Wagyu - Knowledge

919: 1079: 326: 1350: 729: 989: 784: 1595: 1696: 1587: 51: 223: 1417: 338: 383: 371: 345: 431: 419: 395: 407: 1726:). Generally, the melting point of beef fat is 40-50 degrees Celsius, but monounsaturated fatty acids have a lower melting point, so the melting point of Wagyu beef fat is below that of butter (around 30 degrees Celsius). Therefore, the fat melts at body temperature as soon as it is put in the mouth, and this is thought to be one of the main reasons for the tender, melt-in-your-mouth texture that is unique to Wagyu beef. 352: 40: 1373: 1861: 1707:, and the high ratio of intramuscular fat. However, of the four Wagyu breeds, only the Japanese Black breed has this level of marbling, while the other three breeds do not have a high degree of marbling. The degree of marbling varies depending on sex, castration, and fattening method, but in the case of the Japanese Black, genes are thought to play a major role. 1403:(Beef Traceability Law) was enacted in 2003. This law stipulates the attachment of ear tags to cattle, the notification, recording, and storage of historical information from birth to beef, and the publication of recorded information on the Internet. In other words, it is possible to trace the history of all Japanese beef sold in Japan. 1400: 1420: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1423: 1392:(GATT) from 1986 to 1994, which set rules for liberalization of international trade, decided to liberalize imports of foreign beef to Japan. Beef imports have been liberalized since 1991. In FY1993, beef imports jumped 34% over the previous year, and as a result, Japan's beef self-sufficiency rate dropped below 50%. 1346:

was carried out by each prefecture, and the criteria for examination varied. Around 1925, the results of the improvements became visible: the negative characteristics of crossbreeding had almost disappeared from Wagyu cattle, their size and weight had increased, and improvements in hindquarters were clearly visible.

1342:(different fur color on the dorsal line), white spots, etc. On the other hand, efforts were made to improve the physique and weight of both pure and improved Wagyu cattle, and from around the 1920s, the term "improved Wagyu" came to refer to all Wagyu cattle, including not only improved Wagyu but also pure Wagyu. 972:

board, but as demand increased, it became necessary to slaughter them on land. 1866 saw the first slaughter of cattle by foreigners in the pine forests of Cape Wadamisaki. In this way, foreign ships bought 30 or 40 cows at a time in Kobe before the official opening of the port and brought them to Yokohama, where "

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The Australian Wagyu Association is the largest breed association outside Japan. Both fullblood and Wagyu-cross cattle are farmed in Australia for domestic and overseas markets, including Taiwan, China, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the U.K., France, Germany, Denmark and the U.S.

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In 1944, it was officially decided to abolish the conventional name "Improved Japanese Breed" and call the breeds Japanese Black, Japanese Brown, and Japanese Polled, as the characteristics of each breed had been clarified as a result of improvements. This officially recognized the three crossbreeds

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Around 1919, the examination and registration of Wagyu began mainly in western Japan, and pedigrees and body types began to be registered. Nine breeds were registered: Tajima, Bisaku, Hiroshima, Bocho, Shimane, Inhaku, Bungo, Kumamoto, and Kagoshima. However, the examination and registration process

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The crossbreds' oversized stature made them inconvenient for Japan's narrow arable land, and their movements were slow and sluggish, and their temperaments were rough and lacking in obedience. They also had poor meat quality and were condemned from all quarters as being unsuitable for sukiyaki. As a

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Since the 1980s, Wagyu beef branding has been promoted in various regions of Japan. However, the Japanese Trademark Law at the time did not allow for the establishment of regional collective trademarks, which posed a problem in terms of legal protection. Before the Beef Traceability Law (2003) was

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T4 is a haplogroup unique to East Asia that is not observed in Near Eastern, European, and African cattle, and T3 is the predominant haplogroup in European cattle, but T3 is also predominant in Korean cattle. This means that the present breed of Korean cattle is not the main ancestor of the Wagyu.

