2007).
2023:Argonauts of the South
1961:. London: Bloomsbury.
1957:Alexander, C. (1998).
767:
766:Howard Hope on a visit
673:
571:
559:
497:
472:
412:
275:
219:
161:
52:South Shetland Islands
36:
4834:Transglobe Expedition
4733:Operation Deep Freeze
4142:Challenger expedition
3008:Coppermine expedition
2529:Drifting ice stations
1725:. James Caird Society
1658:tomcreandiscovery.com
1284:digital.sl.nsw.gov.au
1255:digital.sl.nsw.gov.au
765:
663:
565:
556:the large indentation
545:
526:near the entrance to
487:
462:
406:
381:Terra Nova Expedition
303:fourth boat, a small
280:hurricane-force winds
270:General route of the
269:
250:, and ship's captain
211:'s party arriving at
207:
151:
26:
5342:McDonald Ice Rumples
1633:shackletonlegacy.com
842:Notes and references
820:Alexandra Shackleton
800:South Georgia Museum
373:Discovery Expedition
62:, undertaken by Sir
5004:South magnetic pole
3670:Brusilov expedition
2779:Danish colonization
2217:North magnetic pole
1978:Antarctic Destinies
1913:19 May 2014 at the
1746:, pp. 689â690.
1709:, pp. 210â222.
1592:, pp. 597â598.
1490:, pp. 174â179.
1383:, pp. 107â109.
1350:, pp. 548â553.
1200:, pp. 401â402.
1176:, pp. 134â135.
1143:, pp. 157â162.
1034:, pp. 156â157.
993:, pp. 107â116.
981:, pp. 102â106.
969:, pp. 456â457.
822:, a replica of the
699:John Quiller Rowett
488:A depiction of the
5837:1916 in Antarctica
4695:Operation Windmill
4676:Operation Highjump
3651:Rusanov expedition
3556:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3300:North East Passage
3104:McClure expedition
1889:on 21 October 2013
1058:, pp. 130â32.
768:
755:) New Zealand and
674:
634:he found the ship
572:
560:
498:
473:
413:
340:, rigged to carry
276:
220:
162:
37:
31:from the shore of
5842:Exploration ships
5821:
5820:
5785:
5784:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
4662:Operation Tabarin
4524:Far Eastern Party
4370:Nimrod Expedition
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3440:M. Pronchishcheva
3362:Siberian Cossacks
2831:Northwest Passage
2164:Research stations
2121:Polar exploration
1785:. Dulwich College
1783:"The James Caird"
933:, pp. 29â34.
727:and in events at
605:David Copperfield
463:Depiction of the
399:Open-boat journey
81:In October 1915,
64:Ernest Shackleton
5854:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5802:
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5771:
5764:
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5750:
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5608:
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5594:
5587:
5580:
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5518:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5490:
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5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5289:
5282:
5272:
5262:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5212:
5211:
4709:Ronne Expedition
4194:
4188:
4052:Dumont d'Urville
3900:
3899:
3887:
3886:
3435:V. Pronchishchev
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2063:
2049:
2027:
2013:
1991:
1972:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1918:
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1018:
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988:
982:
976:
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964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
888:
857:
741:Washington, D.C.
