566:
273:
states: "Parties shall, in cooperation with each other and with competent international and regional intergovernmental organizations, promote, as appropriate, economically viable alternatives for tobacco workers, growers and, as the case may be, individual sellers". In particular, the FCTC favors sustainable development options over tobacco farming. To achieve this, Party governments and tobacco control advocates are encouraged to invest in better infrastructure, especially transportation, to ease farmers' access to new and foreign markets when making the transition, while simultaneously improving farmers' access to credit that may be necessary in converting their existing facilities.
34:
256:, the industry made a number of attempts to discredit the report, especially through the public relations efforts of the International Tobacco Growers' Association (ITGA) and by employing non-World Bank economists to release their own analyses. Between 4–16 March of the year 2000, the ITGA, financed by the tobacco industry, set out on what they dubbed a "Roadshow", during which ITGA representatives spoke to policy-makers in the developing countries of India, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, in addition to two "mini-Roadshows" in Argentina and Brazil, in order to voice ITGA opposition to the FCTC on the grounds that the
223:
framework convention was needed for tobacco control, treaty advocates invoked tobacco-related issues that could not be resolved by the actions of individual countries, such as the smuggling of tobacco and the leakage of tobacco advertisements from countries which lacked stringent regulation to those with restrictions on where and to whom tobacco companies could market their products. This initial justification of the framework convention is manifested in the preamble of the final version of the FCTC, which states the following issues as central to the treaty's aims:
201:, the esteemed Harvard University historian of the tobacco industry, reports, "some considered it unrealistic, impractical, and overly ambitious, and preferred a nonbinding 'code of conduct'". However, with the support of Derek Yach, head of the Policy Coordination Committee at the WHO, the proposal gained momentum. Derek Yach became the first Director of the Tobacco Free Initiative in 1998 and steered development of the FCTC from then until its adoption in March 2003. Subsequently,
194:
by the United
Nations". In compliance with Resolution 48.11, the WHO employed Roemer and Taylor to draft a background paper on the various mechanisms available to the WHO in effectively controlling tobacco use worldwide. This background paper provided a concrete recommendation for a framework convention, as opposed to alternative international legal action. According to it proponents, a framework convention would "promote global cooperation and national action for tobacco control".
2727:
182:, the WHO urged individual countries throughout the 1980s and 1990s to adopt national laws that have been shown to reduce tobacco use. The FCTC, however, marked the first time that the WHO went so far as to enact its international legal powers to address the problem. In fact, Roemer herself was among the original group of academics and tobacco activists who supported the idea of a framework-convention protocol approach (the rest of the group included Allyn Taylor,
2715:
2679:
139:" by enacting a set of universal standards stating the dangers of tobacco and limiting its use in all forms worldwide. To this end, the treaty's provisions include rules that govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco. FCTC standards are, however, minimum requirements, and signatories are encouraged to be even more stringent in regulating tobacco than the treaty requires them to be.
248:, which asserted that tobacco control would not harm economies, other than a select few agrarian countries that were unusually dependent on tobacco production. Mamudu, Hammond, and Glantz reveal that "as a financial institution with substantial influence in developing countries, the Bank's publication of CTE threatened to undermine the tobacco companies' economic arguments" about the harmful effects of tobacco control.
481:, and are now subject to constitutional limitations). Among the provisions unsuccessfully opposed by the U.S. were the requirement for warning labels to be written in the language of the country where the tobacco products are being sold, and the ban on deceptive and misleading descriptions such as "low tar" or "ultra-light", which might infringe on trademark protections.
222:
A framework convention is typically justified for problems that necessitate international cooperation to effectively formulate policy. Prior to the FCTC, the majority of framework conventions addressed "environmental issues that were outside the control of individual nations". Thus, in proving that a
582:
warns that the treaty's effectiveness hinges on how parties implement the guidelines. FCTC implementation proves most difficult for developing and transition economies, due to a rift between their need for tobacco control and the resources they can access in meeting FCTC guidelines. This also proves
260:
had underestimated the threat that tobacco control would pose to developing economies. Once negotiations for the FCTC were underway, the tobacco industry again made attempts to lessen the blow of international legislation on their business by lobbying delegates at the convention in Geneva. According
193:
In 1995, the World Health
Assembly (WHA), in Resolution 48.11, requested that the director general "report to the 49th World Health Assembly on the feasibility of developing an international instrument, such as guidelines, a declaration or an international convention on tobacco control to be adopted
682:
project, the
Convention Secretariat will promote WHO FCTC implementation as part of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) agenda and provide general support and materials for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the areas set out above. This will include workshops, toolkits, online training
577:
According to the FCTC in 2010, "most parties have now passed or are renewing and strengthening national legislation and policies to meet their obligations under the treaty" and that 80% of parties facilitated public information and/ or education programs on the dangers of tobacco and curb underage
556:
The FCTC established two principal bodies to oversee the functioning of the treaty: the
Conference of the parties and the permanent Secretariat. In addition, there are over 50 different intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations who are official observers to the Conference of the Parties.
