551:
535:
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for good, the neglect or disuse of which is as much an injury to humanity as the removal of an important limb is to the individual... no law of nature operates with more fatality and precision than the law according to which those communities survive in the strife for existence that conform the nearest to the Jewish teachings on the relation of man to his
Creator; on the ordering of time for work and rest; on the formation of families and the duties of husband and wife, parents and children; on the paramount obligations of truthfulness and justice between neighbor and neighbor and to the stranger within the gates.
622:; two others quit), a form for human trials was ready and on 10 January 1897 Haffkine tested it on himself. "Haffkine's vaccine used a small amount of the bacteria to produce an immune reaction." After these results were announced to the authorities, volunteers at the Byculla jail were inoculated and survived the epidemics, while seven inmates of the control group died. "Like others of these early vaccines, the Haffkine formulation had nasty side effects, and did not provide complete protection, though it was said to have reduced risk by up to 50 percent."
785:
820:, and advised Paul Twivy on a play he was writing about Haffkine. Schama likened the persecution of Haffkine to the Dreyfus Affair, not just because of the injustice but also for the way the authorities, faced with conclusive evidence of their wrongdoing, resisted admitting it. Twivy said "There is no doubt that we would not have survived pandemics without Haffkine, even though he's not known. He developed vaccines against two of the biggest killers ever. He is literally the most important scientist in terms of the number of lives he saved."
1716:
68:
740:; the report was unofficially known as the "Little Dreyfus affair", as a reminder of Haffkine's Jewish background and religion. Author Paul Twivy researched Haffkine, and said "a number of doctors within the British Raj were envious of him and extremely antagonistic to him because he was Jewish, Russian and he wasn't a doctor", and that they hid evidence that an assistant had dropped a vial's stopper in the soil and not then
598:. Haffkine worked on the plague and by 1902–03 half a million were inoculated but on 30 October 1902, 19 people died from tetanus out of 107 inoculated at Mulkowal. This "Mulkowal disaster" led to an enquiry. He was briefly suspended but reappointed director of the Biological Laboratory in Calcutta. He retired in 1915 and suffering from
858:
A brotherhood built up of racial ties, long tradition, common suffering, faith and hope, is a union ready-made, differing from artificial unions in that the bonds existing between the members contain an added promise of duration and utility. Such a union takes many centuries to form and is a power
725:, whilst the other 88 villagers were well. Evidence pointed to the contamination of one bottle – 53N. The procedure for sterilisation at the Parel lab had been changed from carbolic acid to sterilisation using heating, a process that had been used at the
587:. Even though his discovery caused an enthusiastic stir in the press, it was not widely accepted by his senior colleagues, including both Mechnikov and Pasteur, nor by European official medical establishment in France, Germany and Russia.
610:"Unlike tetanus or diphtheria, which were quickly neutralized by effective vaccines by the 1920s, the immunological aspects of bubonic plague proved to be much more daunting." In October 1896, an epidemic of bubonic plague struck
1362:
Facts and ideas from anywhere; The amish, body weight, and exercise; obesity related costs; neurologist, author, master of
Pembroke college of Oxford University, and breaker of the 4-minute mile record, Bannister, Roger, Sir;
594:, who was in Paris as the British Ambassador, he was allowed to demonstrate his ideas in England. He proceeded to India in 1893 and established a laboratory at Byculla in 1896, which moved to Parel and was later called the
669:
Haffkine was the first to prepare a vaccine for human prophylaxis by killing virulent culture by heat at 60 °C. The major limit of his vaccine was the lack of activity against pulmonary forms of plague.
854:(1916). In this article, he advocated traditional religious observance and decried the lack of such observance among "enlightened" Jews, and stressed the importance of community life, stating:
591:
428:
at the age of 23. Haffkine was also employed by the zoological museum at Odessa from 1882 to 1888. Debarred from professorship, as a Jew, in 1888, Haffkine was allowed to emigrate to
658:
By the turn of the 20th century, the number of inoculees in India alone reached four million and
Haffkine was appointed the Director of the Plague Laboratory in Bombay (now called
701:", "the land would be obtained by purchase from the Sultan's subjects", "the capital was to be provided by wealthier members of the Jewish community", but the plan was rejected.
663:
390:, the fourth of five children of Aaron and Rosalie (daughter of David-Aïsic Landsberg) in a family of a Jewish schoolmaster. Received his education at the gymnasium of
572:
in 1883, the medical science at that time did not consider it a sole cause of the disease. This view was supported by experiments by several biologists, notably
1844:
729:
safely for two years but was new in the
British Empire. The 1903 commission from the Indian government concluded this was the source of the contamination.
