Vyavahāra - Knowledge

3650:, or paņa. A legal proceeding is attended with a wager if “before writing down the plaint, a wager is placed like this: ‘The one who is defeated here will give so much to the winner by way of punishment.’" If the litigant who places a wager loses the case, he must pay both the wager amount they placed and the punishment for the crime. However, if one litigant places a wager and the opposing party does not, and the waging litigant is successful in the case, the defeated litigant need only pay the fine for the crime, not the wager. In a sense, a wager can be seen as a form of evidence; if a defendant wages his entire estate in his defense, he must be certain of his innocence. Additionally, a wager is only considered legitimate if it is articulated in a written agreement between the litigants. The specific logistics of wager-placing are unclear; “it is uncertain whether the paņa is made by one or both of the parties, whether it is paid to the ‘winner’ of the suit or to the king, and what size the paņa must be.”. The 3851:. A few examples of ordeals are as follows: In the ordeal of the balance, the defendant is weighed twice within a short interval of time. If he weighs less the second time, he is considered innocent; if he weighs equally or more, he is declared guilty. In the ordeal of fire, the person has to walk a certain distance carrying a red-hot iron ball in his hand. If his hand is not injured at the end of the day, he is innocent. In the ordeal of the grains of rice, the person has to swallow and spit out grains of rice which have undergone a special treatment. He is declared guilty if, when spitting out the grains, his saliva is mixed with blood. The ordeal to be administered is selected “according to the nature of the crime, according to the status of the individual who is to undergo it, and according to the time when the ordeal is to be administered.” 3872:

former judgment should pay the disputed amount to the plaintiff and an equal amount to the king. If the defendant wins, the plaintiff should pay a fine twice as high as the amount mentioned in the plaint. In the case of a confession, the defendant pays half the fine he would pay if he had denied the plaint and was defeated. Certain guidelines must be followed in determining the fine for the defeated party. For example, Kātyāyana explains the fines to be given in trials of ordeals: “In case of poison, water, fire, the balance, holy water, rice, and the ordeal by the hot piece of gold, he should inflict fine on the defeated according to the following gradation: a thousand, six hundred, five hundred, four, three, two, and one hundred, and less.”

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many an important detail.” Therefore, a second form of evidence that may be presented at trial is that of a document, which is considered more reliable evidence than witness testimony. There are two types of documents as prescribed by vyavahāra: public and private documents. The two major forms of public documents (although there are more) are official grants of land or the like, and documents of success (delivered by the king to the victorious party in a lawsuit). These documents, due to their official nature, do not need to meet many criterion to be taken as reliable evidence. Private documents, on the other hand, which include principal civil transactions (

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The eighteen titles of law include "(i) the first is the non-payment of debts; (ii) deposits; (iii) sale without ownership; (iv) partnerships; (v) delivery and non-delivery of gifts; (vi) non-payment of wages; (vii) breach of contract; (viii) cancellation of a sale or purchase; (ix) disputes between owners and herdsman; (x) the Law on boundary disputes; (xi) verbal assault; (xii) physical assault; (xiii) theft; (xiv) violence; (xv) sexual crimes against women; (xvi) Law concerning husband and wife; (xvii) partition of inheritance; and (xviii) gambling and betting.”

3802:, gifts, mortgages, debts, etc.) have to meet far more conditions. There are many possible defects of private documents that would render them illegitimate evidence. For one, the person who created the document can’t be a child or mentally insane, and they can’t have been intoxicated or under fear or misfortune when drawing up the document. Additionally, the content of the document needs to be very descriptive. It needs to clearly indicate the nature of the subject and describe details of all persons involved and bear the exact date and place of the transaction. 3769:

elaborates, explaining “itnesses should be ascetics, liberally disposed, of good family, speaking truth, eminent in the sacred law, honest, having a son, well to do.” A witness can be considered incompetent in a number of ways including: on account of a text (brāhmanas, devotees, ascetics, and aged people should not be summoned as witnesses due to their figuring in authoritative texts), because of viciousness (no truth can be found in witnesses who are thieves, violent people, etc.), because of discord (if witnesses’ statements are contradictory), a deposition

3619:, “The statement (of the plaint) is considered to be the fundamental part of legal procedures; if the plaintiff falls short of it, he is lost; if he carries it through, he is successful.” Once a plaint is made, the plaintiff cannot change it (i.e. changing the amount of money the plaintiff believes another man owes him). Additionally, the plaint needs to be written down, with all minute details of the situation recorded, or it is considered invalid. Most plaints included one of the eighteen Hindu titles of law, called the Vyavahārapadas. 3615:

2) provided with a valid cause, 3) definite, 4) in accordance with common practice, 5) concisely worded, 6) explicit, 7) free from doubts, 8) free from contradictory causes, 9) capable of meeting opposing arguments. Therefore, the king should reject a plaint if it is “1) unknown (not made by anybody), 2) defective, 3) meaningless, 4) purposeless, 5) unprovable, or 6) adverse.” A plaint is unknown if it is not made by anybody, and it is adverse if it is directed against the chief judge, the king, a town, or the kingdom. According to