251:
Indeed, even before the treaty was publicly released, tobacco industry representatives embarked upon a concerted effort to thwart the efforts of FCTC drafters, in addition to participating policy-makers from individual WHO member states. Unable to argue against the overwhelming scientific evidence
189:
The idea for a multilateral treaty regarding tobacco control gained traction in 1994 at the Ninth World
Conference on Tobacco or Health in Paris, France, when Roemer and Taylor presented their strategy for international legal action. Roemer and Allyn, along with Judith Mackay, were successful, and
161:
The perceived success of the FCTC has fueled calls for many other global health treaties, although a recent review of 90 quantitative impact evaluations of international treaties broadly raises questions about their real-world impact. Four criteria have been put forward to guide the development of
603:
compared WHO's FCTC implementation database with national implementation reports they found that 32% of country responses were misreported in the database; 3% were obvious errors, 24% were missing despite being reported by countries, and 5% were misinterpreted by the WHO staff. In some cases, the
243:
Much of the groundwork for the economic justification for the FCTC was laid by the World Bank. In order to counter concerns that international tobacco control legislation would unduly harm economies of which tobacco farming, manufacturing, and sale were an important part, the WHO cited a landmark
272:
Nevertheless, the FCTC acknowledges that its agenda will inevitably hurt farmers who currently depend on tobacco for their livelihoods. To that end, the treaty encourages
Parties to help tobacco farmers make the transition from tobacco to alternative crops. Article 17 of the Framework Convention
153:
The FCTC was furthermore a watershed moment for the
European Union. According to Mamudu and Studlar, since the adoption of the FCTC in 2003, "shared sovereignty through multilevel governance has become the norm in the tobacco control policy area for EU members, including having one international
239:
The treaty is notable for its unprecedented inclusion of nongovernmental organizations throughout the negotiation and drafting processes. According to Elinor Wilson, the past vice-president of World Heart
Federation, "the FCTC is an excellent example of government/non-governmental collaboration
476:
Furthermore, the U.S. has sought to change certain provisions of the FCTC, but with limited success. Among the provisions opposed successfully were a mandatory ban on the distribution of free tobacco samples (which is now optional), a narrow definition of the term "minor" regarding the sale of
170:
The WHO has long been active in preventing the myriad health issues that result from tobacco consumption. As the leading cause of preventable death globally, tobacco has seen an upsurge in both its consumption and its fatality rate worldwide with the increasing interconnectedness of the global
686:
The
Convention Secretariat will also be able to provide intensive support up to 15 selected countries that are Parties to the WHO FCTC, are eligible to receive ODA and have demonstrated the motivation and commitment to advance treaty implementation. This will include the provision of direct,
628:
The United
Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development reflects the importance of tobacco control in promoting development, including specific reference to WHO FCTC implementation in target 3.a. Given the impact of tobacco on development, the implementation of the convention will play an
240:
through the Framework Convention Alliance resulting in global public health gains". Such collaboration between NGOs and the WHO forever changed the way that the WHO treats nongovernmental organizations, and in 2002 the WHO constitution was amended to reflect this shift in relations.
134:
The FCTC, one of the most quickly ratified treaties in United Nations history, is a supranational agreement that seeks "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to
565:
171:
economy. Thus, while tobacco related-diseases differ from the communicable diseases that have traditionally been the concern of the WHO, the effects of globalization have made tobacco increasingly relevant for such intergovernmental authorities.
209:
degree from Harvard University, threw her full support behind the idea for a binding multilateral treaty on tobacco control. Alongside malaria treatment and prevention, the nascent Framework Convention rose to the top of her agenda at the WHO.
640:
project aims to support Parties to the WHO FCTC that are eligible to receive official development assistance (ODA) to achieve the SDGs by advancing implementation of the convention. The project will run from April 2017 until March 2021.
598:
Recent attempts to evaluate the implementation and efficacy of FCTC showed that actual state compliance with the framework is quite low, and that its implementation infrastructure is ridden with errors. For instance, when Hoffman
703:, South Korea. The Protocol will enter into force after it has been ratified by 40 states that have ratified the convention. In July 2017, there are 28 signatures and the Protocol is reuniting more countries every year.
218:
It took three years for negotiators to come to an agreement on the terms of the FCTC. After being adopted by the World Health Assembly, the policy-making arm of the WHO, it officially went into effect in February 2005.
673:
promote overall implementation of the WHO FCTC as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to support Parties to incorporate the implementation of the WHO FCTC into their national health and development
578:
tobacco consumption through laws that forbid retailers from selling tobacco products to minors. Furthermore, 70% of parties made "large, clear and visible health warnings" mandatory for tobacco packaging. However
1303:
652:
implement the requirements of Article 5 of the WHO FCTC, to improve tobacco control governance and protect tobacco control policies from the vested and commercial interests of the tobacco industry;
1846:
287:
The Convention defines tobacco control as comprising demand, supply, and harm reduction (Article 1d). Significant provisions of the treaty require that parties implement the following measures:
1714:
After the doors were slammed shut and the meeting resumed, it became clear why the delegates chased the public away: They wanted to work on passing a global tax on tobacco in secret.
