94:
579:. They were originally members of the existing Balkan nobility who joined Ottomans in the 14th century and were allowed to retain their estates because Ottomans regularly incorporated pre-Ottoman military groups, including voynuks, in their own system in the early period of the Ottoman expansion in order to accomplish their new conquests more easily. The social class of voynuks was established in the 1370s or 1380s. Southern Serbia, Macedonia, and Bulgaria were main areas of Voynuk groups with some smaller groups in Bosnia and the Danube-Sava area.
616:
in
Bulgaria and Macedonia, either by patrolling or by incursions into the enemy territory. Later, Voynuks became auxiliary troops which provided transportation and horses for Ottoman forces during their campaigns. In the 16th century there were around 40,000 voynuks in Bulgaria who were registered as
596:
during the war. Voynuks were important part of
Ottoman forces until the 16th century when their military importance began to decrease at such extent that they lost their privileged status and became equal to the position of Muslim military classes. Because of the lost privileges many voynuks began to
587:
Voynuks were tax-exempt non-Muslim citizens who provided military service in periods of war. The only form of taxes they paid was 'maktu', a lump-sum amount charged to the voynuk communities, not per capita. During the periods of peace they lived from
942:
Again like the martoloses, the voynuks were originally those members of the old Balkan feudal nobility who threw in their lot with the
Ottomans during the fourteenth century. They were subsequently allowed to keep all or part of their
1296:
Voynuks constituted the single largest military service group in the
Bulgarian lands. In the sixteenth century nearly 8,000 households (or almost 40,000 Bulgarians) were listed as voynuk in Ottoman administrative
1166:
As the
Ottoman government withdrew one privilege after another from the auxiliary 'asker of Orthodox Christians (martolosi, voynuks), the latter shifted their support to Austria, Venice, and Russia,
1433:Посебни санџак-бегови управљали су санџаци- ма који нису представљали територијалне, него само организационе јединице неких војничких и друштвених редова (војнуци, акинџије, Јуруци, Цигани)
1405:
The higher commanding officers of the voynuks were called ceribasi, the voynuk beg(yoynuk be yi), and the voynuk sancak beg (voynuk sancagi veyi); the lower officers were called lagatori.
479:
1489:
1479:
1484:
1101:
Do sredine XVI stoljeóa vojnuci su predstavljali znacajan dio turskih vojnih snaga. Kasnije su svoj znacaj postepeno gubili, njihove privilegije su ukidane,...
609:. At the beginning of the 18th century about one third of young Christian men who lived near Ottoman/Christian borders were members of the groups of outlaws.
795:
OTAM, 34/Güz 2013, 115-161: Being an
Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity (Ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th-18th Centuries).
472:
1461:Нај- голема организациона единица на таквите општествени редови како што биле војнуци, акинџии, Јуруци, Роми, Власи кои имале своја посебна организација и
308:
1129:
When the voynuks in the
Ottoman army lost their military importance in the 16th century, they were reduced to the status of re'ayd together with the
93:
465:
1509:
1494:
1074:
They were exempt from paying per capita tax, additional taxes, tithes on yield, and simply paid (in instalments) a lump sum called maktu.
983:
in the early period often incorporated into their own system pre- Ottoman military groups called proniar, voynuk (voynik), martolos, etc.
103:
592:, i.e. farming and cattle breeding. They were allowed to keep their 'baştinas' (inheritable piece of arable land) and were entitled to
298:
440:
661:
but one of the
Ottoman organizational units of the military and social groups. The largest of such units were those of Voynuks,
1504:
72:
797:
Bir Osmanlı Eflakı Olmak: Osmanlı Balkanlarının Batı Bölgelerinde Eflak Kimliği, Görevi ve
Vaziyetine Dair (15.-18. Yüzyıllar)
1391:
1354:
1320:
1282:
1223:
1189:
1152:
1060:
1026:
969:
903:
864:
827:
759:
718:
366:
617:
the largest military group in that region. During 16th and 17th century the
Ottomans used the term Voynuks as synonym for
435:
453:
1514:
411:
1052:
Enjeux politiques, économiques et militaires en Mer noire (XIVe-XXIe siècles): études à la mémoire de Mihail Guboglu
401:
1003:
245:
81:
1499:
1368:
During the 16th- 17th century Bulgarians were named "vojnuci" by the Turks, which literally meant "soldiers".