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the situation of the litigants. "For those who stay in the forest the session should be held in the forest, for the soldiers in the army, and for the merchants in the caravans." Furthermore, “he court-house should be decorated with flowers, statues, paintings, idols of gods and should be furnished with incense, throne or seat (for the king or judge), seeds, fires and water." There is also differentiation among the different grades of courts. The king's courts are the highest grade, “but other tribunals were recognized in the

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plaintiff or defendant); but where an unjust decision is rendered a quarter of the sin falls on the litigant (plaintiff or defendant) who is guilty of adharma (that which is not in accord with the law), one quarter each on the witnesses, the sabhyas and the kings. Additionally, a judge were to be banished (1) if they utter injustice, (2) if they live on bribery, or (3) if they betray other people’s confidence. “A false judge, a false witness, and the murderer of a brahmana are said to be equally deep in guilt.”

3548:, the protection of his subjects is the highest Law; the enjoyment of the specified rewards binds the king to this Law.” The king's personal dharma is inextricably linked to legal proceedings and his dharma is determined by the merits and demerits of his subjects, therefore it is crucial he bring about justice. This is why it is stressed in the dharmaśāstras how important it is for the king to be fair and righteous and to appoint learned 3895:, an officer who superintends the temples. In an emergency, this superintendent would gather the wealth of the temples and place it at the disposal of the king, who would presumably repay it. It is also ordained that the king should not deprive temples of their properties. Other details pertaining to the administration of temples deal with the institutions in charge of running the temples, and therefore fall more into the realm of 3364: 51: 3777:

twice-born people to deliver true evidence. They too, shall be purified, face eastward of northward, and stand close to gods or brāhamaņas. The chief judge….should address them in the following terms: ‘Declare everything you know about how these people have mutually behaved with regard to this case; for you are a witness to it.’”

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decisions in a different way, differentiating between sacred law, positive law, custom, and royal decrees. Sacred law refers to a decision in which “a case has been duly investigated, decided in accordance with circumstance, and examined by means of oaths, it should be known as a decision by the sacred law.”

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Expert witness testimony should be respected in all cases. According to Rocher, "each and every case must be decided in association with persons who are experts in that field." For example, if a merchant were being charged with a crime, a decision is not possible without the expert testimony of other

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In a trial, there can be a minimum of three witnesses and a maximum of nine. A competent witness is explained by Manu: “Householders, those who have a son, those born of an indigenous family, whether satriyas, vaishyas, or shudras, are competent witnesses if they are produced by a party.” Yājñavalkya

3614:

A plaint is a probandum, i.e. “of something that deserves to be proved, of a quality-bearer characterized by qualities that deserve to be demonstrated. Thus, it means: a valid plaint is an utterance of (the plaintiff’s) own opinion.” The valid plaint must be 1) free from the defects of the statement,

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settled in court” that would be an example by reply by way of former judgment. In these cases, the defendant either agrees or disagrees he had previously borrowed the money, but due to the intervening fact that “this matter has been decided in the court before,” he does not owe the money regardless.

3716:

A reply by way of exception to the plaint, “You owe me a hundred coins because you borrowed them from me” would be “I do not owe you a hundred coins, since I paid them back,” or “I do not owe you a hundred coins, since I received them as a gift.” In the first instance, the defendant is agreeing with

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is “hen kings consider a particular custom to be contrary to equity, in the same way this custom should be annulled by a royal decree.” The punishment of the defeated party is related to the reply of the accused. A defendant who lost the case after delivering a reply by way of denial, exception, or

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The third mode of human evidence is possession, and it is considered a much surer means of proof than the other two. In order for possession to serve as adequate evidence, “it must be supported by a title, it must be of longstanding, uninterrupted, not claimed by others, and held in the presence of

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After a valid plaint has been made, the king should order the reply to be given. The amount of time given to a defendant to produce his reply is based upon a few things, including when the act in question was committed and the strength of the case. According to Kātyāna, “ reply is not valid when it

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and usage, through friendship, greed or fear, each was liable to be fined twice as much as the fine to be paid by the defeated party. Kane states, “it was believed that when a just decision was given, the king and his sabhyas became free from sin, the sin only reaches him when he is guilty (whether

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and that can be established with efforts (of various kinds such as truthful speech, etc.) have been violated, the dispute (in a court between parties) which springs from what is sought to be proved (such as debt), is said to be vyavahāra." According to Donald Davis, “There are two basic meanings of

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Once a witness is determined to be competent, the chief judge should question them one-by-one, in front of the plaintiff and defendant, beginning with the plaintiff's witnesses. Manu explains the proceedings as follows: Manu: “In the morning (the judge), after being purified himself, shall ask the

3694:

A reply by confession is when the defendant agrees with the plaint, i.e. if the plaint is, “You owe me a hundred coins” and the reply is, “Yes I do.” Some argue that a confession makes the plaint invalid; if someone is trying to prove something that the defendant agrees to be true, the plaintiff's

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divided the vyavahārapadas into eighteen titles of law. Manu acknowledged that "the enumeration of the 18 vyavahārapadas was a matter of a convenient arrangement and that the number 18 did not embrace all disputes whatever but only the largest number of disputes and the most important among them."