473:
failed to send the FCTC to the United States Senate for consideration, thereby preventing the full participation of the U.S. in the implementation of the Framework Convention.
3527:
158:
set a precedent for EU Commission participation and negotiation in multilateral treaties, and further defined the powers and capabilities of the EU as a supranational entity.
604:
FCTC has been actively undermined. These findings highlighted the need for a stronger WHO infrastructure to track and record state compliance with policies. Additionally,
123:
treaty adopted under article 19 of the WHO constitution. The treaty came into force on 27 February 2005. It had been signed by 168 countries and is legally binding in 182
477:
tobacco (which now refers to domestic or national law) and broad limitations concerning the tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (which were seen as violating
1804:
2972:
1505:
Henning, Peter K.; Shmatenko, Leonid (November 2012). "Plain Packaging on Its Way to Europe: Competence Issues and Compatibility with European Fundamental Rights".
1352:
1380:
Lencucha, Raphael; Labonté, Ronald; Rouse, Michael J. (2010). "Beyond Idealism and Realism: Canadian NGO/government Relations during the Negotiation of the FCTC".
146:; not only was the treaty the first to be adopted under WHO's Article 19, but it also marks one of the first multilateral, binding agreements regarding a chronic,
3287:
2455:
732:
696:
2927:
1462:
Jones, Alison Snow; et al. (2008). "Tobacco Farmers and Tobacco Manufacturers: Implications for Tobacco Control in Tobacco-Growing Developing Countries".
3447:
3662:
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demand-driven expert advice, technical assistance and peer support to build domestic capacity to improve tobacco control in line with available resources.
1850:
742:
683:
on tobacco control, south-south and triangular cooperation, and other forms of assistance to national governments to accelerate treaty implementation.
3462:
2912:
3222:
1197:
982:
Brandt, Allan M. The Cigarette Century: the Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic, 2007. Print.
252:
about tobacco's harmful health effects, the tobacco industry seized upon the FCTC's potential for economic harm. In response to the World Bank's
2942:
1805:"WHO Tobacco control for development initiative – more countries in Africa and elsewhere to benefit | The African Capacity Building Foundation"
1304:"Tobacco industry attempts to counter the World Bank report curbing the epidemic and obstruct the WHO framework convention on tobacco control"
3612:
879:
3687:
2857:
2752:
3477:
3437:
1702:
3267:
2589:
3577:
3507:
2782:
608:
recommends to "proactively list all meetings between Commission officials and the tobacco industry and/or their representatives".
3667:
3617:
2967:
335:
Obligation to protect all people from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport and indoor public places.
95:
3052:
3012:
3387:
2947:
1944:
846:
800:
1779:
3402:
3332:
3237:
3682:
3672:
484:
As of October 2022, there are 14 non-party states that are members of the UN: six that have signed but not yet ratified (
3087:
2490:
2485:
2440:
1888:
465:
The United States is a non-party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. When the signed treaty was put up for
360:
455:
3592:
3512:
3487:
3467:
3252:
2882:
2574:
2390:
712:
547:: Liechtenstein, although not a WHO Member State, is eligible to become a Party to the WHO FCTC as a UN Member State.
3442:
3337:
3182:
3177:
3142:
3007:
2937:
2807:
2762:
2566:
2551:
3627:
3552:
3482:
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3307:
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3192:
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3047:
2992:
2952:
2907:
2817:
2802:
2639:
611:
Reporters and the public were forcibly removed from the October 2014 convention which occurred in Moscow (COP6).
131:
that are non-parties to the treaty (eight which have not signed and six of which have signed but not ratified).
3637:
3522:
3492:
3342:
3277:
3227:
3077:
2792:
2692:
2614:
2510:
1880:
1829:
Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and (2012).
625:
In 2017, the Convention Secretariat started a new project to help parties to strengthen treaty implementation.
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3557:
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3412:
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630:
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3017:
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2425:
2288:
1685:
605:
128:
1676:
3652:
3602:
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3427:
3407:
3382:
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3282:
3202:
3187:
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3132:
3092:
3082:
3067:
3037:
2962:
2902:
2872:
2867:
2847:
2837:
2777:
2400:
880:"WHO Member States (by regions) that are NOT parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control"
346:
The contents and emissions of tobacco products are to be regulated and ingredients are to be disclosed.