725:London Boat Show
722:
697:Later that year
632:Falkland Islands
598:'s boat-home in
393:Timothy McCarthy
236:Deception Island
232:Falkland Islands
5862:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5827:
5826:
5824:
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5817:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5774:
5767:
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5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5561:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5335:King Haakon Bay
5333:
5328:Fortuna Glacier
5326:
5321:Elephant Island
5319:
5312:
5305:
5294:
5285:
5275:
5265:
5255:
5244:
5239:
5209:
5196:
4871:
4863:
4739:McMurdo Station
4608:Modern research
4606:
4594:
4329:O. Nordenskjöld
4192:
4186:
4181:
4097:Ross expedition
3921:
3894:
3873:
3302:
3294:
2835:Northern Canada
2833:
2825:
2678:
2670:
2176:
2168:
2136:
2123:
2118:
2088:
2082:
2046:
2010:
1988:
1969:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1915:Wayback Machine
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1850:The Independent
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1822:on 4 March 2016
1819:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1763:on 22 June 2013
1755:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1707:Shackleton 1985
1705:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1679:Shackleton 1985
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
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1635:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1553:Shackleton 1985
1551:
1547:
1541:Shackleton 1985
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1517:Shackleton 1985
1515:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1488:Shackleton 1985
1486:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1381:Barczewski 2007
1379:
1366:
1360:Shackleton 1985
1358:
1354:
1346:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1214:Barczewski 2007
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1141:Shackleton 1985
1139:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1092:Shackleton 1985
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1068:Shackleton 1985
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1032:Shackleton 1985
1030:
1021:
1015:Shackleton 1985
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
991:Shackleton 1985
989:
985:
979:Shackleton 1985
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
943:Shackleton 1985
941:
937:
931:Shackleton 1985
929:
925:
917:
913:
907:Shackleton 1985
905:
901:
897:
892:
891:
858:
854:
849:
844:
812:
796:James Caird III
720:
672:in south London
670:Dulwich College
668:, preserved at
658:
600:Charles Dickens
548:King Haakon Bay
546:South Georgia.
540:
528:King Haakon Bay
520:Annenkov Island
411:, 24 April 1916
401:
328:, with her own
264:
213:Elephant Island
202:
200:Elephant Island
194:Elephant Island
146:
138:Dulwich College
108:James Key Caird
76:Furious Fifties
48:Elephant Island
35:, 24 April 1916
33:Elephant Island
17:
12:
11:
5:
5860:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5803:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5573:
5571:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5500:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5356:Peggotty Bluff
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5277:Rescue by the
5273:
5267:Voyage of the
5263:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5156:Vostok Station
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5107:Cherry-Garrard
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4947:Southern Cross
4943:
4942:
4941:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4877:
4875:
4869:Farthest South
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4830:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4779:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4566:Ross Sea party
4562:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4527:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4366:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4260:Southern Cross
4253:Southern Cross
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4197:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4118:
4112:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3999:Bellingshausen
3989:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3846:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3306:
3304:Russian Arctic
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2746:
2741:
2739:SnÊbjörn galti
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:Farthest North
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2068:Worsley, F. A.
2064:
2054:Worsley, F. A.
2050:
2044:
2032:Shackleton, E.
2028:
2014:
2008:
1992:
1986:
1973:
1967:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1919:
1900:
1868:
1833:
1796:
1774:
1748:
1736:
1711:
1699:
1697:, p. 602.
1683:
1681:, p. 208.
1671:
1645:
1620:
1594:
1582:
1580:, p. 597.
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 191.
1545:
1533:
1531:, p. 153.
1529:Alexander 1998
1521:
1519:, p. 165.
1509:
1507:, p. 150.
1505:Alexander 1998
1492:
1467:
1465:, p. 560.
1455:
1453:, p. 557.
1443:
1431:
1429:, p. 555.
1419:
1385:
1364:
1362:, p. 167.
1352:
1329:
1327:, p. 527.
1317:
1315:, p. 139.
1313:Alexander 1998
1305:
1303:, p. 202.
1301:Alexander 1998
1293:
1271:
1242:
1230:
1228:, p. 278.
1218:
1216:, p. 105.
1202:
1190:
1178:
1174:Alexander 1998
1157:
1155:, p. 525.
1145:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1094:, p. 149.
1084:
1082:, p. 132.
1080:Alexander 1998
1072:
1070:, p. 119.
1060:
1056:Alexander 1998
1048:
1046:, p. 523.
1036:
1019:
1007:
1005:, p. 469.
995:
983:
971:
959:
957:, p. 460.
947:
935:
923:
921:, p. 367.