1899:
1839:
1819:
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Haffkine considered India, where hundreds of thousands died from ongoing epidemics, as the best place to test his vaccine. Through the influence of
1894:
401:
Young
Haffkine was also a member of the Jewish League for Self-Defense in Odessa. Haffkine was injured while defending a Jewish home during a
175:
1919:
322:
247:
583:. Risking his own life, on 18 July 1892, Haffkine performed the first human test on himself and reported his findings on 30 July to the
522:
is named in honor of
Haffkine's early studies of euglenids, first published in French journals with the author name transliterated from
1869:
1849:
648:, visited him in Bombay. During the 1898 cholera outbreak in the Russian Empire, the vaccine called "лимфа Хавкина" ("limfa Havkina",
877:. Haffkine was also respectful of other religions, and "he considered it of the utmost importance to promote the study of the Bible."
1520:
1366:
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and the government asked
Haffkine to help. He embarked upon the development of a vaccine in a makeshift laboratory in a corridor of
1072:
417:
937:
1889:
1761:
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1648:
1630:
985:
1541:
1854:
1153:"Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India"
1073:"Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India"
1609:
550:
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explains that, in this last phase of his life, Haffkine had become a deeply religious man. Haffkine returned to
732:
An inquiry commission indicted
Haffkine, and he was relieved of his position and returned to England. Historian
34:
1914:
1834:
1053:
1859:
1224:
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Even though official Russia was still unsympathetic to his research, Haffkine's
Russian colleagues, doctors
1743:
1388:
741:
326:
1924:
1884:
1879:
1814:
1730:
1054:
The
Ukrainian South as Viewed by Consuls of the British Empire (Nineteenth – Early Twentieth Centuries)
888:
828:
Haffkine received numerous honors and awards. In 1925, the Plague Laboratory in Bombay was renamed the
579:
Haffkine focused his research on developing a cholera vaccine, and produced an attenuated form of the
832:. In commemoration of the centennial of his birth, Haffkine Park was planted in Israel in the 1960s.
584:
405:. As a result of this action he was arrested but later released due to the intervention of biologist
30:
1829:
228:
1824:
1374:
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and worked there until his retirement in 1914. Haffkine returned to France and later moved to
1604:
Haffkine, une esquisse: biographie intellectuelle et analytique de Waldemar Mordekhaï Haffkine
1673:(Translated by Marian Schwartz). Mahatma Haffkine Foundation, Aleksandr Duel, New-York, 2019.
887:
movement published three letters addressed to Haffkine by the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi
801:
615:
344:
1804:
1799:
1277:
849:
637:, herding affected and suspected persons into camps and hospitals, and restricting travel.
625:
Despite Haffkine's successes, some officials still primarily insisted on methods based on
433:
331:
213:
8:
1904:
1387:
Lutzker, Edythe (1 January 1978). "Cameron Prizewinner: Waldemar M. Haffkine, C. I. E.".
641:
573:
420:, the government increasingly cracked down on people it considered suspicious, including
383:
92:
1281:
1056:
Volume 1: British Consuls in the Port City of Berdyansk (Kyiv, 2018), pp. 117–18, 316–17
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1574:
Schneersohn, Y.Y. (1982) IGROIS KOIDESH (Vol. II). Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society.
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noted "a Ukraine Jew, trained in the schools of European science, saves the lives of
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1521:"Livre juif: Waldemar Mordekhai Haffkine Biographie intellectuelle | LeMonde.co.il"
1457:
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1206:
Rats, fleas and men; Anthony Daniels on how the secret of bubonic plague was found.
1167:
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in Odessa and later at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. His early research was on
363:
352:
295:
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Pestis redux: the initial years of the third bubonic plague pandemic, 1894–1901.
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Practical bacteriology, microbiology and serum therapy (medical and veterinary)
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and overruled the verdict on discovering the stopper contamination incident.
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503:. In the early 1890s, Haffkine shifted his attention to studies in practical
437:
315:
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1099:
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891:, who had engaged Haffkine to support the Jews living in communist Russia.
813:
733:
679:
504:
436:, as an assistant professor of Physiology. In 1889 he joined Mechnikov and
359:
199:
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called the case against Haffkine "distinctly disproven". It was signed by
618:. In three months of persistent work (one of his assistants experienced a
1007:
765:
563:
429:
279:
127:
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67:
1602:
Hanhart, Joel. Lausanne University, Faculté de biologie et médecine.
