45:
412:
The
Waimiri Atroari Program to mitigate the impact of the Balbina Hydroelectric Dam was proposed in 1987, covering health, education, environmental protection, agriculture and security and historical memory. Eletronorte agreed to fund the program, which was administered by Funai, and in 1989 the 2,585,911 hectares (6,389,930 acres) Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Territory was officially established. Paranapanema and Eletronorte had much greater influence than Funai, which was expected to conform to the Calha Norte requirements. This included increasing control over the Indians and preventing ethnologist and missionaries from entering the territory. The Funai workers organised the Indians into agricultural projects.
294:(National Indian Foundation – Funai) in 1967. Gilberto Pinto Figueiredo of Funai began friendly contacts with the indigenous people to prepare them for construction of the BR-174 highway across their land, then was replaced by Italian priest Giovanni Calleri in an effort to speed up the process. Calleri led an expedition of ten people into the territory. All but one member were killed, and Figueiredo was reappointed. Funai established the Waimiri-Atroari Attraction Front (FAWA) in 1970 with the goal of speeding up integration of the Indians into Brazilian society. The Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Reservation was delimited by decree 68.907 of 13 July 1971.
403:
later some young men whose parents had died in the epidemics returned to the posts. In 1978–82 the inhabitants were moved into three large settlements near to Indian Posts by Funai workers and young "captains" of the
Waimiri-Atroari. Later some of them were moved again to new settlements established by FAWA. Starting in 1984 some of the Waimiri-Atroari moved to locations further from the Indian Posts. The Attraction Front responded by setting up new Indian Posts in these places. The population had dropped to 374 people by 1988 due to the effect of foreign diseases and the frontier war.
62:
319:
highway BR-174 from Manaus to Boa Vista. The task was assigned to an army construction battalion. The section of the BR-174 running through the territory was built between 1972 and 1979. The army ignored Funai's guidelines for dealing with the
Waimiri-Atroari and tensions with the Indians mounted. In 2014 the Brazilian Truth Commission published Funai estimates that the Waimiri-Atroari population fell from about 3,000 in 1972 to 1,000 in 1974. It appears to have been the goal of the military regime to eliminate the Waimiri-Atroari and other indigenous peoples.
287:
which many
Indians were killed. A rough estimate of the population at the start of the 20th century is 2000–6000. AlĂpio Bandeira of the Indian Protection Service (SPI) travelled in the Jauaperi River region in 1911 and established the first Indian attraction station on the river in 1912, where he made the first friendly contacts with people then called the Uaimirys. However, gatherers of natural products continued to invade the territory and the cycle of attacks on the gatherers and government reprisals continued. Entire villages were destroyed.
87:
394:. No public hearings had been held in the Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Territory. A leader of the indigenous people said could Funai not speak on their behalf concerning the project. Construction would involve hundreds of workers entering the territory. In March 2016 a federal judge dismissed the case, saying there had been undue judicial interference in the licensing process for the project that was of a national strategic nature and that would be undertaken entirely on federal land along the BR-174.
335:. Paranapanema, assisted by Funai and the National Department of Mineral Production, managed to have the Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Reservation downgraded in 1981 to the Temporary Restricted Area for the Attraction and Pacification of the Waimiri Atroari Indians, with a reduced area that excluded the cassiterite deposits. Presidential decree 86.630 of 23 November 1981 removed 526,800 hectares (1,302,000 acres) from the reserve for the tin mining operations. The
94:
69:
352:
308:
318:
The
Roirama and Amazonas state governments decided to build a highway between Manaus and CaracaraĂ in the late 1960s, and asked the SPI to speed up pacification of the Indians whose territory the highway would cross. The highway project was taken over by the federal government and expanded to become
411:
guerrillas and drug traffic. The project, which became active in the late 1980s, also aimed to improve highways, add hydroelectric capacity, build centres of economic development and improve social services. The
Waimiri-Atroari territory is mostly in the "Interior Nucleus" part of the project zone.
