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One of Them Talks." And during that time they began their council....When all had finished talking, they decided to make a great fence; and in addition they put in the center a great wigwam within the fence; and also they made a whip and placed it with their father. Then whoever disobeyed him would be whipped. Whichever of his children was within the fence - all of them had to obey him. And he always had to kindle their great fire, so that it would not burn out. This is where the Wampum Laws originated. That fence was the confederacy agreement....There would be no arguing with one another again. They had to live like brothers and sisters who had the same parent....And their parent, he was the great chief at
Caughnawaga. And the fence and the whip were the Wampum Laws. Whoever disobeyed them, the tribes together had to watch him.
1023:, the role of wampum council conduct being a major example. This political unit allowed for the safe passage of people through each of their territories (including camping and subsisting on the land), safer trade networks from the western agricultural centers to the eastern gathering economies (copper/pelts) through non-aggression pacts and sharing natural resources from their respected habitats, freedom to move to each and any of the other's villages along with organizing inter-tribal marriages, and a large-scale defensive alliance to fend off attacks in their now shared territory. Madockawando for instance would later move from Penobscot lands to Wolastoqey lands, living in their political hub of Meductic until his death. These events would lead to the formal creation of what is now called the Wabanaki Confederacy.
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listened to, with the understanding that they would do the same for the others. Each tribe a sakom was part of also had a "kinship" status, being that they are brothers some members were older and younger. The lack of a single centralized capital complemented the
Wabanaki government style, as sakoms were able to shift their political influence to any part of the nation that needed it. This could mean bringing leadership near or away from conflict zones. When a formal internal agreement was reached, not one but often at least five representatives speaking on behalf of their respective tribe and nation as a whole would set off to negotiate.
1167:. Concepts like this were also found in other confederacies like the Haudenosaunee. In the Wabanaki context, such terms indicated concepts like the Penobscot looking out for the well-being of the younger brothers, while younger brothers would support and respect the wisdom of an older brother. The idea of being related helped establish unity and cooperation in Wabanaki culture, using family as a metaphor to overcome factionalism and to quell internal conflicts like a family would. The age rank was based on the tribes proximity to the Caughnawaga Council, with the Penobscots being the closest. Before the
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sense of respect and protective care that reflected a
Wabanaki father-son relationship. This was not well understood by diplomats from France and England who did not live with the peoples, seeing such terms as acknowledgment of subservience. Miscommunication over these terms was one of the biggest challenges in Wabanaki and European diplomacy. The culture and government style of Wabanaki would strongly push for a clear and mutual understanding of political matters, both internally and externally.
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1110:, Wabanaki leadership was very careful and took their time to make sure there was as little misunderstanding of the terms of the land and peace as possible. The terms were worked out little by little each day, from August 1 through 5th. When an impasse was found, leadership would withdraw to talk about the matter thoroughly among themselves before reconvening to debate once more, with all representatives debating on the same page, with their most well thought-out arguments.
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1011:." The Mawooshen Confederacy, of which Madockawando was part, was put in a situation where it would be absorbed into a larger confederacy that incorporated the tribes into each other's internal politics and would start to hold their own councils as a new political union. In this new union, the tribes would see each other as brothers, as family. The union helped challenge Iroquois hostilities along the
1182:"our father" for both their role as a leader in the Caughnawaga Council and in being a tribe that helped found Wabanaki and issued binding judgments that help maintain order. This did not mean the Wabanaki ever saw themselves as subservient to the Ottawa in any way, this was the same with the French. The Ottawa were largely seen as a form of third party political oversight.
685:(title for community leaders) Asticou in his and his peoples' summer village. Asticou was a sakom with regional power over the eastern door of Mawooshen. He was subsidiary to sakom Bashaba, who led the entire Mawooshen Confederacy. Champlain went upriver to the Passamaquoddy, where he established another post at present-day
1064:"They have reproached me a hundred times because we fear our Captains, while they laugh at and make sport of theirs. All the authority of their chief is in his tongue's end; for he is powerful in so far as he is eloquent; and even if he kills himself talking and haranguing he will not be obeyed unless he please the ."
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Kinship metaphors like "Brother", "Father", or "Uncle" in their original linguistic context were much more complex than when they were when translated into
English or French. Such terms were used to understand the status and role of a diplomatic relationship. For instance, for the other tribes in the
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The four/fourteen tribes were not completely independent from each other. Not only was it possible for sanctions to be placed on each other for creating problems, but also when a sakom died, newly elected sakoms would be confirmed by allied
Wabanaki tribes who would visit following a year of mourning
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Wampum shells arranged on strings in such a manner, that certain combinations suggested certain sentences or certain ideas to the narrator, who, of course, knew his record by heart and was merely aided by the association of the shell combinations in his mind with incidents of the tale or record which
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Silently they sat for seven days. Everyday, no one spoke. That was called, "The Wigwam is Silent." Every councilor had to think about what he was going to say when they made the laws. All of them thought about how the fighting could be stopped. Next they opened up the wigwam. It was now called "Every
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Cartier traded with the Mi'kmaq, and returned to France with furs of North
American animals such as beaver, which became high-demand items. Cartier brought back numerous goods from the First Nations from his three trips to the St. Lawrence, but the furs had the greatest demand. French colonists went
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The
Wabanaki Confederacy is featured in the video game Secret World: Legends (formerly The Secret World) via several NPCs who inform the player of the alternate history of the Confederacy and its relations with different groups, offer quests, provide items via Apothecaries, and are usually residing
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A ceremony takes place and afterward a traditional
Wabanaki meal of roasted corn, salmon, baked beans or moose stew is eaten. The tradition was begun by Barry Dana during an overnight sacred run. The ceremony began as a private Wabanaki remembrance but now the public is welcome to educate about this
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under the leadership of Chief Brenda Gideon Miller. The sacred
Council Fire was lit again, and embers from the fire have been kept burning continually since then. The revival of the Wabanaki Confederacy brought together the Passamaquoddy Nation, Penobscot Nation, Wolastoqey Nation, and the Miꞌkmaq
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would maintain an elevated status in the confederacy, both officially had the same amount of power as any other sakom. This would continue throughout the entire history of the
Wabanaki, as the confederacy remained decentralized so as to never give more power to any of the member tribes. This meant
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This system was not seen as something indicating superiority per se, but rather a way to perceive a relationship in a manner that reflected the cultural norms of the Wabanaki. When the Wabanaki called the French Canadian governor and King of France "our father", it was a relationship built upon a
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Wabanaki politics was fundamentally rooted on reaching a consensus on issues, often after much debate. Sakoms frequently used stylized metaphorical speech at council fires, trying to win over others sakoms. Sakoms who were skilled at debate often became quite influential in the Confederacy, often
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Traditional Wabanaki healing has been practiced for thousands of years. The Healing Lodge in Millinocket supplies intense outpatient treatment using traditional healing for tribal members suffering from substance use disorder, trauma, and mental health struggles. The Healing Lodge is operated by
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Wabanaki sakoms held regular conventions at their various "council fires" (seats of government) whenever there was a need to call each other together. In a council fire, they would sit in a large rectangle with all members facing each other. Each sakom member would have a chance to speak and be
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Allied with the Wolastoquiyik (Maleseet) and Passamaquoddy, the Mi'kmaq fought with their Western Mawooshen (Western Abenaki/Penobscot) neighbors for goods as trading relations broke down. This power imbalance resulted in war starting around 1607. In 1615 the Mi'kmaq and their allies killed the
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in 1676. This required them to find the heirs to buy back the land making up Maine, and then to issue grants for people to settle once again. This conflict as a whole was not without significant losses for the soon-to-be Wabanaki peoples, and it became clear that the tribes would have to work
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over land and resources which was becoming a bigger problem for almost all the Eastern Algonquians to manage separately, but also provided political organization and might to push back collectively against growing English colonial expansionism, as well as mitigating large losses in the recent
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and Saint Lawrence River region. By the 1660s, tribes of Western Abenaki peoples as far south as Massachusetts had joined the league. This defensive alliance would not only prove to be successful, but it helped repair the relationship among the Eastern Algonquians, promoting greater political
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fishermen began to arrive around 1507, and they too would start kidnapping people from the surrounding land. This would hurt relations with some tribes. But the fishermen also started slowly introducing European trade goods to the Wabanaki, returning to Europe with North American trade goods.