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Even after the Meiji era when hybrid cattle were encouraged, there were still a considerable number of pure Wagyu cattle remaining in the Taisho era (1912–1926). As a policy for the improvement of Wagyu, efforts were made to eliminate negative characteristics of hybrid cattle as much as possible.

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International Wagyu is regulated and promoted through the World Wagyu Council. National Wagyu Day, also referred to as World Wagyu Day, is on June 21 to promote Wagyu by the World Wagyu Council. This day was founded in 2022 by Steve Haddadin and was adopted by the World Wagyu Council and British

775:(1336–1573), farming using cattle and horses became popular mainly in western Japan, contributing greatly to the development of agriculture. In a complaint by a farmer in 1423, describing the wrongdoing of a manor administrator, it mentions that the farmer owned cattle and used them for farming. 682:

and Aurochs have been found in Iwate Prefecture, but it is unclear if the Nanbu cattle were related to these. Haplogroup P has also been found in Chinese and Korean cattle, but it is extremely rare compared to T4. Therefore, it is suggested that the ancestors of the Nanbu cattle have a different

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The liberalization of beef imports has brought about changes in Japan's domestic Wagyu beef production system. In order to compete with cheaper foreign beef, Japanese livestock farmers have become more focused on raising the Japanese Black breed, which has a unique marbling characteristic. As a

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was opened, the Hyogo Port Opening Demand Incident occurred, in which nine warships from Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States invaded Hyogo Port demanding its opening. At that time, sailors negotiated with local cattle merchants for cattle, which were initially slaughtered on

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This characteristic of marbled meat is also found in the Mishima cattle, a native Wagyu breed. However, this characteristic is not seen in the Kuchinoshima cattle, which are also a native Wagyu breed. In addition, it is the Tajima cattle strain among the Japanese Black cattle that tend to have

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had just been rediscovered, and both the Japanese government and cattle farmers lacked sufficient knowledge of genetics. The unpopularity of crossbred cattle led to the Japanese government's decision in 1911 to suspend plans to purchase Brown Swiss and Simmental cattle. In 1912, the Japanese

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The reputation of Wagyu beef as having a superior taste spread from the residents of the foreign settlement to the Japanese, and it was written in books of the time that "Wagyu beef has a better taste than foreign beef" and "there has never been beef as good as Kobe's beef".

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Beef grades indicate the meat quality, and in Japan they are determined based on the "Beef Carcass Trade Standards" approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Two factors are used to determine the rating: the yield grade and the meat quality grade.

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government decided to formally end its policy of encouraging crossbreeding by announcing that crossbreeding between Wagyu and European breeds had been sufficiently successful. From then on, Wagyu improvement was based on pure Wagyu and improved Wagyu (crossbred cattle).

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Ogino, Mizuna; Matsuura, Akihiro; Yamazaki, Atusi; Irimajiri, Mami; Takahashi, Hideyuki; Komatsu, Tokushi; et al. (17 January 2013). "Biological rhythms related to metabolism in Japanese Shorthorn cattle under varying environments and management techniques".

720:(gallstones), it should be delivered to the state. The Yoro Code also includes provisions for the sale of the hides and meat of horses and cattle, and there were distribution channels throughout Japan for buying and selling these items during the Nara period. 2483: 751:

The "Pictorial Record of Swift Bulls" (駿牛絵詞) which is believed to have been written around 1279, is said to be the world's oldest specialized book on bulls. In the same book, the names of 52 bulls are listed as swift bulls. At the time, the cattle from

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Mannen H, Kohno M, Nagata Y, Tsuji S, Gradley DG, Yeo JS, Nyamsamba D, Zagdsuren Y, Yokohama M, Nomura K, Amano T (August 2004). "Independent mitochondrial origin and historical genetic differentiation in North Eastern Asian cattle".