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Cases were examined by either the king or by the chief judge. The chief judge collaborated with the other judges to devise the questions necessary for investigation, and "n a lawsuit he puts question and counter-question; he speaks first in a friendly way. Therefore he is said to be the prādvivāka

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is not fixed in one place, but moving from place to place as on a circuit, the mudritā is the court of a judge appointed by the king, who is authorized to uses the royal seal, and the śāsitā is the court in which the king himself presides. The court assignment of a case was also very influenced by

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and vyavahāra overlap, such as in the case of the administration of temples. The king is involved in some areas of temple administration. It is part of his duty to punish those interfere with or ruin the property of the temples. This even includes the trees that are on or near holy ground, with a

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should be reserved for heavier crimes. According to Kātyāyana, “When the witnesses are equal, one should purge (one’s cause) by means of an ordeal; and equally so in case of a lawsuit that involves capital punishment, even if witnesses are available.” The number of ordeals is different in various

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imposed by the judge: in the absence of human modes of proof, he invites the party to swear an oath which will constitute sufficient evidence for the case to be decided upon.” The oath can take many different forms based upon a person's caste. “Witnesses should swear by gold, silver, a cow, corn,

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The second mode of human evidence is documents. As helpful as witnesses are in trials, “he ancient authors have been fully aware of the extreme weakness of human memory: if made after a certain lapse of time, the deposition of witnesses loses its validity because they are likely to have forgotten

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in an attempt to answer the question why legal procedure came about in the Hindu tradition. The text states, “When men had dharma as their only focus and were speakers of the truth, there was no legal procedure, no enmity, and no (selfish) conflict. Legal procedure came into being when dharma was

3862:

describes the following kinds of decisions: by valid means of proof (document, witnesses, possession), by motives (inferences and logical speculation), by customs (local rules established for a long time), by an oath, by a royal decree, or by reconciliation of the parties. Nārada classifies the

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accompanies the ownership, the possession and the title need to be produced simultaneously, and if there is no title, the possession needs to be of longstanding. Although texts disagree about how much time someone has to have possession of something before they have ownership of it, the general

3747:

is upon the defendant. In the case of a denial, it's upon the plaintiff, and if there was a confession, there is no burden. The burden is on the plaintiff in the case of a denial because asking the defendant to prove this would be asking him to prove a negative, i.e. prove he did NOT borrow the

3725:

If the plaint “You owe me a hundred coins because you borrowed them from me” was responded to with “I do not owe you a hundred coins, since this matter has been decided in the court before,” or “I do not owe you a hundred coins, because I never borrowed them, and that matter has been previously

3780:

The truth-telling of witnesses is considered of extremely high importance. “When a witness speaks the truth in s deposition, he reaches the most magnificent worlds, and here he obtains an unsurpassed fame; such a speech is created by Brahman.” Witnesses who give false statements on the stand,

3717:

the plaint that he had borrowed a hundred coins, but he raises an exception (“I paid them back”), and therefore does not owe the plaintiff the money. In the second example, the defendant denies that he ever borrowed a hundred coins but received them in another way and thus does not owe them.

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Sũrya, Agni, an elephant’s shoulder, a horse’s back ,the box of a chariot, or weapons, or by their son or grandson. One should select different (oaths) according to their caste.” For example, a kșastriya would swear by his chariot or gold, a vaiśya by his cows, seeds, or gold, etc.

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states, “Arranging in this manner for the discharge of all his obligations, he should protect these subjects with care and vigilance. When bandits abduct from his realm subjects screaming for help, while he and men in his service stand by—he is surely dead, he is not alive. For a

3707:

Following with the previous plaint example of “You owe me a hundred coins because you borrowed them from me” a reply by way of denial would respond with, “I do not owe you a hundred coins.” In this circumstance, the defendant is denying that he ever borrowed the coins at all.

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2.18 explains the wager payment in the following way: “There in that legal proceeding which includes a ‘wager,’ the king should make the loser, the defeated one, pay the aforementioned fine and his wager to the king, and the amount under litigation to the plaintiff.”

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states that, “ The chief judge and the sabhyas were not to hold conversation in private with any one of the litigants while the suit was pending and if they did so they were liable to be fined.” . If a decision is given that is against the

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however, reach “the same worlds as the perpetrators of sins and minor sins, incendiaries, and the murderers of women and children.” Additionally, false witnesses should serve a punishment twice as high as the subject-matter of the lawsuit.

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All these aspects of the trial, including the statements of the plaintiff, defendant, witnesses, and decision-maker, should be written down in great detail in a document called a ‘certificate of the decree’ for future judicial reference.

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If the reply is found to be valid, a trial is granted. Unlike the leniency given for the time to produce a reply, “o delay should be granted in producing witnesses and making them depose.” There are two kinds of trial: human and divine.