1450:. The Miꞌkmaq declared "the Lands are and can make War and peace when please". The Wabanaki Confederacy did not fight under the leadership of a commander, but nevertheless implemented a strategy that was aimed to clear their land of intruders. Between 1722 and 1724 the Penobscot attacked
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and Mi'kmaq people tended to force these peoples together as allies of necessity. The colonial government declared the Wabanaki Confederacy forcibly disbanded in 1862. However the five Wabanaki nations still exist, continued to meet, and the Confederacy was formally re-established in 1993.
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territory that occurred every three years for tribes and tribal confederacies within and around the Great Lakes, East Coast, and Saint Lawrence River. At one of these councils in the 1680s, the Eastern Algonquians came together to form their own confederation with the aid of an Ottawa
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from England arrived in November 1620. Algonquin peoples throughout what would become New England began to see Pilgrim settlers settling in their ancestral lands. Southern Abenaki people such as the Alemousiski would soon come into permanent contact with English settlers moving into
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or "assembly", could last several weeks. Tribes had a lot of autonomy, but they built a culture which normalized being involved in each other's political affairs to help maintain unity and cooperation. This event would continue until 1861 when the last Nská'wehadin was held in
598:, and founded a fishing settlement in Cape Breton, within Mi'kmaq territory. The settlement lasted at least until 1570, as fishing ships brought news of them back to Europe. The fate of the settlement is unknown, but the people would have interacted with the local Mi'kmaq.
1088:, meaning "speech", played an important role in maintaining Wabanaki political institutions. One of the last keepers of the "Wampum Record" and one of the last Wabanaki/Passamaquoddy delegates to go to Caughnawaga was Sepiel Selmo. Keepers of the wampum record were called
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during a resupply visit to nearby English fishing outposts. French and English colonists would long compete for territory in North America. In the same year, Captain Thomas Hunt kidnapped 27 people from present-day Massachusetts to sell as slaves in Spain. The famous
642:. These are now believed to have been independent of the Five Nations of Iroquois that developed the Iroquois League further south. By the early 1600s, the St. Lawrence Iroquoian villages were abandoned. Historians now believe they may have been defeated by the
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and trout. Places where our people gather medicines, hunt deer, and moose are being contaminated with poison. We were not warned about the use of these dangerous herbicides, but since then cancer rates have been on the rise in Maliseet Communities; especially
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Mawooshen Grand Chief Bashabas in his village. War was costly for the Mi'kmaq and their allies, but especially for their southern Abenaki/Penobscot adversaries. Many Abenaki villages faced great losses from the war. The war was then followed by a
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The "duty to consult with aboriginal people ... has become a meaningless process,"..."therefore governments and/or companies do not have our consent to proceed with hydro-fracturing, open-pit mining, or the building of pipelines for gas and oil
1135:, shortly before the end of the confederacy. Occasionally some sakoms were known to ignore the will of the confederacy, most often the case for tribes on the border of European powers who had the most to lose during peace after war.
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More Europeans entered Wabanaki lands over the coming decades, where they started as traders to meet the growing fur demand in Europe. The French established permanent trading operations with the Wabanaki around 1581 to obtain furs.
1921:, ground nuts, and sunchokes are also incorporated into many dishes. Wabanaki people traditionally made milks, butters, and infant formula from walnuts, cornmeal, and sunflower seeds for centuries before colonizers arrived.
789:, the easternmost nation). In a battle that began the next day, 250 Iroquois advanced on Champlain's position, and one of his guides pointed out the three chiefs. In his account of the battle, Champlain recounts firing his
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The Wabanaki Confederacy gathering was revived in 1993. The first reconstituted confederacy conference in contemporary time was developed and proposed by Claude Aubin and Beaver Paul and hosted by the Mi'kmaq community of
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What was not recorded through wampum was remembered in a long chain of oral record-keeping which village elders were in charge of, with multiple elders being able to double check each other. In the 1726 treaty following
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Throughout the 1500s, Wabanaki people encountered many European fishermen along with explorers looking for the Northwest Passage. They were at risk of being captured and enslaved. For instance, Portuguese explorer
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Wabanaki Public Health & Wellness. In 2024, The Mi'kmaq Nation used $ 50,000 of its national opioid settlement funds to build a Healing Lodge located in Presque Isle for use in traditional sweat ceremonies.
1489:(1755–1764), the Acadians living in Nova Scotia largely refused to swear allegiance to the British Crown. When the Acadians in 1755 again refused to swear allegiance to the Crown, about 6,000 were deported to
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showing Wabanaki lands at the bottom, from ca. 1541, contains a legend in front of the "isla de Orliens" that says: "Here many French died of hunger"; possibly alluding to Cartier's second settlement in
983:, which forced all the tribes to recognize the property rights of English colonists in southern Maine. In return, English colonists recognized "Wabanaki" sovereignty by committing themselves to pay
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granted a fur monopoly to French merchants in 1588. This would lead to the desire for the French to establish permanent trade posts in and around Wabanaki lands for furs. French fur traders like
1632:, including Indigenous people from the Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), Passamaquoddy and Mi'kmaq, to march to the end of the proposed pipeline and draw a line in the sand." This was widely publicized.
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would both be founded in 1623. Originally founded as fishing and lumber villages, over the decades they developed larger economies and became major population centers in the fledgling economy.
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This growing tension with two large and organized political adversaries, the Iroquois and especially English colonists, over the next 20 years would lead to an Algonquian uprising during
1781:; this one designated to be the largest in the world definitely will seep out into the environment. A spill or leak from the Sisson Brook open-pit mine will permanently contaminate the
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by which Catholic Europe established spheres of influence for exploration, Portuguese explorers commonly believed that Newfoundland and Wabanaki lands were on the Portuguese side of the
855:. The influx of European goods changed the social and economic landscape, as local tribes became more dependent on European goods. This new economic reality harmed their existing
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708:(1608), among others. The trade and military relations between the French and the local Algonquin tribes, including the Mawooshen and later Wabanaki, lasted until the end of the
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was besieged. The British proceeded to raid the coastal settlements, demanding an oath of allegiance from the Acadians. When British settlers encroached on the territory of the
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reached Wabanaki lands in 1525, kidnapping a few dozen people and taking them back to Spain, where he was forced to release them. The Crown did not arrange their passage back.
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The name of the political union during the time it existed had gone by other names both shared and unique to its members. The Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy, and Wolastoqey called it
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1106:, the Wabanaki had to challenge a claim that land was sold to English settlers, of which not a single elder had a memory. After much challenge with New England Lt. Governor
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Recognizes and confirms the unique decision-making structures of the Wabanaki Peoples in accordance with Article 18 of the UNDRIP Indigenous decision-making institutions:
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These and other preparatory meetings set an agenda for the August 19–22, 2015, meeting which produced the promised Grandmothers' Declaration "adopted unanimously at
987:, as a "grandchief" of the Wabanaki alliance, a symbolic annual fee of "a peck of corn for every English Family." They also recognized the Saco River as the border.
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also reached Wabanaki lands. He was documented about 1525 as capturing a native boy to bring back to France, whom he was sailing for. Around 1534 French explorer
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belts in their diplomacy in the course of the 17th century, when envoys took such belts to send messages to allied tribes in the confederacy. Wampum belts called
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970:, while Wabanaki people south of the river like the Armouchiquois, would be forced from their ancestral lands. The political situation was complicated, when the
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2715:"Diary of the Embassy from King George of Bohemia to King Louis XI. of France. From a contemporary Manuscript, literally translated from the original Slavonic"
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By the 1640s, internal conflicts within the region started to make Iroquois advances harder to combat for what would become the Wabanaki peoples, but also the
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On October 15, 2015, Alma Brooks spoke to the New Brunswick Hydrofracturing Commission, applying the Declaration to current provincial industrial practices:
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saw native peoples throughout the Eastern Algonquian lands face a common and powerful enemy, encroaching English colonists. The fighting led to large-scale
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European contact. The earliest known confederacy was the Mawooshen Confederacy located within the historic Eastern Penobscot cultural region. Its capital,
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Petersen, James; Blustain, Malinda; Bradley, James (2004). ""Mawooshen" Revisited: Two Native American Contact Period Sites on the Central Maine Coast".
