866:
882:
80:
851:
808:
894:
839:
827:
64:
913:
367:
deepest point reaches 24 meters below sea level. The depression is the smallest depression in the
Egyptian Western Desert, with an area of about 500 km2. Therefore, it is true that it is a depression and not a valley, because the region is a closed depression that has a beginning and an end, and it has no source, estuary or tributaries, so the launch of the word "Wadi" on the depression is not topographically correct.
87:
691:, remarked in 410 that, "The world has lost Rome and the monks have lost Scetis." As the Jesuit historian and Professor Willian J. Harmless said, "Scetis’s destruction marked a turning point in the history of early Christian monasticism. The site would be resettled a few years later, and in fact would suffer other raids, notably in 434, 444, and 570."
535:
fought many battles there. And this ended up with the
Egyptians overcoming them and annexed the eastern side of the desert, which still belongs to Egypt. Then, Wadi al-Natrun became an administrative part of the country in the Pharaonic era, but there is no information about its history during their
638:
who settled nearby in individual cells. Many of them came from nearby Nitria and Kellia where they had previous experience in solitary desert living; thus the earliest cenobitic communities were a loose consolidation of like-minded monks. By the end of the fourth century, four distinct communities
366:
on the Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, and about 50 km from
Khattabah on the Nile (Rashid Branch), and it falls below the level of the plateau surface surrounding it about 50 meters. The length of this depression ranges between 5, 55 and 60 km, while its average width is 10 km, and its
694:
Nitria and Kellia were eventually abandoned in the 7th and 9th centuries respectively, but Scetis continued throughout the
Medieval period. Although some of the individual monasteries were eventually abandoned or destroyed, four have remained in use to the present day:
547:
As for the religious significance of Wadi al-Natrun, there are many discoveries that indicate that this area was considered sacred as early as year 2000 BC at the very least. Among these discoveries is a bust of black granite dating back to the era of the
330:. Scetis, now called Wadi El Natrun, is best known today because its ancient monasteries remain in use, unlike Nitria and Kellia which have only archaeological remains. The desertified valley around Scetis in particular may be called the
647:
and facilities, but enclosed walls and watchtowers developed over time and in response to raids from desert nomads. Nitria, Kellia, and
Scellis also experienced internal fractures related to doctrinal disputes in
783:
crashed on
December 30, 1935. After miraculously surviving the crash, he and his plane's mechanic nearly died of thirst before being rescued by a nomad. Saint-Exupéry documented his experience in his book
370:
The Wadi contains 12 lakes, the total surface area of which is 10 km square and their average depth is only 2 m. The color of these lakes is reddish blue because its water is saturated with the
591:
was built at the end of the 19th century as a 33 miles (54 km) long narrow gauge railway with a gauge of 750 mm, which attracted the first tourists to the wadi.
2420:
362:
Wadi al-Natrun is the common name for a desert valley located west of the Nile Delta, along the El Tahrir markaz, which is about 10 km west of the entrance to
1492:
1415:
2344:
2044:
1916:
2818:
1988:
1804:
2684:
2076:
1848:
1660:
881:
865:
2768:
2616:
2833:
1656:
626:
first came to Scetis (Wadi El Natrun) around 330 AD where he established a solitary monastic site. His reputation attracted a loose band of
2088:
2048:
1912:
111:
2704:
2208:
1648:
1196:.7, Part 2: The Egyptian Expedition 1916–1919 p 34; Evelyn White's article gives a brief overview of Wadi Natrun from literary sources.