402:
The
Waimiri-Atroari attacked the Indian Posts in 1973–74 in an attempt to drive out the intruders, who had brought sickness that killed many of the people. Figueiredo and the entire staff of the attraction station was killed by the Indians in 1974. After this the people withdrew from the posts, but
415:
In 1996 the
Indians were given R$ 1.7 million in compensation for the environmental damage caused by paving BR-174. BR-174 was totally paved in 1997. As of 2016 the Indians continue to block the highway from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. each day to reduce the risk of vehicles hitting wild animals and Indians,
286:
travelled through various villages in the region in 1884. He was followed by woodsmen looking for animal pelts, Brazil nuts, rosewood, rubber and other natural resources. The intruders were attacked by
Indians armed with bows and arrows. In response, the government mounted military expeditions in
368:
flows through a very flat area. The amount of power generated was disappointing since the river does not deliver high volumes of water. According to the
National Institute for Amazonian Research, the huge, stagnant reservoir is a "methane factory". The dam releases more greenhouse gas than any
363:
began in 1979. Presidential decree 85.898 of 13 April 1981 declared about 10,344.90 square kilometres (3,994.19 sq mi) to be land of public utility, including part of the Indian Reserve. About 2,928.5 square kilometres (1,130.7 sq mi) of land formerly occupied by the
385:
federal highway. 123 kilometres (76 mi) of the line would cross the Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Territory. In February 2016 a federal judge issued an injunction that prohibited work on the line until the Waimiri-Atroari indigenous people had been consulted. He said
416:
who hunt by night. They are being sued over the blockade by the Roraima government. The most recent estimate of the population (2014) is 1,749. The people in the territory now have access to education, medical and dental services, and have a fast-growing population.
406:
The Northern Corridor Project (Projeto Calha Norte) was defined in 1985 by the National Security Council with the stated aim of occupying the northern frontier of Brazil with military outposts to defend against socialist regimes to the north,
44:
851:
331:(tin ore) on the reservation. Prospectors of Mineração Taboca, a subsidiary of the Paranapanema heavy civil construction company, found traces of cassiterite in 1979 in tributaries of the
242:
The territory has an area of 2,585,910 hectares (6,389,900 acres), divided between the states of Amazonas and Roraima. It lies to the northwest of the massive reservoir of the
938:
835:
127:
1031:
17:
226:
people and newcomers from other parts of Brazil. Since the 1960s there have been many efforts to "civilise" the Waimiri-Atroari to avoid problems with the
369:
coal-fueled power plant with comparable power output. Downstream from the dam the acidic and polluted water from decomposing vegetation destroyed fish.
61:
800:
86:
391:
978:
339:
began operations in 1982. Paranapanema extracted tin from alluvial deposits. The property was later acquired by the Peruvian company
817:
1021:
1036:
959:
752:
724:
390:
had ignored the requests of the indigenous people and forced through the project without consultation, as required by the
1026:
343:, which in 2014 had plans to develop the lower deposits, thought to be the largest undeveloped tin mine in the world.
291:
767:
207:
170:
378:
211:
283:
234:. The territory is now considerably smaller, but there have been improvements in living standards.