911:
898:
896:
893:
890:
889:
881:Stancomb-Wills
851:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
811:
808:
784:James Caird II
780:James Caird II
684:, leading the
657:
654:
582:On 15 May the
539:
536:
478:dead reckoning
400:
397:
338:Stancomb-Wills
263:
260:
256:Southern Ocean
201:
198:
182:Stancomb-Wills
145:
142:
56:Southern Ocean
41:voyage of the
27:Launching the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5859:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5825:
5813:
5804:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5545:
5544:Spencer-Smith
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5370:Stromness Bay
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:Mount Worsley
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5257:Drift of the
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4287:Discovery Hut
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:A. Sibiryakov
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:Glavsevmorput
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3194:
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3187:
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3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
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3170:
3169:
3165:
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3158:
3157:
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3155:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3091:J. Richardson
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
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2928:
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2926:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:M. Corte-Real
2851:
2849:
2848:G. Corte-Real
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:C. Richardson
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
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2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:Georgiy Sedov
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Riiser-Larsen
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
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2376:
2372:
2369:
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2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2083:
2081:9780712665742
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:9780712601115
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:9780340250075
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:9781847251923
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1968:9780747541233
1964:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1744:Huntford 1985
1740:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1695:Huntford 1985
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1660:. 23 May 2017
1659:
1655:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1590:Huntford 1985
1586:
1579:
1578:Huntford 1985
1573:
1566:
1565:Huntford 1985
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1463:Huntford 1985
1459:
1452:
1451:Huntford 1985
1447:
1441:, p. 88.
1440:
1435:
1428:
1427:Huntford 1985
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1348:Huntford 1985
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1325:Huntford 1985
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1240:, p. 94.
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1198:Huntford 1985
1194:
1188:, p. 40.
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1153:Huntford 1985
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1116:Huntford 1985
1112:
1106:, p. 37.
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1044:Huntford 1985
1040:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1003:Huntford 1985
999:
992:
987:
980:
975:
968:
967:Huntford 1985
963:
956:
955:Huntford 1985
951:
945:, p. 98.
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
919:Huntford 1985
915:
908:
903:
899:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:leaving; the
862:
856:
852:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
764:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
692:
687:
683:
679:
671:
667:
662:
653:
651:
647:
644:commanded by
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
623:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
606:
601:
597:
593:
592:Peggotty Camp
589:
588:shingle beach
585:
580:
578:
569:
564:
557:
553:
549:
544:
538:South Georgia
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
515:
513:
509:
504:
495:
494:South Georgia
491:
486:
482:
479:
470:
466:
461:
457:
455:
450:
444:
442:
441:Drake Passage
436:
434:
430:
424:
422:
418:
410:
405:
396:
394:
390:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
362:Primus stoves
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Dudley Docker
318:
314:
313:Dudley Docker
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Patience Camp
294:
290:
286:
281:
273:
268:
259:
257:
253:
252:Frank Worsley
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
218:
214:
210:
206:
197:
196:on 15 April.
195:
191:
187:
186:Dudley Docker
183:
177:
173:
171:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
141:
139:
135:
131:
130:
124:
123:Frank Worsley
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
79:
77:
74:through the "
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:South Georgia
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
34:
30:
25:
21:
19:
5823:
5567:
5496:Shore party:
5495:
5390:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5258:
5162:
5150:Pole of Cold
5148:
5074:
5065:
5033:
5026:
5002:
4973:
4959:
4953:Borchgrevink
4945:
4932:
4917:
4897:
4882:
4851:
4832:
4825:
4809:
4795:
4786:
4769:
4762:
4743:
4731:
4707:
4693:
4686:
4674:
4660:
4646:
4632:
4625:
4586:
4578:
4564:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4537:
4529:
4522:
4509:
4500:
4462:
4454:
4445:
4438:
4426:
4419:
4405:
4393:Pourquoi-Pas
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4363:Orcadas Base
4361:
4353:
4340:
4334:C. A. Larsen
4322:
4314:
4300:
4293:
4280:
4272:
4266:Borchgrevink
4259:
4251:
4208:
4200:
4175:C. A. Larsen
4168:
4149:
4140:
4122:
4104:
4095:
4082:
4067:
4058:
4045:
4006:
3992:
3985:
3966:
3951:
3861:
3854:
3837:
3830:
3816:
3801:
3787:
3774:
3749:
3735:
3733:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3675:
3668:
3649:
3615:
3613:
3599:
3597:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3547:
3545:
3526:
3402:
3360:
3343:
3311:
3275:
3273:
3253:
3252:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3204:
3189:
3175:
3166:
3153:
3124:
3112:Investigator
3111:
3102:
3078:
3065:
3057:
3048:
3035:
3006:
2983:
2968:
2953:
2923:
2908:
2878:
2797:
2777:
2748:
2744:Erik the Red
2726:
2704:
2697:
2654:submersibles
2651:
2645:Arktika 2007
2643:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2610:
2601:
2598:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2534:
2527:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2444:
2442:
2413:
2410:
2399:S. A. Andrée
2391:
2378:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2318:
2300:
2287:
2278:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2215:
2071:
2058:
2035:
2022:
1999:
1996:Huntford, R.