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to counsel and help him in legal matters. If the king cannot be present at a legal proceeding, he appoints a Brahmin to take his place. In the absence of a Brahmin, a kşatriya should be appointed; in the absence of a kşatriya, a

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vyavahāra. The first is a general sense of practice, business, or everyday transactions. The other, specific sense is legal procedure, the processes of litigation including a trial.” Legal procedure according to the

3531:, "The king is the assistant of the sacred law when two people are engaged in a lawsuit; he should investigate cases accurately, free from affection or hatred." For the King, vyavahāra is part of his personal caste 3439:

includes: court, listening to and assessing witnesses and their testimony, deciding and enforcing punishment, and the pursuit of Justice in the face of Injustice. Davis later quotes the

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is not connected with the subject, when it is too concise, when it is too broad, and when it pervades only part of the thesis.” There are four types of reply in Hindu law procedure:

3867:, on the other hand, is a decision made based upon the prescriptions. A decision is determined by custom if it is made according to local rules and the customs of the people. A 3426:

as follows: "Vi means ‘various,’ ava means ‘doubt,’ hara is ‘removal’; legal procedure is called by the term vyavahāra because ‘it removes various doubts.’”

4340:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 342-343

4471:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 362-63

4417:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 350-51

4304:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 331-32

3699:, disagree, arguing that the point of judicial procedure is the establishment of truth, and a plaint responded to with a confession serves this purpose. 4510:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 368

4498:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 366

4489:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 365

4453:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 363

4435:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 355

4426:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 354

4408:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 349

4399:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 348

4313:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Theory of Proof in Ancient Hindu Law,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, Les Editions de la Libraries Encyclopedique, 1964, p. 335

3773:(witness comes and speaks on his own accord without having been appointed), and a witness of intervening death (witness died before trial). 4286:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Reply in Hindu Legal Procedure: Mitra Misra's Criticism of the Vyavaharacintamani,” Adyar Library Bulletin, 1956, p.7

4277:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Reply in Hindu Legal Procedure: Mitra Misra's Criticism of the Vyavaharacintamani,” Adyar Library Bulletin, 1956, p.6

4265:

Rocher, Ludo, “The Reply in Hindu Legal Procedure: Mitra Misra's Criticism of the Vyavaharacintamani,” Adyar Library Bulletin, 1956, p.3

99: 4519:

Vt 1.1, 1.3 , translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.347

4156:

B 2.14-15, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 189

4480:

K 232abcd, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.237

4376:

Y 2. 73-73 translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.262

4349:

N. 1. 163, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956, p.227

4235:

Lariviere, Richard W. "The Judicial Wager in Hindu Law." Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 62. (1981): p. 137

4573:

K 460-61, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.350

4462:

SĹ ? translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.265

4226:

Lariviere, Richard W. "The Judicial Wager in Hindu Law." Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 62. (1981) p. 137

4217:

Lariviere, Richard W. "The Judicial Wager in Hindu Law." Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 62. (1981) p. 140

4174:

Nmā 1.6, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 192

3485:

and digests." It appears there were no court fees in ancient India, except for fines imposed by the king, and texts such as the

2271: 862: 4564:

Y 2.111, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.353

4331:

Y 2. 68, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956, p.244

4322:

M 8. 62, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.243

4129:

B 1.107 translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 179

4081:

B 1.69, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 174

4050:

NQ 1.4, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 171

4003:

B 1.73, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 175

4546:

B 1.20, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.351

4537:

B 1.19, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.351

4367:

M 8. 81 translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.261

4358:

M 8. 80 translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.261

4165:

B 2.8, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 194

3946:

K 26, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 180

4528:

B 9.3, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.351

4555:

K 42, translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.352

4444:

K 315translated by Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.230

2150: 3394: 3748:

coins. The burden should be upon a party to prove a positive aspect, i.e. proving the defendant DID borrow the coins.

3027: 4138:

B 5.34ab Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 179

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Human trials produce evidence including witnesses, documents, and possession, and divine trials involve oaths and

3913: 2180: 1016: 136: 3785:

merchants. Furthermore, the cases of ascetics should not be decided without experts acquainted with the three

4147:

Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 189-190

4072:

Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 172-173

1609: 2160: 2100: 85: 708: 4611: 4390:

Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 176

4208:

Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p. 180

3330: 3221: 1831: 4582:

Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.228

4295:

Rocher, Ludo. Vácaspati Miśra: Vyavahāracintāmaņi: A Digest on Hindu Legal Procedure. Gent , 1956. p.220

3349: 3020: 2924: 1871: 1545: 1230: 542: 1866: 3326: 2972: 2090: 1826: 119: 104: 17: 3527:

has the responsibility of overseeing legal procedure and then enforcing their results. According to

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statement suffers from the defect of siddha-sādhana (proving what is proved) Others, such as

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defines it as follows: "When the ramifications of right conduct, that are together called

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Very little is known about the oaths taken in Hindu courts. “Hindu Law only knew the

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Olivelle, Patrick, The Law Code of Manu, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 123

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Vyavahārapada means "the topic or subject matter of litigation or dispute."

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K 188, translated by Rocher, Ludo, "Vyavahāracintāmaņi", Gent, 1956, p. 218

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If the reply is by way of exception or by way of former judgment, the

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Kane, P.V. Literary History of the Dharmaśāstras Vol. 2 p. 911-913

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fine of 40 units for cutting off a twig. The king would appoint a

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is a court established in a fixed place such as a town, the

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texts, ranging from two listed by Manu to nine listed by

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there are four different kinds of courts of justice. The

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consensus seems to be three uninterrupted generations.

