World Trade Organization

898:. Both are embedded in the main WTO agreements on goods, services, and intellectual property, but their precise scope and nature differ across these areas. The MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members, i.e., a WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members. "Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members." Some exceptions exist, such as when states participate in a free trade agreement or for preferential treatment given to developing countries. National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods (at least after the foreign goods have entered the market) and was introduced to tackle 586: 490:, they were often informally called "codes". (The Uruguay Round amended several of these codes and turned them into multilateral commitments accepted by all WTO members. Only four remained plurilateral (those on government procurement, bovine meat, civil aircraft, and dairy products), but in 1997 WTO members agreed to terminate the bovine meat and dairy agreements, leaving only two.) Despite attempts in the mid-1950s and 1960s to establish some form of institutional mechanism for international trade, the GATT continued to operate for almost half a century as a semi-institutionalized multilateral treaty régime on a provisional basis. 64: 2029:, where economic inequality was growing at the time even though economic growth is very high. In addition, WTO approaches aiming to reduce trade barriers can harm developing countries. Trade liberalization that is too early without any prominent domestic barriers is feared to trap the developing economies in the primary sector, which often does not require skilled labor. And when these developing countries decide to advance their economy utilizing industrialization, the premature domestic industry cannot immediately skyrocket as expected, making it difficult to compete with other countries whose industries are more advanced. 1745: 1630: 1172:

terms. In 2008, it indicated its interest to resume and conclude its WTO accession. The Working Party on the Accession of Vanuatu was reconvened informally on 4 April 2011 to discuss Vanuatu's future WTO membership. The re-convened Working Party completed its mandate on 2 May 2011. The General Council formally approved the Accession Package of Vanuatu on 26 October 2011. On 24 August 2012, the WTO welcomed Vanuatu as its 157th member. An offer of accession is only given once consensus is reached among interested parties.

1263:(a draft membership treaty), and lists ("schedules") of the member to be commitments. Once the general council or ministerial conference approves of the terms of accession, the applicant's parliament must ratify the Protocol of Accession before it can become a member. Some countries may have faced tougher and a much longer accession process due to challenges during negotiations with other WTO members, such as Vietnam, whose negotiations took more than 11 years before it became an official member in January 2007. 7641: 2101: 1468: 73: 1841: 1865: 1721: 1535: 1603: 2087: 2073: 1913: 1549: 8271: 1481: 1562: 1889: 1576: 1643: 1185: 6429: 1769: 1616: 1495: 1589: 2059: 1508: 403: 1817: 1937: 938:. The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. These internal transparency requirements are supplemented and facilitated by periodic country-specific reports (trade policy reviews) through the 1793: 8281: 6441: 1408: 1107:"Final Act" signed in Marrakesh in 1994. Dispute settlement is regarded by the WTO as the central pillar of the multilateral trading system, and as a "unique contribution to the stability of the global economy". WTO members have agreed that, if they believe fellow-members are violating trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally. 1522: 2047:, "nearly all recent preferential trade agreements (PTAs) reference the WTO explicitly, often dozens of times across multiple chapters. Likewise, in many of these same PTAs we find that substantial portions of treaty language—sometime the majority of a chapter—is copied verbatim from a WTO agreement... the presence of the WTO in PTAs has increased over time." 1278:

member. WTO members do not have to be fully independent states; they need only be a customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations. Thus Hong Kong has been a member since 1995 (as "Hong Kong, China" since 1997) predating the People's Republic of China, which joined in 2001 after 15 years of negotiations.

365:; consensus is emphasized in all decisions. Day-to-day functions are handled by the General Council, made up of representatives from all members. A Secretariat of over 600 personnel, led by the Director-General and four deputies, provides administrative, professional, and technical services. The WTO's annual budget is roughly 220 million 2003:

argues that there is a "paradox" in neo-liberal beliefs regarding free trade because the economic growth of developing countries was higher in the 1960–1980 period compared to the 1980–2000 period even though its trade policies are now far more liberal than before. Also, there are results of research

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to manage the trading systems has been of vital importance. As the trade volume increases, issues such as protectionism, trade barriers, subsidies, violation of intellectual property arise due to the differences in the trading rules of every nation. The World Trade Organization serves as the mediator

2020:

Critics also put forward the view that the benefits derived from WTO facilitated free trade are not shared equally. This criticism is usually supported by historical accounts of the outcomes of negotiations and/or data showing that the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, especially

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of GATT, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. Under the SPS agreement, the WTO sets constraints on members' policies relating to food safety (bacterial contaminants, pesticides, inspection, and labeling) as well as animal and plant health (imported pests

1277:

The WTO has 166 members and 23 observer governments. Most recently, on 26 February 2024 at the 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi, Comoros and Timor Leste were approved to became the 165th and 166th members. In addition to states, the European Union, and each EU country in its own right, is a

1230:

After all necessary background information has been acquired, the working party focuses on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The working party determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant

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There are 11 committees under the jurisdiction of the Goods Council each with a specific task. All members of the WTO participate in the committees. The Textiles Monitoring Body is separate from the other committees but still under the jurisdiction of the Goods Council. The body has its chairman and

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It was contemplated that the GATT would apply for several years until the ITO came into force. However, since the ITO never materialized, the GATT gradually became the focus for international governmental cooperation on trade matters, with economist Nicholas Halford overseeing the implementation of

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A 2017 study argues that "political ties rather than issue-area functional gains determine who joins" and shows "how geopolitical alignment shapes the demand and supply sides of membership". The "findings challenge the view that states first liberalize trade to join the GATT/WTO. Instead, democracy

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was established in 1996 and was approved for membership in 2015. The second longest was that of Vanuatu, whose Working Party on the Accession of Vanuatu was established on 11 July 1995. After a final meeting of the Working Party in October 2001, Vanuatu requested more time to consider its accession

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known as a schedule (list) of concessions. These schedules establish "ceiling bindings": a country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for loss of trade. If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke

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The process of becoming a WTO member is unique to each applicant country, and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and the current trade regime. The process takes about five years, on average, but it can last longer if the country is less than fully

1132:

However, the dispute settlement system cannot be used to resolve trade disputes that arise from political disagreements. When Qatar requested the establishment of a dispute panel concerning measures imposed by the UAE, other GCC countries and the US were quick to dismiss its request as a political

1234:

The final phase of accession involves bilateral negotiations between the applicant nation and other working party members regarding the concessions and commitments on tariff levels and market access for goods and services. The new member's commitments are to apply equally to all WTO members under

516:

In the biggest negotiating mandate on trade ever agreed, the Uruguay Round talks aimed to extend the trading system into several new areas, notably trade in services and intellectual property, and to reform trade in the sensitive sectors of agriculture and textiles; all the original GATT articles

1117:

The priority is to settle disputes, preferably through a mutually agreed solution, and provision has been made for the process to be conducted in an efficient and timely manner so that "If a case is adjudicated, it should normally take no more than one year for a panel ruling and no more than 16

1106:

The WTO's dispute-settlement system "is the result of the evolution of rules, procedures and practices developed over almost half a century under the GATT 1947". In 1994, the WTO members agreed on the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) annexed to the

540:, the original agreement which is still the heart of GATT 1994). GATT 1994 is not, however, the only legally binding agreement included via the Final Act at Marrakesh; a long list of about 60 agreements, annexes, decisions, and understandings was adopted. The agreements fall into six main parts: 1061:

The Service Council has three subsidiary bodies: financial services, domestic regulations, GATS rules, and specific commitments. The council has several different committees, working groups, and working parties. There are committees on the following: Trade and Environment; Trade and Development

1081:

The WTO describes itself as "a rules-based, member-driven organization—all decisions are made by the member governments, and the rules are the outcome of negotiations among members". The WTO Agreement foresees votes where consensus cannot be reached, but the practice of consensus dominates the

1671:

announced that he would step down on 31 August 2020. As of October 2020, a nomination and selection process is currently under way with eight candidates and the final selection is expected on 7 November 2020 with the consensus of 164 member countries. A strong consensus had formed around the

4277:

Farah, Paolo Davide and Cima, Elena, World Trade Organization, Renewable Energy Subsidies and the Case of Feed-In Tariffs: Time for Reform Toward Sustainable Development? (1 December 2015). Georgetown International Environmental Law Review (GIELR), Vol. 27, No. 1, 2015. Available at SSRN:

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As of June 2012, the future of the Doha Round remained uncertain: the work programme lists 21 subjects in which the original deadline of 1 January 2005 was missed, and the round remains incomplete. The conflict between free trade on industrial goods and services but retention of

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The WTO is also a center of economic research and analysis: regular assessments of the global trade picture in its annual publications and research reports on specific topics are produced by the organization. Finally, the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the

861:

The WTO Annual Report compiles a complete overview of the organization's activities, operations, and progress over the year. Detailed reports on the WTO's budget and staffing highlight its commitment to transparency and accountability within the realm of global trade management.