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that all major decisions had to be thoroughly debated by sakoms at council fires, which created a strong political culture empowering the best debaters.
751:(1607–1608), who hoped to establish good relations with the local peoples by returning Tahánedo, but local tribes were uneasy about the English colony.
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and the Ammoscocongon. The Wabanaki Confederacy destroyed the Brunswick settlement as well as other British colonial settlements on the banks of the
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wrote that the account of the Weymouth voyage has culinary significance because it "is the first time a European recorded the Native American use of
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and the slow abandonment of their settlements and integration into their neighbor tribes, they were once seen as an older brother to the Penobscot.
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and killing two of them with a single shot, after which one of his men killed the third. The Iroquois turned and fled. This action set the tone for
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486:, which shares a common etymological origin with the name of the "Abenaki" people. All Abenaki are Wabanaki, but not all Wabanaki are Abenaki.
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918:, this led to the formation of a large Algonquian league against the Iroquois, who were making significant territorial land gains around the
2646:"Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Volume I, 1000 TO 1700. ([Toronto:] University of Toronto Press. 1966. Pp. xxiii, 755. $ 15.00.)"
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attempted to establish the first European colony in Wabanaki lands in 1525. He brought families totaling almost 200 people, mostly from the
1695:"Our vision is to construct a Lodge, which will serve as a living constitution and decision-making structure for the Wabanaki Confederacy."
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in our territory" because "our people have not been adequately consulted ... have been abused and punished for taking a stand," and cited
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Probably influenced by diplomatic exchanges with Huron allies and Iroquois enemies (especially since the 1640s), the Wabanaki began using
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Samuel de Champlain fighting on July 30, 1609, alongside the Western Abenaki in a successful battle against the Iroquois at Lake Champlain
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681:, Maine) in 1604, he noted that the people had quite a few European goods. Champlain had a positive encounter on Pemetic, meeting with
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The Wabanaki Confederacy were governed by a council of elected sakoms, tribal leaders who were frequently also the governors of the
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Prins, Harald E. L. (2002). "The Crooked Path of Dummer's Treaty: Anglo-Wabanaki Diplomacy and the Quest for Aboriginal Rights".
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The French were defeated by the British in 1763. The British colonial authorities marginalised Indigenous people as a matter of
2535:"Letter On the arrival of two ships in Lisbon, Portugal, from the expedition of Gaspar Corte Real to the north Atlantic Ocean"
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339:, through massacres, tribal consolidation, and ethnic label shifting were absorbed into the five larger national identities.
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747:. Sakom Tahánedo was the only one of those captives known to have returned home. He accompanied settlers of the short-lived
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1117:. Though Madockawando was treated as such in the Treaty of Casco, and his descendants such as Wabanaki Lieutenant-Governor
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Symbol of the Wabanaki Union of Tribes, still in use. It was originally embroidered onto the ceremonial clothing of sakoms.
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in competition over hunting. They may also have been defeated by Algonquins from further east in the St. Lawrence Valley.
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1627 illustration by Mattheüs Merian of local people hunting using fire, canoes and bows and harvesting corn on Pesamkuk (
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had supported the French. 13,000 Acadian settlers were evicted by the British and the land was occupied by settlers from
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known as "The Great Dying" (1616-1619), which killed around 70-95% of the local Algonquin population left after the war.
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from the British North American colonies, were resettled by the British in this historical territory. They had promised
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power, a push to make a formal political union would take place leading to the development of the Wabanaki Confederacy.
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Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the Wabanaki Confederacy (from north to south):
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Members of the Wabanaki Confederacy are recognized for their fine art basket making. Well-known Wabanaki basket makers
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In and around this time, more French arrived as traders in Nova Scotia. The French migrants formed settlements such as
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Champlain forged strong French relations with Algonquin tribes up until his death in 1635. Somewhere in the area near
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1359:. The number of European settlers increased from about 300 in 1650 to about 6,650 in 1750. European diseases such as
3668:""Energy East pipeline poses 'enormous threat' to environment:" Advocates for renewable energy hold parallel summit"
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The Wabanaki never had a formal "grandchief" or single leader of the whole confederacy, and thus never had a single
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Small-scale confederacies in and around what would become the Wabanaki Confederacy were common at the time of post-
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There were more tribes, along with many bands, that were once part of the Confederation. Native tribes such as the
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and for access to European settlements. Population movements, and intraband and interband disputes were affected.
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Rivers, lakes, streams, and lands.. contaminated "to the point that we are unable to gather our annual supply of
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Road in Madison, at the former Nanrantsouak village to remember and honor ancestors massacred by the British on
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which involved a mix of oral history with understanding the context behind the placement of wampum on the belts.
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their village was built on. Sakoms themselves were more of respected listeners and debaters than simply rulers.
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which translates into "be related to one another." Finally, the Penobscot would interchangeably call it either
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A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland
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Colorized photo of 1915 reproductions of Wabanaki wampum belts that would have been used for political matters.
743:. He took five people as captives to take back to England, where they were questioned about settlements by Sir
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The political union incorporated many political elements from other local confederacies like the Iroquois and
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freedom if they left their Patriot masters and joined the British. Three thousand freedmen were evacuated to
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for the following two decades, never being caught, and successfully deterring settlers entering his lands.
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all over 'our land', to kill hardwood trees, and other green vegetation," harming human and animal health;
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Dr. Harald E. L. Prins, "Storm Clouds over Wabanakiak Confederacy Diplomacy Until Dummer's Treaty (1727)"
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Wabanaki dishes include roasted parched sweet corn, hickorynut and hull corn salad, roasted groundnuts,
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or "our elder brother". The Passamaquoddy, Wolastoqiyik, and Mi'kmaq in this order of "age" were called
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and the peoples of Wabanaki coexisted in the same territory with independent, yet allied governments.
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Obligation of governments to "obtain free, prior, and informed consent" before "further infringement"
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545:, would play a significant role as a political hub—for the future Wabanaki Confederacy, for example.
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which translates into "convention council." The Passamaquoddy also had their own unique name being
1143:, given that his Vermont lands were being settled by English colonists. He would hold a successful
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938:(1675-1678). Soon after the many Algonquian tribes fought together in an effort to strengthen both
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started on 19 June 1610. Champlain had convinced some tribes to fight in the war, amongst them was
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complained that "they ridicule and laugh at the most sumptuous and magnificent of our buildings".
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When Champlain established contact during an expedition to the Mawooshen in Pesamkuk (present-day
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2567:"'Discovery' of New Found Land and Cape Breton: Who was Caboto and what was his claim on Canada?"
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The Crooked Path of Dummer's Treaty: Anglo-Wabanaki Diplomacy and the Quest for Aboriginal Rights
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would often travel to Wabanaki lands to obtain furs, establishing the French fur trading site of
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The political union of the Wabanaki Confederacy was known by many names, but it is remembered as
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4166:"Chef Freddie Bitsoie Recommends a Cross-Cultural Celebration of Native Regional Winter Recipes"
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1804:... bent on contaminating and destroying the very last inch of (Wəlastokok) Maliseet territory."
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were among the first tribes to establish trade with European settlers and helped to establish a
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Waban-aki can be translated into a number of ways but is most often translated into "Dawnland".
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1862:, Clara Neptune Keezer, and Fred Tomah have been recognized for their art. Parker's grandchild
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nearly all of the Mohawk. The battle ended major hostilities with the Mohawk for twenty years.
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4017:"Vegan Kitchen: Americans have been enjoying nut milk and nut butter for at least 4 centuries"
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1789:) and surrounding waterways. This is the only place left clean enough for the survival of the
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Oppressive policies instituted by successive colonial and federal administrations against the
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and the Miꞌkmaq in the Wabanaki Confederacy. In 1715 the Miꞌkmaq attacked fishing vessels off
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system along the coast. Settlers and natives communicated in a language that mixed French and
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was taken by the British in 1759 and the French government effectively lost all influence in
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A commitment to "strive to unite the Indigenous Peoples; from coast to coast", e.g. against
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931:
606:
513:
which can be translated into "those united into one" and "completely united" respectively.