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Rocher, Ludo, "Vyavahāracintāmaņi", Gent, 1956, p. 199

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prescribe rules for payment after a suit was decided.

4506: 4504: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4268: 4256: 3842:While oaths should be administered in small cases, 4020: 4018: 3720: 3422:denoting legal procedure. The term is analyzed by 4501: 4598: 4379: 3592:There are four parts of Hindu legal procedure: 4015: 3646:The plaint is also sometimes accompanied by a 3388: 27:Concept of Hindu law denoting legal procedure 3711: 4182: 4180: 4063:, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 116-117 3535:. In the section on laws for the king, the 3395: 3381: 3702: 4177: 4188:The History of the Dharmaśāstras Vol. 3 4092:The History of the Dharmaśāstras Vol. 3 2272:Sources and classification of scripture 14: 4599: 3738: 3879: 899:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 894:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 3587: 3981:NS Mā 1.1-2, adapted from Lariviere 24: 3819: 3516: 25: 4623: 3751: 3622: 3362: 49: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4097: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4053: 4044: 3914:Classical Hindu law in practice 3854: 3760:administered to the defendant. 3721:Reply by Way of Former Judgment 3685:Reply by Way of Former Judgment 4031: 4006: 3997: 3984: 3975: 3962: 3949: 3940: 137:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 13: 1: 3934: 3837: 3805: 3689: 3609: 3418:) is an important concept of 3193:Other society-related topics: 889:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 4039:History of the Dharmaśāstras 4026:History of the Dharmaśāstras 3992:History of the Dharmaśāstras 3884:Occasionally, the realms of 3792: 3763: 3729: 3666: 3304:Hinduism and other religions 2101:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 4116: 4110: 4104: 3902: 3891: 3824: 3579: 3568: 3544: 3537: 3523: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3441: 3049:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3021:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 754:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 698:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 693:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 10: 4628: 3626: 2925:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1610:Gurus, sants, philosophers 1546:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 734:Uparati (self-settledness) 3712:Reply by Way of Exception 3682:Reply by Way of Exception 3641: 3560: 3449: 3415: 2091:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 749:Samadhana (concentration) 613:Three paths to liberation 120:Tribal religions in India 105:Historical Vedic religion 100:Indus Valley Civilisation 3972:, forthcoming, chapter 6 925:, sacrifice, and charity 3970:The Spirit of Hindu Law 3957:History of Dharmaśāstra 3811:the other party.” If a 3098:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2311:Timeline of Hindu texts 2216:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1249:Pumsavana Simantonayana 904:Śabda (word, testimony) 142:Epic-Puranic chronology 110:Dravidian folk religion 3703:Reply by Way of Denial 3679:Reply by Way of Denial 3063:Eighteen Greater Texts 2692:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2121:Krishnananda Saraswati 1365:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 879:Pratyakṣa (perception) 739:Titiksha (forbearance) 3566:(=chief judge)." The 3179:Varna-related topics: 3070:Eighteen Lesser Texts 2643:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1539:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 1525:Achintya Bheda Abheda 1457:Philosophical schools 759:Ahamkara (attachment) 719:Vairagya (dispassion) 647:Mokṣa-related topics: 4061:The Law Code of Manu 3311:Hinduism and Jainism 2241:Vethathiri Maharishi 2146:Nisargadatta Maharaj 714:Viveka (discernment) 89:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 4059:Olivelle, Patrick, 3919:Hindu Titles of Law 3909:Classical Hindu law 3739:The Burden of Proof 3629:Hindu Titles of Law 3369:Hinduism portal 3248:Hinduism by country 3084:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3028:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2111:Dayananda Saraswati 2096:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2002:Sripada Srivallabha 1942:Raghunatha Siromani 1907:Narasimha Saraswati 884:Anumāṇa (inference) 4612:Ancient Indian law 4120:of Kātyāyana 79-80 3880:Overlap with Ācāra 3263:Caribbean Shaktism 2982:Kanakadhara Stotra 2231:U. G. Krishnamurti 2211:Satyadhyana Tirtha 1807:Gangesha Upadhyaya 1465:Six Astika schools 709:Ānanda (happiness) 688:Anātman (non-self) 3588:Legal Proceedings 3500:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 3454:According to the 3446:lost among