2004:

that show that new countries actively reduce trade barriers only after becoming significantly rich. From the results of the study, WTO critics argue that trade liberalization does not guarantee economic growth and certainly not poverty alleviation. He also cites the example of

1125:, states are less likely and slower to enforce WTO violations when the violations affect states in a diffuse manner. This is because states face collective action problems with pursuing litigation: they all expect other states to carry the costs of litigation. A 2016 study in 794:

The WTO shall facilitate the implementation, administration, and operation and further the objectives of this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and shall also provide the framework for the implementation, administration, and operation of the multilateral Trade

1167:, while the longest was that of Russia, which, having first applied to join GATT in 1993, was approved for membership in December 2011 and became a WTO member on 22 August 2012. Kazakhstan also had a long accession negotiation process. The Working Party on the Accession of 2037:

Studies show that the WTO boosted trade. Research shows that in the absence of the WTO, the average country would face an increase in tariffs on their exports by 32 percentage points. The dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO is one way in which trade is increased.

1251:

on both industrial and agricultural products. Armenia's economic and trade performance growth was noted since its first review in 2010, especially its revival from the 2008 global financial crisis, with an average annual 4% GDP growth rate, despite some fluctuations.

346:

for enforcing participants' adherence to trade agreements and resolving trade-related disputes. The organization prohibits discrimination between trading partners, but provides exceptions for environmental protection, national security, and other important goals.

605:, usually meets every two years. It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions. The Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements. Some meetings, such as the 882:

The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. That is, it is concerned with setting the rules of "trade policy". Five principles are of particular importance in understanding both the pre-1994 GATT and the WTO:

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on agricultural products (requested by developing countries) remain the major obstacles. This impasse has made it impossible to launch new WTO negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round. As a result, there have been an increasing number of bilateral

785:

Additionally, it is WTO's duty to review and propagate the national trade policies and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of

1305:, observers must start accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers. A number of international intergovernmental organizations have also been granted observer status to WTO bodies. Ten UN members have no affiliation with the WTO. 1995:

Although tariffs and other trade barriers have been significantly reduced thanks to GATT and WTO, the promise that free trade will accelerate economic growth, reduce poverty, and increase people's incomes has been questioned by many critics.

481:

agreement and a section on development. The Tokyo Round during the seventies represented the first major attempt to tackle trade barriers that do not take the form of tariffs, and to improve the system, adopting a series of agreements on

1222:

A country wishing to accede to the WTO submits an application to the General Council, and has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements. The application is submitted to the WTO in a

848:

The World Trade Report stands as a key publication from the WTO. It delves into the current trade trends and policy challenges, offering comprehensive insights into the evolving dynamics of the global multilateral trading system and its

1378:

and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the end of 1994. The object ensures that technical negotiations and standards, as well as testing and certification procedures, do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade".

1070:; Balance of Payments Restrictions; and Budget, Finance and Administration. There are working parties on the following: Accession. There are working groups on the following: Trade, debt and finance; and Trade and technology transfer. 1313:

The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements which have the status of international legal texts. Member countries must sign and ratify all WTO agreements on accession. A discussion of some of the most important agreements follows.

1419:

The procedures for the appointment of the WTO director-general were updated in January 2003, and include quadrennial terms. Additionally, there are four deputy directors-general. As of 13 June 2018 under director-general

912:

that may arise because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets. A related point is that for a nation to negotiate, it is necessary that the gain from doing so be greater than the gain available from

710:, Qatar in November 2001. This was to be an ambitious effort to make globalization more inclusive and help the world's poor, particularly by slashing barriers and subsidies in farming. The initial agenda comprised both further 1256:'s economy was marked by low inflation, diminishing poverty, and essential progress in enhancing its macroeconomic steadiness in which trade in goods and services, which is the equivalent of 87% of GDP, played a growing role. 508:

world economy. In response to problems identified in the 1982 Ministerial Declaration (structural deficiencies, spill-over impacts of certain countries' policies on world trade which GATT could not manage, etc.), a meeting in

2016:

and liberalizing slowly along with implementing safeguards for domestic commerce. Vietnam has largely succeeded in accelerating economic growth and reducing poverty without immediately removing substantial trade barriers.

3874: 2165: 1118:

months if the case is appealed... If the complainant deems the case urgent, consideration of the case should take even less time. WTO member nations are obliged to accept the process as exclusive and compulsory.

874:. As the WTO's premier source for annual trade data, it provides thorough analysis and statistics on the latest developments in world trade, proving to be an indispensable resource for global trade information. 577:, the Uruguay Round has been successful in increasing binding commitments by both developed and developing countries, as may be seen in the percentages of tariffs bound before and after the 1986–1994 talks. 1088:(2002) argues that although the WTO's consensus governance model provides law-based initial bargaining, trading rounds close through power-based bargaining favoring Europe and the U.S., and may not lead to 2140: 1386:, formally known as the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT, prescribes methods of customs valuation that Members are to follow. Chiefly, it adopts the "transaction value" approach. 1347:

sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.

1033:

Information on intellectual property in the WTO, news and official records of the activities of the TRIPS Council, and details of the WTO's work with other international organizations in the field.

2206: 1053:

The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) is the committee that deals with the current trade talks round. The chair is WTO's director-general. As of June 2012 the committee was tasked with the

5805: 1259:

When the bilateral talks conclude, the working party sends to the general council or ministerial conference an accession package, which includes a summary of all the working party meetings, the

6316: 997:

In between each Ministerial Conference, the daily work is handled by three bodies whose membership is the same; they only differ by the terms of reference under which each body is constituted:

778:

It oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements (with the exception that it does not enforce any agreements when China came into the WTO in December 2001)

3537:

Farah, Paolo Davide (4 August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism".

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The WTO shall provide the forum for negotiations among its members concerning their multilateral trade relations in matters dealt with under the Agreement in the Annexes to this Agreement.

5694: 6379:

Karlas, Jan, and Michal Parízek. "Supply of Policy Information in the World Trade Organization: Cross-National Compliance with One-Time and Regular Notification Obligations, 1995–2014".

820:

between the nations when such problems arise. WTO could be referred to as the product of globalization and also as one of the most important organizations in today's globalized society.

6596: 1351: 5668: 1344: 561: 3975: 1690:

The WTO derives most of the income for its annual budget from contributions by its Members. These are established according to a formula based on their share of international trade.

1679:

WTO members made history on 15 February 2021 when the General Council agreed by consensus to select Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala of Nigeria as the organization's seventh Director-General.

1662: 3870: 2912: 939: 2280: 994:

The highest authority of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which must meet at least every two years. The Ministerial Conference met most recently in June 2022 in Geneva.

3316:... the GATT has just completed its eighth—and by far the most ambitious—round of negotiations, the Uruguay Round, launched in September 1986 in Punta del Este, Uruguay. 2008:; in the early 1990s, El Salvador removed all quantitative barriers to imports and also cut tariffs. However, the country's economic growth remained weak. On the other hand, 2591: 3065: 1340:, in the same way as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided such a system for merchandise trade. The agreement entered into force in January 1995. 8533: 8226: 6636: 6097: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 1260: 590: 4984: 4015: 807:

to achieve greater coherence in global economic policymaking, the WTO shall cooperate, as appropriate, with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and with the

5008:"The (surprise) return of development policy space in the multilateral trading system: what the WTO Appellate Body blockage means for the developmental state" 8317: 4695: 840:

that provide clarity on the complexities of global trade. These documents are essential for anyone involved with or interested in trade policies and trends.

808: 766:

between governments. As of July 2012 there were various negotiation groups in the WTO system for the current stalemated agricultural trade negotiation.

4877: 4851: 4825: 4799: 4773: 4747: 4721: 4669: 4598: 3777: 532:

The GATT still exists as the WTO's umbrella treaty for trade in goods, updated as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations (a distinction is made between

8410: 8096: 3724: 2195: 3749: 8088: 8043: 5443: 3156: 2932:

Allee, Todd; Elsig, Manfred; Lugg, Andrew (2017). "The Ties between the World Trade Organization and Preferential Trade Agreements: A Textual Analysis".

815:

The above five listings are the additional functions of the World Trade Organization. As globalization proceeds in today's society, the necessity of an

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articles aimed at ensuring "fair competition"; members must not use environmental protection measures as a means of disguising protectionist policies.

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Busch, Marc L., and Eric Reinhardt. "The Political Economy of World Trade Organization Negotiations: The Design of the Multilateral Trading System".