906:
714:
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783:
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Waimiri-Atroari was flooded. The project destroyed a huge area of forest, since the
879:
594:
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282:
The first recorded European contact with the Waimiri-Atroari was when the botanist
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468:
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1041:
864:
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943:
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837:
Justiça suspende licença prĂ©via do LinhĂŁo de TucuruĂ atĂ© consulta Ă indĂgenas
625:
332:
142:
129:
766:
571:
577:
425:
336:
222:. There has been a long history of violent conflict between the indigenous
979:"Desembargador federal libera continuidade das obras do LinhĂŁo de TucuruĂ"
865:"O desflorestamento ao longo da rodovia BR-174 (Manaus/AM - Boa Vista/RR)"
801:"Minsur seeking to develop Brazil's Pitinga tin mine, boost Peru reserves"
230:
highway, which cuts across the territory, and with tin mines and the huge
852:"Licença prévia do linhão do Tucuruà é suspensa pela Justiça no Amazonas"
360:
328:
243:
231:
816:
613:
782:
457:
994:
834:
598:
484:
921:
544:
408:
397:
381:, bringing electrical power from Manaus to Boa Vista, follows the
215:
960:"Waimiri Atroari nĂŁo autorizam linhĂŁo de TucuruĂ em suas terras"
905:
863:
Rodrigues, Eduardo Paschoal; Pinheiro, Eduardo da Silva (2011),
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436:
351:
937:
583:
382:
340:
311:
267:
263:
227:
219:
387:
307:
523:
93:
68:
818:"Justiça suspende licença ambiental para LinhĂŁo de TucuruĂ"
327:
In the 1970s the Amazon Radar Project detected deposits of
262:, CuriaĂş, Pardo and Santo Antonio do Abonari rivers. The
665:
663:
650:
648:
646:
716:
Post-Conflict Literature: Human Rights, Peace, Justice
680:
678:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
824:(in Portuguese), Editora Boa Vista, 23 February 2016
660:
643:
27:
Indigenous territory in Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil
675:
631:
502:
490:
862:
741:"The Reconstruction of Waimiri-Atroari Territory"
696:
1013:
626:Licença prévia do linhão do Tucuruà é suspensa..
572:Balbina, a hidrelétrica que não deu certo – CEPA
550:
398:Social and administrative changes (1970–present)
911:(in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental
712:
529:
392:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
274:runs through the reserve from south to north.
1032:Protected areas of Amazonas (Brazilian state)
840:(in Portuguese), AmazĂ´nia Real, 2 March 2016
772:, CEPA: Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa Aplicada
713:Andrews, Chris; McGuire, Matt (2016-04-20),
614:Justiça suspende licença ambiental ... Folha
372:
314:in the Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Territory
458:Contemporary Waimiri Atroari society – ISA
883:
769:Balbina, a hidrelétrica que não deu certo
250:. The reserve contains the basins of the
599:Justiça suspende licença – Amazônia Real
485:Waimiri Atroari: Contact Situation – ISA
350:
306:
976:
957:
684:
637:
545:The Company - History: Mineração Taboca
297:
14:
1014:
738:
669:
654:
517:
496:
18:Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Reservation
939:"The rights and wrongs of Belo Monte"
798:
556:
958:Trajano, Andrezza (7 January 2016),
785:Contemporary Waimiri Atroari society
437:Terra IndĂgena Waimiri Atroari – ISA
196:Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Territory
162:2,585,910 hectares (6,389,900 acres)
33:Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Territory
584:The rights and wrongs of Belo Monte
24:
997:Waimiri Atroari: Contact Situation
258:rivers and their tributaries, the
25:
1053:
858:(in Portuguese), 24 February 2016
739:Baines, Stephen G. (2008-10-27),
377:The route chosen in 2014 for the
49:Entry to the Indigenous Territory
92:
85:
67:
60:
43:
1022:Indigenous Territories (Brazil)
1000:, ISA: Instituto Socioambiental
977:Valério, Luiz (12 March 2016),
885:10.1590/S1982-45132011000300011
788:, ISA: Instituto Socioambiental
743:, in Adolfo de Oliveira (ed.),
322:
908:Terra IndĂgena Waimiri Atroari
745:Decolonising Indigenous Rights
346:
204:Terra IndĂgena Waimiri Atroari
38:Terra IndĂgena Waimiri Atroari
13:
1:
1037:1989 establishments in Brazil
697:Rodrigues & Pinheiro 2011
277:
799:Emery, Alex (3 April 2014),
355:Balbina Dam in December 2008
290:The SPI was replaced by the
7:
237:
10:
1058:
1027:Protected areas of Roraima
878:(3), Uberlândia: 513–528,
705:
530:Andrews & McGuire 2016
292:Fundação Nacional do Índio
379:TucuruĂ transmission line
373:TucuruĂ transmission line
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184:
176:
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121:
110:
54:
42:
37:
32:
872:Sociedade & Natureza
419:
246:and to the east of the
805:Business News Americas
356:
315:
284:JoĂŁo Barbosa Rodrigues
203:
143:0.860553°S 60.522396°W
924:The Company - History
354:
310:
266:federal highway from
148:-0.860553; -60.522396
115:Presidente Figueiredo
298:Development projects
208:indigenous territory
171:Indigenous territory
139: /
76:Show map of Roraima
927:, Mineração Taboca
357:
316:
101:Show map of Brazil
874:(in Portuguese),
754:978-1-134-30076-1
726:978-1-317-42506-9
210:in the states of
192:
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111:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
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983:Boa Vista Agora
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966:(in Portuguese)
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856:Portal AmazĂ´nia
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224:Waimiri-Atroari
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753:
736:
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699:, p. 513.