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by Anthony Daniels. Sunday Telegraph (London). p. 14. 25 August 2002.
776:, among other medical dignitaries. This led to Haffkine's acquittal.
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1242:. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 161–99.
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Echenberg, Myron. Journal of World History. 429(21) Vol. 13 No. 2
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511:
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412:
Haffkine continued his studies from 1879 to 1883 with Mechnikov at
123:
1690:
1625:. Vol. 6. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 11–13.
1619:
Lutzker, Edythe (1970–1980). "Haffkine, Waldemar Mordecai Wolfe".
1495:"The Last Resort: The Man Who Saved the World from Two Pandemics"
884:
818:
Foreign Bodies: the Terror of Contagion, the Ingenuity of Science
722:
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1654:
Hanhart, Joel. "Un illustre inconnu. Une biographie du docteur"
1597:
The Brilliant and Tragic Life of W.M.W. Haffkine: Bacteriologist
1563:
The brilliant and tragic life of W.M.W. Haffkine, bacteriologist
1476:"New works celebrate Jewish scientist 'eliminated from history'"
554:
Haffkine's report on the anti-cholera vaccination campaign, 1895
1768:
The Last Resort: The Man Who Saved the World from Two Pandemics
1701:
881:
793:
718:
683:
611:
402:
379:
340:
283:
88:
1767:
1586:
Edinger, Henry. "The Lonely Odyssey of W.M.W. Haffkine", In
1545:; reprinted from The Menorah Journal Méhul, Etienne Nicolas.
978:
Foreign bodies: pandemics, vaccines and the health of nations
938:"W. M. W. Haffkine, Bacteriologist—A Great Savior of Mankind"
664:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
651:
514:
336:
299:
291:
176:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
1006:
British Medical Journal Publishing Group (25 January 1896).
1639:
Hanhart, Joel. "Waldemar Mordekhaï Haffkine (1860–1930)".
912:"Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot"
562:
of the 19th century ravaged Asia and Europe. Even though
1124:
Bulloch, W. (1931). "Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine".
263:; 15 March 1860 – 26 October 1930) was a Russian-French
1778:
Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot
697:: the effort "could be progressively undertaken in the
444:
where he took up the only available post of librarian.
1393:. Clio Medica. Vol. 13. BRILL. pp. 269–76.
721:(inoculated from a single bottle of vaccine) died of
1613:
Societe des Etudes Juives societedesetudesjuives.org
905:
903:
1150:
1390:Acta Academiae Internationalis Historiae Medicinae
1223:Fokin, Sergei I. & Görtz, Hans-Dieter (2009).
900:
1791:
980:. London New York Sydney: Simon & Schuster.
910:Gunter, Joel; Pandey, Vikas (11 December 2020).
1547:Joseph and his brethren: opera in three acts ()
1610:Prix de thèse 2014 – Société des Etudes Juives
655:) saved thousands of lives across the empire.
362:, becoming an advocate and philanthropist for
1731:Waldemar Haffkine: Pioneer of Cholera vaccine
804:, where he spent the last years of his life.
1845:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
1618:
1367:Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
1309:
1307:
909:
1786:, 11 December 2020, Retrieved 14 June 2924.
1357:
1355:
558:At the time, one of the five great cholera
323:Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire
15:
1900:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
1840:British people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
1820:Academic staff of the University of Geneva
1469:
1467:
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1222:
1201:
1199:
1197:
673:
460:, under the tutelage of Ilya Mechnikov at
452:Haffkine began his scientific career as a
447:
66:
16:
1810:19th-century Jews from the Russian Empire
1304:
1126:The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology
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51:Russian-French microbiologist (1860–1930)
1352:
1218:
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968:
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306:who developed and used vaccines against
253:Vladimir Aronovich (Markus-Volf) Khavkin
24:This is an accepted version of this page
1895:Microbiologists from the Russian Empire
1549:. London: Breitkopf & Härtel, p. 13
1473:
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1386:
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1123:
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261:Владимир Аронович (Маркус-Вольф) Хавкин
14:
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1671:Mahatma. The Savior Mankind Never Knew
1565:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 75, 77
1266:"The Inoculation Accident at Mulkowal"
1114:
1052:Lyman, Igor; Konstantinova, Victoria.
972:
605:
343:and is decorated by the descendant of
1211:
963:
486:, as well as the earliest studies on
318:, named him "a saviour of humanity".
314:. He tested the vaccines on himself.