men." 3405: 3404: 3256:Balinese Hinduism 2755:Markandeya Purana 1992:Satyanatha Tirtha 1947:Raghuttama Tirtha 1937:Raghavendra Swami 1782:Ramdas Kathiababa 863:Sources of dharma 729:Dama (temperance) 724:Sama (equanimity) 90: 16:(Redirected from 4619: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4266: 4263: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4105:Yājñavalkyasmṛti 4101: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3959:, Vol. 3, p. 247 3953: 3947: 3944: 3894: 3813:title (property) 3582: 3571: 3547: 3540: 3526: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3488:Viṣṇudharmasūtra 3484: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3417: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3327:and Christianity 3297:Pilgrimage sites 3227:Reform movements 3105:Vinayagar Agaval 3056:Five Great Epics 3005:Tamil literature 2904:Sushruta Samhita 2699:Bhavishya Purana 2685:Brahmanda Purana 2636:Bhagavata Purana 2564:Other scriptures 2126:Mahavatar Babaji 1706:Satyakama Jabala 1377:Ganesh Chaturthi 1231:Rites of passage 744:Shraddha (faith) 162:Major traditions 88: 53: 30: 29: 21: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 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Dasa 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917:Nimbarkacharya 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837:Jayanta Bhatta 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372:Raksha Bandhan 1369: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254:Simantonnayana 1251: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1203:Carnatic music 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188:Bhagavata Mela 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132:Kundalini yoga 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 928: 927: 921: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 874: 869: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 769: 768: 765: 762: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 695: 690: 685: 679: 678: 675: 672: 671: 666: 661: 656: 650: 649: 643: 642: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 617: 616: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 586: 585: 582:Stages of life 580: 577: 576: 571: 566: 561: 555: 554: 549: 546: 545: 543:God and gender 540: 535: 529: 528: 525: 522: 521: 516: 511: 510: 509: 504: 493: 492: 487: 484: 483: 478: 476:Gross elements 473: 468: 463: 457: 456: 453: 450: 449: 444: 438: 437: 434: 431: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 351: 350: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 277: 276: 266: 263: 262: 257: 252: 246: 245: 240: 237: 236: 231: 226: 220: 219: 214: 211: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 190: 187: 186: 181: 176: 171: 165: 164: 161: 158: 153: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 139: 134: 132:Itihasa-Purana 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 69: 68: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4624: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4505: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4047: 4041:Vol. 3 p. 294 4040: 4034: 4028:Vol. 3 p. 280 4027: 4021: 4019: 4009: 4000: 3994:Vol. 3 p. 277 3993: 3987: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3929:Vyavahāramālā 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3892:devatādhyakṣa 3887: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3835: 3832: 3817: 3814: 3803: 3801: 3790: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3698: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3437:dharmaśāstras 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3270:Hindu culture 3268: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3222:Organisations 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2946:Yoga Vasistha 2943: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2911:Natya Shastra 2908: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2848:Brahma Sutras 2845: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2794:Sthapatyaveda 2791: 2789: 2788: 2787:Gandharvaveda 2784: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2748:Varaha Purana 2745: 2743: 2742: 2741:Skanda Purana 2738: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2678:Brahma Purana 2675: 2673: 2672: 2671:Garuda Purana 2668: 2666: 2665: 2664:Matsya Purana 2661: 2659: 2658: 2657:Vāmana Purana 2654: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2629:Vishnu Purana 2626: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2573:Bhagavad Gita 2570: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156:Radhakrishnan 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2136:Narayana Guru 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2116:Jaggi Vasudev 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106:Chinmayananda 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1967:Ramprasad