3647:
3572:
3547:
3517:
3452:
3417:
3377:
3347:
3327:
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2842:
2705:
2302:
2072:
1916:
3567:
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3257:
3197:
3122:
3117:
3027:
2917:
2385:
2360:
2151:
1937:
1533:
120:
1051:"Assessing the Expected Impact of Global Health Treaties: Evidence from 90 Quantitative Evaluations"
2757:
2747:
2315:
1911:
234:
the impact of all forms of advertising, promotion, and sponsorship aimed at encouraging tobacco use
147:
887:
2435:
2077:
1986:
587:
206:
1754:
2579:
2450:
2123:
2052:
2047:
2002:
722:
354:
282:
205:
was elected director general of the WHO in 1998. Brundtland, a Norwegian medical doctor with a
1518:
33:
2515:
2410:
2310:
2012:
202:
116:
231:
the escalation in smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption by children and adolescents
2546:
2462:
2242:
2118:
2082:
2027:
2017:
1930:
1703:"JOHNSON: UN's health agency boots public, press to work on a global tobacco tax in secret"
994:"Multilevel Governance and Shared Sovereignty: European Union, Member States, and the FCTC"
747:
717:
648:
project, technical support will be provided to national governments of these countries to:
261:
to Mamudu, Hammond, and Glantz, however, "these efforts... did not undermine acceptance of
2505:
8:
2687:
2415:
2369:
2252:
2067:
2062:
1538:
404:
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2500:
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2619:
2364:
2262:
2257:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2130:
2102:
1981:
1729:
1619:
1573:
1487:
1405:
1339:
1270:
1237:
1124:
1099:
1075:
1050:
1026:
993:
949:
924:
825:
817:
727:
509:
1912:
GLOBALink Tobacco Control, The International Tobacco Control Community (archived 2012)
1607:
1436:
309:
Call for a limitation in the interactions between lawmakers and the tobacco industry.
2634:
2477:
2430:
2278:
2247:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2176:
2166:
2097:
2092:
1884:
1658:
1650:
1611:
1565:
1551:
1514:
1479:
1397:
1344:
1326:
1275:
1257:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1148:
1129:
1080:
1031:
1013:
1009:
954:
829:
380:
1623:
1577:
1491:
1409:
1322:
808:(3). The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 97, No. 3: 689–691. July 2003.
2682:
2664:
2541:
2405:
2395:
2380:
2196:
2087:
2057:
2042:
2022:
2007:
1976:
1603:
1555:
1547:
1471:
1432:
1389:
1334:
1318:
1265:
1249:
1160:
1119:
1111:
1070:
1062:
1021:
1005:
944:
936:
854:
809:
613:
317:
2719:
2375:
2325:
2283:
2037:
2032:
1953:
920:
737:
617:
reported that the FCTC delegates were discussing a global tobacco tax in secret.
579:
364:
330:
198:
155:
2644:
1830:
470:
1149:"Tobacco dependence treatment and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control"
670:
implement other Articles of the WHO FCTC according to national priorities; and
2741:
2609:
2467:
2320:
1662:
1654:
1330:
1261:
1253:
1174:
1115:
1066:
1017:
521:
505:
143:
136:
246:
Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (CTE)
2654:
2649:
2335:
1678:
Targeting the European Commission: The 7 Lobbying Techniques of Big Tobacco
1615:
1569:
1483:
1401:
1348:
1279:
1248:(6). American Public Health Association (published 22 June 2004): 936–938.
1182:
1147:
Raw, M.; Glynn, T.; Munzer, A.; Billo, N.; Mortara, I.; Bianco, E. (2009).
1133:
1100:"Assessing Proposals for New Global Health Treaties: An Analytic Framework"
1084:
1035:
958:
466:
1638:
940:
2624:
2529:
2420:
1877:
The Global War on Tobacco: Mapping the World's First Public Health Treaty
1475:
1393:
537:
501:
478:
430:
367:
is recommended; deceptive labels ("mild", "light", etc.) are prohibited.
190:
their proposal was adopted as one of the conference's first resolutions.
179:
2714:
2584:
269:
remained an authoritative economic analysis of global tobacco control".
2731:
1423:
Wilson, Elinor (2007). "S8-2 FCTC Global Implications and Strategies".
821:
183:
1594:
Hoffman, S.J.; Rizvi, Z. (2012). "WHO's Undermining Tobacco Control".
1560:
1198:"World Health Organization's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control"
517:
485:
417:
375:
124:
2726:
813:
661:
comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship;
446:
Tobacco-related research and information sharing among the parties.
2629:
2340:
2330:
1906:
847:"Updated status of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control"
422:
Action is required to eliminate illicit trade of tobacco products.
304:
213:
1922:
560:
533:
513:
497:
154:
organization negotiate within the context of another." Worldwide
105:
World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
396:
Comprehensive ban, unless the national constitution forbids it.
119:
held in Geneva, Switzerland on 21 May 2003. It became the first
1449:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)". WHO.
770:
529:
525:
112:
1532:
Freeman, Becky; Chapman, Simon; Rimmer, Matthew (April 2008).
1450:
925:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a key milestone"
700:
570:
493:
363:(at least 30% of the packet cover, 50% or more recommended),
1832:
Efforts to Prevent and Reduce Tobacco Use Among Young People
1238:"Origins of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control"
489:
197:
Roemer and Taylor's proposal was met with some skepticism.
175:
1302:
Mamudu, Hadii M.; Hammond, Ross; Glantz, Stanton (2008).