273:
263:
1018:
Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660
376:
371:
361:
356:
321:
751:
War and Society in East Central Europe: The fall of medieval kingdom of Hungary: Mohacs 1526-Buda 1541
406:
391:
381:
1079:
423:
223:
123:
1274:
The Bulgarians in the Seventeenth Century: Slavic Orthodox Society and Culture Under Ottoman Rule
396:
572:
430:
351:
303:
1344:
1179:
1142:
893:
854:
1213:
1016:
959:
817:
745:
555:
region. Voynuks belonged to the Sanjak of Voynuk which was not a territorial unit like other
200:
333:
674:
418:
235:
8:
741:
629:
The voynuks had their own hierarchy with the following ranks, starting from the highest:
507:
military social class established in the 1370s or the 1380s. Voynuks were tax-exempt non-
240:
230:
955:
754:. Brooklyn College Press : distributed by Columbia University Press. p. 275.
528:
328:
386:
1387:
1350:
1316:
1278:
1219:
1185:
1148:
1056:
1022:
999:
965:
899:
860:
823:
765:
755:
714:
602:
540:
650:
293:
1245:
925:
1446:
1418:
1381:
1346:
Between Past and Future: Civil-Military Relations in Post-Communist Balkan States
1310:
1272:
1247:
1114:
1086:
1050:
927:
749:
708:
598:
576:
544:
185:
48:
560:
504:
85:
37:
1473:
670:
286:
195:
190:
666:
589:
512:
508:
118:
113:
634:
618:
145:
1379:
657:) which was not a territorial administrative unit like other regular
180:
1088:
Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu: Etnologija
686:
536:
532:
250:
205:
1383:
Special Topics and Generalizations on the 18th and 19th Centuries
1246:
Kemal Çiçek; Ercüment Kuran; Nejat Göyünç; İlber Ortaylı (2000).
926:
Kemal Çiçek; Ercüment Kuran; Nejat Göyünç; İlber Ortaylı (2000).
856:
The Practice of Strategy: From Alexander the Great to the Present
781:
Voynuk: non-Muslim (usually Slavic) auxiliary in Ottoman service.
658:
593:
520:
160:
769:
852:
662:
613:
606:
556:
548:
524:
210:
175:
165:
155:
150:
140:
130:
1342:
612:
Initially, the main task of voynuks was to guard the Ottoman
516:
1211:
815:
1416:
552:
170:
887:
885:
883:
1215:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
996:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
819:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
880:
575:
means "soldier." This category of citizens existed in
1410:
853:
John Andreas Olsen; Colin S. Gray (27 October 2011).
649:
Voynuks were organized within Sanjak of the Voynuks (
1490:
16th-century disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
1448:
Otpor na Makedonija vo vremeto na turskoto vladeenje
1444:
1373:
1212:
Mesut Uyar; Edward J. Erickson (23 September 2009).
816:
Mesut Uyar; Edward J. Erickson (23 September 2009).
571:
The term 'voynuk' is derived from 'voynik' which in
1480:
Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire
1343:Biljana Vankovska; Haken Wiberg (24 October 2003).
1336:
734:
1270:
1177:
1140:
1485:14th-century establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1380:Béla K. Király; Gunther Erich Rothenberg (1979).
1112:
1471:
1014:
740:
1171:
848:
846:
1106:
1048:
800:. OTAM, Ankara Üniversitesi. pp. 143–144.
1438:
954:
919:
891:
473:
1264:
843:
523:, particularly from the regions of southern
1312:The Turkish minority in Bulgaria, 1878-1908
1042:
1008:
710:The Turkish minority in Bulgaria, 1878-1908
1315:. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 25.
1308:
964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
948:
811:
809:
807:
713:. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 26.
706:
559:but a separate organisational unit of the
480:
466:
1302:
792:
1181:Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe
1144:Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe
859:. Oxford University Press. p. 116.
1386:. Brooklyn College Press. p. 319.
994:Edward J. Erickson, Mesut Uyar; (2009)
804:
1472:
1417:Сима Ћирковић; Раде Михальчић (1999).
786:
1510:Social classes in the Ottoman Empire
898:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 148.
13:
1495:Christians from the Ottoman Empire
1249:Great Ottoman Turkish civilization
929:Great Ottoman Turkish civilization
582:
14:
1526:
503:) were members of the privileged
1055:. Musée de Braïla. p. 298.
566:
92:
1239:
1205:
1134:
988:
700:
1:
1505:Ottoman period in the Balkans
1445:Aleksandar Matkovski (1983).