2716:
2284:
1064:
2848:
2784:
2780:
2664:
850:
615:'s call. Between the 4th and 7th century AD, hundreds of thousands of people from the world over joined the hundreds of Christian
426:
1408:
418:
398:
421:
403:
588:
406:
409:
1184:"The first monk to settle in Wadi Natrun was Macarius the Egyptian, whose retirement to the desert took place in 330 A.D.." (
856:
699:
423:
415:
412:
401:
807:
838:
826:
1401:
453:
79:
1424:
1324:
1280:
1080:
964:
63:
990:
745:
549:
893:
779:
The environs of Wadi Natrun have been identified as the likely site of where the plane of French aviator
2823:
733:
611:). Hermit monks believed that desert life would teach them to eschew the things of this world and follow
780:
639:
had developed: Baramus, Macarius, Bishoi and John
Kolobos. At first these communities were groupings of
1864:
761:
2828:
813:
709:
552:, and there is also a granite gate and stones from the lintel of a door bearing cartridges for King
2858:
2838:
653:
2853:
2843:
2220:
2184:
741:
679:
who "came sweeping off the Libyan desert" in 407-408 AD and was decimated, causing many notable
2496:
2248:
2032:
1576:
1532:
486:
323:
1051:
2268:
2112:
1836:
1460:
941:
749:
255:
that is located 23 m (75 ft) below sea level and 38 m (125 ft) below the
208:
153:
1272:
The desert
Christian : sayings of the Desert Fathers : the alphabetical collection
2792:
2132:
2072:
1776:
1720:
1512:
1185:
786:
737:
442:
271:
248:
1166:نيفين عبد الجواد، أديرة وادي النطرون، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 2007، صـ: 27.
8:
2532:
2292:
2020:
1968:
1936:
1924:
1676:
1600:
652:. At its peak the place contained 700 monasteries. The monasteries flourished during the
519:
158:
2312:
1248:
1240:
1151:
931:
729:
704:
688:
573:
2744:
2692:
2604:
2572:
2428:
2352:
1560:
1464:
1432:
1320:
1286:
1276:
1252:
1232:
1076:
936:
792:
623:
482:
287:
1136:
1048:
Egypt from
Alexander to the early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide
540:
and the
Egyptians indicate that the last of them was in 1170 BC during the reign of
2636:
2448:
2168:
2100:
2064:
1592:
1528:
1448:
1347:, Geschichte Ägyptens – Von der Spätantike bis zur Gegenwart, C.H. Beck, 2014 p. 20
1312:
1224:
1213:"Remembering Poemen Remembering: The Desert Fathers and the Spirituality of Memory"
1132:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5
1012:
872:
714:
581:
474:
449:
1068:
965:"Wadi an-Natrun (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location"
2232:
1852:
1824:
1808:
1760:
1387:
1344:
644:
510:
498:
235:
1003:
Taher, A. G. (1999). "Inland saline lakes of Wadi el Natrun depression, Egypt".
2516:
2012:
1940:
1871:
1768:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1304:
1095:
721:
680:
619:
in the Nitrian Desert, centered on Nitria, Kellia and Scetis (Wadi El Natrun).
600:
478:
315:
1316:
1188:, "The Egyptian Expedition 1916–1919: IV. The Monasteries of the Wadi Natrun"
2812:
2660:
2416:
2328:
2288:
2280:
2227:
2196:
2152:
2092:
2036:
2004:
1975:
1764:
1644:
1536:
1504:
1472:
1236:
1098:, The First Fossil Hunters - Paleontology in the Greek and Roman Times, 2000.
640:
569:
528:
260:
126:
113:
1393:
527:
The importance of the Natrun valley dates back to the Pharaonic era, as the
354:, and was known for this in the first century AD and probably much earlier.
