310:
co-dependence between
America and the Philippines was established. Another medium of cultural assimilation from America was their implementation of their education system during the first decade of their occupation, all in which showing more prevalent effects in the political and cultural development of the Filipinos. With the then-new educational system, young Filipinos were taught different American cultural devices such as their songs, values and ideals, and their subsequent assimilation of many of their traditions. All these factors brought about by America allowed for a heterogeneous assimilation between the two distinct cultures that resulted in a unique outcome of specific American influence forming a distinct Filipino image. From here, this is a rich source to understand the nation in its present situation and its historical context.
185:
85:
177:
212:; it is an important phase in the separation of the dead from the world of the living and transition to the world of the dead. Typically lasting one or two days, it is a continuous watch kept over the dead by family and friends, usually in their own home, before burial. Shane McCorristine writes that the original purposes of an Irish wake were to honour the dead, to celebrate their life, to ensure that death had really occurred, to guard the body from evil, and to placate their soul.
321:
cremation. Drawing heavily from the
Catholic faith, many Filipinos do not practice cremation as they believe that the body must remain intact in order to fulfill and prepare for the resurrection of the dead. Filipinos claimed that cremation must not be observed due to the Catholic church banning this practice, however as early as 1963 the ban was lifted and this point was emphasized in the 1983 revised Canon Law. Cremation remains mostly taboo from a domestic cultural standpoint.
25:
320:
practiced in
American wakes, in which they host the deceased's body clothed and treated with various cosmetics in a funeral home for display and presentability. Both cultures adapting to a similar execution of ritual grief. Another turning point courtesy of the American influence is the practice of
131:
of the body is a part of death rituals in many cultures. It allows one last interaction with the dead, providing a time for the living to express their thoughts and feelings with the deceased. It highlights the idea that the loss is borne by the whole community and is a way of honoring the deceased
309:
After the three-century rule of the
Spaniards in the Philippines, came the American occupation. American culture and influence started to find a place in a Philippine context by using various mediums, specifically the use of free trade. In this trading for and with the American market, a
223:. Traditionally, windows of a wake house are left open to let the soul leave the room, mirrors are covered or turned around, clocks are stopped, and household pets are kept out for the duration of the wake. It is also customary for candles to be kept lit.
238:
says the traditional revelry at wakes can be seen as a way of reasserting the life of the community in the face of death. However, when a death is particularly tragic, or that of a child, the wake is more private and mournful.
258:, in which the other keeners joined while swaying rhythmically. Sometimes professional keeners were hired to fulfill this obligation to the dead. Lysaght writes, "This communal lamentation is often described as having a
167:
was dedicated. Over time the association with prayer has become less important, although not lost completely, and in many countries a wake is now mostly associated with the social interactions accompanying a funeral.
230:. Traditionally there is food and drink, as well as storytelling, music, singing and dancing. Historically, wakes were important social gatherings for the young, who sometimes partook in rowdier amusements and
219:, then brought to the dead person's home for the wake, which is now referred to as the 'wake house'. Historically, the body was usually washed, groomed and clothed in a white shroud at their own home by local
226:
Relatives and friends are expected to visit to pay respects to the dead and to their family, who in turn provide hospitality. At intervals, a collective prayer might be said; for
Catholics usually the
132:
member. The emotional tone of a wake is sometimes seen as more positive than a funeral due to the socially supportive atmosphere and the focus on the life rather than the death of the deceased.
302:
152:
for the dead harks back to the vigil, "watch" or "guard" of earlier times. It is a misconception that people at a wake are waiting in case the deceased should "wake up".
123:. Traditionally, a wake involves family and friends keeping watch over the body of the dead person, usually in the home of the deceased. Some wakes are held at a
836:
805:
744:
280:
Historically, there was a custom in Wales to store the coffin in the home until the funeral. Friends and neighbours would volunteer for the ritual of
312:
In relation to burial practices, the
Philippine culture has borrowed heavily from the Americans. In the Philippine wake for example, also known as a
316:
it is tradition that the family and friends hold the body of the deceased in a casket for 5 to 7 days for viewing; this is patterned from the v
35:
909:
421:
265:
Both keening and the rowdier 'wake games' gradually died out in the late 19th century, due to condemnation from church authorities.
932:
431:
683:
681:
859:
678:
947:
774:
701:
669:
559:
508:
476:
69:
937:
828:
797:
736:
184:
144:
but is now mostly used for the social interactions accompanying a funeral. While the modern usage of the verb
730:
728:
338:
330:
Wake customs similar to those of
Ireland are still found in North-western Scotland and in Northern England.
725:
633:
Gwyndaf, Robin (1997). "'The Sorrow of All People': Death, Grief and
Comfort in a Welsh Rural Community".
952:
377:
889:
598:
Lysaght, Patricia (2017). "Old Age, Death and
Mourning". In Eugenio Biagini & Mary Daly (ed.).