381:
121:
4395:
3395:
Properties of Empire: Indians, Colonists, and Land Speculators on the New England Frontier
1159:
or "our younger brother". The Wolastoqiyik referred to the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy as
74:
8:
3472:
3282:
2181:
1941:
1412:
1384:
1316:
840:
797:
for the rest of the century, with conflicts arising over territory and the beaver trade.
709:
678:
671:
659:
526:
59:
4380:
3968:"A tribe in Maine is using opioid settlement funds on a sweat lodge to treat addiction"
3183:
2826:
2779:
2508:
2326:
2322:
2115:
1902:
1646:
1467:
1356:
1114:
809:
616:
601:
389:
377:
301:
4216:
700:
Champlain continued to establish settlements throughout Wabanaki territory, including
3448:
3423:
3398:
3373:
3348:
3312:
3175:
3081:
3056:
2946:
2856:
2730:
2696:
2686:
2661:
2221:
2069:
1910:
1601:
There were meetings amongst allies, a "Water Convergence Ceremony" in May 2013, with
975:
955:
935:
896:
755:
744:
549:
336:
139:
2215:
1837:
1689:
Protecting food, "seeds, waters, and lands, from chemical and genetic contamination"
1347:
During this period, their population was radically decimated due to many decades of
552:
reached Wabanaki lands. He captured and enslaved at least 57 people from modern-day
4375:
3916:"Wabanaki basket maker Jeremy Frey takes top honors at prestigious Native art show"
3235:"Biography – Gray Lock – Volume III (1741-1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
3234:
3167:
3131:
2938:
2722:
2653:
2318:
2254:
2093:
2028:
1872:
1725:
1602:
1281:
1118:
907:
560:, selling them in Europe to help finance his trip. The rich fishing waters full of
393:
125:
113:
3136:
3119:
2469:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba: Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. p. 363.
2423:
630:
would explore the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and traded with Mi'kmaq people living in
4310:
3785:
3771:
2797:
Hornsby, Stephen J (1999). ""Cultural Land Use Survey of Acadia National Park"".
2726:
1925:
1841:
1790:
1766:
1755:
1629:
1595:
1568:
1553:
1322:
1140:
1132:
1103:
801:
736:
627:
173:
129:
97:
2714:
4298:
3616:"Letter from Algonquin Grandmothers, attending Wabanaki Confederacy Conference"
2878:"Americans have been enjoying nut milk and nut butter for at least 4 centuries"
2480:
2159:
1782:
1545:
1455:
1289:
1107:
1049:
900:
805:
765:
740:
290:
3838:"Innovation and Resilience Across Three Generations of Wabanaki Basket-Making"
3786:"Alma Brooks: Statements to New Brunswick Hydrofracturing Commission Oct 2015"
3085:
1300:. Members of the Wabanaki Confederacy participated in these seven major wars:
781:(historians dispute the site), Champlain and his party encountered a group of
4339:
3179:
3060:
2734:
2700:
2665:
2595:"[AH] On the erstwhile Portuguese colony in 16th century Cape Breton"
2239:
1760:
1620:
pipeline. Opposition to its construction has been a catalyst for organizing:
1606:
1591:
1502:
1473:
1435:
1297:
1257:
1190:
1144:
1003:
888:
860:
817:
786:
748:
724:
643:
586:
542:
369:
361:
317:
269:
207:
183:
2930:
2754:"ASTICOU'S ISLAND DOMAIN: WABANAKI PEOPLES AT MOUNT DESERT ISLAND 1500-2000"
859:
ties among clans and reduced the reciprocal exchange that had supported the
4263:
2942:
2682:
The fur trade in Canada : an introduction to Canadian economic history
2657:
2235:
1797:
1778:
1754:
Noted "Streams, brooks, and creeks are drying up; causing the dwindling of
1744:
1740:
1642:
1447:
1443:
1264:
1020:
984:
959:
735:
English colonists established contacts with the Mawooshen in 1605. Captain
674:
with him, and he would lead to a new era of Wabanaki/French relationships.
332:
313:
178:
154:
3813:"Wabanaki gather in Madison to remember ancestors killed in 1724 massacre"
3445:
Income Tax in Common Law Jurisdictions: Volume 1, From the Origins to 1820
2819:
Asticou's Island Domain: Wabanaki Peoples at Mount Desert Island 1500-2000
2680:
2645:
639:
4314:
3469:"Remembering Black Loyalists - Black Loyalist Communities in Nova Scotia"
1949:
1729:
1617:
1557:
1522:
1247:
924:
919:
864:
821:
813:
794:
717:
705:
631:
557:
373:
2783:
1072:
990:
3187:
1937:
1867:
1808:
1774:
1748:
1518:
1376:
1277:
963:
852:
759:
309:
3541:
3156:"Wapapi Akonutomakonol. The Wampum Records: Wabanaki Traditional Laws"
3075:
1880:
received the Best in Class award in the Basketry category at the 2021
1824:
The Passamaquoddy will host the 2016 Wabanaki Confederacy Conference.
1454:
four times, the Wabanakis attacked British colonial settlements along
4068:"4th Annual Native American Dinner: Celebrating the Wabanaki Harvest"
3155:
3050:
2274:
1933:
1914:
1836:
and other members of the Wabanaki Confederacy gather at The Pines on
1833:
1683:
1463:
1431:
1423:
1285:
1229:
1136:
1031:
999:
943:
833:
667:
325:
188:
145:
4325:
3889:"Earrings Helped Shape This Indigenous Artist's Two-Spirit Identity"
3171:
1206:
3643:"Indigenous women unite at UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues"
3154:
Prins, Harald E. L.; Leavitt, Robert M.; Francis, David A. (1994).
1945:
1929:
1918:
1801:
1770:
1708:
1582:
1564:
1549:
1419:
1400:
1360:
939:
876:
829:
790:
782:
573:
149:
3420:
Atlantic Wars: From the Fifteenth Century to the Age of Revolution
899:
and John Mason, respectively. Pannaway Plantation near modern-day
1992:
1701:
1534:
1530:
1427:
1364:
1237:
1220:
915:
856:
729:
569:
365:
193:
165:
158:
3942:"Promotion of Wabanaki cultural tourism gains momentum in Maine"
3512:"Wabanaki tribes cheer UN declaration that defends their rights"
1932:
made from ground fruits, nuts, and berries, Three Sisters soup,
949:
723:
The following year the mission village was destroyed by Captain
352:("Dawnland"), roughly the area that became the French colony of
2398:"New Brunswick: Tensions rise as anti-fracking protests dig in"
1909:, beans, squash, fresh-water fish, salt-water fish, moose, and
1526:
1514:
1498:
1494:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1370:
1352:
1081:
1008:
844:
825:
713:
694:
690:
682:
595:
385:
353:
305:
265:
89:
4269:
Speck, Frank G. "The Eastern Algonkian Wabanaki Confederacy".
3309:
Native Nations: Cultures and Histories of Native North America
1661:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1034:
Council that led to the formation of the Wabanaki Confederacy.
670:
in 1599. During one of his trips back in 1603 he would bring
4328:, a partnership for the way of life of the Wabanaki Nations (
3690:"The stories of Energy East in New Brunswick | Ricochet"
2685:. Arthur J. Ray. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press.
2273:
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki,
1906:
1459:
1404:
1392:
1179:
967:
892:
848:
693:
developed on existing tribal territory. The ethnic French of
357:
1649:) on August 21, 2015". The Declaration included mention of:
1126:
in the village. An event to appoint a new sakom, known as a
816:
peoples, with some French regulars. They fought against the
416:. "Wab" is a root that is used for the following concepts:
4436:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
3864:"Passamaquoddy artist Geo Neptune wins national fellowship"
1715:
1408:
1273:
911:
408:
The word Wabanaki is derived from the Algonquian root word
285:, translated to "People of the Dawn" or "Easterner"; also:
4099:
The Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (GBNERR)
2759:. National Park Service | U.S. Department of the Interior.
1292:. The homeland of the Wabanaki Confederacy stretches from
974:
was forced to relinquish control of Maine to the heirs of
1876:
magazine in 2022 for their style and earring collection.