1977:
1958:
1950:Bibliography
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1848:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1812:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1751:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:, quoted in
1691:Worsley 1999
1686:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1609:. 9 May 2016
1606:
1597:
1585:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1458:
1446:
1439:Worsley 1999
1434:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1388:
1355:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1283:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1238:Worsley 1939
1233:
1221:
1212:, quoted in
1210:Worsley 1999
1205:
1193:
1186:Worsley 1999
1181:
1148:
1111:
1104:Worsley 1999
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
909:, p. 3.
902:
884:
880:
876:
868:
860:
855:
835:
827:
823:
819:
813:
795:
783:
779:
773:
769:
717:
707:
702:
696:
690:
677:
675:
665:
650:Punta Arenas
639:
635:
628:Southern Sky
627:
624:
619:
614:
603:
583:
581:
573:
567:
551:
550:, where the
531:
516:
502:
499:
489:
476:goal, and a
474:
468:
464:
448:
445:
437:
433:bailing duty
425:
420:
416:
414:
408:
389:John Vincent
386:
366:
354:
337:
321:
316:
312:
308:
305:motor launch
300:
293:Harry McNish
284:
277:
271:
262:Preparations
225:
221:
216:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
165:
163:
159:Frank Hurley
152:
133:
127:
116:
112:Harry McNish
103:
101:
90:
80:
54:through the
42:
40:
38:
28:
20:
18:
5620:Greenstreet
5307:Caird Coast
5269:James Caird
4853:Lake Vostok
4803:Tryoshnikov
4725:Schlossbach
4616:Christensen
4558:James Caird
4479:E. R. Evans
4245:Dobrowolski
4215:de Gerlache
3917:Expeditions
3803:Aviaarktika
3757:Samoylovich
3628:Kolomeitsev
3522:Middendorff
3482:Gedenshtrom
2902:I. Fyodorov
2664:Chilingarov
2552:E. Fyodorov
2159:Expeditions
1938:10 December
1226:Hurley 1925
836:James Caird
828:James Caird
824:James Caird
776:Arved Fuchs
759:, Germany.
718:James Caird
714:Aberystwyth
703:James Caird
678:James Caird
666:James Caird
620:James Caird
584:James Caird
554:landed, is
552:James Caird
532:James Caird
503:James Caird
492:landing at
490:James Caird
465:James Caird
449:James Caird
421:James Caird
417:James Caird
409:James Caird
317:James Caird
309:James Caird
301:Endurance's
285:James Caird
272:James Caird
190:James Caird
134:James Caird
104:James Caird
87:Weddell Sea
72:ship's boat
43:James Caird
29:James Caird
5831:Categories
5748:Stephenson
5741:Shackleton
5718:Mrs Chippy
5585:Blackborow
5530:Mackintosh
5287:Luis Pardo
5076:Terra Nova
4981:Shackleton
4924:J. C. Ross
4883:Resolution
4873:South Pole
4648:New Swabia
4572:Mackintosh
4544:Shackleton
4463:Terra Nova
4456:Terra Nova
4190:Heroic Age
4150:Challenger
4110:J. C. Ross
4020:Bransfield
3952:Resolution
3867:icebreaker
3831:Chelyuskin
3572:expedition
3550:Expedition
3492:Matyushkin
3450:Kh. Laptev
3445:Chelyuskin
3339:Heemskerck
3329:Chancellor
3324:Willoughby
3319:Koch boats
3262:Stefansson
3196:McClintock
3160:Inglefield
3002:J. C. Ross
2909:Resolution
2761:Cunningham
2659:Sagalevich
2348:expedition
2307:Stephenson
2267:C. F. Hall
2254:expedition
2228:J. C. Ross
2191:Heemskerck
2178:North Pole
2018:Hurley, F.