1157: 5940: 4212: 3203: 2975: 2540: 8012: 7996: 6741: 5047:"International trade dispute settlement: World Trade Organisation Appellate Body crisis and the multi-party interim appeal arbitration arrangement" 3494: 2160: 1402: 1148:(MPIA). This gave access to an alternative appellate mechanism (arbitration as an appellate mechanism) while the Appellate Body is not functional. 725:

on issues such as industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade particularly against and between the EU and the US over their maintenance of

240: 5820: 4383: 4354: 3936: 956:. The WTO's agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health and plant health. 8176: 8101: 6928: 5514: 2511: 1682:

Okonjo-Iweala became the first woman and the first African to be chosen as Director-General. Her term, renewable, will expire on 31 August 2025.

1321:

came into effect with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. The AoA has three central concepts, or "pillars": domestic support,

5268: 4256: 3894: 1140:

blocked appointments to the body, the Appellate Body has been unable to enforce WTO rules and punish violators of WTO rules. In March 2020, the

8458: 8201: 6606: 3576: 3515: 2115: 1286:." The WTO Secretariat omits the official titles (such as Counsellor, First Secretary, Second Secretary and Third Secretary) of the members of 6433: 5641: 4541: 1041:

The Council for Trade in Services operates under the guidance of the General Council and is responsible for overseeing the functioning of the

8438: 7678: 6514: 5664: 3849: 3602: 2482: 1272: 222: 5854: 5773: 5620: 5137: 4648: 4330: 4305: 3995: 3434: 3280: 3228: 2681: 2651: 790:, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training: 486:, which in some cases interpreted existing GATT rules, and in others broke entirely new ground. Because not all GATT members accepted these 372:

Studies show the WTO has increased trade and reduced trade barriers. It has also influenced trade agreement generally; the vast majority of

8523: 5384: 4487: 2236: 342:; these agreements are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their legislatures. It also administers independent 6232: 5112: 3628: 311:. The WTO is the world's largest international economic organization, with 166 members representing over 98% of global trade and global 8206: 7991: 7303: 4282: 5319: 5161: 5093: 3698: 3654: 2621: 307:. Governments use the organization to establish, revise, and enforce the rules that govern international trade in cooperation with the 8498: 8488: 8453: 8211: 2873: 2711: 4517: 4409: 2762: 2426: 1110:

The operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves case-specific panels appointed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the

729:—seen to operate effectively as trade barriers. Repeated attempts to revive the talks proved unsuccessful, though the adoption of the 8310: 8221: 6550: 6445: 6308:

Acharya, Rohini, et al. "Trade and Women – Opportunities for Women in the Framework of the World Trade Organization".

4435: 2358: 2130: 1984: 6347:

Graziano, Daniela. "The World Trade Organization in the Global Governance Network: A Political Analysis of Its Role and Functions".

3374: 2272: 384:

also referenced WTO agreements as instruments of reducing inequality. However, critics contend that the benefits of WTO-facilitated

8191: 8186: 8166: 8156: 8151: 8074: 6601: 6534: 5596: 5338: 3797: 3448: 3409: 1363: 5750: 5724: 4035: 2583: 8350: 7623: 6903: 4560: 4461: 397: 175: 5485: 5241: 2452: 1290:'s Permanent Mission to the WTO, except for the titles of the Permanent Representative and the Deputy Permanent Representative. 504:

Well before GATT's 40th anniversary (due in 1987–1988), GATT members concluded that the GATT system was straining to adapt to a

8493: 8231: 8106: 7986: 6611: 6586: 6484: 5575: 2787: 2255: 2125: 1375: 1333: 1042: 555: 460: 422: 355: 6401: 8126: 7751: 7726: 6356:

The Trump Administration's Critique of the World Trade Organization and Its Implications for the International Trading System

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normal non-discrimination rules, even though they are negotiated bilaterally. For instance, as a result of joining the WTO,

8332: 8303: 8284: 8246: 8236: 8146: 6933: 8161: 8141: 8131: 8121: 7965: 7418: 6621: 6089: 3823: 2175: 1527: 3913: 3462: 8518: 8370: 8251: 8241: 8136: 7541: 2834:

Tomz, Michael; Goldstein, Judith L; Rivers, Douglas (2007). "Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade? Comment".

2135: 1383: 638: 626: 622: 610: 606: 8483: 8216: 8171: 7828: 7731: 7671: 6963: 6477: 4976: 3339: 2547:

Handbook at WTO official website. (Note that the document's printed folio numbers do not match the pdf page numbers.)

548: 4012: 774:

Promotion of growth by facilitating trade is the most important function of WTO. Other important functions include:

8513: 8196: 7293: 6626: 2150: 438: 4847: 4821: 4795: 4769: 4743: 4717: 4665: 4594: 6327: 5300: 4916: 4691: 377: 4933:

Chaudoin, Stephen; Kucik, Jeffrey; Pelc, Krzysztof (15 April 2016). "Do WTO Disputes Actually Increase Trade?".

4580:

Steinberg, Richard H. "In the Shadow of Law or Power? Consensus-based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO."

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Round and officially establishing the WTO regime was signed on 15 April 1994, during the ministerial meeting at

8385: 8362: 8342: 8069: 7393: 6803: 5536:

Arjomandy, Danial (21 November 2013). "Iranian Membership in the World Trade Organization: An Unclear Future".

5074: 3152: 1301:, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data. With the exception of the 666: 429:

in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation—such as the

296: 144: 5435: 3145: 2012:, which only began reforming its economy in the late 1980s, saw a great deal of success by deciding to follow 1163:

committed to the process or if political issues interfere. The shortest accession negotiation was that of the

714:

and new rule-making, underpinned by commitments to strengthen substantial assistance to developing countries.

7501: 7468: 7423: 6406:

Pearson, Margaret M. "China in Geneva: lessons from China's early years in the World Trade Organization" in

2064: 1231:

nation and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the WTO rules.

1133:

matter, stating that national security issues were political and not appropriate for the WTO dispute system.

1101: 381: 585: 8375: 8274: 8022: 7664: 7428: 7003: 3742: 2792:"Institutions in International Relations: Understanding the Effects of the GATT and the WTO on World Trade" 2170: 899: 483: 373: 6119:

Bechtel, Michael M.; Sattler, Thomas (2015). "What Is Litigation in the World Trade Organization Worth?".

8380: 8181: 7955: 7833: 7801: 7258: 6254:

Bown, Chad P. (2004). "Trade Policy under the GATT/WTO: Empirical Evidence of the Equal Treatment Rule".

5933: 4209: 3199: 2536: 2120: 1337: 434: 361:

Its top decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference, which is composed of all members and usually

3491: 3334:. Collected courses of the Academy of European Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 133. 801:

The WTO shall administer the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.

8390: 8326: 7821: 7571: 7338: 7273: 7233: 6529: 4379: 4350: 3932: 2155: 1137: 927:

commitments made by WTO members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a

816: 6045:

Goldstein, Judith; Gulotty, Robert (2021). "Trading Away Tariffs: The Operations of the GATT System".

5690: 5510: 4052: 2507: 8503: 8395: 7741: 5538: 5265: 5007: 4248: 3890: 2145: 1990: 654: 594: 5919: 3572: 3511: 7128: 7028: 6591: 5637: 5109: 4538: 1318: 1085: 1067: 942:(TPRM). The WTO system tries also to improve predictability and stability, discouraging the use of 478: 415: 6415:

The World Trade Organization: implementing international trade norms. The World Trade Organization

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Davis, Christina L.; Wilf, Meredith (10 May 2017). "Joining the Club: Accession to the GATT/WTO".

4168: 3845: 3598: 2474: 8448: 8017: 7905: 7343: 7328: 7313: 7153: 6868: 6524: 6391: 5877: 5850: 5617: 5129: 4645: 4327: 4301: 3991: 3675: 3430: 3276: 3224: 2673: 2643: 2328: 2302: 2013: 1063: 1017:

of New Zealand, has the following subsidiary bodies which oversee committees in different areas:

1014: 1004: 469:(1949 to 1979). The first real GATT trade rounds (1947 to 1960) concentrated on further reducing 5409: 4483: 4102: 688:, U.A.E. on 26–29 February 2024, and extended to Friday 1 March 2024 to complete deliberations. 8059: 7358: 7298: 7213: 7098: 6978: 6943: 6783: 6651: 6555: 6204: 3624: 1054: 703: 697: 634: 618: 602: 487: 362: 162: 63: 1073:

As of 31 December 2022, the number of WTO staff on a regular budget is 340 women and 283 men.

7940: 7900: 7858: 7721: 7561: 7363: 7323: 7198: 7188: 7163: 7138: 7108: 7088: 6998: 6938: 6898: 6828: 6757: 5316: 5158: 5090: 3688: 3650: 3558: 2613: 2557:

Malanczuk, P. (1999). "International Organisations and Space Law: World Trade Organization".