1612:
Alma Brooks represented the Confederacy at the June 2014
1348:
1198:, the eighth district that includes the entire island of
561:
4276:, Vol. 17, No. 3 (July–September 1915), pp. 492–508
3209:. Bath, Maine: American Friends Service Committee. 1989.
346:, are located in and named for the area which they call
2769:
2288:
in locations that depict Wabanaki Confederacy culture.
1002:
Council was a large neutral political gathering in the
4299:
Native Languages of the Americas: Wabanaki Confederacy
4253:
Giants of the Dawnland: Eight Ancient Wabanaki Legends
3302:
3300:
1616:. She discussed the Wabanaki/Wolostoq position on the
1590:(UNDRIP), the member nations began to re-assert their
1194:
Miꞌkmaꞌki: Divided into seven districts. Not shown is
568:
attracted many Europeans to this area. By 1504 French
4042:"Wabanaki Enjoying Nut Milk and Butter for Centuries"
3073:
2903:"Wabanaki Enjoying Nut Milk and Butter for Centuries"
1940:
salad, creamy sorrel and fiddlehead soup, clams with
1866:
is also a nationally recognized basket artist who is
1704:
and the United States as a "People" and member nation
832:. After engaging their opponent, they slaughtered or
4095:"The Abenaki People: Indigenous Foods and Resources"
3311:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115.
2621:"Giovanni da Verrazzano | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
1928:, grilled whitefish, Abenaki rose cornmeal pudding,
1905:, is based on what can be grown and hunted locally.
867:
hunting shifted into a competition for animals like
516:
4266:, ed. Winnipeg: U Manitoba Press. pp. 360–378.
3297:
3153:
1763:
in women and younger people are dying from cancer."
1747:spraying poisonous carcinogenic herbicides such as
1614:
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
1411:furs with European settlers. The French missionary
914:, and French to manage separately. Aided by French
895:under the colonizing efforts of people directed by
882:Not long after this widespread local depopulation,
1736:of floods, quakes and salt lakes in New Brunswick;
1560:by British ships from the colonies after the war.
843:. At many of these settlements, the French traded
590:, entitling them to the land. Portuguese explorer
4195:Indigenous New Hampshire Collaborative Collective
4153:. Maine Department of Education, Child Nutrition.
2778:. Eastern States Archeological Federation: 1–71.
1636:
356:. The territory boundaries encompass present-day
16:Native American and First Nations Wabanaki Nation
4337:
4304:"Wabanaki People—A Story of Cultural Continuity"
4260:Papers of the Thirty-Third Algonquian Conference
3752:"Wabanaki Confederacy Conference Statement 2015"
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3261:Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine
1707:Peace and friendship with "the Seven Nations of
1272:Nations in the Confederacy also allied with the
4351:States and territories established in the 1680s
3461:
3048:
2821:. National Park Service, Boston, Massachusetts.
1588:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1210:Map of the campaigns during King William's War.
979:together. The First Abenaki War ended with the
716:mission in 1613 in the present-day location on
3564:"Wabanaki Water Convergence ceremony – Kairos"
1214:Members of the Wabanaki Confederacy were the:
4356:States and territories disestablished in 1862
4279:Walker, Willard. "The Wabanaki Confederacy".
3495:"Sacred fire lights the Wabanaki Confederacy"
3325:
1030:tells about the event that took place at the
962:of English colonial settlements north of the
950:Formation of the Wabanaki Confederacy (1680s)
3263:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 238.
3120:"The Eastern Algonkian Wabanaki Confederacy"
3029:"The Revised Statutes of the State of Maine"
2424:"Maliceet "Woslatoqey" | Mohawk Nation News"
2307:"Understanding Ritual in Colonial Wabanakia"
1666:A commitment to "establish decolonized maps"
1371:British military campaign against New France
3447:. Cambridge University Press. p. 264.
2931:"THE GREAT RIVER AT THE WHITE MAN'S COMING"
2503:
2501:
572:were fishing off the coast of Nova Scotia.
412:, combined with the word for "land", being
4163:
3372:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
3306:
2831:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1955:
3135:
2526:
1605:grandmothers in August 2013 supported by
828:. Champlain's forces were armed with the
342:Members of the Wabanaki Confederacy, the
4401:Native American history of Massachusetts
3939:
3518:. Bangordailynews.com. December 19, 2010
3342:
3207:The Wabanakis of Maine and the Maritimes
2848:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2498:
2305:Bilodeau, Christopher J. (May 1, 2013).
2304:
1827:
1785:; which is a tributary of the Wolastok (
1716:Position on ecological and health issues
1472:
1205:
1189:
1071:
989:
764:
739:met with them in a large village on the
600:
520:
300:confederation of five principal Eastern
4015:Kamila, Avery Yale (November 8, 2020).
3965:
3913:
3422:. Oxford University Press. p. 96.
3258:
3201:
3199:
3197:
2925:
2923:
2876:Kamila, Avery Yale (November 8, 2020).
2796:
1575:
1151:Wabanaki the Penobscot were called the
650:to the area to work in what became the
4338:
4092:
4014:
3986:"Food Sovereignty - Traditional Foods"
3640:
3540:. Maine-Wabanaki REACH. Archived from
3442:
3392:
3367:
2875:
2532:
2377:
1887:
1422:joined the Wabanaki Confederacy, when
689:. The French colonial region known as
335:, Alemousiski, Pennacook, Sokoki, and
4431:Former countries of the United States
4093:Brogle, Melissa (February 21, 2020).
3861:
3817:Kennebec Journal and Morning Sentinel
3417:
3149:
3147:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
2973:"Wabanaki Timeline - The Great Dying"
2844:
2842:
2816:
2805:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2721:. s4-VII (167): 227. March 11, 1871.
2678:
2589:
2587:
2560:
2558:
2464:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2282:
891:, as well as their lands in southern
712:. Asticou approved the founding of a
634:. He encountered people now known as
403:
3194:
2920:
2772:Archaeology of Eastern North America
2564:
2378:Walker, Willard (December 1, 1998).
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
1609:, and with other Indigenous groups.
3810:
3487:
3471:. November 11, 2007. Archived from
1026:The Passamaquoddy wampum record or
13:
4238:
3914:Burnham, Emily (August 24, 2021).
3670:. NB Media Co-op. October 14, 2013
3501:(June 27, 2008), ICT Media Network
3144:
3092:
2935:White Men Came to the St. Lawrence
2849:Gratwick, Harry (April 10, 2010).
2839:
2741:
2584:
2555:
2331:10.14321/frencolohist.14.2013.0001
2323:10.14321/frencolohist.14.2013.0001
1653:Revitalization and maintenance of
710:French and Indian/Seven Years' War
109:Recognised regional languages
14:
4447:
4287:
3716:"WABANAKI CONFEDERACY CONFERENCE"
3001:
2344:
1702:Western Abenaki living in Vermont
1663:(UNDRIP) on land, food, and water
910:(tribe west of Quebec City), the
517:Early contact period (1497–1680s)
4411:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
4406:Native American history of Maine
4143:
2266:
2246:
2228:
2214:
1832:Since the 1990s, members of The
1724:She criticized the "industry of
1178:The Wabanaki saw and called the
1056:being older men who were called
73:
58:
46:
4426:Military history of New England
4421:Military history of Nova Scotia
4371:First Nations history in Canada
4209:
4183:
4157:
4147:Wabanaki Foods in Maine Schools
4137:
4112:
4086:
4060:
4034:
4008:
3978:
3966:Pattani, Aneri (May 12, 2024).
3959:
3940:Bouchard, Kelly (May 6, 2024).
3933:
3907:
3881:
3862:Keyes, Bob (February 3, 2021).
3855:
3830:
3811:Ohm, Rachel (August 21, 2016).
3804:
3778:
3744:
3708:
3682:
3660:
3641:Warden, Rachel (June 6, 2014).
3634:
3608:
3582:
3556:
3530:
3504:
3436:
3411:
3386:
3361:
3267:
3252:
3227:
3213:
3067:
3042:
3021:
2995:
2965:
2895:
2869:
2817:Prins, Harald (December 2007).