1518:
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1263:
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1001:
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997:
945:Indian Journal of History of Science
758:In July 1907, a letter published in
1717:Works by or about Waldemar Haffkine
1643:, Éditions Honoré Champion (2016),
835:
48:
1920:Physicians from the Russian Empire
1622:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1599:, Rutgers University Press (1964).
796:was already occupied, he moved to
526:as "Mardochée-Woldemar Khawkine".
440:in Paris at the newly established
418:assassination of Tsar Alexander II
298:that he tried out successfully in
49:
1936:
1870:Inventors from the Russian Empire
1850:Emigrants from the Russian Empire
1764:, Rabbi M. Friedman at cjnews.com
1735:American Society for Microbiology
1710:
1059:
994:
935:
816:researched Haffkine for his book
788:Haffkine on a 1964 stamp of India
267:known for his pioneering work in
244:Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine
1235:. In Fujishima, Masahiro (ed.).
840:In a biography of him, Nobelist
302:. He is recognized as the first
1695:
1684:
1590:Volume 41, No. 2 (Spring 1974).
1568:
1552:
1534:
1512:
1486:
1443:
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1380:
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662:). In 1900, he was awarded the
592:the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava
462:Imperial Novorossiya University
276:Imperial Novorossiya University
1772:the National library of Israel
1474:Alberge, Dalya (9 June 2024).
1144:
1046:
951:
929:
873:to foster Jewish education in
823:
779:
373:
13:
1:
894:
678:In 1898, Haffkine approached
378:Born into a Jewish family in
278:and later emigrated first to
274:Haffkine was educated at the
1890:Jews from the Russian Empire
1776:Gunter, Joel; Pandey,Vikas,
1744:Food and Drug Administration
1160:Journal of Medical Biography
1151:Hawgood, Barbara J. (2007).
1080:Journal of Medical Biography
869:In 1929, he established the
807:
358:In his final years Haffkine
327:1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours
229:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
1855:Immigrants to British India
1726:Haffkine Research Institute
1656:Waldemar Mordekhaï Haffkine
1615:, accessed 11 December 2020
1493:אדרי, אודי (1 April 2020).
1365:Roberts, William Clifford.
1233:and their characterization"
1071:Hawgood, Barbara J (2007).
602:, had to return to France.
60:Waldemar Mordechai Haffkine
10:
1941:
1762:Great scientist, great Jew
1658:, Éditions Lichma (2017),
1580:
889:Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn
848:Jewish practice and wrote
432:and began his work at the
424:. Haffkine graduated as a
366:causes and a supporter of
325:(CIE) in Queen Victoria's
1875:Jewish British scientists
1865:Immigrants to Switzerland
1641:Biographie intellectuelle
1450:Haffkine's plague vaccine
1399:10.1163/9789004418257_030
792:Since Haffkine's post in
693:, then a province of the
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1369:. 377(9) Vol. 17 No. 3
1172:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59
1092:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59
1008:"India and the Colonies"
736:likened the case to the
31:latest accepted revision
1910:Odesa University alumni
1559:Waksman, Selman Abraham
1138:10.1002/path.1700340202
958:London Jewish Chronicle
674:Connection with Zionism
448:Protozoological studies
351:." He naturalised as a
294:, where he developed a
1024:10.1136/bmj.1.1830.252
867:
842:Selman Abraham Waksman
789:
555:
547:
1915:Physicians from Odesa
1835:British Orthodox Jews
1740:Plague Vaccine Design
1339:haffkineinstitute.org
1264:Ross, Ronald (1907).
856:
802:Lausanne, Switzerland
787:
705:Little Dreyfus affair
616:Grant Medical College
553:
538:Haffkine during anti-
537:
360:became more religious
345:William the Conqueror
1860:Immigrants to France
1758:at windsofchange.net
1542:A Plea for Orthodoxy
1519:Douillet, Claudine.
1335:"Haffkine Institute"
1324:. 22 September 2002.
851:A Plea for Orthodoxy
689:to resettle Jews in
530:Anti-cholera vaccine
434:University of Geneva
332:The Jewish Chronicle
214:University of Geneva
1282:1907Natur..75..486R
960:. 1 June 2012. p. 8
871:Haffkine Foundation
629:: washing homes by
606:Anti-plague vaccine
574:Jaume Ferran i Clua
384:Kherson Governorate
93:Kherson Governorate
21:Page version status
1925:Russian scientists
1756:The Holy Scientist
1594:Waksman, Selman A.