1554: 763: 684:, Switzerland from 12–17 June 2022. The Thirteenth Ministerial Conference (MC13) was held in 445:. and other signatories did not ratify the establishment treaty, and so GATT slowly became a 323: 308: 5380: 2703: 2422: 2233: 902:(e.g. technical standards, security standards et al. discriminating against imported goods). 376:

explicitly reference the WTO, with substantial portions of text copied from WTO agreements.

8508: 8405: 7920: 7838: 7556: 7438: 7348: 7333: 7218: 7168: 7063: 7048: 7018: 6818: 6808: 4509: 4405: 2562: 2201: 825: 787: 726: 711: 366: 31: 4431: 3441:. World Trade Organization. For the complete list of "The Uruguay Round Agreements", see: 613:

in 2003 involved arguments between developed and developing economies referred to as the "

8: 7960: 7756: 7706: 7687: 7596: 7591: 7581: 7486: 7458: 7378: 7373: 7353: 7263: 7248: 7183: 7148: 7043: 6983: 6958: 6953: 6923: 6888: 6883: 6853: 6833: 6737: 6631: 6460: 6355: 5237: 3370: 1673: 1635: 1480: 1421: 917:

liberalization; reciprocal concessions intend to ensure that such gains will materialize.

891: 746: 650: 526: 411: 351: 304: 246: 17: 5592: 5335: 3793: 3444: 3397: 2566: 2252: 1676:

but on 28 October it emerged that the US representative was opposed to her appointment.

513:, Uruguay, launched the eighth GATT round—known as the Uruguay Round—in September 1986. 8038: 7701: 7586: 7536: 7526: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7443: 7433: 7413: 7398: 7318: 7228: 7203: 7193: 7178: 7123: 7118: 7073: 7053: 7013: 6968: 6878: 6873: 6848: 6823: 6813: 6793: 6788: 6287: 6279: 6224: 6144: 6070: 5907: 5746: 5716: 5555: 5219: 4958: 4908: 4127: 4031: 2904: 2754: 2212: 1663:

Director-General of the World Trade Organization § 2020 Director-General selection

1629: 1129:

challenges that the WTO dispute settlement system leads to greater increases in trade.

975: 909: 895: 722: 407: 343: 6747: 4557: 4457: 4077: 3972: 3625:"Members examine 'road map' for MC13 on the WTO's reform of its deliberative function" 2354: 1608: 8295: 7883: 7606: 7576: 7551: 7531: 7521: 7496: 7453: 7408: 7403: 7368: 7288: 7283: 7253: 7238: 7173: 7143: 7103: 7083: 7068: 7033: 7023: 6893: 6863: 6858: 6838: 6798: 6565: 6271: 6267: 6185: 6148: 6136: 6074: 6062: 6027: 5972: 5886: 5559: 5478: 5360: 5223: 5211: 5068: 5027: 4950: 4900: 3554: 3335: 3055: 3013: 2949: 2908: 2896: 2851: 2813: 2448: 2390: 1248: 1240: 1089: 953: 750: 718: 677: 319: 6228: 5572: 4962: 4912: 437:(founded 1944 or 1945). A comparable international institution for trade, named the 369:, which is contributed by members based on their proportion of international trade. 223:

166 members (162 UN member states, the European Union, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan)

8420: 7811: 7711: 7601: 7566: 7546: 7448: 7388: 7308: 7278: 7223: 7208: 7133: 7093: 7078: 7058: 7038: 7008: 6993: 6973: 6918: 6913: 6843: 6560: 6291: 6263: 6216: 6175: 6128: 6054: 6017: 5573:

International intergovernmental organizations granted observer status to WTO bodies

5547: 5203: 5019: 4942: 4892: 3599:"Ministerial conferences – Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference – Geneva Switzerland" 3546: 2941: 2888: 2843: 2803: 2758: 2746: 1473: 1389:

In December 2013, the biggest agreement within the WTO was signed and known as the

1326: 1293:

As of 2007, WTO members represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP.

1114:, the Director-General and the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, and advisory experts. 1045:(GATS). It is open to all WTO members and can create subsidiary bodies as required. 928: 614: 5023: 3358:

The Uruguay Round had a four-year time frame when it was launched in 1986 ...

964:

articles allowing for the use of trade measures to attain non-economic objectives;

7930: 7863: 7853: 7716: 7383: 7268: 7243: 7158: 7113: 6988: 6948: 6908: 6616: 5966: 5624: 5579: 5551: 5342: 5323: 5304: 5272: 5165: 5116: 5097: 4652: 4564: 4545: 4334: 4286: 4216: 4039: 4019: 3999: 3940: 3917: 3898: 3878: 3801: 3781: 3728: 3498: 3466: 3452: 3438: 3329: 3297: 3284: 3232: 3007: 2544: 2384: 2259: 2240: 2078: 1668: 1500: 1164: 979: 327: 7640: 2100: 870:

The World Trade Statistical Review has taken the place of the previously issued

657:. At the sixth WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005 in December, WTO launched the 8415: 8256: 7781: 7630: 6762: 6519: 5801: 3815: 1846: 1283: 1141: 1111: 850: 754: 742: 646: 547:

the Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods, including the GATT 1994 and the

510: 6180: 6163: 6132: 6058: 6031: 2808: 2791: 425:(GATT) was established by a multilateral treaty of 23 countries in 1947 after 8477: 7916: 7868: 7771: 7746: 6367:

The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations.

6275: 6220: 6189: 6140: 6066: 5215: 5031: 4954: 4904: 4848:"1.3 Functions, objectives and key features of the dispute settlement system" 3979: 3910: 3693: 3458: 2953: 2900: 2855: 2817: 2180: 2000: 1726: 1371: 1355: 1322: 983: 914: 837: 738: 658: 505: 499: 474: 442: 339: 190: 177: 3676:"WTO 13th Ministerial Conference extended by one day to facilitate outcomes" 72: 8116: 7911: 7645: 6641: 6570: 6469: 6372:

Joost, Peter. "The World Trade Organization: Structure and Jurisprudence".

3871:"The Challenges to the World Trade Organization: It's All About Legitimacy" 2106: 1390: 1243:

on accessing its market for goods. Together with the tariff bindings being

943: 730: 645:) which agreed to phase out agricultural export subsidies and to adopt the 426: 350:

It officially commenced operations on 1 January 1995, pursuant to the 1994

335: 2945: 2847: 2750: 1602: 1467: 7761: 6767: 6752: 6022: 6005: 5618:

Understanding the WTO – Intellectual property: protection and enforcement

4946: 3550: 3398:"Resolving Trade Disputes, the Mechanisms of GATT/WTO Dispute Resolution" 2141:

Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999

2005: 1918: 1870: 1705: 1694:

2023 Top 10 Members' contributions to the consolidated budget of the WTO

1581: 1534: 1227:

which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members.

974:

Exceptions to the MFN principle also allow for preferential treatment of

2734: 2475:"WTO – Understanding the WTO – The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh" 2207:

World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity

2072: 1548: 7895: 7891: 7873: 7848: 7736: 6283: 6088:

Nicita, Alessandro; Olarreaga, Marcelo; Silva, Peri da (5 April 2018).

2185: 2092: 1244: 1224: 1168: 1025:

only 10 members. The body also has several groups relating to textiles.

758: 673: 430: 385: 326:

among participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating

7656: 5297: 3459:"Uruguay Round Agreements, Understandings, Decisions and Declarations" 3328:

Gallagher, Peter (15 December 2005). "Looking back, looking forward".

2872:

Silva, Peri Agostinho; Nicita, Alessandro; Olarreaga, Marcelo (2018).

7843: 7776: 6333:

Broude, Tomer. "The World Trade Organization: A Short Introduction".

6164:"Trade Gains from Legal Rulings in the WTO Dispute Settlement System" 5410:"Ministers approve WTO membership of Comoros and Timor-Leste at MC13" 1894: 685: 642: 522: 3743:"World Trade Organization Negotiations: The Doha Development Agenda" 2086: 1575: 661:

initiative and it is specifically to assist developing countries in

8400: 7970: 6090:"A trade war will increase average tariffs by 32 percentage points" 5207: 4896: 4279: 4078:"WTO | Economic research and analysis gateway - World Trade Report" 2892: 2190: 1561: 1407: 1352:

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

1302: 447: 4432:"The Services Council, its Committees and other subsidiary bodies" 4328:

WTO members secure unprecedented package of trade outcomes at MC12

4103:"WTO | Economic research and analysis gateway - WTO Annual Report" 1494: 1345:

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

1184: 562:

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

7924: 6428: 5851:"History is made: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala chosen as Director-General" 2009: 1774: 1642: 1298: 1253: 1236: 1030:

Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

970:

provisions permitting intervention in trade for economic reasons.