2790:
2763:
2707:
2672:
2638:
2613:
1913:are common foods. Maple syrup,
1508:
580:After the establishment of the
4322:, Wabanaki Confederacy website
4191:"Indigenous Foods and Recipes"
3074:Ellis, George William (2001).
3052:The story of the United States
3004:"Storm Clouds Over Wabanakiak"
2650:The American Historical Review
2625:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
2473:
2458:
2442:
2416:
2390:
2298:
1987:or the "Wabanaki Confederacy"
1637:2015 Grandmothers' Declaration
1540:After 1783 and the end of the
795:poor French-Iroquois relations
1:
3725:. August 2015. Archived from
3516:Bangor Daily News — BDN Maine
3137:10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00040
2979:. Abbe Museum. Archived from
2291:
1901:Wabanaki cuisine, like other
1853:
1477:Deportation of the Acadians,
1355:and devastating epidemics of
1043:
934:(1675-1676), followed by the
548:In 1500, Portuguese explorer
4120:"Abenaki Three Sisters Soup"
3590:"Kairos Times: October 2013"
3343:Faragher, John Mack (2015).
2565:Seed, Tony (June 26, 2020).
1298:Massachusetts, United States
1169:massacre of the Norridgewock
368:, in the United States, and
7:
3370:A Concise History of Canada
1968:literally "Dawn Person(s)"
1948:cakes, salmon burgers, and
1586:Nation. Following the 2010
1185:
10:
4452:
4416:Military history of Acadia
3307:Bonvillain, Nancy (2016).
3055:. Hodder & Stoughton.
2727:10.1093/nq/s4-vii.167.227d
2542:National Humanities Center
2380:"The Wabanaki Confederacy"
2154:Waabanakiig/Waabanakiiyag
1896:
1848:
1624:"On May 30 , residents of
1542:American Revolutionary War
1016:three-year war with them.
605:This Spanish chart of the
140:Traditional belief systems
4313:, timeline curriculum by
4217:"Wabanaki - TSW Database"
3397:. NYU Press. p. 81.
3368:Conrad, Margaret (2012).
3160:American Indian Quarterly
2679:Innis, Harold A. (1999).
1741:Irving Forestry Companies
1487:Expulsion of the Acadians
687:Saint Croix Island, Maine
261:
257:
247:
235:
225:
221:
213:
202:
164:
135:
107:
81:
72:
42:
35:
23:
3418:Plank, Geoffrey (2020).
3049:Marshall, H. E. (1919).
2937:, MQUP, pp. 11–33,
2176:Waabnakiig/Waabnakiiyag
1675:Precautionary Principles
972:Massachusetts Bay Colony
732:was among the captives.
652:North American fur trade
541:, located around modern
118:Wolastoqey-Passamaquoddy
4283:37 (3) (1998): 100–139.
4272:American Anthropologist
4244:McBride, Bunny (2001).
3493:Toensing, Gale Courey.
3259:Bourque, Bruce (2004).
3124:American Anthropologist
3036:Maine State Legislature
2852:Hidden History of Maine
2513:www.davistownmuseum.org
2311:French Colonial History
2204:
1956:In Indigenous languages
1819:
927:in the coming decades.
636:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
4309:June 24, 2016, at the
3443:Harris, Peter (2006).
2977:archive.abbemuseum.org
2943:10.2307/j.ctt1w6t8cx.4
2855:. Arcadia Publishing.
2465:Prins, Harald (2002).
2261:, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
2088:plur.: Waponahkewiyik
2070:Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
1882:Santa Fe Indian Market
1634:
1482:
1351:, but also because of
1335:Father Le Loutre's War
1268:(Maliseet or Malicite)
1211:
1203:
1099:
1077:
1066:
1041:
995:
770:
664:François Gravé Du Pont
611:
566:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
530:
306:Abenaki of St. Francis
249:• Re-established
237:• Disestablished
4251:Mead, Alice (1996).
4124:Middlebury Food Co-op
4072:Zingerman's Roadhouse
3118:Speck, Frank (1915).
2882:Portland Press Herald
2799:National Park Service
2384:Maine History Journal
2011:Massachusett language
1828:Ceremony at The Pines
1745:clear cut our forests
1734:traditional knowledge
1622:
1529:countries, including
1491:British North America
1476:
1387:. The Miꞌkmaq traded
1341:French and Indian War
1209:
1193:
1094:
1075:
1062:
1036:
1028:Wapapi Akonutomakonol
993:
779:Crown Point, New York
768:
624:Giovanni da Verrazano
604:
592:João Álvares Fagundes
582:Treaty of Tordesillas
524:
166:Constituent countries
26:Wabanaki Confederacy
4346:Wabanaki Confederacy
4326:Miingignoti-Keteaoag
3790:Willinolanspeaks.com
3756:Willinolanspeaks.com
3499:Indian Country Today
3475:on November 11, 2007
3393:Saxine, Ian (2019).
3285:on November 28, 2020
3080:. Digital Scanning.
2658:10.1086/ahr/72.2.745
2571:Nova Scotia Advocate
2533:Pasqualigo, Pietro.
2428:mohawknationnews.com
2386:. Voume 37: 110–139.
1870:and was featured in
1864:Geo Soctomah Neptune
1860:Molly Neptune Parker
1671:Wingspread Statement
1655:Indigenous languages
1628:will join others in
1576:Contemporary revival
1525:, Britain and other
1462:was attacked by the
1294:Newfoundland, Canada
1013:Saint Lawrence River
607:Saint Lawrence River
462:Bidaban (Bid-waban)
382:Prince Edward Island
279:Wabanaki Confederacy
30:Wabana'ki Mawuhkacik
3544:on October 25, 2015
2601:. December 16, 2015
2086:sing.: Waponahkiyik
1944:, m8wikisoak stew,
1888:Traditional healing
1413:Chrestien Le Clercq
1163:and the Mi'kmaq as
1060:or "riddle men."
966:in the district of
847:and other European
754:In 2020 journalist
679:Mount Desert Island
672:Samuel de Champlain
660:Henry III of France
527:Mount Desert Island
289:, "Dawnland") is a
227:• Established
150:Glooscap narratives
4366:Historical regions
4361:Algonquian peoples
4048:. November 8, 2020
3792:. October 18, 2013
3622:. October 11, 2013
3596:. October 15, 2013
2509:"Davistown Museum"
2283:In popular culture
1985:"Dawn Land People"
1981:"Dawn Land Person"
1903:Indigenous cuisine
1659:Article 25 of the
1647:Shelburne, Vermont
1483:
1468:Androscoggin River
1357:infectious disease
1311:King William's War
1305:King Phillip's War
1212:
1204:
1115:seat of government
1078:
996:
800:The next year the
771:
762:and nut butters."
622:Italian explorer,
612:
564:in and around the
531:
404:Name and etymology
390:St. Lawrence River
378:Cape Breton Island
283:Wabenaki, Wobanaki
243:1993–present
184:Peskotomuhkatihkuk
38:1993–present
4246:Women of the Dawn
3920:Bangor Daily News
3077:King Philip's war
3008:GenealogyFirst.ca
2983:on August 3, 2020
2952:978-0-7735-9416-6
2862:978-1-61423-134-9
2719:Notes and Queries
2692:978-1-4426-8130-9
2599:A Bit More Detail
2253:Eastern Abenaki (
2202:
2201:
2094:Abenaki-Penobscot
1911:white-tailed deer
1811:, and medicines."
1367:were introduced.
1329:King George's War
1097:he was rendering.
976:Ferdinando Gorges
956:First Abenaki War
936:First Abenaki War
932:King Philip's War
897:Ferdinando Gorges
756:Avery Yale Kamila
745:Ferdinando Gorges
550:Gaspar Corte-Real
477:
476:
275:
274:
4443:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4164:I. C. T. Staff.
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4074:. August 9, 2011
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3992:. Archived from
3990:www.wabanaki.com
3982:
3976:
3975:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3762:on March 4, 2016
3758:. Archived from
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3732:on March 5, 2016
3731:
3723:Abenakitribe.org
3720:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3594:Kairoscanada.org
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3508:
3502:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3347:. W. W. Norton.
3340:
3323:
3322:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:. Archived from
3279:www.wabanaki.com
3271:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3239:www.biographi.ca
3231:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3115:
3090:
3089:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2652:. January 1967.