51:
883:
84:
927:
92:
342:
423:
Do
Funerals Matter? : The Purposes and Practices of Death Rituals in Global Perspective
402:
47:
176:
8:
536:
43:
497:
246:
was performed at the wake by a group of women who sat around the body. It was a poetic
160:
697:
690:
665:
555:
504:
472:
427:
382:
128:
903:
642:
235:
112:
942:
367:
193:
159:
was originally used to denote a prayer vigil, often an annual event held on the
646:
528:
372:
201:
552:
Now and at the Hour of Our Death: Instructions Concerning My Death and Funeral
250:
for the dead, addressed directly to the dead person. A leading keening woman (
215:
Shortly after death, the body is usually prepared and placed in a coffin at a
921:
898:
164:
303:
Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines § American influence
524:
220:
216:
124:
766:
362:
882:
269:
255:
292:
was held the night preceding the funeral and was a time of merriment.
259:
231:
333:
Noting the crowd, the emotion, and alcohol, Tom Watson, writing in
355:
243:
209:
189:
120:
334:
247:
227:
359:, the custom of "guarding" the body of the deceased in Judaism
494:
469:
Mors Britannica: Lifestyle & Death-Style in Britain Today
141:
116:
902:
620:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Mortality and Its Timings
455:
Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual
523:
140:
The term originally referred to a late-night prayer
549:
180:
An Irish wake as depicted in the later 19th century
689:
496:
272:out of the wake house by male family and friends.
262:effect on family and community members present".
919:
471:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 129.
453:Metcalf, Peter & Richard Huntington (1991).
127:or another convenient location. The wake or the
881:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879).
602:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–293.
613:
611:
609:
600:The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland
499:Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends
554:. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 28.
32:The examples and perspective in this article
913:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
617:
606:
287:
281:
192:marking the site of the wake of the writer
880:
635:Folk Life: Journal of Ethnological Studies
593:
591:
490:
488:
286:('watching the body'). The wake, known as
687:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
897:
716:
649:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
495:Ivan Brunetti; Wilton, David A. (2004).
345:was the biggest Irish wake in history."
208:) is a key part of the death customs of
183:
175:
83:
696:(8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech.
659:
632:
597:
533:Lancashire legends traditions, pageants
485:
920:
568:
535:. George Routledge and Sons. pp.
517:
466:
826:
795:
767:"U.S. Funeral Customs and Traditions"
747:from the original on 11 February 2019
550:Lysik, David; Gilmour, Peter (1996).
325:
734:
503:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
18:
719:National Identity and Social Change
426:. Taylor and Francis. p. 108.
419:
13:
860:"The Night The Who Saved New York"
857:
839:from the original on 7 August 2017
808:from the original on 7 August 2017
254:) chanted verses and led a choral
14:
964:
874:
827:Mateo, Janvic (1 November 2012).
796:Mateo, Janvic (1 November 2012).
777:from the original on 10 July 2017
529:"Pageants, maskings and mummings"
721:. University of the Philippines.
664:. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.
301:This section is an excerpt from
23:
851:
820:
789:
759:
710:
653:
626:
91:("Look How Lovely She Was") by
692:History of the Filipino People
688:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990).
543:
460:
457:. Cambridge Press, New York.
447:
413:
395:
295:
1:
933:Christian worship and liturgy
737:"Funerals in the Philippines"
388:
339:The Concert for New York City
148:is "become or stay alert", a
829:"More Pinoys Want Cremation"
798:"More Pinoys Want Cremation"
618:McCorristine, Shane (2017).
268:At the end of the wake, the
7:
527:; Wilkinson, T. T. (1873).
467:Davies, Douglas J. (2015).
403:"Organising a funeral wake"
378:Memorial service (Orthodox)
348:
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
969:
647:10.1179/043087797798238170
300:
171:
884:"Wake – In Ireland"
622:. Springer. pp. 4–7.
135:
948:Funeral-related industry
717:Doronila, Maria (1992).
706:– via Archive.org.
420:Hoy, William G. (2013).
275:
910:Encyclopædia Britannica
890:The American Cyclopædia
163:of the saint to whom a
16:Death-related gathering
938:Christianity and death
735:Hays, Jeffrey (2015).
660:Joaquin, Nick (2004).