915:). In Japan, where meat eating was frowned upon and the use of milk was not widespread, cows in the Edo period were primarily work cattle that plowed the fields, so a good cow in this period meant one that was healthy and obedient. 576:

However, some in the Japanese archaeological community remain skeptical about the presence of cattle in Japan during the Yayoi period, and there is a persistent view that they were brought to Japan from the Korean peninsula by the

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In 2006, the Japanese Trademark Law was amended to recognize regional collective trademarks, allowing Wagyu beef to be registered as a "regional brand." In 2014, the Geographical Indications Law was passed, and the operation of

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Kazuaki Yoshinaga; Arisa Tago; Aya Yoshinaga-Kiriake; Naohiro Gotoh (2021). "Characterization of lactones in Wagyu (Japanese beef) and imported beef by combining solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry".

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According to a newspaper article in 1875, Kobe was the first place where meat eating was popular, with 800 cows slaughtered in a month. Next was Yokohama with 600, followed by Tokyo with 500, and Osaka and Nagoya with 300.

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stock. Meat from this cross-breed may be marketed as "American-Style Kobe Beef", or "Wangus", although many American retailers simply (inaccurately) refer to it as Wagyu. Wagyu were first competitively exhibited at the

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Cattle were brought to Japan from the Korean Peninsula or China, but archaeological and genetic studies have proposed different dates for their arrival, ranging from around the turn of the era to the 5th century.

1653:: Special Matsuzaka Beef (Tokusan Matsusaka Ushi) is a brand given to the highest quality virgin female beef from the Matsuzaka region of Mie Prefecture. The Matsusaka beef brand has a history of about 100 years. 1942:, first becoming available for consumption in 2011. Since 2011, there have been Wagyu herds in Scotland. There are British & Irish Wagyu Fullbloods registered through the British Wagyu Breeders Association. 1566:) are cattle from ancient Japan that have not been crossbred with foreign breeds. It is also called "Japanese breed," "pure Japanese breed," "pure Wagyu," etc. There are two breeds of native Wagyu as follows: 1419: 664:. It has been detected in many extinct European aurochs, but has only been found in a total of three current livestock cattle—one Chinese and two Korean—out of several thousand individuals in the database. 3517: 3985: 1751:

The yield grade refers to the percentage of edible meat in the carcass. The meat quality grade is determined by four criteria: marbling, meat color, firmness and texture, and fat luster and quality.

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was reported in Japanese cattle and became a major social problem. Since then, stringent testing and registration measures for cattle in Japan have been implemented. Since 2007, only four breeds of

964:. Foreign residents sought cattle for meat from neighboring villages but were refused, so cattle were imported from the U.S., China, and Korea, which gradually became unable to meet the demand. 1018:

At the same time, however, it was also believed that Wagyu were superior to Western breeds for plowing use but inferior in milk and meat production, and their improvement was urgently needed.

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In 1900, the Japanese government established a committee to investigate the improvement of cattle breeding, and began a systematic crossbreeding program between Wagyu and Western breeds. The

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result, from around 1907, there were no more crossbreds being bred, and in reaction, the old black cattle were considered good, and as long as they were small and black, they could be sold.

4928:[A Study on Ushikai based on Bibliographic Material and Haniwa / Tomb Murals Including a discussion on the introduction of the legend of the cowherd and the weaver girl to Japan]. 4740:

Zembayashi M; Nishimura K; Lunt DK; Smith SB (1995). "Effect of breed type and sex on the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous and intramuscular lipids of finishing steers and heifers".

938:, the pedigree was traced from a database of 718,969 Japanese black cattle mothers registered in Japan, and it was found that 718,330 or 99.9% of them are descended from the Tajiri-go. 822:

Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of the intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time.

4071: 4015: 3869: 4664:]. Report on the Cultural Properties of Nagasaki Prefecture, Vol.2 (Report on the Survey of the Goto Site, 1962-1963) (in Japanese). Nagasaki Prefectural Board of Education. 3483: 2010: 1894:

in 2012. Other U.S. Wagyu breeders have full-blooded animals directly descended from original Japanese bloodlines, that are registered through the American Wagyu Association.

819:. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy. 3737: 3342:

T. Gotoh; E. Albrecht; F. Teuscher; K. Kawabata; K. Sakashita; H. Iwamoto; J. Wegner (2009). "Differences in muscle and fat accretion in Japanese Black and European cattle".

169:. There are only a few hundred Japanese native cattle, and meat from these cattle is seldom sold on the market. Today, Wagyu refers to four breeds known as "improved Wagyu" ( 3778: 1729:

Wagyu beef, especially Japanese black beef, is known to have a unique sweet aroma called "Wagyu beef aroma," which is thought to be caused by complex compounds such as

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In 1937, when the former Japan Livestock Industry Association became the central organization for the registration of cattle throughout Japan, the breed names of "

3509: 2036: 1659:: Yonezawa Beef (Yonezawa Gyu) is beef from virgin Japanese black female cattle in the Okitama region of Yamagata Prefecture and has a history of about 150 years. 1098:) and the term "Improved Japanese Breed" came into use thereafter. Thereafter, organized breeding efforts to increase the number of superior Wagyu cattle began. 1040:, but few people wanted to crossbreed with them because of their large size, and the Japanese government encouraged it, but the crossbreds were very unpopular. 4109: 285:

made from polished wild cattle bones have been found at the same site, although in small quantities, suggesting that humans existed during this period and that

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The yield grade has three levels: A, B, and C, with A being the highest. The meat quality grade has five levels: 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, with 5 being the highest.

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foreign cattle were imported. At first, there was little interest in cross-breeding these with the native stock, but from about 1900, it became widespread.

2407: 607:(clay figurine), believed to be the oldest in Japan, have been excavated. In addition, a cow-shaped haniwa was excavated from the Hashida No. 1 Tumulus in 3539: 748:(駿牛, swift bulls) and were regarded as excellent bulls. Owning such an excellent bull became a source of pride for the aristocrats of Japan at that time. 186:

breed, and not of the other three breeds. This is often misunderstood because the Japanese Black currently accounts for 97% of all Wagyu raised in Japan.

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Wagyu cattle farming in Canada appeared after 1991 when the Canadian Wagyu Association was formed. Wagyu style cattle and farms in Canada are located in

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Maesawa Beef: Maesawa Beef is a brand given to the highest quality beef from the Maesawa area of Iwate Prefecture, and has a history of about 70 years.

1057:) emerged to describe native Japanese cattle, and by 1912, it was claimed that there were two definitions of Wagyu: "pure Wagyu" and "improved Wagyu" ( 1078: 3955: 1674:

Kagoshima Black Beef: Kagoshima Black Beef (Kagoshima Kuroushi) is a wagyu beef brand from Kagoshima Prefecture that won the recent Wagyu Olympics.

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issued a decree banning meat eating, and eating cattle was officially prohibited in Japan. However, a study of human excrement excavated from the

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were excavated. Among them were also processed cattle molars. However, this excavation was controversial because it contradicted the statement in

4779:]. Report on the Survey of Cultural Properties in Nagasaki Prefecture (in Japanese). Vol. 141. Nagasaki Prefectural Board of Education. 675:

and other breeds imported from the United States, but P has not been detected in Shorthorns and is thought to be derived from the Nanbu cattle.

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Beef is graded in 15 combinations: A1 to A5, B1 to B5, and C1 to C5, with A5 representing the highest quality for both yield and meat quality.

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Hiba Beef: Hiba Beef is a brand of Japanese black cattle from Shobara City, Hiroshima Prefecture, with a history dating back to the Edo period.

4049: 1733:. Lactones, which are also found in peaches and coconuts, are more abundant in Wagyu beef, and their aroma increases when the beef is heated. 1105:, Iwaizumi cattle, Mishima cattle, Aso cattle, and others. However, these were not actual breeds, but only names of regional classifications. 2372: 1686:

Olive-Fed Wagyu Beef: Olive-Fed Wagyu Beef is a brand of Japanese black cattle that is fed olives. It is one of the rarest beef in the world.