1420:Лексикон српског средњег века
693:
1184:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 168.
1147:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 168.
7:
1349:. I.B.Tauris. p. 101.
1271:Dennis P. Hupchick (1993).
1178:Traian Stoianovich (1994).
1141:Traian Stoianovich (1994).
680:
10:
1531:
1218:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 64–.
1113:Robert Brunschvig (1953).
621:in the Ottoman documents.
519:Ottoman subjects from the
1277:. McFarland. p. 23.
1015:Linda T. Darling (1996).
746:Rothenberg, Gunther Erich
689:, Ottoman security forces
54:
43:
33:
25:
20:
1515:Auxiliary military units
1423:. Knowledge. p. 645
895:Österreichische Osthefte
822:. ABC-CLIO. p. 64.
624:
124:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1049:Mihail Guboglu (2007).
892:Tatjana Katić (2005).
654:
573:South Slavic languages
1119:. Larose. p. 117
1021:. BRILL. p. 83.
1500:South Slavic history
1451:. Misla. p. 372
29:14th to 16th century
1309:Ömer Turan (1998).
742:Király, Béla Kalman
707:Ömer Turan (1998).
436:Sieges and landings
241:Auspicious Incident
1091:. 1977. p. 93
495:(sometimes called
334:Ahmet Ali Çelikten
1393:978-0-930888-04-6
1356:978-1-86064-624-9
1322:978-975-16-0955-7
1284:978-0-89950-822-1
1225:978-0-275-98876-0
1191:978-0-7656-3851-9
1154:978-0-7656-3851-9
1062:978-973-9469-94-4
1028:978-90-04-10289-7
971:978-0-521-57456-3
905:978-3-8258-9539-6
866:978-0-19-960863-8
829:978-0-275-98876-0
761:978-0-88033-152-4
720:978-975-16-0955-7
543:and much less in
490:
489:
62:
61:
1522:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1012:
1006:
998:p. 64; Praeger,
992:
986:
985:
980:
978:
952:
946:
945:
939:
937:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
889:
878:
877:
875:
873:
850:
841:
840:
838:
836:
813:
802:
801:
790:
784:
783:
778:
776:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
704:
655:Voynugân Sancağı
517:non-Slavic Vlach
482:
475:
468:
294:Imperial Arsenal
268:
108:
96:
67:
66:
18:
17:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1452:
1443:
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1426:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1120:
1116:Studia Islamica
1111:
1107:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1013:
1009:
993:
989:
976:
974:
972:
953:
949:
935:
933:
924:
920:
910:
908:
906:
890:
881:
871:
869:
867:
851:
844:
834:
832:
830:
814:
805:
793:Vjeran Kursar.
791:
787:
774:
772:
762:
739:
735:
725:
723:
721:
705:
701:
696:
683:
627:
585:
583:Characteristics
577:medieval Serbia
569:
547:and around the
486:
446:
445:
347:
339:
338:
324:
314:
313:
289:
279:
278:
269:
266:
256:
255:
236:Sekban-i Djedid
226:
216:
215:
109:
106:
84:
82:Military of the
76:
65:
49:auxiliary force
12:
11:
5:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1466:
1465:
1437:
1409:
1392:
1372:
1355:
1335:
1321:
1301:
1283:
1263:
1252:. Yeni Türkiye
1238:
1224:
1204:
1190:
1170:
1153:
1133:
1105:
1078:
1061:
1041:
1027:
1007:
987:
970:
947:
932:. Yeni Türkiye
918:
904:
879:
865:
842:
828:
803:
785:
760:
733:
719:
698:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
682:
679:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
626:
623:
584:
581:
568:
565:
561:Ottoman Empire
488:
487:
485:
484:
477:
470:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
427:
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409:
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348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
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319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
304:Kapudan Pashas
301:
296:
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285:
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280:
277:
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270:
262:
261:
258:
257:
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231:Nizam-i Djedid
227:
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214:
213:
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173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
127:
126:
121:
110:
104:Classical army
102:
101:
98:
97:
89:
88:
86:Ottoman Empire
78:
77:
70:
63:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
38:Ottoman Empire
35:
31:
30:
27:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1527:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
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1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
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1486:
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1475:
1462:
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1449:
1441:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
984:
973:
967:
963:
962:
957:
956:Halil İnalcık
951:
944:
931:
930:
922:
907:
901:
897:
896:
888:
886:
884:
868:
862:
858:
857:
849:
847:
831:
825:
821:
820:
812:
810:
808:
799:
796:
789:
782:
771:
767:
763:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
737:
722:
716:
712:
711:
703:
699:
688:
685:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
641:
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632:
631:
630:
622:
620:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
591:
580:
578:
574:
567:Establishment
564:
562:
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538:
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363:
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349:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
329:Vecihi Hürkuş
327:
326:
323:
318:
317:
310:
309:Naval battles
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
283:
282:
275:
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265:
260:
259:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:Reform period
220:
219:
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202:
199:
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111:
105:
100:
99:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
68:
64:Military unit
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
16:
1460:
1453:. Retrieved
1447:
1440:
1432:
1425:. Retrieved
1419:
1412:
1404:
1397:. Retrieved
1382:
1375:
1367:
1360:. Retrieved
1345:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1311:
1304:
1295:
1288:. Retrieved
1273:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1248:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1214:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1180:
1173:
1165:
1158:. Retrieved
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1136:
1128:
1121:. Retrieved
1115:
1108:
1100:
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750:
736:
724:. Retrieved
709:
702:
648:
628:
611:
605:and to join
586:
570:
500:
496:
492:
491:
454:Conscription
246:Mansure Army
196:Bashi-bazouk
135:
15:
961:1300 - 1600
590:agriculture
515:, and also
274:Modern Army
267:(1861–1922)
264:Modern army
119:Janissaries
107:(1451–1826)
1474:Categories
1297:registers.
1004:0275988767
694:References
639:voynuk-bey
635:sanjak-bey
619:Bulgarians
511:, usually
441:Rebellions
402:Portuguese
146:Dervendjis
47:Christian
34:Allegiance
603:Habsburgs
599:Venetians
529:Macedonia
501:voynegans
497:voynugans
377:Hungarian
372:Moldavian
362:Bulgarian
357:Byzantine
346:Conflicts
191:Humbaracı
181:Timariots
1455:23 March
1427:23 March
1399:11 March
1362:12 March
1328:11 March
1290:11 March
1256:11 March
1231:11 March
1197:11 March
1160:11 March
1123:11 March
1095:12 March
1068:11 March
1034:10 March
977:10 March
958:(1997).
936:11 March
911:10 March
872:10 March
835:10 March
775:11 March
770:88-62290
748:(1989).
726:10 March
687:Martolos
681:See also
642:çeribaşı
597:support
537:Bulgaria
533:Thessaly
407:Habsburg
392:Croatian
387:Albanian
382:Venetian
352:European
322:Aviation
251:Hamidieh
206:Martolos
114:Kapıkulu
73:a series
71:Part of
58:Infantry
659:sanjaks
651:Turkish
645:lagator
633:voynuk
614:borders
607:hayduks
594:looting
557:sanjaks
541:Albania
521:Balkans
505:Ottoman
493:Voynuks
424:Persian
412:Russian
367:Serbian
161:Seimeni
136:Voynuks
21:Voynuks
1390:
1353:
1319:
1281:
1222:
1188:
1151:
1059:
1025:
1002:
968:
943:feudal
902:
863:
826:
768:
758:
717:
675:Vlachs
671:Romani
667:Yürüks
663:Akinci
549:Danube
545:Bosnia
525:Serbia
513:Slavic
509:Muslim
431:Africa
397:Polish
211:Arnaut
176:Levend
166:Akinji
156:Seymen
151:Sekban
141:Yamaks
131:Sipahi
75:on the
26:Active
625:Ranks
299:Ships
1457:2013
1429:2013
1401:2013
1388:ISBN
1364:2013
1351:ISBN
1330:2013
1317:ISBN
1292:2013
1279:ISBN
1258:2013
1233:2013
1220:ISBN
1199:2013
1186:ISBN
1162:2013
1149:ISBN
1125:2013
1097:2013
1070:2013
1057:ISBN
1036:2013
1023:ISBN
1000:ISBN
979:2013
966:ISBN
938:2013
913:2013
900:ISBN
874:2013
861:ISBN
837:2013
824:ISBN
777:2013
766:LCCN
756:ISBN
728:2013
715:ISBN
673:and
553:Sava
539:and
419:Asia
287:Navy
201:Deli
186:Yaya
171:Azap
55:Role
44:Type
601:or
499:or
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1366:.
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1127:.
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