2000:Shackleton
1908:Tim Jarvis
1826:5 December
1576:Quoted by
816:Tim Jarvis
733:Portsmouth
682:Antarctica
646:Luis Pardo
512:cormorants
454:sea anchor
334:mizzenmast
248:Frank Wild
209:Shackleton
170:Vahsel Bay
144:Background
5734:Rickinson
5727:Orde-Lees
5568:Endurance
5473:Stenhouse
5405:d'Anglade
5381:Personnel
5363:Stromness
5314:Cave Cove
5299:Locations
5175:Tolstikov
4961:Discovery
4931:HMS
4916:HMS
4898:Adventure
4896:HMS
4881:HMS
4817:Tolstikov
4538:Endurance
4323:Antarctic
4308:Drygalski
4281:Discovery
4274:Discovery
4235:Arctowski
4148:HMS
4121:HMS
4115:Abernethy
4103:HMS
4081:USS
4068:Vincennes
4066:USS
4046:Astrolabe
3986:San Telmo
3967:Adventure
3965:HMS
3950:HMS
3945:Kerguelen
3907:Continent
3892:Antarctic
3769:Urvantsev
3727:Vilkitsky
3580:Jeannette
3578:USS
3570:Jeannette
3534:Weyprecht
3512:Pakhtusov
3462:Chichagov
3455:D. Laptev
3398:Permyakov
3373:Stadukhin
3368:Perfilyev
3345:Mangazeya
3283:H. Larsen
3248:Rasmussen
3203:HMS
3174:USS
3123:HMS
3110:HMS
3074:Collinson
3064:HMS
3056:HMS
3034:HMS
2982:HMS
2967:HMS
2952:HMS
2937:Mackenzie
2924:Discovery
2922:HMS
2907:HMS
2879:Discovery
2858:Frobisher
2821:Rasmussen
2734:Gunnbjörn
2680:Greenland
2609:USS
2600:USS
2472:Ellsworth
2414:Roosevelt
2344:Nansen's
2301:Discovery
2299:HMS
2286:HMS
2233:Abernethy
2201:Marmaduke
2056:(1939) .
1861:2 January
1789:19 August
1767:23 August
1729:19 August
1414:0370-3878
1408:: 23â66.
895:Citations
847:Footnotes
804:Grytviken
729:Greenwich
656:Aftermath
594:" (after
577:Stromness
524:Cave Cove
369:Tom Crean
342:lug sails
289:whaleboat
240:Admiralty
217:Endurance
166:Endurance
154:Endurance
129:Endurance
119:Tom Crean
92:Endurance
5800:Category
5690:McCarthy
5592:Cheetham
5578:Bakewell
5537:Richards
5479:Thompson
5450:Mugridge
5435:Kavanagh
5410:Donnelly
5187:A. Fuchs
5144:V. Fuchs
5124:McKinley
5087:E. Evans
5046:Bjaaland
5041:Amundsen
4991:Marshall
4904:Furneaux
4756:V. Fuchs
4720:E. Ronne
4715:F. Ronne
4654:Ritscher
4508:SY
4496:Filchner
4440:Framheim
4434:Amundsen
4240:RacoviÈÄ
4225:Amundsen
4220:Lecointe
4089:Ringgold
4083:Porpoise
3973:Furneaux
3809:Shevelev
3764:Begichev
3743:Amundsen
3705:NagĂłrski
3683:Brusilov
3677:Sv. Anna
3591:Melville
3561:Palander
3517:Tsivolko
3477:Sannikov
3472:Billings
3415:Chirikov
3334:Barentsz
3276:St. Roch
3267:Bartlett
3241:Amundsen
3225:Sverdrup
3125:Resolute
3014:Franklin
2942:Kotzebue
2809:Sverdrup
2792:Scoresby
2766:Lindenov
2617:Plaisted
2602:Nautilus
2547:Shirshov
2521:Belyakov
2516:Baydukov
2490:Nautilus
2452:Amundsen
2412:SS
2371:Sverdrup
2366:Johansen
2336:Brainard
2331:Lockwood
2186:Barentsz
2070:(1999).