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origin from the ancestors of the Japanese Black in western Japan, where T4 is abundant, and that there is no single ancestor of the Wagyu.

2723: 2398:[The Fiction of Meat Eating Avoidance: A View from Zooarchaeology] (in Japanese). The Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology. 945:

line represented by the Tajiri-go is spreading and genetic diversity is being lost from Wagyu, and the movement to revive the Takenotani

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Miyazaki Beef: Miyazaki Beef is a brand of wagyu beef from Miyazaki Prefecture, and has often won the Wagyu Olympics in recent years.

2163:"Effects of Grazing or Exercise in the Middle of the Fattening Period on the Growth and Carcass Traits of Japanese Shorthorn Steers" 1647:: Kobe Beef is a brand given to the highest quality beef from Hyōgo Prefecture's Tajima cattle and has a history of about 170 years. 1602:

Today, each region in Japan has its own brand of Wagyu beef, numbering more than 320. The first Wagyu beef to gain a reputation was

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Dairy Jijo-sha, ed. (1944). "全國農業會の畜産部長會議" [Livestock department manager meeting of the National Agricultural Society].

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Kumamoto Red Beef: Kumamoto Red Beef (Kuamoto Akaushi) is a wagyu beef from Kumamoto Prefecture, characterized by its lean meat.

1447:) that have been fixed as breeds through crossbreeding with foreign breeds. There are four breeds of improved Wagyu as follows: 1389: 595:, excavations revealed cow bones believed to date back to the 5th century. At the Funamiya Kofun Tumulus (late 5th century) in 197:

and their crossbreds, as well as cattle born, raised, and duly registered in Japan, have been allowed to be labeled as Wagyu.

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enacted, there were also issues regarding the verification of the origin, breeding location, and distribution of Wagyu beef.

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are also raised in Japan for dairy cattle. When meat from these cattle is sold in Japan, it must be labeled "domestic beef" (

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and moist, while adding flavor. Wagyu beef is often known by different names depending on its place of origin. In several

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South African Wagyu is regulated and promoted by the Wagyu Society of South Africa, a member of the World Wagyu Council.

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was established. In 1868, Englishman Edward Charles Kirby established the first slaughterhouse in Kobe, and in 1869, a

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Wagyu refers to "Japanese cattle" and is not a specific breed. Japanese native cattle became almost extinct after the

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were land-locked with the Eurasian continent during the Ice Age, these animals came from the continent via Hokkaido.

4101: 2849:. Stillwater, Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences. Archived 27 October 2022. 2206: 1982:

New Zealand Wagyu is regulated and promoted by the New Zealand Wagyu Breeders, a member of the World Wagyu Council.

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Brazilian Wagyu is regulated and promoted by the Brazilian Wagyu Association, a member of the World Wagyu Council.

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Law for Special Measures Concerning the Management and Relay of Information for Individual Identification of Cattle

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Summary of the Meeting of Prefectural Chiefs of Livestock Production and Directors of Livestock Breederies, No. 7.

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Summary of the Meeting of Prefectural Chiefs of Livestock Production and Directors of Livestock Breederies, No. 3.

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According to a survey conducted in 1914, there were 61 different breeds of Wagyu in Japan at that time, including

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One of the primary characteristics of Wagyu beef is the fine marbling of fat within the red meat, referred to as

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had the highest reputation as swift bulls, but they were temporarily destroyed by the Mongolian army during the

3547: 2863: 1618:, and calves were purchased from the Tajima region, fattened in each region, and then sold. In the Tokyo area, 99: 4881:

Kim JH, Lee SS, Kim SC, Choi SB, Kim SH, Lee CW, Jung KS, Kim ES, Choi YS, Kim SB, Kim WH, Cho CY (May 2016).