2608:
2520:
2508:
2488:
2380:
2359:
2200:
2144:
1980:
1952:
1732:
1704:
1683:
1668:
1640:
1588:
1468:
1290:
1130:
918:
753:
541:
347:
314:). It is one of the three early Christian monastic centers located in the
2656:
2624:
2472:
2468:
2408:
2396:
2296:
2244:
2080:
2008:
1828:
1652:
1632:
768:
616:
553:
311:
599:
The desolate region became one of Christianity's most sacred areas. The
2708:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2556:
2544:
2524:
2512:
2456:
2376:
2324:
2256:
2252:
2204:
2148:
2052:
1960:
1904:
1844:
1820:
1816:
1800:
1736:
1712:
1700:
1692:
1628:
1583:
1552:
1540:
1244:
1016:
767:
To this day Wadi El Natrun remains the most important center of Coptic
725:
608:
363:
319:
256:
607:
used the desert's solitude and privations to develop self-discipline (
2756:
2652:
2584:
2560:
2552:
2503:
2476:
2440:
2400:
2392:
2364:
2275:
2160:
2156:
2124:
2119:
2084:
2056:
1996:
1892:
1792:
1744:
1568:
1212:
627:
604:
565:
199:
1228:
342:
The area is one of the best known sites containing large numbers of
2772:
2764:
2648:
2620:
2539:
2484:
2452:
2372:
2340:
2332:
2304:
2260:
2139:
1948:
1900:
1884:
1812:
1796:
1783:
1748:
1740:
1727:
1696:
1688:
1607:
1564:
1484:
1270:
720:
Some of the most renowned saints of the region include the various
657:
2788:
2736:
2712:
2680:
2564:
2464:
2388:
2384:
2368:
2300:
2240:
2040:
2027:
1992:
1956:
1856:
1832:
1756:
1616:
1500:
1476:
676:
2728:
2724:
2672:
2588:
2548:
2444:
2319:
2212:
2104:
2068:
2000:
1984:
1908:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1840:
1788:
1752:
1708:
1556:
1524:
1488:
1156:. University of Michigan. Oxford, Clarendon press. p. 288.
817:
757:
672:
661:
631:
532:
371:
343:
327:
264:
231:
221:
204:
790:. The event is thought to have inspired his most famous work,
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2751:
2720:
2699:
2628:
2612:
2579:
2480:
2460:
2435:
2404:
2236:
2191:
2096:
2060:
1944:
1931:
1544:
1519:
1496:
1480:
1439:
926:
684:
649:
577:
351:
303:
295:
279:
252:
146:
2776:
2732:
2668:
2643:
2412:
2336:
2175:
1620:
1548:
1455:
635:
537:
477:, and it is mentioned among the list of seven oases in the
267:-rich salt deposits, salt marshes and freshwater marshes.
2676:
612:
536:
reign, and the latest writings on the wars between the
660:
and administration concerns led to conflicts with the
584:, and later by the Romans as a flux for glass making.
1311:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014-01-31,
908:
473:
Natron valley is first attested in the story of the
242:
1062:
1388:The monasteries of the Arab Desert and Wadi Natrun
656:(639–642), but in the eighth and ninth centuries
2810:
959:
957:
1268:
1175:Meinardus, (Otto F.A), Monks and Moasteries of
887:Frescos at the Syrian Monastery, Scetes, Egypt
774:
1423:
1409:
1360:(English title: Wind, Sand and Stars). Paris.
954:
1124:
1122:
1002:
225:
44:
33:
1005:International Journal of Salt Lake Research
1416:
1402:
524:'the one (place) on the natron').
68:Monastery of the Syriacs in Wadi el Natrun
1119:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
485:it constituted part of the Nitrite nome (
1210:
1128:
844:Monastery of Saint Pishoy, Scetes, Egypt
832:Monastery of Saint Pishoy, Scetes, Egypt
2819:Populated places in Beheira Governorate
1190:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
16:Geographic depression in Beheira, Egypt
2811:
1390:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2012
1149:
1023:
589:Egyptian Salt and Soda Company Railway
86:
1397:
1264:
1262:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1056:
857:Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great
700:Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great
667:
337:
322:. The other two monastic centers are
173:265.7 sq mi (688.2 km)
2834:Coptic Orthodox monasteries in Egypt
1211:Harmless, William (September 2000).
1153:The ancient Coptic churches of Egypt
594:
559:
550:Seventeenth Dynasty of the Pharaohs
259:level. The valley contains several
226:
45:
13:
1367:
1259:
1199:
568:of the Natron Valley provided the
556:, in a place called the backbone.