518: 402: 7624:

Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China

6317:

Why is China a reluctant leader of the World Trade Organization?

4977:"A US-less WTO: The first Middle East victims are oil exporters" 4169:"WTO | Understanding the WTO - principles of the trading system" 1247:

there are no specific or compound rates. Moreover, there are no

672:

The Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12) was due to be held in

669:

which is to increase aid for trade support and economic growth.

7766: 6440: 6326:

Bowen, T. Renee, J. Lawrence Broz, and Marc-Andreas Muendler. "

5798:"Moon, allies intensify campaign for Yoo Myung-hee to head WTO" 2058: 1822: 1615: 1588: 1412: 1367: 1287: 1279: 946:

and other measures used to set limits on quantities of imports.

924: 781:

It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes.

681: 470: 331: 300: 7631:

Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu

1370:

of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the

1284:

Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu

5357:

What we see, why we worry, why we hope: Vietnam going forward

3512:"Ministerial conferences – Eighth WTO Ministerial Conference" 2026: 2022: 1942: 1798: 1750: 1521: 1507: 662: 5359:. Boise, ID: Boise State University CCI Press. p. 140. 4878:"Free Riding on Enforcement in the World Trade Organization" 3302:. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 1994. p. 22. 2253:

Languages, Documentation and Information Management Division

5821:"U.S. Sows WTO Turmoil by Vetoing Front-Runner for Top Job" 1354:—also known as the SPS Agreement—was negotiated during the 1294: 1193: Draft Working Party Report or Factual Summary adopted 707: 676:, Kazakhstan, in June 2020 but was canceled because of the 633:

in 2001 approved China's entry to the WTO and launched the

630: 466: 5656: 2584:"U.S. Trade Policy: Going it Alone vs. Abiding by the WTO" 7626:, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China". 6396:

Palmeter, David, Petros C. Mavroidis, and Niall Meagher.

4128:"WTO | Trade Statistics - World Trade Statistical Review" 3200:"WTO | GATT bilateral negotiating material by Round" 1434:

Ambassador Jean-Marie Paugam of France (as of 4 May 2021)

1336:

was created to extend the multilateral trading system to

1176:

and foreign policy similarity encourage states to join."

804:

The WTO shall administer a Trade Policy Review Mechanism.

691: 312: 6205:"On the Economic Success of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement" 5875: 4374: 4372: 3967: 3965: 702:

The WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the

6388:

The World Trade Organization: law, practice, and policy

5110:

Ministerial Conference approves Russia's WTO membership

4022:. World Trade Organization. Retrieved on 13 April 2014. 2644:"WTO | Understanding the WTO – Whose WTO is it anyway?" 591:

World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998

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Ambassador Xiangchen Zhang of China (as of 4 May 2021)

960:

There are three types of provision in this direction:

575:

principle relating to tariff "ceiling-binding" (No. 3)

6617:

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

6408:

New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy

6328:

The World Trade Organization and US Domestic Politics

4822:""Mutually Agreed Solutions" as "Preferred Solution"" 4406:"Intellectual property – overview of TRIPS Agreement" 4369: 3973:"Decision-making in the WTO: Medieval or Up-to-Date?" 3962: 3573:"Ministerial conferences – Hong Kong 6th Ministerial" 3146:"The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues" 1428:

Angela Ellard of the United States (as of 4 May 2021)

952:. In specific circumstances, governments are able to 809:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

733:

in 2013 addressed bureaucratic barriers to commerce.

574: 8411:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

6087: 4424: 3928: 3926: 2871: 2196:

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

2054: 1411:

The headquarters of the World Trade Organization in

8044:

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

7629:

Officially the Republic of China, participates as "