2034:(1985).
2020:(1925).
1998:(1985).
1911:Archived
1893:16 March
1855:Archived
1264:17 March
745:New York
737:Falmouth
610:glaciers
596:Peggotty
350:long ton
330:mainmast
311:and the
83:pack ice
5812:Commons
5776:Worsley
5755:Vincent
5697:McIlroy
5683:Marston
5676:Macklin
5627:Holness
5550:Stevens
5509:Hayward
5445:Maugher
5440:Larkman
5420:Glidden
5415:Downing
5192:Messner
5139:Hillary
5119:Balchen
5067:Polheim
5061:Wisting
4939:Crozier
4911:Weddell
4889:J. Cook
4859:Kapitsa
4840:Fiennes
4782:Klenova
4751:Hillary
4701:Ketchum
4627:BANZARE
4602:·
4447:Polheim
4413:Shirase
4399:Charcot
4209:Belgica
4128:Crozier
4040:Morrell
4035:Weddell
4013:Lazarev
3958:J. Cook
3912:History
3862:Arktika
3838:Krassin
3823:Voronin
3795:Schmidt
3781:Ushakov
3720:Vaygach
3688:Albanov
3657:Rusanov
3638:Kolchak
3633:Matisen
3607:Makarov
3586:De Long
3487:Wrangel
3467:Lyakhov
3420:Malygin
3378:Dezhnev
3205:Pandora
3176:Advance
3143:Kennedy
3138:Belcher
3131:Kellett
3118:McClure
3042:Beechey
3036:Blossom
3029:Simpson
2997:Crozier
2990:Hoppner
2947:J. Ross
2915:J. Cook
2863:Gilbert
2756:J. Hall
2722:IngĂłlfr
2712:Naddodd
2706:Vikings
2693:Brendan
2688:Pytheas
2676:Iceland
2630:Arktika
2622:Herbert
2587:Badygin
2557:Krenkel
2542:Papanin
2511:Chkalov
2497:Wilkins
2462:Wisting
2406:F. Cook
2312:Markham
2272:Bessels
2261:Polaris
2252:Polaris
2223:J. Ross
2206:Carolus
2154:History
810:Replica
792:Hamburg
753:Te Papa
508:seaweed
429:force 9
244:whalers
230:in the
228:Stanley
85:in the
50:in the
5769:Wordie
5711:McNish
5704:McLeod
5655:Hussey
5648:Hurley
5641:Hudson
5484:Warren
5455:Ninnis
5391:Aurora
5279:Yelcho
5259:Aurora
5249:Events
5102:Bowers
5097:Wilson
5056:Hassel
5051:Helmer
5020:Mackay
5010:Mawson
4975:Nimrod
4933:Terror
4918:Erebus
4845:Burton
4640:Rymill
4516:Mawson
4510:Aurora
4489:Lashly
4474:Wilson
4377:Nimrod
4354:Scotia
4161:Murray
4136:Cooper
4123:Terror
4105:Erebus
4074:Wilkes
4025:Palmer
3993:Vostok
3940:Bouvet
3864:-class
3844:Gakkel
3712:Taymyr
3693:Konrad
3662:Kuchin
3600:Yermak
3507:Lavrov
3425:Ovtsyn
3410:Bering
3388:Ivanov
3351:Hudson
3313:Pomors
3290:Cowper
3255:Karluk
3154:Isabel
3148:Bellot
3098:Austin
3066:Terror
3058:Erebus
2954:Griper
2930:Clerke
2890:Baffin
2873:Hudson
2804:Nansen
2717:GarĂ°ar
2638:Barneo
2505:ANT-25
2481:Italia
2457:Nobile
2426:Henson
2385:Amedeo
2361:Nansen