883:
850:
774:
142:
The FCTC represents a watershed moment for international
1901:
1504:
771:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)"
590:, which in 2012 subsequently was adopted in Australia .
2456:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
798:"Adoption of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control".
733:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
697:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
620:
583:
to be difficult for the European Union, and Australia.
228:
the dramatic increase in worldwide tobacco consumption;
1534:"The case for the plain packaging of tobacco products"
2703:
1780:"WHO | Global Strategy to Accelerate Tobacco Control"
1639:"The Soft Law Alternative to the WHO's Treaty Powers"
1236:
Roemer, Ruth; Taylor, Allyn; Lariviere, Jean (2005).
1235:
1097:
1531:
1379:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1301:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1146:
664:
effective health warnings on tobacco packaging; and
1835:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US).
743:Tobacco Damages and Health Care Costs Recovery Act
3528:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
1917:GlobaLink (tobacco control), part of ncdlinks.org
1286:
322:Tax and other measures to reduce tobacco demand.
2973:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2739:
1220:
1048:
985:
214:Negotiation, drafting, and economic implications
16:Treaty adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly
561:Implementation, oversight, and future direction
3288:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
1208:(6). The American Society of International Law
1938:
1098:Hoffman, SJ; Røttingen, JA; Frenk, J (2015).
992:Mamudu, Hadii M.; Studlar, Donley T. (2009).
991:
874:
872:
3448:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1724:
1722:
1593:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
841:
839:
3663:Treaties entered into by the European Union
2446:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1697:
1695:
1375:
1373:
1049:Hoffman, SJ; Røttingen, JA (January 2015).
658:implement WHO FCTC time-bound measures for:
174:Under the auspices of tobacco activist and
27:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
2928:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
1945:
1931:
1589:
1587:
919:
869:
765:
763:
569:Meeting of a working group of the FCTC in
1719:
1559:
1338:
1269:
1164:
1123:
1074:
1025:
948:
929:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
902:
836:
2913:Treaties of the Central African Republic
1692:
1370:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
564:
1643:Georgetown Journal of International Law
1584:
760:
586:In 2008, the FCTC advised to introduce
96:Secretary-General of the United Nations
3223:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
2740:
1828:
1422:
1195:
793:
791:
2943:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1926:
1636:
1461:
965:
801:American Journal of International Law
3613:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
1907:Institute for Global Tobacco Control
621:Future direction – FCTC 2030 Project
3688:Treaties entered into force in 2005
1952:
1425:International Journal of Cardiology
788:
699:to the convention was concluded in
508:); and eight that have not signed (
54: Non-signatories or not member
13:
2858:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2753:World Health Organization treaties
2441:Tobacco packaging warning messages
1847:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1196:Fidler, David P. (28 March 2003).
409:Addiction and cessation programs.
162:follow-on global health treaties.
127:countries. There are currently 14
14:
3699:
3478:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
3463:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3438:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
1895:
1242:American Journal of Public Health
1104:American Journal of Public Health
1055:American Journal of Public Health
713:Commercial determinants of health
667:smokefree work and public places;
383:for the consequences of smoking.
265:during the FCTC negotiations and
3268:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
2725:
2713:
2678:
2677:
2552:Smoking bans in private vehicles
1552:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02145.x
1507:Transnational Dispute Management
1166:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02488.x
1010:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.01422.x
629:important role in achieving the
244:World Bank publication entitled
32:
3578:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
3508:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
2783:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2640:Smoking in association football
1869:
1839:
1822:
1797:
1772:
1747:
1669:
1630:
1525:
1498:
1464:Journal of Public Health Policy
1455:
1443:
1416:
1382:Journal of Public Health Policy
1323:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.062
1189:
1140:
276:
3668:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
3618:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2968:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2615:Tobacco consumption by country
2511:Smoking and female infertility
1881:Johns Hopkins University Press
1091:
1042:
460:
1:
3053:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3013:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
2557:Tobacco-free college campuses
1608:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61402-0
1437:10.1016/s0167-5273(08)70327-9
1311:Social Science & Medicine
753:
631:Sustainable Development Goals
551:
165:
3388:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
2948:Treaties of the Cook Islands
2426:Smoking and male infertility
1686:Corporate Europe Observatory
606:Corporate Europe Observatory
593:
435:Restricted sales to minors.