6006:"Gravity and heterogeneous trade cost elasticities" 4876:Johns, Leslie; Pelc, Krzysztof J. (25 April 2018). 4013:"What are the functions and objectives of the WTO?" 2833: 2786: 2732: 877: 653:initiative to phase out tariffs for goods from the 454: 6398:Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization 5781: 4744:"3.2 The Director-General and the WTO Secretariat" 3183:The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization 3119:The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization 1656: 1211: Memorandum on Foreign Trade Regime submitted 908:. It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of 836:The WTO is recognized for producing authoritative 8065:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa 5934:"How to Save Globilization From Its Cheerleaders" 5638:"A Summary of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round" 4932: 3923: 3881:. The Brookings Institution, Policy Paper 2011-04 1158:World Trade Organization accession and membership 1146:Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement 865: 601:The highest decision-making body of the WTO, the 517:were up for review. The Final Act concluding the 8534:International organisations based in Switzerland 8475: 8013:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia 7997:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation 6044: 5662: 4337:, published 17 June 2022, accessed 9 August 2022 3901:. World Trade Organization. Updated 1 July 2013. 3181:GATT in members' policies. (P. van den Bossche, 2735:"Optimal Tariffs and Market Power: The Evidence" 2161:Labour Standards in the World Trade Organisation 1431:Anabel González of Costa Rica (as of 4 May 2021) 1403:Director-General of the World Trade Organization 154:Reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade 5771: 5278: 4558:Decision-Making in the World Trade Organization 2733:Broda, C.; Limão, N.; Weinstein, D. E. 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World Trade Organization. 24 August 2012. 5355:Napier, Nancy K.; Vuong, Quan Hoang (2013). 4249:"WTO – What is the WTO? – What we stand for" 3794:"Bali Ministerial Declaration and decisions" 3006:Joseph, Sarah; Joseph, Sarah Louise (2011). 3005: 1441: 465:Seven rounds of negotiations occurred under 7992:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 5373: 5354: 4296: 4294: 3051:What's wrong with the WTO and how to fix it 2423:"WTO | the WTO and the United Nations" 2389:(6th ed.). Routledge. pp. 51–52. 1151: 989: 625:in 1999 provoked large demonstrations. The 493: 330:, which usually aim to reduce or eliminate 88: Members, dually represented by the EU 8454:Community of Portuguese Language Countries 8318: 8304: 7679: 7665: 6492: 6478: 4595:"1.2 The Dispute Settlement Understanding" 4243: 4241: 3816:"WTO agrees global trade deal worth $ 1tn" 3225:"The GATT Years: from Havana to Marrakesh" 2550: 2531: 2529: 1628: 1601: 1574: 1547: 1520: 1493: 1466: 717:Progress stalled over differences between 706:, at the fourth ministerial conference in 580: 358:(GATT) that had been established in 1948. 62: 30:"WTO" redirects here. For other uses, see 8529:United Nations General Assembly observers 6179: 6021: 5747:"Previous GATT and WTO Directors-General" 5535: 5193: 5012:Review of International Political Economy 4875: 4476: 3992:"WTO Assistance for Developing Countries" 3846:"Understanding the WTO – The Doha agenda" 3740: 3331:The First Ten Years of the WTO: 1995–2005 3327: 3143: 3047: 3043: 3041: 2807: 2790:; Rivers, Douglas; Tomz, Michael (2007). 2131:Criticism of the World Trade Organization 1985:Criticism of the World Trade Organization 1424:, the four deputy directors-general are: 8075:West African Economic and Monetary Union 5240:. World Trade Organization. April 2014. 5005: 4380:"Fourth level: down to the nitty-gritty" 4351:"WTO Director-General selection process" 4345: 4343: 4291: 3545:(3). Kluwer Law International: 263–304. 3402:Santa Clara Journal of International Law 3246:Analysis of the World Trade Organization 1406: 1364:Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade 1266: 1199: Goods or Services offers submitted 1183: 584: 477:in the mid-sixties brought about a GATT 401: 7686: 6161: 5818: 5404: 5402: 5103: 4692:"3.1 The Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)" 4646:Settling Disputes:a Unique Contribution 4450: 4238: 4233:The WTO: Functions and Basic Principles 4197:The WTO: Functions and Basic Principles 4156:The WTO: Functions and Basic Principles 3807: 3787: 3395: 2526: 2220: 398:History of the World Trade Organization 14: 8476: 7987:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 7807:UN Conference on Trade and Development 6587:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 6374:International Trade Law and Regulation 6209:The Review of Economics and Statistics 5697:from the original on 13 September 2019 5387:from the original on 10 September 2011 5261: 5259: 5244:from the original on 29 September 2014 5189: 5187: 5100:, Center for International Development 5086: 5084: 5044: 4871: 4869: 4438:from the original on 29 September 2008 4386:from the original on 28 September 2008 4227: 4225: 4191: 4189: 4150: 4148: 3951: 3949: 3813: 3755:from the original on 27 September 2013 3713: 3518:from the original on 13 September 2019 3162:from the original on 27 September 2013 3038: 2382: 2126:China and the World Trade Organization 1376:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1334:General Agreement on Trade in Services 1043:General Agreement on Trade in Services 932:the WTO dispute settlement procedures. 692:Doha Round (Doha Agenda): 2001–present 569:reviews of governments' trade policies 556:General Agreement on Trade in Services 461:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 423:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 356:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 8299: 7752:Import substitution industrialization 7660: 6473: 6335:Journal of International Economic Law 6310:Journal of International Economic Law 5985:from the original on 14 February 2024 5808:from the original on 13 October 2020. 5671:from the original on 11 December 2013 5517:from the original on 24 December 2013 5458: 5317:Concluding remarks by the Chairperson 5266:Membership, Alliances and Bureaucracy 5238:"Summary Table of Ongoing Accessions" 4987:from the original on 5 September 2018 4569:Journal of International Economic Law 4464:from the original on 25 November 2005 4340: 3741:Fergusson, Ian F. 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OUP Oxford. pp. 164–167. 2654:from the original on 4 July 2021 2455:from the original on 18 May 2017 2151:Information Technology Agreement 2099: 2085: 2071: 2057: 1935: 1911: 1887: 1863: 1839: 1815: 1791: 1767: 1743: 1719: 1641: 1614: 1587: 1560: 1533: 1506: 1479: 878:Principles of the trading system 639:sixth WTO ministerial conference 607:inaugural ministerial conference 455:GATT negotiations before Uruguay 439:International Trade Organization 71: 5939:. 8 February 2016. p. 14. 5119:WTO News Item, 16 December 2011 4935:International Studies Quarterly 4814: 4788: 4762: 4736: 4710: 4684: 4658: 4626: 4613: 4587: 4574: 4551: 4532: 4398: 4320: 4271: 4202: 4161: 4120: 4095: 4070: 4045: 4005: 3884: 3864: 3838: 3767: 3669: 3643: 3617: 3591: 3565: 3530: 3504: 3389: 3363: 3321: 3290: 3192: 3124: 3111: 3080: 2960: 2726: 2696: 2666: 2636: 2614:"WTO | Ministerial conferences" 2606: 2467: 2386:International Political Economy 1657:2020 Director-General selection 1217: Working party established 1127:International Studies Quarterly 8386:International Seabed Authority 8070:Southern African Customs Union 7304:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6376:vol. 9, no. 5, 2003, pp. 1–12. 4850:. WTO official website. 2005. 4824:. WTO official website. 2005. 4798:. WTO official website. 2005. 4772:. WTO official website. 2005. 4746:. WTO official website. 2005. 4720:. WTO official website. 2005. 4694:. WTO official website. 2005. 4668:. WTO official website. 2005. 4597:. WTO official website. 2005. 3262:The First Ten Years of the WTO 3153:Congressional Research Service 2561:. Vol. 442. p. 305. 2441: 2415: 2347: 2321: 2295: 2265: 2246: 2227: 1667:In May 2020, Director-General 1384:Agreement on Customs Valuation 1239:offered a 15 per cent ceiling 872:International Trade Statistics 866:World Trade Statistical Review 828:, the IMF and the World Bank. 667:Sustainable Development Goal 8 637:which was supplemented by the 297:intergovernmental organization 145:Intergovernmental organization 13: 1: 8494:Organisations based in Geneva 5511:"Annex 1. Statistical Survey" 5024:10.1080/09692290.2024.2303681 2065:Business and economics portal 1308: 1102:Dispute settlement in the WTO 1038:Council for Trade in Services 940:Trade Policy Review Mechanism 627:fourth ministerial conference 525:, Morocco—hence known as the 382:Sustainable Development Goals 8376:International Criminal Court 8227:Telecommunications equipment 8032:Middle East and North Africa 8023:European Union Customs Union 5552:10.1080/00210862.2013.859810 5479:"ROC Government Publication" 4353:. World Trade Organization. 4304:. World Trade Organization. 3994:. World Trade Organization. 3848:. World Trade Organization. 3697:. 27 July 2006. p. 65. 3653:. World Trade Organization. 3627:. World Trade Organization. 3601:. World Trade Organization. 3575:. World Trade Organization. 3514:. World Trade Organization. 3373:. World Trade Organization. 3202:. World Trade Organization. 2881:Journal of Political Economy 2510:. World Trade Organization. 2171:Non-tariff barriers to trade 1978: 1205: Working party meetings 1082:process of decision-making. 1050:Trade Negotiations Committee 1009:The Trade Policy Review Body 900:non-tariff barriers to trade 769: 731:Bali Ministerial Declaration 451:international organization. 100: Non-participant states 7: 8381:International Monetary Fund 8327:International organizations 7956:Andean Community of Nations 7834:Bilateral investment treaty 7802:International Monetary Fund 6602:Technical Barriers to Trade 6386:Matsushita, Mitsuo, et al. 5665:"Global Trade Deal Reached" 4582:International Organization. 4042:. World Trade Organization. 3943:. World Trade Organization. 3784:. World Trade Organization. 3455:. World Trade Organization. 3287:. World Trade Organization. 3235:. World Trade Organization. 