493:). It was also known in Coptic as
382:
14:
2870:
1381:
2849:Places associated with hesychasm
2801:Capital cities are in bold font.
1375:I monasteri del deserto di Scete
911:
892:
880:
864:
849:
837:
825:
806:
247:, "measure of the hearts") is a
85:
78:
62:
1350:
1338:
1297:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1143:
1116:جمال حمدان، مرجع سابق، صـ: 420.
1107:جمال حمدان، مرجع سابق، صـ: 416.
1073:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1150:Butler, Alfred Joshua (1884).
1110:
1101:
1089:
996:
991:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
982:
605:cenobitic monastic communities
1:
1063:René-Georges Coquin (2005) ,
947:
756:, Sts. Maximos and Domatios,
683:to leave the region, such as
1356:Saint-Exupéry, A. de. 1939.
1050:, Getty Publications, 2004.
746:Saint Macarius of Alexandria
357:
243:
7:
904:
775:Saint-Exupéry's plane crash
10:
2875:
1865:Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
1377:, Todi 2009 (Tau Editore).
799:
762:Saint Samuel the Confessor
514:
502:
490:
390:
377:
304:
296:
280:
239:
34:
2799:
2743:
2691:
2635:
2571:
2531:
2495:
2427:
2351:
2311:
2267:
2219:
2183:
2167:
2131:
2111:
2019:
1967:
1923:
1863:
1775:
1719:
1675:
1599:
1575:
1511:
1447:
1431:
1425:Cities and towns in Egypt
1317:10.3138/9781442622791-toc
1075:, James Clarke & Co,
814:Monastery of Saint Pishoy
710:Monastery of Saint Pishoy
198:
190:
182:
177:
169:
164:
152:
142:
107:
73:
61:
24:
1269:Ward, Benedicta (1980).
1129:Gauthier, Henri (1928).
781:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
687:. One of the survivors,
654:Muslim conquest of Egypt
2421:Al Madinah Al Fikriyyah
2221:South Sinai Governorate
2185:North Sinai Governorate
1046:Roger S. Bagnall, etc.
742:Saint Macarius of Egypt
643:centered on a communal
454:1st Intermediate Period
274:it is usually known as
194:330/sq mi (130/km)
19:Place in Beheira, Egypt
2497:New Valley Governorate
2033:10th of Ramadan (city)
1577:Alexandria Governorate
1533:El Qanater El Khayreya
758:Saint Poimen The Great
734:Saint Isidore of Scété
689:St. Arsenius the Great
2269:Beni Suef Governorate
2113:Port Said Governorate
1837:El Matareya, Dakahlia
942:Pachomian monasteries
750:Saint Moses the Black
2133:Ismailia Governorate
2073:El Salheya El Gedida
1777:Dakahlia Governorate
1721:Damietta Governorate
1513:Qalyubia Governorate
1493:Manshiyat al Qanater
1186:Hugh G. Evelyn-White
787:Wind, Sand and Stars
738:Saint John the Dwarf
675:was attacked by the
318:of the northwestern
312:ecclesiastical Greek
272:Christian literature
191: • Density
2533:Red Sea Governorate
2293:Heracleopolis Magna
2021:Sharqia Governorate
1969:Monufia Governorate
1937:El Mahalla El Kubra
1925:Gharbia Governorate
1677:Matrouh Governorate
1601:Beheira Governorate
1461:6th of October City
1065:"Scetis, Desert of"
899:Naba' El-Hamra Lake
458:(2181–2055 BC)
123: /
2824:Coptic settlements
2313:Faiyum Governorate
1017:10.1007/BF02442128
932:Door of Prophecies
705:Paromeos Monastery
668:Invasion of Scetis
574:sodium bicarbonate
338:Fossil discoveries
183: • Total
170: • Total
2806:
2805:
2745:Aswan Governorate
2693:Luxor Governorate
2605:Ptolemais Hermiou
2573:Sohag Governorate
2429:Asyut Governorate
2353:Minya Governorate
1561:Shibin El Qanater
1465:Sheikh Zayed City
1433:Cairo Governorate
969:citypopulation.de
937:Pikrolimni (lake)
793:The Little Prince
624:Macarius of Egypt
570:Ancient Egyptians