Sen 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1817:Gorakshanatha 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:Allama Prabhu 1760: 1758: 1757:Akka Mahadevi 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1747:Abhinavagupta 1745: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1696:Prashastapada 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556:Other schools 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1532:Shuddhadvaita 1529: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1213:Kalaripayattu 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148:Bharatanatyam 1146: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1027:Nritta-Nritya 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 924: 920: 919: 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 872: 868: 867: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 764: 763: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 674: 673: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 648: 645: 644: 640: 636: 635: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 614: 610: 609: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 583: 579: 578: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 548: 547: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 524: 523: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 494: 490: 486: 485: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 433: 432: 429: 424: 423: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 283: 279: 278: 274: 270: 265: 264: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 243: 239: 238: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 217: 213: 212: 209: 204: 203: 195: 194: 189: 188: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 160: 159: 156: 151: 150: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 87: 84: 83: 81: 73: 72: 67: 64: 62: 59: 58: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4187: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4111:Nārada-Smṛti 4099: 4091: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4025: 4012:C. II. P. 19 4008: 3999: 3991: 3986: 3977: 3969: 3964: 3956: 3951: 3942: 3883: 3874: 3869:royal decree 3865:Positive law 3858: 3855:The Decision 3841: 3828: 3809: 3796: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3755: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3693: 3670: 3656:Vijñāneśvara 3645: 3632: 3613: 3605:The Decision 3591: 3564: 3521:The King or 3520: 3475:apratiṣṭhitā 3453: 3407: 3406: 3329: / 3325: / 3321: / 3317: / 3315:and Buddhism 3313: / 3277:Architecture 3240:Other topics 3178: 3161: 3133:Four varnas: 3132: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2918:Panchatantra 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2869:Nyāya Sūtras 2867: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2827:Artha Śastra 2825: 2818: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2734:Kūrma Purana 2732: 2727:Linga Purana 2725: 2720:Shiva Purana 2718: 2711: 2706:Padma Purana 2704: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2604: 2597: 2582:s (Hinduism) 2579: 2571: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2492:Atharvaveda: 2491: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2356: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2206:Shraddhanand 2181:Ravi Shankar 2161:R. D. Ranade 2022:Śyāma Śastri 2017:Swaminarayan 1977:Rupa Goswami 1887:Morya Gosavi 1847:Jiva Goswami 1752:Adi Shankara 1578:Pratyabhijña 1544: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1502: 1309:Samavartanam 1289:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1274:Annaprashana 1198:Dandiya Raas 1173:Mohiniyattam 1066:Nididhyāsana 871:Epistemology 803:Brahmacharya 683:Ātman (self) 646: 590:Brahmacharya 519:Saccidānanda 471:Panchikarana 347: 280: 271: / 267:Other major 191: 125: 124: 79: 4186:Kane, P.V. 4114:I. 67; and 4090:Kane, P.V. 4037:Kane, P.V. 4024:Kane, P.V. 3990:Kane, P.V. 3955:P.V. Kane, 3660:Yājñavalkya 3648:legal wager 3511:Arthaśāstra 3494:NāradaSmṛti 3469:pratiṣṭhitā 3442:Nāradasmṛti 3323:and Judaism 3319:and Sikhism 3287:Iconography 3212:Nationalism 3205:Persecution 2989:Shiva Stuti 2883:Yoga Sutras 2713:Agni Purana 2615:Other texts 2606:Mahabharata 2349:Atharvaveda 2246:Vivekananda 2171:Rama Tirtha 2166:Ramakrishna 2141:Nigamananda 2131:Mahesh Yogi 2007:Sripadaraja 1997:Siddheshwar 1892:Mukundarāja 1872:Madhusūdana 1862:Kanaka Dasa 1787:Chakradhara 1731:Yajnavalkya 1721:Vishvamitra 1590:Pancharatra 1488:Vaisheshika 1444:Ratha Yatra 1392:Janmashtami 1387:Rama Navami 1304:Ritushuddhi 1279:Chudakarana 1269:Nishkramana 1239:Garbhadhana 1208:Pandav Lila 1117:Bhakti yoga 1002:Prāyaścitta 773:Niti śastra 621:Bhakti yoga 600:Vānaprastha 415:Vishvakarma 348:Post-Vedic: 184:Vaishnavism 126:Traditional 4601:Categories 3935:References 3849:Brihaspati 3838:The Ordeal 3806:Possession 