3187:Managing the Trading System 2704:"WTO | Budget for the year" 2121:Anti-globalization movement 2050: 1138:Donald Trump administration 1005:The Dispute Settlement Body 621:; while others such as the 435:International Monetary Fund 10: 8550: 8391:World Customs Organization 7822:International Trade Centre 6530:International Trade Centre 6461:International Trade Centre 6342:International Organization 6121:International Organization 5717:"Deputy Directors-General" 5073:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 4408:. Wto.org. 15 April 1994. 4219:, accessed 10 January 2022 3982:. World Trade Organization 3957:International Economic Law 3104:Internet and Globalization 3048:Wilkinson, Rorden (2014). 2796:International Organization 2508:"Accession in perspective" 2156:International Trade Centre 1988: 1982: 1660: 1400: 1397:Office of director-general 1270: 1155: 1099: 1021:Council for Trade in Goods 817:International Organization 695: 497: 458: 395: 391: 29: 8519:Foreign direct investment 8434: 8396:Inter-Parliamentary Union 8360: 8341: 8265: 8097:Aircraft & Spacecraft 8087: 8052: 8031: 8005: 7979: 7948: 7939: 7882: 7790: 7742:Foreign exchange reserves 7694: 7619: 6776: 6730: 6650: 6579: 6543: 6507: 6181:10.1017/S1474745617000544 6133:10.1017/S002081831400037X 6059:10.1017/S1474745621000458 5159:Accession status: Vanuatu 4584:Spring 2002. pp. 339–374. 4302:"Whose WTO is it anyway?" 3916:27 September 2007 at the 3689:"In the twilight of Doha" 3651:"Ministerial conferences" 3465:27 September 2007 at the 3054:. Cambridge, UK: Polity. 2809:10.1017/S0020818307070014 2239:10 September 2011 at the 2146:Global administrative law 2032: 1991:1999 Seattle WTO protests 1965: 1954: 1685: 1446:Source: Official website 1442:List of directors-general 1068:Regional Trade Agreements 1064:Least-Developed Countries 655:least developed countries 273: 263: 253: 238: 228: 216: 206: 169: 158: 150: 140: 122: 114: 70: 61: 44: 8484:World Trade Organization 8426:World Trade Organization 7817:World Trade Organization 6904:Central African Republic 6535:Chronology of key events 6515:Accession and membership 6501:World Trade Organization 6446:World Trade Organization 6434:World Trade Organization 6221:10.1162/0034653041811680 5721:World Trade Organization 5440:World Trade Organization 5414:World Trade Organization 4544:11 November 2011 at the 4484:"WTO organization chart" 4215:14 February 2024 at the 4210:Schedules of concessions 3939:30 December 2006 at the 3897:10 November 2013 at the 3800:18 December 2013 at the 3727:30 December 2011 at the 3497:11 December 2004 at the 3451:14 December 2005 at the 3231:11 December 2004 at the 2836:American Economic Review 2739:American Economic Review 2357:. WTO official website. 2329:"WTO Annual Report 2023" 2303:"WTO Annual Report 2023" 2258:24 December 2011 at the 1319:Agreement on Agriculture 1188:WTO accession progress: 1152:Accession and membership 1086:Richard Harold Steinberg 990:Organizational structure 894:(MFN) treatment and the 494:Uruguay Round: 1986–1994 416:Bretton Woods Conference 388:are not shared equally. 289:World Trade Organization 234:English, French, Spanish 40:World Trade Organization 8514:International trade law 8449:Commonwealth of Nations 8018:Eurasian Economic Union 7906:Repeal of the Corn Laws 6525:Dispute Settlement Body 6330:". Working Paper, 2021. 5582:at WTO official website 5381:"Members and Observers" 5196:The Journal of Politics 5096:3 February 2007 at the 4885:The Journal of Politics 3911:"Functions of the WTO". 3780:10 October 2017 at the 2559:Encyclopædia Britannica 2449:"The Reporter Archives" 2383:Oatley, Thomas (2019). 2243:at WTO official website 680:. It was later held in 581:Ministerial conferences 488:plurilateral agreements 433:(founded 1944) and the 8060:East African Community 7941:Regional organizations 6627:Information Technology 6622:Government Procurement 6556:Doha Development Round 6432:Quotations related to 6203:Bown, Chad P. (2004). 6004:Chen, Natalie (2021). 5879:WTO Annual Report 2023 5164:11 August 2012 at the 5115:7 January 2012 at the 4563:25 August 2011 at the 4333:7 January 2023 at the 4285:7 January 2023 at the 2014:China's economic model 1416: 1219: 1055:Doha Development Round 727:agricultural subsidies 704:Doha Development Round 698:Doha Development Round 635:Doha Development Round 619:agricultural subsidies 603:Ministerial Conference 598: 573:In terms of the WTO's 418: 380:of the United Nations 259:CHF 197,203,900 (2023) 163:Centre William Rappard 128:; 29 years ago 7901:The Wealth of Nations 7859:Special economic zone 7722:Comparative advantage 6934:Republic of the Congo 6758:Supachai Panitchpakdi 6463:– joint UN/WTO agency 6323:25.5 (2020): 755–772. 6321:New Political Economy 6312:22.3 (2019): 323–354. 5623:1 August 2013 at the 5578:12 March 2007 at the 5341:13 March 2007 at the 5271:16 March 2007 at the 4651:14 March 2007 at the 4486:. WTO official site. 4460:. WTO official site. 4434:. WTO official site. 4382:. WTO official site. 4038:15 March 2007 at the 4018:15 April 2014 at the 3719:European Commission. 3437:15 March 2007 at the 3283:20 March 2007 at the 3185:, 81; J. H. Jackson, 2848:10.1257/aer.97.5.2005 2751:10.1257/aer.98.5.2032 2537:Understanding the WTO 2234:Members and Observers 1661:Further information: 1555:Supachai Panitchpakdi 1410: 1271:Further information: 1267:Members and observers 1261:Protocol of Accession 1187: 1136:Since 2019, when the 764:free trade agreements 609:in Singapore and the 597:(Geneva, Switzerland) 588: 441:never started as the 405: 354:, thus replacing the 324:intellectual property 309:United Nations System 165:, Geneva, Switzerland 8406:New Development Bank 7921:Economic nationalism 7839:Economic integration 7419:United Arab Emirates 6448:at Wikimedia Commons 5885:. pp. 198–199. 5853:. 15 February 2021. 5786:on 10 December 2022. 4983:. 2 September 2018. 4718:"3.4 Appellate Body" 4548:at WTO official site 4516:. 31 December 2022. 4053:"WTO | Publications" 3998:12 June 2015 at the 3551:10.54648/LEIE2006016 3130:Palmeter-Mavroidis, 3117:P. van den Bossche, 2788:Goldstein, Judith L. 2543:6 March 2012 at the 2279:. 15 February 2021. 2262:at WTO official site 2221:Notes and references 2202:Washington Consensus 1366:is an international 976:developing countries 826:Bretton Woods system 747:agricultural sectors 723:developing countries 712:trade liberalization 191:46.22417°N 6.14944°E 106: Not applicable 32:WTO (disambiguation) 8435:Cultural IGOs 8177:Integrated circuits 7961:Caribbean Community 7757:Net capital outflow 7707:Balance of payments 7688:International trade 7394:Trinidad and Tobago 7294:St. Kitts and Nevis 6804:Antigua and Barbuda 6738:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 6632:Marrakesh Agreement 6383:19.1 (2020): 30–50. 6369:( MIT Press, 2017). 6354:Holland, Kenneth. " 5804:. 12 October 2020. 5778:The Financial Times 5345:, WTO official site 5326:, WTO official site 5322:12 May 2019 at the 5303:12 May 2019 at the 5275:, WTO official site 5054:European Parliament 4922:on 9 February 2020. 4655:, WTO official site 3978:9 December 2012 at 3891:"Groups in the WTO" 3501:, WTO official site 3277:"The Uruguay Round" 2978:on 27 November 2020 2946:10.1093/jiel/jgx009 2567:1999ESASP.442..305M 1695: 1674:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 1636:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 1422:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 1123:Journal of Politics 1001:The General Council 892:most favored nation 751:developed countries 665:as included in the 651:Everything but Arms 527:Marrakesh Agreement 484:non-tariff barriers 412:John Maynard Keynes 363:convenes biennially 352:Marrakesh Agreement 305:international trade 269:623 (December 2023) 247:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 230:Official languages 187: / 126:1 January 1995 41: 8089:Exports by product 8039:Arab Customs Union 7702:Absolute advantage 6964:Dominican Republic 6381:World Trade Review 6168:World Trade Review 6047:World Trade Review 6023:10.1093/ej/ueab067 6016:(644): 1349–1377. 5416:. 26 February 2024 5284:C. Michalopoulos, 5177:C. Michalopoulos, 5091:Accessions Summary 4947:10.1093/isq/sqw009 4571:at Oxford Journals 4011:Sinha, Aparijita. 3877:2 May 2013 at the 3132:Dispute Settlement 2213:World Trade Report 1693: 1417: 1249:tariff-rate quotas 1220: 1096:Dispute settlement 1090:Pareto improvement 896:national treatment 888:Non-discrimination 844:World Trade Report 623:Seattle conference 599: 566:dispute settlement 421:The WTO precursor 419: 344:dispute resolution 39: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8343:Intergovernmental 8293: 8292: 8083: 8082: 8053:Subsaharan Africa 7884:Political economy 7654: 7653: 7615: 7614: 6612:Trade in Services 6566:Quota Elimination 6444:Media related to 6413:Qureshi, Asif H. 6365:Jackson, John H. 6349:Global Governance 5978:978-0-19-956589-4 5892:978-92-870-7428-7 5366:978-0-9855305-8-7 4770:"3.5 arbitrators" 4632:S. Panitchpakdi, 3471:WorldTradeLaw.net 3445:"WTO legal texts" 3088:A. E. Eckes Jr., 3061:978-0-745-67245-8 3019:978-0-19-956589-4 2968:"Goal 10 targets" 2396:978-1-351-03464-7 1976: 1975: 1654: 1653: 1241:bound tariff rate 1180:Accession process 1062:(Subcommittee on 857:WTO Annual Report 719:developed nations 678:COVID-19 pandemic 611:Cancun conference 595:Palace of Nations 299:headquartered in 285: 284: 196:46.22417; 6.14944 16:(Redirected from 8541: 8504:World government 8442: 8421:World Bank Group 8358: 8357: 8354: 8336: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8297: 8296: 8283: 8282: 8273: 8272: 7946: 7945: 7812:World Bank Group 7712:Balance of trade 7681: 7674: 7667: 7658: 7657: 7646:World portal 7644: 7643: 7465: 7464: 7259:Papua New Guinea 6742:Director-General 6637:Doha Declaration 6561:Singapore issues 6494: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6470: 6457: 6456: 6454:Official website 6443: 6431: 6362:13 (2021): 154+. 6296: 6295: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6183: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6010:Economic Journal 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5884: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5780:. 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Archived from 2964: 2958: 2957: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2887:(3): 1302–1338. 2878: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2842:(5): 2005–2018. 2831: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2745:(5): 2032–2065. 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2590:. 15 June 2018. 2580: 2571: 2570: 2554: 2548: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2269: 2263: 2250: 2244: 2231: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2061: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1696: 1692: 1646: 1645: 1632: 1619: 1618: 1605: 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2084: 2079:Politics portal 2077: 2070: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2035: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1936: 1934: 1912: 1910: 1888: 1886: 1864: 1862: 1840: 1838: 1816: 1814: 1792: 1790: 1768: 1766: 1744: 1742: 1720: 1718: 1688: 1669:Roberto Azevedo 1665: 1659: 1640: 1613: 1609:Roberto Azevêdo 1586: 1559: 1532: 1505: 1501:Renato Ruggiero 1478: 1444: 1405: 1399: 1359:and diseases). 1311: 1275: 1269: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1165:Kyrgyz Republic 1160: 1154: 1104: 1098: 1079: 1077:Decision-making 992: 880: 868: 859: 846: 834: 772: 700: 694: 583: 502: 496: 463: 457: 406:The economists 400: 394: 277: 266: 256: 243: 231: 219: 209: 195: 193: 189: 186: 181: 178: 176: 174: 173: 132: 130: 127: 110: 109: 108: 107: 103: 101: 97: 95: 94: Observers 91: 89: 85: 83: 79: 54: 53: 51: 47: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8547: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8416:United Nations 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8367: 8365: 8355: 8339: 8338: 8323: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8277: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8102:Aircraft parts 8099: 8093: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7952: 7950: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7914: 7909: 7888: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7782:Trading nation 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7684: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7635: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7502:Czech Republic 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7473: 7471: 7469:European Union 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7424:United Kingdom 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6763:Alejandro Jara 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6520:Appellate Body 6517: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6449: 6437: 6423: 6422:External links 6420: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6394: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6313: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6262:(3): 678–720. 6246: 6215:(3): 811–823. 6195: 6154: 6127:(2): 375–403. 6111: 6080: 6053:(2): 135–158. 6037: 5996: 5977: 5957: 5925: 5916:|website= 5891: 5868: 5842: 5811: 5802:Joongang Daily 5789: 5764: 5738: 5708: 5682: 5655: 5629: 5610: 5584: 5565: 5546:(6): 933–950. 5528: 5502: 5470: 5464:Jackson, J.H. 5457: 5427: 5398: 5372: 5365: 5347: 5328: 5309: 5290: 5277: 5255: 5229: 5208:10.1086/691058 5202:(3): 964–978. 5183: 5170: 5151: 5121: 5102: 5080: 5037: 4998: 4968: 4941:(2): 294–306. 4925: 4897:10.1086/697463 4891:(3): 873–889. 4865: 4839: 4813: 4787: 4761: 4735: 4709: 4683: 4657: 4638: 4634:The WTO at ten 4625: 4612: 4586: 4573: 4567:Abstract from 4550: 4531: 4501: 4475: 4449: 4423: 4397: 4368: 4339: 4319: 4290: 4270: 4237: 4221: 4201: 4185: 4160: 4144: 4119: 4094: 4069: 4044: 4024: 4004: 3984: 3961: 3945: 3922: 3903: 3883: 3863: 3837: 3806: 3786: 3766: 3733: 3712: 3680: 3668: 3642: 3616: 3590: 3564: 3529: 3503: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3456: 3423: 3388: 3362: 3340: 3320: 3289: 3266: 3260:P. Gallagher, 3250: 3244:Footer, M. E. 3237: 3217: 3191: 3173: 3136: 3123: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3079: 3060: 3037: 3018: 2989: 2959: 2940:(2): 333–363. 2921: 2893:10.1086/697085 2861: 2823: 2776: 2725: 2695: 2665: 2635: 2605: 2572: 2549: 2525: 2496: 2466: 2440: 2414: 2395: 2372: 2346: 2320: 2294: 2264: 2245: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2096: 2082: 2068: 2052: 2049: 2034: 2031: 1983:Main article: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1847:United Kingdom 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1687: 1684: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1638: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1611: 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498:Main article: 495: 492: 456: 453: 396:Main article: 393: 390: 283: 282: 275: 271: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 244: 239: 236: 235: 232: 229: 226: 225: 220: 217: 214: 213: 210: 208:Region served 207: 204: 203: 171: 167: 166: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 102: 96: 90: 84: 78: 77: 76: 68: 67: 59: 58: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8546: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8361:Non-cultural 8359: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8345:organizations 8340: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8314: 8309: 8307: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8286: 8278: 8276: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8212:Photovoltaics 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7917:Protectionism 7915: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7869:Trade barrier 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7792:Organizations 7789: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7772:Trade justice 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747:Globalization 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7675: 7670: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7429:United States 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 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Smithies, 3094: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3044: 3042: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2377: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2335:. p. 196 2334: 2330: 2324: 2309:. p. 199 2308: 2304: 2298: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2181:Swiss Formula 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2001:Ha-Joon Chang 1997: 1992: 1986: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727:United States 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672:candidacy of 1670: 1664: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1415:, Switzerland 1414: 1409: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372:Uruguay Round 1369: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1356:Uruguay Round 1353: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1323:market access 1320: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1186: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 987: 985: 981: 977: 969: 966: 963: 962: 961: 955: 951: 950:Safety values 948: 945: 941: 937: 934: 930: 926: 922: 919: 916: 911: 907: 904: 901: 897: 893: 889: 886: 885: 884: 875: 873: 863: 854: 852: 851:socioeconomic 841: 839: 829: 827: 821: 818: 810: 806: 803: 800: 797: 793: 792: 791: 789: 780: 777: 776: 775: 767: 765: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:protectionism 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 699: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 659:Aid for Trade 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 596: 592: 587: 578: 576: 568: 565: 563: 559: 557: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 514: 512: 507: 501: 500:Uruguay Round 491: 489: 485: 480: 476: 475:Kennedy Round 472: 468: 462: 452: 450: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 417: 413: 409: 404: 399: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 348: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 280: 276: 272: 268: 262: 258: 252: 248: 245: 242: 237: 233: 227: 224: 221: 215: 211: 205: 200: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 125: 121: 117: 113: 82: Members 74: 69: 65: 60: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8425: 8187:Live animals 8167:Gas turbines 7980:Asia-Pacific 7912:Mercantilism 7899: 7816: 7794:and policies 7637: 7636: 7344:South Africa 7329:Sierra Leone 7314:Saudi Arabia 6869:Burkina Faso 6642:Bali Package 6571:Peace Clause 6500: 6466: 6436:at Wikiquote 6414: 6407: 6397: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6320: 6309: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6237:. 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Retrieved 2277:the Guardian 2276: 2267: 2248: 2229: 2211: 2107:World portal 2042: 2040: 2036: 2019: 1998: 1994: 1689: 1681: 1678: 1666: 1445: 1418: 1391:Bali Package 1388: 1381: 1361: 1349: 1342: 1331: 1316: 1312: 1292: 1276: 1258: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1174: 1161: 1145: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1105: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1060: 1015:David Walker 1012: 996: 993: 973: 959: 949: 936:Transparency 935: 920: 905: 887: 881: 871: 869: 860: 847: 835: 822: 814: 784: 773: 745:to domestic 735: 716: 701: 671: 600: 572: 537: 533: 531: 515: 503: 479:anti-dumping 464: 446: 427:World War II 420: 371: 360: 349: 340:restrictions 338:, and other 317: 292: 288: 286: 249:(since 2021) 218:Membership 159:Headquarters 115:Abbreviation 55:(in Spanish) 36: 8509:Trade blocs 8192:Natural gas 8157:Electronics 8152:Electricity 7762:Outsourcing 7695:Terminology 7572:Netherlands 7359:Switzerland 7274:Philippines 7214:New Zealand 7099:South Korea 6979:El Salvador 6944:Ivory Coast 6784:Afghanistan 6768:Rufus Yerxa 6753:Pascal Lamy 6722:13th (2024) 6717:12th (2022) 6712:11th (2017) 6707:10th (2015) 6654:Conferences 6652:Ministerial 6592:Agriculture 6174:(1): 1–31. 5701:18 February 5640:. Wto.org. 5521:22 December 5466:Sovereignty 5420:26 February 5144:23 February 5134:www.wto.org 4991:5 September 4981:ameinfo.com 4253:www.wto.org 4173:www.wto.org 4132:www.wto.org 4107:www.wto.org 4082:www.wto.org 4057:www.wto.org 3102:N. Warren, 2718:22 February 2708:www.wto.org 2688:22 February 2678:www.wto.org 2658:18 February 2648:www.wto.org 2628:18 February 2618:www.wto.org 2518:22 December 2479:www.wto.org 2365:2 September 2333:www.wto.org 2307:www.wto.org 2006:El Salvador 1969:195,500,000 1919:South Korea 1871:Netherlands 1710:Percentage 1582:Pascal Lamy 1539:New Zealand 978:, regional 910:free-riding 906:Reciprocity 795:Agreements. 506:globalizing 473:. Then the 410:(left) and 408:Harry White 194: / 170:Coordinates 48:(in French) 8478:Categories 8232:Telephones 7896:Adam Smith 7892:Free trade 7874:Trade bloc 7849:ATA Carnet 7737:Fair trade 7562:Luxembourg 7364:Tajikistan 7324:Seychelles 7199:Mozambique 7189:Montenegro 7164:Mauritania 7139:Madagascar 7109:Kyrgyzstan 7089:Kazakhstan 6999:The Gambia 6939:Costa Rica 6899:Cape Verde 6829:Bangladesh 6702:9th (2013) 6697:8th (2011) 6692:7th (2009) 6687:6th (2005) 6682:5th (2003) 6677:4th (2001) 6672:3rd (1999) 6667:2nd (1998) 6662:1st (1996) 6580:Agreements 6032:1259290547 5835:28 October 5731:6 November 5691:"WT/L/509" 5675:8 December 5248:25 October 3971:C. 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