830:Haffkine Institute
790:
709:In March 1902, 19
682:with an offer for
660:Haffkine Institute
596:Haffkine Institute
585:Biological Society
556:
548:
222:Haffkine Institute
27:
1885:Jewish physicians
1880:Jewish biologists
1815:20th-century Jews
1664:978-2-912553-84-3
1649:978-2-7453-3074-1
1632:978-0-684-10114-9
1237:Endosymbionts in
1018:(1830): 252–253.
987:978-1-4711-6991-5
727:Pasteur Institute
620:nervous breakdown
442:Pasteur Institute
426:Doctor of Science
414:Odessa University
321:He was appointed
288:Pasteur Institute
286:, working at the
241:
240:
218:Pasteur Institute
210:Odessa University
186:Scientific career
160:Vaccines against
151:Odessa University
39:18 September 2024
18:
1932:
1721:Internet Archive
1704:
1702:Mahatma Haffkine
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1669:Markish, David.
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1276:(1951): 486–87.
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836:Orthodox Judaism
770:William R. Smith
749:Lister Institute
642:V. K. Vysokovich
416:, but after the
349:Alfred the Great
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864:Haffkine (1916)
863:
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751:reinvestigated
713:villagers from
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646:D. K. Zabolotny
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569:Vibrio cholerae
542:vaccination in
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364:Orthodox Jewish
353:British subject
329:. At that time
296:cholera vaccine
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147:Alma mater
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1524:. Retrieved
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1480:The Guardian
1479:
1454:Open Library
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1344:13 September
1342:. Retrieved
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814:Simon Schama
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680:Aga Khan III
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206:Institutions
200:protozoology
196:Bacteriology
185:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
1805:1930 deaths
1800:1860 births
1588:Jewish Life
1526:13 December
1166:(1): 9–19.
1086:(1): 9–19.
921:14 December
824:Recognition
780:Later years
766:Ronald Ross
742:sterilizied
566:discovered
564:Robert Koch
430:Switzerland
374:Early years
341:Mohammedans
280:Switzerland
135:Citizenship
128:Switzerland
1905:Odesa Jews
1794:Categories
1363:Editorial.
1254:pp. 164–65
1239:Paramecium
1231:Paramecium
895:References
812:Historian
576:in Spain.
501:Paramecium
483:Paramecium
282:, then to
116:1930-10-27
82:1860-03-15
1750:Biography
1375:0899-8280
1322:1045-6007
1227:Holospora
1040:220029389
1032:0007-1447
808:Influence
761:The Times
753:the claim
699:Holy Land
691:Palestine
650:Havkin's
631:fire hose
581:bacterium
560:pandemics
519:Khawkinea
494:bacterial
489:Holospora
392:Berdyansk
355:in 1900.
1783:BBC News
1561:. 1964.
1440:, p. 468
1188:42075270
1180:17356724
1108:42075270
1100:17356724
1012:Br Med J
976:(2023).
916:BBC News
862:—
846:Orthodox
798:Calcutta
715:Mulkowal
544:Calcutta
524:Cyrillic
512:euglenid
497:parasite
468:such as
466:protists
269:vaccines
233:Khawkine
124:Lausanne
35:reviewed
1719:at the
1581:Sources
1456:at the
1436:at the
1298:4032542
1278:Bibcode
885:Hasidic
723:tetanus
600:malaria
540:cholera
477:Euglena
471:Astasia
368:Zionism
308:cholera
257:Russian
251:, born
162:cholera
142:British
114: (
101:Ukraine
80: (
1662:
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1504:9 June
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1373:
1320:
1296:
1270:Nature
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1038:
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882:Chabad
794:Bombay
772:, and
719:Punjab
711:Indian
684:Sultan
612:Bombay
480:, and
403:pogrom
380:Odessa
337:Hindus
284:France
192:Fields
179:(1900)
172:Awards
89:Odessa
1746:(FDA)
1678:Notes
1417:89932
1294:S2CID
1184:S2CID
1156:(PDF)
1104:S2CID
1076:(PDF)
1036:S2CID
941:(PDF)
652:lymph
633:with
515:genus
300:India
292:Paris
99:(now
1660:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1606:2013
1528:2016
1506:2024
1413:PMID
1403:ISBN
1371:ISSN
1346:2024
1318:ISSN
1244:ISBN
1176:PMID
1096:PMID
1028:ISSN
982:ISBN
923:2020
747:The
744:it.
644:and
635:lime
510:The
492:, a
456:and
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339:and
310:and
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