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2481:"Then & Now"
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2302:
2270:
2250:
2232:
2218:
2029:Quiripi language
1960:
1959:
1934:dandelion greens
1915:wild blueberries
1842:August 22, 1724.
1834:Penobscot nation
1726:hydro-fracturing
1458:, while western
1317:Queen Anne's War
1282:Algonquin people
1196:Taqamgug/Tagamuk
1165:ndo'kani'mi'zena
1157:ndo'kani'mi'zena
884:Pilgrim settlers
425:English meaning
419:
418:
189:Pαnawαhpskewahki
110:
77:
62:
50:
21:
20:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4336:
4335:
4311:Wayback Machine
4294:Indian Treaties
4290:
4241:
4239:Further reading
4236:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4197:. March 2, 2018
4189:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3996:on July 3, 2022
3984:
3983:
3979:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3772:Wayback Machine
3765:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3341:
3326:
3319:
3305:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3223:. June 3, 2010.
3219:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3172:10.2307/1185746
3152:
3145:
3116:
3093:
3072:
3068:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3002:Prins, Harald.
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2847:
2840:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2806:
2795:
2791:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2485:www.vamonde.com
2479:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2430:. June 25, 2013
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2404:. June 25, 2013
2396:
2395:
2391:
2376:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2219:
2207:
2087:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1926:cranberry sauce
1919:ground cherries
1899:
1890:
1856:
1851:
1830:
1822:
1791:Atlantic salmon
1767:Open pit mining
1756:Atlantic salmon
1718:
1700:Recognizes the
1639:
1630:Atlantic Canada
1596:natural capital
1578:
1569:Black Canadians
1554:enslaved people
1546:Black Loyalists
1511:
1452:Fort St. George
1373:
1188:
1133:Old Town, Maine
1046:
981:Treaty of Casco
952:
820:at present-day
802:Battle of Sorel
785:(likely mostly
737:George Weymouth
628:Jacques Cartier
519:
422:Algonquin word
406:
298:Native American
268:
250:
242:
238:
228:
198:
153:
143:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
98:Lakeland Ridges
68:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
51:
37:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4317:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4288:External links
4286:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4267:
4256:
4249:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4208:
4182:
4156:
4136:
4111:
4085:
4059:
4033:
4007:
3977:
3958:
3932:
3906:
3895:. June 1, 2022
3880:
3854:
3829:
3803:
3777:
3743:
3707:
3696:. May 29, 2015
3694:Ricochet.media
3681:
3659:
3633:
3607:
3581:
3570:. May 31, 2013
3555:
3529:
3503:
3486:
3460:
3453:
3435:
3428:
3410:
3403:
3385:
3378:
3360:
3353:
3324:
3317:
3296:
3275:"The Wabanaki"
3266:
3251:
3226:
3221:"Oral History"
3212:
3193:
3143:
3130:(3): 492–508.
3091:
3066:
3041:
3020:
2994:
2964:
2951:
2919:
2894:
2868:
2861:
2838:
2804:
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2296:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2284:
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2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2259:Arosaguntacook
2252:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
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2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
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2162:
2156:
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2143:
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2134:
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2130:
2127:
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2121:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
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2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1966:"Easterner(s)"
1964:
1957:
1954:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1794:
1787:St. John River
1783:Nashwaak River
1764:
1752:
1737:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1638:
1635:
1577:
1574:
1517:, because the
1510:
1507:
1456:Kennebec River
1372:
1369:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1290:Wyandot people
1270:
1269:
1261:
1254:Peskotomuhkati
1251:
1241:
1233:
1187:
1184:
1108:William Dummer
1050:drainage basin
1045:
1042:
951:
948:
901:Kittery, Maine
741:Kennebec River
518:
515:
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
433:He sees/sight
431:
427:
426:
423:
405:
402:
322:Peskotomahkati
291:North American
273:
272:
263:
259:
258:
255:
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248:
245:
244:
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137:
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111:
105:
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83:
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57:
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43:
40:
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33:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4448:
4437:
4434:
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4427:
4424:
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4419:
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4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Passamaquoddy
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
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4331:
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4321:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4282:
4281:Maine History
4278:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4222:
4221:www.tswdb.com
4218:
4212:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4149:
4148:
4144:Paul, Mihku.
4140:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3669:
3663:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3621:
3620:Nationtalk.ca
3617:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3568:Nationtalk.ca
3565:
3559:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3456:
3454:9781139461207
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3429:9780190860455
3425:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3404:9781479832125
3400:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3379:9780521761932
3375:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3354:9780393242430
3350:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3318:9781442251465
3314:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3255:
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3138:
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3129:
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3112:
3110:
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3098:
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3087:
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3078:
3070:
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3009:
3005:
2998:
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2968:
2954:
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2924:
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2898:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2240:Passamaquoddy
2237:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:(nominative)
1970:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:Oil pipelines
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:tailing ponds
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:breast cancer
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:Kairos Canada
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:treaty rights
1589:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1503:North America
1500:
1496:
1493:, France and
1492:
1488:
1485:Prior to the
1480:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:First Nations
1437:
1436:Passamaquoddy
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:and with the
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:Passamaquoddy
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1145:guerrilla war
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:gelusewa'ngan
1083:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:Massachusetts
885:
880:
878:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:local economy
858:
854:
851:to the local
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:Mohawk people
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
767:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:
749:Popham Colony
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
726:
725:Samuel Argall
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
655:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
617:Estevan Gomez
608:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:
587:Inter caetera
583:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
543:Bangor, Maine
540:
536:
528:
523:
514:
512:
511:
506:
505:
500:
499:
494:
493:
487:
485:
480:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
420:
417:
415:
411:
401:
399:
395:
391:
388:south of the
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:New Brunswick
367:
363:
362:New Hampshire
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
318:Passamaquoddy
315:
311:
307:
304:nations: the
303:
299:
295:
294:First Nations
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
270:United States
267:
264:
262:Today part of
260:
256:
252:
246:
240:
234:
230:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
208:Confederation
205:
201:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
169:
167:
163:
160:
156:
151:
147:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
122:Mi'kmawi'simk
119:
115:
112:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
71:
61:
49:
41:
34:
27:
22:
19:
4391:Wolastoqiyik
4280:
4274:, New Series
4270:
4264:H.C. Wolfart
4259:
4252:
4245:
4224:. Retrieved
4220:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4194:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4169:
4159:
4146:
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4123:
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4098:
4088:
4076:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4045:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4021:Press Herald
4020:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3989:
3980:
3971:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3946:Press Herald
3945:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3919:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3892:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3868:Press Herald
3867:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3816:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3789:
3780:
3770:– via
3764:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3755:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3727:the original
3722:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3693:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3646:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3619:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3593:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3567:
3558:
3546:. Retrieved
3542:the original
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3515:
3506:
3498:
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3473:the original
3463:
3444:
3438:
3419:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3369:
3363:
3344:
3308:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3278:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3215:
3206:
3163:
3159:
3127:
3123:
3076:
3069:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2981:the original
2976:
2967:
2956:, retrieved
2934:
2910:. Retrieved
2906:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2871:
2851:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2718:
2709:
2681:
2674:
2649:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2598:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2451:Transactions
2450:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2383:
2336:November 22,
2334:. Retrieved
2314:
2310:
2300:
2286:
2257:, Kennebec,
2236:Wolastoqiyik
2208:
2148:Waabanakiing
2142:Waabano(wag)
2064:Wapnaꞌkiyik
1923:
1900:
1891:
1871:
1857:
1838:Father Rasle
1831:
1823:
1743:for having "
1719:
1640:
1623:
1611:
1600:
1579:
1562:
1539:
1512:
1509:British rule
1484:
1448:Sable Island
1444:Wolastoqiyik
1418:In 1711 the
1417:
1374:
1346:
1323:Dummer's War
1271:
1265:Wolastoqiyik
1263:
1253:
1243:
1235:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1200:Newfoundland
1195:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1141:Dummer's War
1128:Nská'wehadin
1127:
1124:
1119:John Neptune
1112:
1104:Dummer's War
1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1067:
1063:
1058:nebáulinowak
1057:
1054:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1018:
997:
985:Madockawando
960:depopulation
953:
929:
905:
881:
873:
838:
799:
772:
753:
734:
722:
699:
676:
656:
648:
621:
613:
585:
579:
554:Newfoundland
547:
538:
532:
509:
508:
503:
502:
498:Tolakutinaya
497:
496:
491:
490:
488:
483:
481:
478:
413:
409:
407:
398:Newfoundland
384:and some of
348:
347:
343:
341:
333:Norridgewock
330:
321:
314:Wolastoqiyik
286:
282:
278:
276:
155:Christianity
25:
18:
4315:Abbe Museum
4226:February 3,
2547:February 5,
2198:Wabnekiyeg
2170:Waabnakiing
2164:Waabno(wag)
2120:Wàbano(wak)
2110:Wôbanakiak
2074:Waponu(wok)
2052:Wapnaꞌk(ik)
2033:Wampano(ak)
1999:Waapinuuhch
1978:(locative)
1976:"Dawn Land"
1971:"Dawn Land"
1950:maple syrup
1878:Jeremy Frey
1809:fiddleheads
1739:Criticized
1730:natural gas
1618:Energy East
1558:Nova Scotia
1523:New England
1442:joined the
1385:Mikmawisimk
1343:(1754–1763)
1337:(1749–1755)
1331:(1744–1748)
1325:(1722–1725)
1319:(1702–1713)
1313:(1688–1697)
1307:(1675–1678)
1226:Panuwapskek
1161:ksés'i'zena
1153:ksés'i'zena
1090:putuwosuwin
1032:Caughnawaga
1000:Caughnawaga
925:cooperation
920:Great Lakes
865:Subsistence
822:Sorel-Tracy
775:Ticonderoga
718:Somes Sound
706:Quebec City
704:(1604) and
632:Chaleur Bay
558:Nova Scotia
400:in Canada.