689:
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630:
618:
603:
588:
576:
561:
549:
534:
532:, p. 122.
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1025:
1023:
1020:
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993:
984:
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964:AmazĂ´nia Real
961:
956:
946:
945:
944:The Economist
940:
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926:
925:
920:
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909:
904:
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747:, Routledge,
746:
742:
737:
728:
722:
719:, Routledge,
718:
717:
711:
710:
698:
693:
686:
681:
679:
672:, p. 55.
671:
666:
664:
657:, p. 49.
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639:
634:
627:
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568:
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553:
546:
541:
539:
531:
526:
520:, p. 50.
519:
514:
512:
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499:, p. 46.
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493:
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333:Pitinga River
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185:Administrator
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109:
88:
63:
53:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1002:, retrieved
996:
986:, retrieved
982:
968:, retrieved
963:
949:, retrieved
947:, 4 May 2013
942:
929:, retrieved
923:
913:, retrieved
907:
897:, retrieved
875:
871:
855:
842:, retrieved
836:
826:, retrieved
821:
808:, retrieved
804:
790:, retrieved
784:
774:, retrieved
768:
758:, retrieved
744:
730:, retrieved
715:
692:
685:Trajano 2016
638:Valério 2016
633:
621:
579:
552:
525:
492:
414:
405:
401:
376:
366:UatumĂŁ River
359:Work on the
358:
337:Pitinga mine
326:
323:Pitinga mine
317:
289:
281:
241:
195:
193:
670:Baines 2008
655:Baines 2008
518:Baines 2008
497:Baines 2008
361:Balbina Dam
347:Balbina Dam
329:cassiterite
244:Balbina Dam
232:Balbina Dam
167:Designation
146: /
122:Coordinates
1016:Categories
1004:2016-07-29
988:2016-07-28
970:2016-07-28
951:2016-07-29
931:2016-07-29
915:2016-07-28
899:2016-07-29
844:2016-07-28
828:2016-07-28
810:2016-07-29
792:2016-07-29
776:2016-07-29
760:2016-07-29
732:2016-07-29
557:Emery 2014
278:Background
200:Portuguese
134:60°31′21″W
117:, Amazonas
894:1982-4513
822:Folha Web
409:Colombian
272:Boa Vista
248:Rio Negro
131:0°51′38″S
252:Jauaperi
238:Location
212:Amazonas
206:) is an
706:Sources
256:CamanaĂş
216:Roraima
177:Created
1042:Kalina
892:
751:
723:
383:BR-174
341:Minsur
312:BR-174
303:BR-174
268:Manaus
264:BR-174
260:AlalaĂş
228:BR-174
220:Brazil
868:(PDF)
420:Notes
388:IBAMA
188:Funai
890:ISSN
749:ISBN
721:ISBN
254:and
214:and
194:The
180:1989
159:Area
880:doi
270:to
1018::
981:,
962:,
941:,
888:,
876:23
870:,
854:,
820:,
803:,
677:^
662:^
645:^
606:^
591:^
564:^
537:^
504:^
465:^
444:^
427:^
218:,
202::
882::
687:.
640:.
628:.
616:.
601:.
586:.
574:.
559:.
547:.
487:.
460:.
439:.
198:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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