2326:Greely
2196:Hudson
2134:Arctic
2078:
2042:
2006:
1984:
1965:
1664:17 May
1638:17 May
1613:17 May
1412:
832:Dorset
749:Sydney
735:, and
641:Yelcho
615:Samson
568:Yelcho
358:Bovril
344:and a
332:and a
5662:James
5613:Green
5606:Crean
5599:Clark
5523:Joyce
5461:Paton
5430:Hooke
5425:Grady
5400:Atkin
5182:Crary
5129:Dufek
5092:Oates
5082:Scott
5015:David
4996:Adams
4967:Barne
4788:Mirny
4777:Somov
4587:Quest
4484:Crean
4469:Scott
4348:Bruce
4302:Gauss
4295:Gauss
4169:Jason
4156:Nares
4030:Davis
4007:Mirny
3980:Smith
3935:Roché
3855:Lenin
3775:Sadko
3700:Wiese
3645:Sedov
3616:Zarya
3539:Payer
3502:Litke
3497:Anjou
3430:Minin
3393:Vagin
3383:Popov
3356:Poole
3211:Young
3024:Dease
2969:Hecla
2960:Parry
2885:Bylot
2868:Davis
2843:Cabot
2816:Peary
2798:Jason
2785:Egede
2699:Papar
2611:Skate
2592:Wiese
2572:NP-37
2565:NP-36
2445:Norge
2433:Sedov
2421:Peary
2379:Jason
2294:Nares
2288:Alert
2243:Hayes
2211:Parry
2149:Ocean
1887:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1809:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
885:Caird
877:Caird
869:Caird
861:Caird
721:'
691:Quest
469:South
377:Scott
326:ketch
5762:Wild
5669:Kerr
5556:Wild
5516:Jack
5503:Gaze
5498:Cope
5489:Wise
5467:Shaw
5114:Byrd
5035:Fram
4986:Wild
4668:Marr
4634:BGLE
4621:Byrd
4549:Wild
4428:Fram
4230:Cook
3751:AARI
3736:Maud
3623:Toll
3548:Vega
3234:GjĂža
3219:Fram
3182:Kane
3019:Back
2984:Fury
2975:Lyon
2897:Munk
2536:NP-1
2438:Byrd
2355:Fram
2346:Fram
2238:Kane
2076:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1940:2023
1895:2012
1863:2013
1828:2016
1791:2008
1769:2008
1731:2008
1666:2018
1640:2018
1615:2018
1410:ISSN
1266:2022
757:Bonn
676:The
664:The
636:Emma
391:and
188:and
121:and
97:floe
39:The
5634:How
4811:3rd
4797:2nd
4771:1st
4604:IGY
4600:IPY
3190:Fox
3086:Rae
2652:Mir
2628:NS
802:at
790:in
602:'s
379:'s
346:jib
58:to
5833::
3716:/
1931:.
1853:.
1847:.
1811:.
1714:^
1656:.
1631:.
1605:.
1495:^
1470:^
1406:32
1404:.
1400:.
1367:^
1332:^
1286:.
1282:.
1257:.
1253:.
1160:^
1123:^
1022:^
806:.
747:,
743:,
731:,
579:.
184:,
140:.
5234:e
5227:t
5220:v
4193:"
4187:"
4130:)
4126:(
4117:)
4108:(
2113:e
2106:t
2099:v
2084:.
2048:.
2012:.
1990:.
1971:.
1942:.
1897:.
1865:.
1830:.
1793:.
1771:.
1733:.
1668:.
1642:.
1617:.
1416:.
1290:.
1268:.
471:)
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