1320:
1274:
1257:
1339:
73:
1305:
1291:
51:
502:. Growth is best in dry soils with very good drainage, and they are often grown successfully in loose wall mortar, hence the vernacular name. There is a wide range of flower color in the warm spectrum, including white, yellow, orange, red, pink, maroon, purple and russet. The flowers, appearing in spring, usually have a strong, pleasant fragrance. Wallflowers are often associated in spring
280:. Most species have stems erect, with a covering of bifid hairs, usually 25 ± 53cm × 2–3mm in size. The leaves are narrow and fixed. The lower leaves are broad and round with backwardly directed lobes, 50–80mm × 0.5–3mm. Stem leaves are linear, entire, growing whitish with 2-fid hairs; 21–43mm × 1.5–2mm.
1866:
Züst, Tobias; Strickler, Susan R; Powell, Adrian F; Mabry, Makenzie E; An, Hong; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; York, Thomas; Holland, Cynthia K; Kumar, Pavan; Erb, Matthias; Petschenka, Georg; Gómez, José-María; Perfectti, Francsco; Müller, Caroline; Pires, J Chris; Mueller, