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higher number of sulfur atoms give the rubber good dynamic properties but less heat resistance. Dynamic properties are important for flexing movements of the rubber article, e.g., the movement of a side-wall of a running tire. Without good flexing properties these movements rapidly form cracks, and ultimately will make the rubber article fail.
326:
atoms that link with a cure site of another polymer chain. These bridges contain between one and several atoms. The number of sulfur atoms in the crosslink strongly influences the physical properties of the final rubber article. Short crosslinks give the rubber better heat resistance. Crosslinks with
244:
There are many uses for vulcanized materials, some examples of which are rubber hoses, shoe soles, toys, erasers, hockey pucks, shock absorbers, conveyor belts, vibration mounts/dampers, insulation materials, tires, and bowling balls. Most rubber products are vulcanized as this greatly improves their
431:
RTV-2 (Two-component systems); two-component products that, when mixed, cure at room-temperature to a solid elastomer, a gel, or a flexible foam. RTV-2 remains flexible from â80 to 250 °C (â112 to 482 °F). Break-down occurs at temperatures above 350 °C (662 °F), leaving an inert
223:
worked to devise a process for strengthening rubber tires. Tires of the time would become soft and sticky with heat, accumulating road debris that punctured them. Goodyear tried heating rubber in order to mix other chemicals with it. This seemed to harden and improve the rubber, though this was due
424:. The curing process begins on the outer surface and progresses through to its core. The product is packed in airtight cartridges and is either in a fluid or paste form. RTV-1 silicone has good adhesion, elasticity, and durability characteristics. The
236:, the rubber remained firm and, as he increased the heat, the rubber became harder. Goodyear worked out a consistent system for this hardening, and by 1844 patented the process and was producing the rubber on an industrial scale.
224:
to the heating itself and not the chemicals used. Not realizing this, he repeatedly ran into setbacks when his announced hardening formulas did not work consistently. One day in 1839, when trying to mix rubber with
561:
Tarkanian, M., & Hosler, D. (2011). Americaâs First
Polymer Scientists: Rubber Processing, Use and Transport in Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity, 22(4), 469-486. doi:10.7183/1045-6635.22.4.469
298:. Accelerated vulcanization is carried out using various compounds that modify the kinetics of crosslinking; this mixture is often referred to as a cure package. The main polymers subjected to
643:
Hans-Wilhelm Engels, Herrmann-Josef
Weidenhaupt, Manfred Pieroth, Werner Hofmann, Karl-Hans Menting, Thomas Mergenhagen, Ralf Schmoll, Stefan Uhrlandt âRubber, 4. Chemicals and Additivesâ in
181:
which results in increased rigidity and durability, as well as other changes in the mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Vulcanization, in common with the curing of other
428:
can be varied between 18 and 60. Elongation at break can range from 150% up to 700%. They have excellent aging resistance due to superior resistance to UV radiation and weathering.
314:
rubber (SBR), which are used for most street-vehicle tires. The cure package is adjusted specifically for the substrate and the application. The reactive sitesâcure sitesâare
216:
cultures, rubber was used to make balls, sandal soles, elastic bands, and waterproof containers. It was cured using sulfur-rich plant juices, an early form of vulcanization.
420:
RTV-1 (One-component systems); hardens due to the action of atmospheric humidity, a catalyst, and acetoxysilane. Acetoxysilane, when exposed to humid conditions, will form
366:. In addition, because of various processing factors (principally scorch, this being the premature cross-linking of rubbers due to the influence of heat), the choice of
444:
properties. Mechanical properties are satisfactory. RTV-2 is used to make flexible moulds, as well as many technical parts for industry and paramedical applications.
416:
is constructed of reactive oil-based polymers combined with strengthening mineral fillers. There are two types of room-temperature vulcanizing silicone:
944:
150:, which remains the most common practice. It has also grown to include the hardening of other (synthetic) rubbers via various means. Examples include
433:
257:
processes (the melt-freeze process that characterize the behaviour of most modern polymers), vulcanization, in common with the curing of other
386:. From 2010 to 2013, the European rubber industry had a research project titled SafeRubber to develop a safer alternative to the use of ETU.
696:
294:
The most common vulcanizing methods depend on sulfur. Sulfur, by itself, is a slow vulcanizing agent and does not vulcanize synthetic
91:
63:
529:
110:
70:
951:
924:
738:
173:, with the terms 'vulcanization' and 'curing' sometimes used interchangeably in this context. It works by forming
665:"A Safer Alternative Replacement for Thiourea Based Accelerators in the Production Process of Chloroprene Rubber"
564:
374:
rubbers. Most conventionally used accelerators are problematic when CR rubbers are cured and the most important
77:
48:
44:
382:(ETU), which, although being an excellent and proven accelerator for polychloroprene, has been classified as
597:
1042:
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59:
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939:
548:
Personal
Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc Or India-Rubber Manufacture in England
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228:, Goodyear accidentally dropped the mixture in a hot frying pan. To his astonishment, instead of
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362:) rather than sulfur compounds which are presently used with many natural and
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322:(>C=C<). During vulcanization, some of these C-H bonds are replaced by
261:, is generally irreversible. Five types of curing systems are in common use:
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deposit that is non-flammable and non-combustible. They can be used for
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551:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. p. 107.
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196:
who attained the
British patent for the process) coming from the god
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519:
26:
929:
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rubber (CR rubber) is carried out using metal oxides (specifically
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268:
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Akiba, M (1997). "Vulcanization and crosslinking in elastomers".
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201:
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572:"Rubber processed in ancient Mesoamerica, MIT researchers find"
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225:
147:
142:. The term originally referred exclusively to the treatment of
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759:
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315:
994:
716:
598:"A Guide to the Uses and Benefits of Vulcanised Rubber"
520:
James E. Mark; Burak Erman; F. R. Eirich, eds. (2005).
127:
Worker placing a tire in a mold before vulcanization.
330:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
945:Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority
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402:typical of LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubber) moulding
318:hydrogen atoms. These C-H bonds are adjacent to
645:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
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389:
283:
200:who was associated with heat and sulfur in
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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370:is governed by different rules to other
138:) is a range of processes for hardening
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702:from the original on October 9, 2022
165:Vulcanization can be defined as the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
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412:Room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV)
13:
245:lifespan, function, and strength.
14:
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952:Rubber Manufacturers Association
925:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
522:Science and Technology of Rubber
331:Vulcanization of polychloroprene
162:(neoprene) using metal oxides.
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36:needs additional citations for
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1:
653:10.1002/14356007.a23_365.pub2
647:, 2004, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
507:10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00015-9
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185:, is generally irreversible.
1043:Persistent organic pollutant
957:United States Rubber Company
156:room temperature vulcanizing
7:
1038:Great Pacific garbage patch
940:Rubber industry in Malaysia
690:"MSDS for red RTV-Silicone"
495:Progress in Polymer Science
448:
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16:Process of hardening rubber
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390:Vulcanization of silicones
320:carbon-carbon double bonds
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188:The word was suggested by
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284:Vulcanization with sulfur
833:Micronized rubber powder
545:Hancock, Thomas (1857).
177:between sections of the
1018:Airfield rubber removal
851:Biodegradable additives
962:List of tire companies
403:
400:silicone rubber keypad
259:thermosetting polymers
183:thermosetting polymers
128:
1033:Environmental hazards
438:electrical insulation
397:
378:has been found to be
335:The vulcanization of
279:Urethane crosslinkers
126:
300:sulfur vulcanization
290:Sulfur vulcanization
45:improve this article
871:Polymer stabilizers
624:"Vulcanized Rubber"
460:Polymer stabilizers
1104:Chemical processes
990:Rubberized asphalt
856:Filler (materials)
780:Chloroprene rubber
604:. January 27, 2020
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160:chloroprene rubber
134:(British English:
129:
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1050:Tire-derived fuel
892:Rubber technology
880:Rubber processing
800:Styrene-butadiene
380:ethylene thiourea
364:synthetic rubbers
312:styrene-butadiene
253:In contrast with
190:William Brockedon
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1023:Rubber pollution
866:Polymer additive
811:Mechanical types
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470:Vulcanized fibre
398:An example of a
324:chains of sulfur
221:Charles Goodyear
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578:. July 14, 1999
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34:This article
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22:
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985:Rubber mulch
935:Rubber Board
896:
828:Crumb rubber
775:Butyl rubber
704:. Retrieved
684:
672:. Retrieved
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627:. Retrieved
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576:News.mit.edu
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408:RTV silicone
351:, sometimes
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304:polyisoprene
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240:Applications
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214:Mesoamerican
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
980:Rubber band
915:Bridgestone
861:Plasticizer
823:Foam rubber
818:Cold rubber
785:EPDM rubber
582:October 25,
422:acetic acid
368:accelerator
296:polyolefins
232:further or
212:In ancient
175:cross-links
481:References
442:dielectric
384:reprotoxic
376:accelerant
234:vaporizing
171:elastomers
71:newspapers
844:Additives
674:April 25,
269:Peroxides
202:volcanoes
1098:Category
1073:Category
972:Products
930:Michelin
907:Industry
706:June 24,
697:Archived
629:June 16,
608:June 16,
455:ISO 2921
449:See also
414:silicone
337:neoprene
249:Overview
101:May 2023
1083:Commons
1028:Dioxins
316:allylic
230:melting
208:History
140:rubbers
85:scholar
920:Dunlop
747:Rubber
528:
434:silica
310:) and
226:sulfur
198:Vulcan
167:curing
148:sulfur
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1011:Waste
1000:codes
995:Tires
760:Latex
700:(PDF)
693:(PDF)
372:diene
146:with
92:JSTOR
78:books
708:2011
676:2024
631:2021
610:2021
584:2021
526:ISBN
347:and
302:are
158:and
154:via
64:news
649:doi
503:doi
349:ZnO
345:MgO
339:or
169:of
47:by
1100::
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667:.
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499:22
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353:Pb
204:.
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