129:United Nations member states
7:
3403:Treaties of the Philippines
3333:Treaties of the Netherlands
3238:Treaties of North Macedonia
2401:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1451:http://www.who.int/fctc/en/
706:
690:
10:
3704:
3683:Treaties concluded in 2003
3673:Treaties extended to Macau
2486:Breastfeeding difficulties
449:Articles 20, 21, & 22
280:
64:27 February 2005
3088:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
2673:
2602:
2565:
2537:
2528:
2476:
2391:Schizophrenia and smoking
2386:Prevalence of tobacco use
2361:Health effects of tobacco
2356:
2349:
2301:
2271:
2235:
2139:
2111:
1995:
1969:
1960:
1734:World Health Organization
695:In 2012, a supplementary
121:World Health Organization
91:
83:
75:
60:
31:
26:
3593:Treaties of Turkmenistan
3513:Treaties of South Africa
3488:Treaties of Sierra Leone
3468:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
3253:Treaties of the Maldives
2883:Treaties of Burkina Faso
2316:Islamic views on tobacco
1254:10.2105/AJPH.2003.025908
1116:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302726
1067:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302085
148:non-communicable disease
3443:Treaties of Saint Lucia
3338:Treaties of New Zealand
3183:Treaties of South Korea
3178:Treaties of North Korea
3143:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3008:Treaties of El Salvador
2938:Treaties of the Comoros
2808:Treaties of the Bahamas
2763:Treaties of Afghanistan
2436:Tobacco-free pharmacies
1919:(registration required)
1637:Klock, Kevin A (2013).
1388:(Supplement 1): 74–87.
655:strengthen tobacco tax;
588:plain tobacco packaging
207:Master of Public Health
3628:Treaties of Uzbekistan
3553:Treaties of Tajikistan
3483:Treaties of Seychelles
3458:Treaties of San Marino
3308:Treaties of Mozambique
3303:Treaties of Montenegro
3273:Treaties of Mauritania
3243:Treaties of Madagascar
3233:Treaties of Luxembourg
3193:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3163:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3048:Treaties of the Gambia
2993:Treaties of East Timor
2953:Treaties of Costa Rica
2908:Treaties of Cape Verde
2818:Treaties of Bangladesh
2803:Treaties of Azerbaijan
723:MPOWER tobacco control
574:
355:Packaging and labeling
283:MPOWER tobacco control
237:
186:, and Judith Mackay).
3638:Treaties of Venezuela
3523:Treaties of Sri Lanka
3493:Treaties of Singapore
3343:Treaties of Nicaragua
3278:Treaties of Mauritius
3228:Treaties of Lithuania
3078:Treaties of Guatemala
2793:Treaties of Australia
2693:Electronic cigarettes
2516:Smoking and pregnancy
2311:Smoking in Jewish law
941:10.2471/blt.10.075895
568:
225:
203:Gro Harlem Brundtland
117:World Health Assembly
3658:Treaties of Zimbabwe
3563:Treaties of Thailand
3558:Treaties of Tanzania
3538:Treaties of Eswatini
3533:Treaties of Suriname
3503:Treaties of Slovenia
3498:Treaties of Slovakia
3413:Treaties of Portugal
3393:Treaties of Paraguay
3373:Treaties of Pakistan
3298:Treaties of Mongolia
3248:Treaties of Malaysia
3173:Treaties of Kiribati
3098:Treaties of Honduras
3023:Treaties of Ethiopia
2988:Treaties of Dominica
2983:Treaties of Djibouti
2933:Treaties of Colombia
2898:Treaties of Cameroon
2893:Treaties of Cambodia
2878:Treaties of Bulgaria
2863:Treaties of Botswana
2823:Treaties of Barbados
2547:List of smoking bans
2506:Ptosis of the breast
2463:World No Tobacco Day
1476:10.1057/jphp.2008.37
1394:10.1057/jphp.2009.48
748:World No Tobacco Day
718:List of smoking bans
115:adopted by the 56th
3678:2003 in Switzerland
3643:Treaties of Vietnam
3633:Treaties of Vanuatu
3623:Treaties of Uruguay
3608:Treaties of Ukraine
3583:Treaties of Tunisia
3473:Treaties of Senegal
3423:Treaties of Romania
3353:Treaties of Nigeria
3318:Treaties of Namibia
3313:Treaties of Myanmar
3293:Treaties of Moldova
3218:Treaties of Liberia
3213:Treaties of Lesotho
3208:Treaties of Lebanon
3148:Treaties of Jamaica
3128:Treaties of Ireland
3108:Treaties of Iceland
3103:Treaties of Hungary
3073:Treaties of Grenada
3058:Treaties of Germany
3033:Treaties of Finland
3018:Treaties of Estonia
2998:Treaties of Ecuador
2978:Treaties of Denmark
2958:Treaties of Croatia
2888:Treaties of Burundi
2853:Treaties of Bolivia
2833:Treaties of Belgium
2828:Treaties of Belarus
2813:Treaties of Bahrain
2798:Treaties of Austria
2788:Treaties of Armenia
2773:Treaties of Algeria
2768:Treaties of Albania
2416:Stomatitis nicotina
2370:Nicotine withdrawal
392:Tobacco advertising
370:Article 9 & 11
23:
3653:Treaties of Zambia
3603:Treaties of Uganda
3598:Treaties of Tuvalu
3588:Treaties of Turkey
3543:Treaties of Sweden
3433:Treaties of Rwanda
3428:Treaties of Russia
3408:Treaties of Poland
3383:Treaties of Panama
3363:Treaties of Norway
3283:Treaties of Mexico
3203:Treaties of Latvia
3188:Treaties of Kuwait
3158:Treaties of Jordan
3133:Treaties of Israel
3093:Treaties of Guyana
3083:Treaties of Guinea
3068:Treaties of Greece
3038:Treaties of France
2963:Treaties of Cyprus
2903:Treaties of Canada
2873:Treaties of Brunei
2868:Treaties of Brazil
2848:Treaties of Bhutan
2838:Treaties of Belize
2778:Treaties of Angola
2660:Nicotine marketing
2620:History of smoking
2567:Country and region
2411:Smoker's melanosis
2365:Nicotine poisoning
1853:on 25 January 2021
1358:on 4 November 2021
857:on 13 January 2009
728:Nicotine marketing
575:
510:Dominican Republic
325:Article 6 & 7
21:
3648:Treaties of Yemen
3573:Treaties of Tonga
3548:Treaties of Syria
3518:Treaties of Spain
3453:Treaties of Samoa
3418:Treaties of Qatar
3378:Treaties of Palau
3348:Treaties of Niger
3328:Treaties of Nepal
3323:Treaties of Nauru
3263:Treaties of Malta
3168:Treaties of Kenya
3153:Treaties of Japan