3800:partitions 3690:Confession 3676:Confession 3610:The Plaint 3596:The Plaint 3538:Manu-Smṛti 3163:Varna-less 3035:Tiruppukal 2996:Vayu Stuti 2960:Panchadasi 2953:Swara yoga 2841:Kama Sutra 2780:Dhanurveda 2440:Taittiriya 2418:Yajurveda: 2410:Kaushitaki 2387:Upanishads 2379:Upanishads 2303:Scriptures 2151:Prabhupada 2067:Vidyaranya 1952:Ram Charan 1927:Prabhākara 1842:Jayatīrtha 1797:Dadu Dayal 1792:Chāngadeva 1651:Bharadwaja 1641:Ashtavakra 1407:Kumbh Mela 1355:Durga Puja 1284:Karnavedha 1264:Nāmakaraṇa 1193:Yakshagana 1122:Karma yoga 1112:Jnana yoga 1107:Hatha yoga 1044:Meditation 1017:Tirthadana 798:Aparigraha 654:Paramātman 639:Liberation 631:Karma yoga 626:Jnana yoga 355:Dattatreya 155:Traditions 80:Historical 4607:Hindu law 3793:Documents 3764:Witnesses 3730:The Trial 3697:Vācaspati 3667:The Reply 3652:Mitākṣarā 3602:The Trial 3599:The Reply 3574:Kātyāyana 3463:Bṛhaspati 3424:Kātyāyana 3420:Hindu law 3408:Vyavahāra 3337:Criticism 3331:and Islam 3292:Mythology 3145:Kshatriya 3077:Athichudi 3014:Tirumurai 2932:Tirumurai 2541:Vyākaraṇa 2477:Chandogya 2469:Samaveda: 2357:Divisions 2335:Yajurveda 2295:Ātmatuṣṭi 2251:Yogananda 2226:Trailanga 2221:Sivananda 2086:Aurobindo 2072:Vyasaraja 2037:Tyagaraja 1987:Sankardev 1957:Ramananda 1852:Jñāneśvar 1827:Harivansh 1812:Gaudapada 1777:Chaitanya 1716:Vashistha 1686:Patanjali 1666:Jamadagni 1585:Vaishnava 1573:Pashupata 1350:Navaratri 1327:Festivals 1294:Upanayana 1259:Jatakarma 1244:Pumsavana 1163:Kuchipudi 1158:Kathakali 1127:Rāja yoga 1061:Samādhāna 942:Prarthana 916:Practices 843:Svādhyāya 447:Mythology 442:Cosmology 435:Worldview 380:Kartikeya 311:Prajapati 250:Saraswati 18:Vyavahara 4190:, p. 248 4094:, p. 270 3924:Hinduism 3903:See also 3825:The Oath 3771:suo motu 3550:Brahmins 3545:Kṣatriya 3524:Kṣatriya 3506:Kauṭilya 3412:Sanskrit 3350:Glossary 3282:Calendar 3217:Hindutva 3140:Brahmana 2811:samhitas 2803:Shastras 2773:Ayurveda 2764:Upavedas 2599:Ramayana 2590:Itihasas 2556:Jyotisha 2523:Vedangas 2507:Mandukya 2403:Aitareya 2395:Rigveda: 2374:Aranyaka 2369:Brahmana 2342:Samaveda 2057:Valluvar 2052:Vallabha 2032:Tulsidas 1962:Ramanuja 1912:Nayanars 1897:Namadeva 1739:Medieval 1681:Kashyapa 1597:Charvaka 1568:Kapalika 1432:Puthandu 1422:Vaisakhi 1319:Antyesti 1299:Keshanta 1223:Adimurai 1218:Silambam 1183:Sattriya 1168:Manipuri 853:Mitahara 833:Santosha 793:Achourya 605:Sannyasa 595:Gṛhastha 454:Ontology 428:Concepts 216:Trimurti 179:Smartism 174:Shaktism 169:Shaivism 43:Hinduism 35:a series 33:Part of 4108:II. 4; 3844:ordeals 3758:ordeals 3416:व्यवहार 3355:Outline 3150:Vaishya 3118:Society 2969:Stotras 2620:Puranas 2546:Nirukta 2536:Chandas 2531:Shiksha 2514:Prashna 2500:Mundaka 2364:Samhita 2328:Rigveda 2191:Samarth 2027:Tukaram 1972:Ravidas 1711:Valmiki 1661:Jaimini 1631:Angiras 1626:Agastya 1618:Ancient 1504:Advaita 1498:Vedanta 1493:Mīmāṃsā 1473:Samkhya 1360:Ramlila 1102:Sādhanā 992:Tarpana 977:Kīrtana 972:Bhajana 923:Worship 848:Shaucha 823:Akrodha 669:Saṃsāra 533:Ishvara 502:Nirguna 497:Brahman 461:Tattvas 385:Krishna 370:Hanuman 365:Ganesha 301:Chandra 296:Ashvins 260:Parvati 255:Lakshmi 242:Tridevi 208:Deities 115:Śramaṇa 95:History 76:Origins 66:History 3642:Wagers 3617:Nārada 3561:Judges 3555:vaiśya 3533:dharma 3529:Nārada 3503:, and 3482:smṛtis 3450:Courts 3432:dharma 3155:Shudra 2973:stutis 2809:, and 2807:sutras 2461:Maitri 2186:Ramdas 2079:Modern 2012:Surdas 1877:Madhva 1802:Eknath 1772:Basava 1767:Alvars 1701:Raikva 1691:Pāṇini 1676:Kapila 1671:Kanada 1656:Gotama 1563:Shaiva 1511:Dvaita 1412:Pongal 1335:Diwali 1314:Vivaha 1178:Odissi 1153:Kathak 1092:Yogini 1056:Dhyana 1007:Tirtha 962:Bhakti 952:Temple 947:Śrauta 828:Arjava 788:Ahimsa 783:Niyama 766:Ethics 574:Moksha 559:Dharma 507:Saguna 405:Shakti 390:Kubera 336:Varuna 316:Pushan 229:Vishnu 224:Brahma 61:Hindus 4117:Smṛti 3897:ācāra 3886:ācāra 3860:Vyāsa 3787:Vedas 3580:smṛti 3569:Smṛti 3457:Smṛti 3172:Dalit 3125:Varna 3042:Kural 2580:Agama 2551:Kalpa 2447:Katha 2319:Vedas 2290:Ācāra 2285:Smṛti 2280:Śruti 2264:Texts 1857:Kabir 1726:Vyasa 1636:Aruni 1483:Nyaya 1437:Vishu 1417:Ugadi 1097:Asana 1082:Sadhu 1051:Tapas 1022:Matha 1012:Yatra 997:Vrata 982:Yajna 957:Murti 838:Tapas 813:Damah 808:Satya 778:Yamas 664:Karma 564:Artha 481:Guṇas 395:Radha 360:Durga 331:Ushas 326:Surya 321:Rudra 306:Indra 282:Vedic 273:Devis 269:Devas 234:Shiva 3831:oath 3428:Kane 3186:Jāti 2971:and 2484:Kena 2433:Isha 1646:Atri 1478:Yoga 1427:Bihu 1397:Onam 1340:Holi 1140:Arts 1087:Yogi 1074:Yoga 1037:Sevā 1032:Dāna 987:Homa 967:Japa 937:Ārtī 932:Puja 858:Dāna 818:Dayā 676:Mind 659:Maya 569:Kama 410:Sita 400:Rama 375:Kali 341:Vayu 291:Agni 193:List 3658:on 3654:of 3572:of 3509:’s 3460:of 526:God 4603:: 4503:^ 4381:^ 4270:^ 4258:^ 4179:^ 4017:^ 3899:. 3789:. 3557:. 3497:, 3491:, 3414:: 2805:, 514:Om 37:on 3410:( 3396:e 3389:t 3382:v 3165:: 284:: 20:)

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