288:
282:
205:
197:
181:
96:
93:Julio Romero de Torres
187:
179:
87:
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
662:Culture and History
89:Mira qué bonita era
953:Culture of Ireland
771:The Funeral Source
326:Other modern wakes
198:
182:
97:
741:Facts and Details
433:978-0-415-66204-8
383:Viewing (funeral)
270:coffin is carried
105:funeral reception
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
960:
914:
906:
894:
886:
868:
867:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
732:
723:
722:
714:
708:
707:
695:
685:
676:
675:
657:
651:
650:
630:
624:
623:
615:
604:
603:
595:
566:
565:
547:
541:
540:
521:
515:
514:
502:
492:
483:
482:
464:
458:
451:
445:
444:
442:
440:
417:
411:
410:
399:
291:
285:
236:Patricia Lysaght
119:, held before a
115:associated with
113:social gathering
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
968:
967:
963:
962:
961:
959:
958:
957:
918:
917:
877:
872:
871:
856:
852:
842:
840:
825:
821:
811:
809:
794:
790:
780:
778:
765:
764:
760:
750:
748:
733:
726:
715:
711:
704:
686:
679:
672:
658:
654:
631:
627:
616:
607:
596:
569:
562:
548:
544:
522:
518:
511:
493:
486:
479:
465:
461:
452:
448:
438:
436:
434:
418:
414:
401:
400:
396:
391:
351:
328:
323:
322:
306:
298:
278:
194:Charles Kickham
174:
138:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
966:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
916:
915:
901:, ed. (1911).
899:Chisholm, Hugh
895:
876:
875:External links
873:
870:
869:
850:
819:
788:
758:
724:
709:
702:
677:
670:
652:
625:
605:
567:
560:
542:
516:
509:
484:
477:
459:
446:
432:
412:
407:www.coop.co.uk
393:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
380:
375:
373:Lying in state
370:
365:
360:
350:
347:
327:
324:
307:
299:
297:
294:
283:gwylio'r corff
277:
274:
242:Historically,
206:tĂłrramh, faire
173:
170:
137:
134:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
965:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:Death customs
926:
925:
923:
912:
911:
905:
900:
896:
892:
891:
885:
879:
878:
865:
861:
858:Watson, Tom.
854:
838:
834:
830:
823:
807:
803:
799:
792:
776:
772:
768:
762:
746:
742:
738:
731:
729:
720:
713:
705:
703:971-10-2415-2
699:
694:
693:
684:
682:
673:
671:971-27-1300-8
667:
663:
656:
648:
644:
641:(1): 84–105.
640:
636:
629:
621:
614:
612:
610:
601:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
563:
561:1-56854-286-0
557:
553:
546:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Harland, John
520:
512:
510:0-19-517284-1
506:
501:
500:
491:
489:
480:
478:9780199644971
474:
470:
463:
456:
450:
435:
429:
425:
424:
416:
408:
404:
398:
394:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
319:
315:
311:
304:
293:
290:
284:
273:
271:
266:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:bean chaointe
249:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
195:
191:
186:
178:
169:
166:
165:parish church
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
90:
86:
82:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
908:
904:"Wake"
888:
863:
853:
841:. Retrieved
833:philstar.com
832:
822:
810:. Retrieved
802:philstar.com
801:
791:
779:. Retrieved
770:
761:
749:. Retrieved
740:
718:
712:
691:
661:
655:
638:
634:
628:
619:
599:
551:
545:
532:
519:
498:
468:
462:
454:
449:
437:. Retrieved
422:
415:
406:
397:
368:Month's Mind
354:
332:
329:
317:
313:
308:
279:
267:
264:
251:
241:
225:
217:funeral home
214:
199:
156:
154:
149:
145:
139:
125:funeral home
108:
104:
100:
98:
88:
81:
66:
57:
33:
439:18 February
363:Nine nights
296:Philippines
922:Categories
389:References
337:, said of
256:death wail
221:wise women
200:The wake (
188:Plaque in
109:visitation
318:isitation
260:cathartic
232:courtship
161:feast day
155:The term
48:talk page
837:Archived
806:Archived
775:Archived
745:Archived
349:See also
341:, " The
60:May 2014
42:You may
843:12 July
812:12 July
781:12 July
751:12 July
356:Shemira
289:gwylnos
244:keening
210:Ireland
190:Thurles
172:Ireland
129:viewing
121:funeral
95:, 1895.
943:Prayer
864:Forbes
700:
668:
558:
507:
475:
430:
343:Garden
335:Forbes
314:lamay,
248:lament
228:Rosary
136:Origin
539:–124.
276:Wales
202:Irish
142:vigil
117:death
111:is a
50:, or
845:2017
814:2017
783:2017
753:2017
698:ISBN
666:ISBN
556:ISBN
505:ISBN
473:ISBN
441:2018
428:ISBN
157:wake
150:wake
146:wake
101:wake
643:doi
537:123
107:or
924::
907:.
887:.
862:.
835:.
831:.
804:.
800:.
773:.
769:.
743:.
739:.
727:^
680:^
639:36
637:.
608:^
570:^
531:.
487:^
405:.
234:.
204::
103:,
99:A
893:.
866:.
847:.
816:.
785:.
755:.
674:.
645::
564:.
513:.
481:.
443:.
409:.
305:.
196:.
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