2659: 1930:. Canadian Wagyu beef products are exported to the US (including Hawaii), Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. 1610:

also had a reputation since the Meiji era (1868–1912) for its delicious taste. In the Taisho era (1912–1926),

1465:), which constitutes over 97% of beef cattle in Japan; regional strains within the breed include the Tottori, 829:(1603–1867), superior cattle were produced by aggressive inbreeding, and the superior bloodlines were called " 2611: 1974:

Namibian Wagyu is regulated and promoted by the Namibian Wagyu Society, a member of the World Wagyu Council.

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German Wagyu is regulated and promoted by the German Wagyu Association, a member of the World Wagyu Council.

638:), and both Wagyu and Korean cattle belong to the northern lineage and do not contain Indian lineage such as 310: 4243: 3461: 2647: 1874: 3838: 3416: 1891: 1719: 1641:: Tajima beef is beef from the Tajima region of Hyōgo Prefecture, and has a history of about 1,200 years. 4932:(in Japanese) (34). Graduate School of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies Kanazawa University: 77–98. 4883:"Haplogroup Classification of Korean Cattle Breeds Based on Sequence Variations of mtDNA Control Region" 3947: 1381:

as fixed breeds. Then, in 1957, the Japanese Shorthorn was added. They are collectively known as Wagyu.

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Breeding history of Japanese beef cattle and preservation of genetic resources as economic farm animals

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Several US restaurants are serving hybrid "wangus" beef from domestically raised wagyu and Angus cows.

1927: 761: 4037: 2898:"Please tell us about the brands of beef," Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. 1112:

and Tajima cattle) at that time, the number of stud bulls owned by breed as of 1914 was as follows.

4217: 3438:[Special Feature 2 Beef (1)] (in Japanese). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 941:

On the other hand, there are those who are concerned about the current situation in which only the

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Hida Beef: Hida Beef is a Japanese beef from Gifu Prefecture and has a history of about 100 years.

17: 5021: 1634:(GI) protection began in 2015. Currently, the GI-registered brands of Wagyu beef are as follows. 1631: 1000: 243: 1490:), the other main breed, representing about 5% of all beef cattle; reared in southern Japan, in 728: 4512: 4491: 4449: 2665: 2653: 2617: 653:) at about 65%, while haplogroup T3 (European type) is predominant in Korean cattle at 66-83%. 2715: 2558: 1372: 179:), which have been established as distinct breeds through crossbreeding with European cattle. 165:(1868), mainly as a result of crossbreeding with European breeds, with exceptions such as the 4989: 3422: 1869:

Australian Wagyu cattle are grain fed for the last 300–500 days of production. Wagyu bred in

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Higuchi, Mikito; Shiba, Nobuya; Imanri, Mai; Yonai, Miharu; Watanabe, Akira (1 April 2018).

1094:, Hyōgo Prefecture, two crossbred bulls won first prize as "Improved Japanese Breed" (改良和種, 182:

The rich marbling that is considered a characteristic of Wagyu is actually a feature of the

4950: 3742: 3627: 1923: 1606:, already famous since the 1860s and known to foreign countries through foreign residents. 1524: 904: 612: 470: 122: 73: 3290: 2968: 2899: 2775: 2029:"The rarest steak in the world can cost over $ 300. Here's why wagyu beef is so expensive" 8: 1671:: Ōmi Beef is a wagyu beef brand from Shiga Prefecture with a history of about 400 years. 1575: 1499: 863: 841: 757: 488: 452: 297: 82: 4954: 4823: 1491: 912: 600: 497: 418: 44: 5008: 4973: 4938: 4907: 4882: 4858:[The Roots of Wagyu Beef Meat Quality Explored by the Latest Genome Analysis]. 4353:

Pastoral Magazine, ed. (1892). "東京府下屠獣状況" [Slaughterhouse Situation in Tokyo].

2099: 2086: 2059: 1530: 1178: 1037: 957: 896: 888: 661: 569: 560: 542: 382: 370: 319: 31: 4521:] (in Japanese). Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 4500:] (in Japanese). Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 4458:] (in Japanese). Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 3291:"Hida beef from Gifu Prefecture has been registered as a Geographical Indication (GI)" 1594: 1082:"Fukutomi-go," one of the first Improved Japanese Breeds to win the first prize (1912) 551: 5012: 4978: 4912: 4835: 4810: 4757: 2869: 2788: 2774:

Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J. G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016).