3138:Treaties of Italy
3113:Treaties of India
3063:Treaties of Ghana
3043:Treaties of Gabon
3003:Treaties of Egypt
2923:Treaties of Chile
2843:Treaties of Benin
2701:
2700:
2635:Smoking fetishism
2598:
2597:
2524:
2523:
2478:Women and smoking
2431:Smoking cessation
2297:
2296:
1755:"WHO | FCTC 2030"
1602:(9843): 727–728.
1317:(11): 1690–1699.
1038:. NIHMSID 164599.
453:
452:
101:
100:
48: Signatories
3695:
3568:Treaties of Togo
3398:Treaties of Peru
3368:Treaties of Oman
3358:Treaties of Niue
3258:Treaties of Mali
3198:Treaties of Laos
3123:Treaties of Iraq
3118:Treaties of Iran
3028:Treaties of Fiji
2918:Treaties of Chad
2730:
2729:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2681:
2680:
2665:Tobacco industry
2542:Inflight smoking
2535:
2534:
2396:Sidestream smoke
2381:Third-hand smoke
2354:
2353:
1967:
1966:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1902:Official website
1875:Heather Wipfli,
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:. Archived from
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1699:
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1689:
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1673:
1667:
1666:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1351:. Archived from
1342:
1308:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1233:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
989:
983:
980:
963:
962:
952:
921:Nikogosian, Haik
917:
900:
899:
897:
895:
890:on 22 March 2006
886:. Archived from
876:
867:
866:
864:
862:
853:. Archived from
843:
834:
833:
795:
786:
785:
783:
781:
767:
614:Washington Times
456:World Map Status
381:Public awareness
318:Demand reduction
290:
289:
71:
69:
53:
47:
41:
36:
24:
20:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3692:
2758:Health treaties
2748:Tobacco control
2738:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2669:
2594:
2561:
2520:
2496:Cervical cancer
2472:
2376:Passive smoking
2345:
2326:Ceremonial pipe
2293:
2267:
2231:
2135:
2107:
1991:
1962:
1956:
1954:Tobacco smoking
1951:
1898:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1635:
1631:
1592:
1585:
1530:
1526:
1503:
1499:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1421:
1417:
1378:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1306:
1300:
1287:
1234:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1190:
1145:
1141:
1096:
1092:
1047:
1043:
990:
986:
981:
966:
918:
903:
893:
891:
878:
877:
870:
860:
858:
845:
844:
837:
814:10.2307/3109859
797:
796:
789:
779:
777:
769:
768:
761:
756:
738:Tobacco control
709:
693:
623:
596:
580:Haik Nikogosian
563:
554:
463:
365:plain packaging
331:Passive smoking
285:
279:
216:
199:Allan M. Brandt
168:
156:tobacco control
67:
65:
56:
55:
51:
49:
45:
43:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
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3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
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3625:
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3605:
3600:
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3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
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3290:
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3275:
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3245:
3240:
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3215:
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3190:
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3075:
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3065:
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3000:
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2674:
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2668:
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2662:
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2647:
2645:Smoking jacket
2642:
2637:
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2245:
2239:
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2232:
2230:
2229:
2227:United Kingdom
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
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2184:
2179:
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2169:
2164:
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1971:
1964:
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1921:
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1914:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1896:External links
1894:
1893:
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1889:978-1421416830
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1649:(2): 821–846.
1629:
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144:public health
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137:tobacco smoke
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42: Parties
35:
30:
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2655:Smoking room
2650:Tobacco pipe
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2336:Kinnikinnick
2078:Saudi Arabia
1987:South Africa
1876:
1870:Bibliography
1855:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1841:
1831:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
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1733:
1713:
1706:. Retrieved
1677:
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1381:
1360:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1314:
1310:
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1241:
1210:. Retrieved
1205:
1201:
1191:
1156:
1152:
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1107:
1103:
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1004:(1): 73–97.