374:Nova Scotia
372:, mainland
86:Panawamskek
53:Wampum belt
4340:Categories
4201:August 28,
4175:August 26,
4129:August 26,
4104:August 26,
4078:August 26,
4052:August 28,
4026:August 28,
4000:August 26,
3925:August 23,
3899:August 23,
3873:August 23,
3847:August 23,
3842:Art Museum
3289:August 20,
3244:August 20,
3166:(1): 107.
3086:1097126985
3013:August 13,
2987:August 15,
2912:January 6,
2887:January 6,
2518:August 15,
2490:August 15,
2292:References
2186:Wabno(weg)
2182:Potawatomi
2151:Waabanakii
2132:Wàbanakìk
2126:Wàbanakìng
2098:Wôbanu(ok)
2083:Waponahkew
2080:Waponahkik
2015:Wôpanâ(ak)
1938:fiddlehead
1868:two-spirit
1854:Basket art
1802:refineries
1775:molybdenum
1749:glyphosate
1626:Saint John
1434:, and the
1288:-speaking
1278:Nitassinan
1236:(Western)
1219:(Eastern)
1044:Governance
964:Saco River
944:diplomatic
908:Algonquian
841:Port-Royal
730:Tisquantum
702:Saint John
510:Gizangowak
492:Buduswagan
484:"Wabanaki"
473:The light
302:Algonquian
203:Government
179:Wolastokuk
144:including
102:Eelsetkook
36:1680s–1862
4381:Penobscot
3822:August 3,
3647:Rabble.ca
3180:0095-182X
3061:701142434
2958:March 19,
2827:cite book
2735:1471-6941
2701:431556971
2666:1937-5239
2630:March 25,
2605:March 25,
2576:March 25,
2402:rabble.ca
2275:Pennacook
2255:Penobscot
2173:Waabnakii
2145:Waabanaki
2116:Algonquin
2104:Wôbanakik
2058:Wapnaꞌkik
2036:Wampanoki
1963:Language
1942:sunchokes
1845:history.
1815:bitumen."
1684:Tar Sands
1643:N'dakinna
1603:Algonquin
1495:Louisiana
1479:Grand-Pré
1464:Pigwacket
1432:Penobscot
1424:Fort Anne
1286:Iroquoian
1230:Penobscot
1137:Gray Lock
940:defensive
810:Algonquin
760:nut milks
720:, Maine.
668:Tadoussac
640:Gaspé Bay
610:1535–1536
539:Kadesquit
504:Bezegowak
449:Sunlight
394:Anticosti
349:Wabanakik
326:Penobscot
287:Wabanakia
174:Mi'kma'ki
157:, mainly
146:Midewiwin
136:Religion
4307:Archived
4170:Ict News
3796:June 27,
3766:June 27,
3736:June 27,
3700:June 27,
3674:June 27,
3652:June 27,
3626:June 27,
3600:June 27,
3574:June 27,
3548:June 27,
3522:June 27,
3479:April 4,
2784:40914474
2434:March 4,
2408:March 4,
2317:: 1–32.
2192:Wabnekig
2167:Waabnaki
2129:Wàbanakì
2123:Wàbanaki
2107:Wôbanaki
2077:Waponahk
2061:Wapnaꞌki
1946:hazelnut
1930:pemmican
1777:require
1771:tungsten
1709:Iroquois
1583:Listuguj
1565:Acadians
1550:freedmen
1527:European
1438:, these
1420:Acadians
1361:smallpox
1186:Military
877:pandemic
834:captured
830:arquebus
791:arquebus
783:Iroquois
470:Wasseia
344:Wabanaki
194:Ndakinna
4396:Mi'kmaq
4376:Abenaki
3188:1185746
3038:: xiii.
2454:. 1898.
2222:Mi'kmaq
2195:Wabneki
2189:Wabneki
2101:Wôbanak
2055:Wapnaꞌk
2048:Miꞌkmaq
1993:Naskapi
1897:Cuisine
1849:Culture
1673:on the
1535:Germany
1531:Ireland
1519:Mi'kmaq
1428:Abenaki
1377:Mi'kmaq
1365:measles
1353:famines
1349:warfare
1250:, L'nu)
1248:Miꞌkmaq
1238:Abenaki
1221:Abenaki
916:Jesuits
857:kinship
853:Mi'kmaq
845:weapons
638:on the
570:Bretons
454:Wabish
366:Vermont
337:Canibas
310:Mi'kmaq
214:History
206:Tribal
159:Jesuits
126:English
114:Abenaki
94:Sipayik
82:Capital
4330:mirror
3951:May 6,
3538:"Ally"
3451:
3426:
3401:
3376:
3351:
3315:
3186:
3178:
3084:
3059:
2949:
2859:
2782:
2733:
2699:
2689:
2664:
2329:
2138:Ojibwe
1515:policy
1499:Quebec
1407:, and
1397:marten
1389:beaver
1381:barter
1280:, the
1244:Míkmaq
1180:Ottawa
1082:wampum
1004:Mohawk
869:beaver
826:Quebec
806:Wendat
787:Mohawk
714:Jesuit
695:Acadia
691:Acadia
644:Mohawk
596:Azores
574:Norman
535:Viking
457:White
446:Wában
438:Waban
396:, and
386:Quebec
364:, and
354:Acadia
324:) and
266:Canada
217:
130:French
100:, and
90:Odanak
4151:(PDF)
4046:Atowi
3893:Vogue
3730:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3184:JSTOR
3032:(PDF)
2907:Atowi
2801:: 23.
2780:JSTOR
2757:(PDF)
2538:(PDF)
2327:JSTOR
2160:Odawa
1952:pie.
1873:Vogue
1800:and "
1769:"for
1460:Maine
1405:moose
1393:otter
1296:, to
1021:Huron
1009:sakom
968:Maine
893:Maine
849:goods
683:sakom
465:Dawn
441:East
430:Wabi
414:"aki"
410:"wab"
358:Maine
231:1680s
4228:2023
4203:2022
4177:2022
4131:2022
4106:2022
4080:2022
4054:2022
4028:2022
4002:2022
3953:2024
3927:2022
3901:2022
3875:2022
3849:2022
3824:2022
3798:2016
3768:2016
3738:2016
3702:2016
3676:2016
3654:2016
3628:2016
3602:2016
3576:2016
3550:2016
3524:2016
3481:2022
3449:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3399:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3291:2020
3246:2020
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