529:ancient Egyptians
523:
471:
470:
459:
434:
433:
430:
429:
288:Hellenistic Greek
215:
214:
127:30.583°N 30.333°E
99:Location in Egypt
2866:
2829:Deserts of Egypt
2637:Qena Governorate
2449:Dayrut al-Sharif
2345:Yousef El Seddik
2169:Suez Governorate
2101:Minshat Abu Omar
2045:Mashtool El Souk
1593:New Borg El Arab
1529:Shubra El Kheima
1449:Giza Governorate
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1361:
1358:Terre des hommes
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1208:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1021:
1020:
1000:
994:
988:WĀDĪ NAṬRŪN in:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
961:
921:
916:
915:
914:
896:
884:
873:Syrian Monastery
868:
853:
841:
829:
810:
715:Syrian Monastery
595:Monastic history
582:Egyptian faience
560:Economic history
518:
516:
504:
495:Mountain of Salt
492:
475:Eloquent Peasant
457:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
332:Desert of Scetis
309:
308:
307:
301:
300:
299:
285:
284:
283:
246:
241:
229:
228:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
89:
88:
82:
66:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
37:
36:
22:
21:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2859:Cities in Egypt
2839:Rivers of Egypt
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2739:
2687:
2631:
2567:
2527:
2491:
2423:
2347:
2307:
2263:
2249:Saint Catherine
2233:Sharm El Sheikh
2215:
2179:
2163:
2127:
2107:
2015:
1963:
1919:
1917:Borg El Burulus
1859:
1853:Mahallat Damana
1825:Temay El Amdeed
1809:El Senbellawein
1771:
1761:Kafr El Battikh
1715:
1671:
1595:
1571:
1507:
1443:
1427:
1422:
1384:
1370:
1368:Further reading
1365:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1283:
1267:
1260:
1229:10.2307/3169395
1209:
1200:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1061:
1057:
1045:
1024:
1001:
997:
987:
983:
973:
971:
963:
962:
955:
950:
917:
912:
910:
907:
900:
897:
888:
885:
876:
875:, Scetes, Egypt
871:Frescos at the
869:
860:
859:, Scetes, Egypt
854:
845:
842:
833:
830:
821:
811:
802:
777:
670:
597:
562:
491:Νιτριώτης νομός
483:Ptolemaic times
456:
440:
422:
402:
385:
383:Ancient history
380:
360:
340:
305:
297:
281:
131:
129:
125:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
109:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
90:
69:
57:
55:
50:
39:
29:
27:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2854:Desert Fathers
2851:
2846:
2844:Wadis of Egypt
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
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578:mummification
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108:Coordinates:
106:
81:
72:
65:
60:
43:
32:
31:
23:
2769:Nasr Al-Nuba
2750:
2698:
2642:
2617:West Juhayna
2609:Dar El Salam
2578:
2538:
2502:
2434:
2358:
2318:
2274:
2226:
2190:
2174:
2138:
2118:
2026:
1981:Sadat (city)
1974:
1930:
1870:
1782:
1733:New Damietta
1726:
1705:Sidi Barrani
1684:Mersa Matruh
1682:
1669:New Nubariya
1664:
1641:El Rahmaniya
1606:
1589:Borg El Arab
1582:
1518:
1469:El Hawamdeya
1454:
1438:
1374:
1357:
1352:
1345:Johanna Pink
1340:
1330:, retrieved
1308:
1299:
1271:
1220:
1216:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1152:
1145:
1131:
1112:
1103:
1091:
1072:
1058:
1047:
1008:
1004:
998:
989:
984:
972:. Retrieved
968:
919:Egypt portal
791:
785:
778:
766:
754:Saint Pishoy
724:, including
719:
693:
671:
664:government.