2466: 2434: 2422: 2184: 2143: 2135: 2091: 2060:"The Japanese Wagyu beef industry: current situation and future prospects – A review" 1870: 1214: 796: 788: 515: 506: 247: 201: 162: 65: 3435: 2103: 1087: 988: 293: 5000: 4968: 4958: 4939:"The mtDNA haplogroup P of modern Asian cattle: A genetic legacy of Asian aurochs?" 4902: 4894: 4867: 4802: 4780: 4749: 4728: 4707: 4686: 4665: 4644: 4623: 4602: 4585: 4564: 4543: 4522: 4501: 4480: 4459: 4438: 4417: 4400: 4379: 4358: 4341: 4320: 4303: 3771:"Saskatchewan: Prairie farmers using high-end Wagyu genetics to create 'snow beef'" 3623: 3351: 2399: 2174: 2127: 2081: 2071: 1919: 1544: 1071: 1033: 953: 772: 667:

The Japanese Shorthorn was created by crossing the Nanbu cattle bred in the former

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On the other hand, recent genetic studies have shown that Wagyu and Korean cattle (

608: 533: 479: 430: 394: 282: 251: 227: 145:. In recent years, Wagyu beef has increased in fat percentage due to a decrease in 3404: 3381: 3355: 2209:[The Situation Concerning the Improvement and Propagation of Beef Cattle] 4963: 3684: 3618: 3293:(in Japanese). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 31 January 2023. 2905: 2812: 2784: 2487: 2014: 1939: 1510: 1362: 1140: 1029: 768: 615:, Nara Prefecture in the first half of the 6th century, and was designated as an 592: 524: 406: 118: 4806: 4479:] (in Japanese). Vol. 3. Association for the Promotion of Meat Eating. 2722:(in Japanese). No. 61. Agriculture & Livestock Industries Corporation. 1715:

strain in Okayama Prefecture, for example, is characterized by rather red meat.

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Following the outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Japan, the

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Wagyu depicted in Ukiyo-e. From "The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō" by

717: 713: 712:(710–794) continued to eat cattle even after the prohibition. In addition, the 668: 650: 183: 166: 126: 107: 55: 5004: 3384:[Introducing "TakenoTani Tsuru Cattle", a fantastic Japanese cattle]. 3024: 2994: 2403: 222: 50: 5051: 5040: 4513:

Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, ed. (1918).

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Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, ed. (1915).

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Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, ed. (1912).

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Tengu, Bokudo (1901). "牧牛方言（承前）" [Pastoral cattle dialect (sequel)].

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In addition, haplogroup P has additionally been detected in about 46% of the

205: 138: 3317:"I tried a top-grade $ 240 Olive Wagyu steak to see if it's worth the money" 2236: 4982: 4916: 4814: 4770: 4753: 3902: 3862:"This Princeton-grown beef is some of the rarest, most-prized in the world" 2147: 2095: 1907: 968: 741: 737: 584: 322:

of the excavated cattle molars yielded a date of around 40 AD (±90 years).

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The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

1586: 999:

In January 1868, when the new port of Kobe opened east of Hyogo Port, the

4898: 4872: 4855: 4834:(in Japanese). No. 109. Livestock Improvement Association of Japan. 3685:"Tender Wagyu muscles onto meat scene, makes stock-show exhibition debut" 3591: 3341: 2371:(in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. 2346: 2344: 2076: 804: 709: 635: 239: 150: 103: 2889:. Tokyo: Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research. Archived 27 October 2022. 2805: 2745: 2179: 2162: 1668: 1607: 1047:

As crossbreeding with Western breeds progressed, the term "pure Wagyu" (

583:, a group of people who came to Japan in the mid-5th century during the 142: 1723: 1108:

In the case of Hyōgo Prefecture, the leading producer of Wagyu cattle (

956:

in accordance with the demands of Western nations. At the same time, a

826: 783: 753: 646: 631: 588: 113:

Wagyu beef is among the most expensive meats in the world. It features

110:

between native Japanese cattle and imported stock, mostly from Europe.