1001:
997:
987:
932:
928:
892:. Retrieved
888:the original
859:. Retrieved
855:the original
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799:
778:. Retrieved
694:
685:
679:
678:Through the
677:
645:
644:Through the
643:
637:
635:
627:
624:
612:
610:
600:
597:
585:
576:
555:
544:
483:
475:
469:, President
467:ratification
464:
454:
312:Article 5.3
286:
277:Requirements
271:
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196:
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173:
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133:
108:
104:
102:
18:
2625:Smoking cap
2530:Smoking ban
2421:Smoking age
2124:New Zealand
2073:Philippines
2053:South Korea
2048:North Korea
2003:Afghanistan
1730:"FCTC 2030"
1513:(5): 1–17.
538:South Sudan
502:Switzerland
479:free speech
461:Non-parties
438:Article 16
425:Article 15
412:Article 14
399:Article 13
386:Article 12
349:Article 10
343:Regulation
180:Ruth Roemer
76:Signatories
2742:Categories
2688:Cigarettes
2013:East Timor
1963:and region
1708:14 October
1596:The Lancet
1561:1885/53772
1431:(1): S10.
998:Governance
754:References
680:FCTC 2030
646:FCTC 2030
552:Governance
504:, and the
338:Article 8
281:See also:
184:Derek Yach
178:professor
166:Background
92:Depositary
68:2005-02-27
2575:Australia
2501:Menopause
2243:Argentina
2119:Australia
2083:Singapore
2028:Indonesia
2018:Hong Kong
1663:875285934
1655:1550-5200
1539:Addiction
1331:0277-9536
1262:0090-0036
1175:0965-2140
1153:Addiction
1018:0952-1895
935:(2): 83.
830:229169150
638:FCTC 2030
594:Criticism
518:Indonesia
486:Argentina
443:Research
418:Smuggling
405:Addiction
376:Awareness
299:Articles
125:ratifying
61:Effective
2720:Politics
2683:Category
2630:Smokeasy
2341:Pipe bag
2331:Chanunpa
2303:Religion
2253:Colombia
2068:Pakistan
2063:Malaysia
1883:, 2015,
1624:46405729
1616:22920746
1578:32723585
1570:18339104
1492:28582551
1484:19079300
1410:15774918
1402:20200527
1349:18950924
1280:15914812
1183:19335649
1134:26066926
1085:25393196
1036:20622934
959:20428359
923:(2010).
894:30 April
861:30 April
780:30 April
707:See also
691:Protocol
674:agendas.
633:(SDGs).
305:Lobbying
296:Measure
109:WHO FCTC
2706:Portals
2580:England
2263:Uruguay
2258:Ecuador
2192:Ireland
2187:Iceland
2182:Hungary
2172:Germany
2162:Finland
2157:Croatia
2152:Armenia
2147:Albania
2131:Tokelau
2112:Oceania
2103:Vietnam
1982:Nigeria
1961:Country
1688:. 2021.
1519:2171205
1340:2662513
1271:1449287
1125:4504317
1076:4265908
1027:2900849
950:2814489
822:3109859
573:(2009).
534:Somalia
514:Eritrea
498:Morocco
111:) is a
84:Parties
66: (
2585:France
2451:MPOWER
2350:Health
2279:Canada
2248:Brazil
2222:Turkey
2217:Sweden
2212:Russia
2207:Norway
2202:Latvia
2177:Greece
2167:France
2140:Europe
2098:Turkey
2093:Taiwan
1970:Africa
1887:
1857:4 July
1814:30 May
1789:30 May
1764:30 May
1739:6 July
1661:
1653:
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1517:
1490:
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1362:3 June
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1024:
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601:et al.
536:, and
530:Monaco
526:Malawi
431:Minors
359:Large
293:Topic
113:treaty
52:
46:
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2603:Other
2197:Italy
2088:Syria
2058:Macau
2043:Japan
2023:India
2008:China
1977:Egypt
1682:(PDF)
1620:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1488:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1356:(PDF)
1307:(PDF)
826:S2CID
818:JSTOR
701:Seoul
571:India
494:Haiti
2284:Cuba
2038:Iraq
2033:Iran
1996:Asia
1885:ISBN
1859:2017
1816:2020
1791:2020
1766:2020
1741:2017
1710:2014
1659:OCLC
1651:ISSN
1612:PMID
1566:PMID
1515:SSRN
1480:PMID
1398:PMID
1364:2018
1345:PMID
1327:ISSN
1276:PMID
1258:ISSN
1214:2018
1179:PMID
1171:ISSN
1130:PMID
1081:PMID
1032:PMID
1014:ISSN
955:PMID
896:2008
863:2008
782:2008
636:The
545:Note
490:Cuba
176:UCLA
103:The
22:FCTC
2732:Law
1784:WHO
1759:WHO
1604:doi
1600:380
1556:hdl
1548:doi
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1472:doi
1433:doi
1429:122
1390:doi
1335:PMC
1319:doi
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937:doi
884:WHO
851:WHO
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524:*,
267:CTE
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