621:
598:
586:
566:alkali lakes
563:
546:
542:Ramesses III
526:
506:
503:ⲡⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲡϩⲙⲟⲩ
494:
472:
369:
361:
348:pre-historic
341:
331:
291:
275:
269:
251:in northern
227:وادي النطرون
217:
216:
46:وادي النطرون
2657:Nag Hammadi
2473:Sahel Selim
2469:El Ghanayem
2397:Aba al-Waqf
2081:Diyarb Negm
1829:El Gammalia
1657:Koum Hamada
1653:Shubra Khit
1633:El Delengat
1052:pp. 108–112
769:monasticism
617:monasteries
554:Amenemhat I
443:hieroglyphs
350:animals in
230:"Valley of
154:Governorate
130: /
2813:Categories
2793:Abu Simbel
2709:New Thebes
2601:El Maragha
2597:El Balyana
2593:New Akhmim
2557:Marsa Alam
2545:Ras Ghareb
2525:Abu Minqar
2457:El Quseyya
2377:Beni Mazar
2325:New Faiyum
2257:Abu Zenima
2253:Abou Redis
2205:Bir al-Abd
2149:El Qantara
2089:Awlad Saqr
2053:Abu Hammad
2049:Al-Qinayat
1961:Sebennytos
1913:Sidi Ghazi
1905:Sidi Salem
1845:Mit Salsil
1821:El Manzala
1817:Bani Ebaid
1737:Ras El Bar
1713:Siwa Oasis
1701:El Negaila
1693:El Alamein
1629:Abu Hummus
1584:Alexandria
1553:Obour City
1541:Kafr Shukr
1332:2022-03-27
1305:"Contents"
1135:. p.
948:References
726:Saint Amun
685:Abba Anoub
628:anchorites
609:asceticism
507:Phanihosem
364:Sadat City
320:Nile Delta
257:Nile River
249:depression
178:Population
2757:New Aswan
2705:New Luxor
2653:Abu Tesht
2585:New Sohag
2561:Shalateen
2553:El Qoseir
2504:El Kharga
2477:El Badari
2441:New Asyut
2401:Dir Mawas
2393:Dir Mawas
2365:New Minya
2276:Beni Suef
2209:El Hasana
2161:Kassassin
2157:Abu Suwir
2125:Port Fuad
2120:Port Said
2085:Kafr Saqr
2065:Abu Kebir
2057:El Qurein
1997:El Bagour
1893:El Hamool
1793:Mit Ghamr
1745:Kafr Saad
1649:Hosh Issa
1569:El Kulzom
1253:162955580
1237:0009-6407
572:with the
515:ⲫⲁⲛⲓϩⲟⲥⲉⲙ
439:sḫt ḥmꜣwt
358:Geography
346:of large
302:, plural
200:Time zone
2773:Kalabsha
2765:Kom Ombo
2717:Bayadiya
2685:Shaarani
2649:New Qena
2621:Saqultah
2540:Hurghada
2485:Manqabad
2453:Manfalut
2373:Maghagha
2341:Ibsheway
2333:Sinnuris
2305:El Fashn
2285:Al Wasta
2261:Ras Sedr
2140:Ismailia
1949:El Santa
1901:El Reyad
1885:Metoubes
1813:El Kurdi
1797:Dekernes
1784:Mansoura
1749:El Zarqa
1741:Faraskur
1728:Damietta
1697:El Dabaa
1689:El Hamam
1608:Damanhur
1565:Saryaqos
1485:El Ayyat
974:18 March
905:See also
658:taxation
576:used in
531:and the
51:(Arabic)
40:(Coptic)
2789:Sebaiya
2785:Busylia
2781:Radisia
2737:Medamud
2713:Zainiya
2681:Farshut
2665:El Waqf
2565:Halayeb
2517:Farafra
2465:Abu Tig
2409:Bahnasa
2389:Mallawi
2385:Samalut
2369:El Idwa
2301:Sumusta
2241:Nuweiba
2041:Bilbeis
2028:Zagazig
2013:Shuhada
1993:Ashmoun
1957:Basyoun
1857:Nabaruh
1833:Sherbin
1757:Arrawda
1617:Rosetta
1501:Kerdasa
1477:El Saff
1291:5170172
1245:3169395
1071:(ed.),
820:, Egypt
800:Gallery
677:Mazices
632:hermits
580:and in
533:Libyans
522:
378:History
344:fossils
159:Beheira
143:Country
118:30°20′E
115:30°35′N
2729:El-Tod
2725:Armant
2673:Naqada
2661:Dishna
2589:Akhmim
2549:Safaga
2445:Dairut
2329:Tamiya
2320:Faiyum
2289:Nasser
2228:El Tor
2213:Nekhel
2105:Qantir
2069:Faqous
2001:Quesna
1985:Menouf
1909:Qallin
1897:Biyala
1889:Baltim
1881:Fuwwah
1877:Desouk
1849:Gamasa
1841:Belqas
1789:Talkha
1753:Assarw
1709:Sallum
1557:Khusus
1537:Khanka
1525:Qalyub
1489:Bawiti
1323:
1289:
1279:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1079:
818:Scetes
673:Scetis
662:Muslim
645:church
622:Saint
511:Coptic
499:Coptic
374:salt.
372:Natron
328:Kellia
324:Nitria
306:Σκήτες
290:) or
282:Σκήτις
276:Scetis
265:natron
236:Coptic
232:Natron
222:Arabic
186:88,380
49:
38:
2761:Daraw
2752:Aswan
2721:Kurna
2700:Luxor
2629:Tahta
2613:Girga
2580:Sohag
2521:Balat
2509:Baris
2489:Musha
2481:Sidfa
2461:Abnub
2436:Asyut
2405:Dalga
2381:Matai
2360:Minya
2237:Dahab
2201:Rafah
2192:Arish
2145:Fayed
2097:Tanis
2061:Hihya
1953:Qutur
1945:Zefta
1932:Tanta
1545:Toukh
1520:Benha
1497:Awsim
1481:Atfih
1440:Cairo
1249:S2CID
1241:JSTOR
1067:, in
927:Skete
650:Egypt
641:cells
636:monks
505:) or
481:. In
352:Egypt
298:Σκήτη
292:Skete
253:Egypt
244:Šihēt
240:Ϣⲓϩⲏⲧ
205:UTC+2
147:Egypt
35:ϣⲓϩⲏⲧ
2777:Edfu
2733:Esna
2669:Qift
2644:Qena
2625:Tima
2413:Idmo
2337:Itsa
2297:Biba
2245:Taba
2176:Suez
2009:Tala
1661:Badr
1621:Edku
1549:Qaha
1456:Giza
1321:ISBN
1287:OCLC
1277:ISBN
1233:ISSN
1077:ISBN
976:2023
760:and
634:and
603:and
587:The
564:The
538:libu
520:lit.
326:and
165:Area
2677:Qus
2513:Mut
1801:Aga
1313:doi
1225:doi
1013:doi
613:God
450:Era
441:in
310:in
286:in
270:In
234:";
209:EET
2815::
2791:,
2787:,
2783:,
2779:,
2775:,
2771:,
2767:,
2763:,
2759:,
2755:,
2735:,
2731:,
2727:,
2723:,
2719:,
2715:,
2711:,
2707:,
2703:,
2683:,
2679:,
2675:,
2671:,
2667:,
2663:,
2659:,
2655:,
2651:,
2647:,
2627:,
2623:,
2619:,
2615:,
2611:,
2607:,
2603:,
2599:,
2595:,
2591:,
2587:,
2583:,
2563:,
2559:,
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