4826:[Cattle and Human Culture through Objects 2: Cattle in Iwate] 4739: 4718: 4648: 4421: 4362: 4302:] (in Japanese). Agricultural Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce. 3410: 2671: 2623: 2440: 2428: 2341: 2131: 4732: 4711: 4690: 4669: 4627: 4606: 4589: 4484: 4345: 4324: 2319: 2317: 1885:

In the United States, some Japanese Wagyu cattle are cross-bred with

1644: 1603: 1109: 973: 672: 627: 305: 130: 117:, meaning that streaks of fat exist within the red meat that make it 4568: 4547: 4526: 4505: 4463: 4442: 4404: 4383: 4307: 2806:

Effect of pasture finishing on beef quality of Japanese Black steers

2666:

Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce 1915

2654:

Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce 1918

2618:

Agricultural Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce 1912

671:

territory in northeastern Japan (present-day Iwate Prefecture) with

4925: 4399:] (in Japanese). Publisher of the Tokyo New Prosperity Report. 4045: 3978:"Try a little tenderness: on the farm with Scotland's Wagyu cattle" 1004: 961: 808: 579: 461: 315: 271: 2314: 1396:

result, the number of the other three Wagyu breeds has decreased.

5019: 4239: 3457: 2927: 2925: 2245: 1911: 1903: 1730: 1495: 992: 270:(Bos primigenius) have also been found in Ichinoseki City. Since 267: 146: 43:

Japanese Black cattle of the Tajima strain on a farm in northern

4643:] (in Japanese). Federation of Animal Husbandry Technology. 2887:

Japanese Shorthorn Cattle: A Rare Breed Native to Northern Japan

2834:

Japan Meat Information Service Center. Archived 22 October 2013.

2217:(in Japanese). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 1116:

Number of stud bulls owned in Hyōgo Prefecture by breed (1914)

1021:

Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some

4331: 2540: 2205:

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (August 2019).

1915: 1503: 1091: 816: 812: 649:, haplogroup T4 (East Asian type) is predominant in the Wagyu ( 623: 604: 275: 3830: 2922: 2718:[Uruguay Round Agreement and Beef Cattle Management]. 2116: 630:

are divided into two major lineages: northern lineage cattle (

4294:

Agricultural Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce, ed. (1884).

259: 39: 4719:

Onsen Town History Editorial Committee, ed. (October 1984).

4662:

Summary of Excavation at the Ohama Site, Nagasaki Prefecture

4187: 4161: 2746:"Service of individual identification information of cattle" 2695: 2481:

First shipment of 'Takenotani Tsuru,' a Japanese black breed

1090:

Six Prefectures United Livestock Breeders' Show was held in

125:, Wagyu beef is shipped with an area name; examples include 4937:

Noda A, Yonesaka R, Sasazaki S, Mannen H (5 January 2018).

3916: 2777:

Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding

2510: 2017:. Kyoto: Wagyu Registry Association. Accessed January 2017. 1547:; it constitutes less than one percent of all wagyu cattle. 639: 4936: 4601:(in Japanese). Vol. 5, no. 4/5. Dairy Jijo-sha. 2500: 2498: 2496: 2350: 935: 106:. All wagyū cattle originate from early twentieth-century 3502: 2971:. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2021. 2910: 2329: 626:

and others) differ greatly in their genetic information.

4213: 3738:"Kobe beef on P.E.I.? Veterinarian raising wagyu cattle" 2522: 2369:

Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties

2256: 2254: 1877:

region often have red wine added to their feed as well.

1860: 723: 4676: 4265: 3707:"Registration – DNA Tests – American Wagyu Association" 3265: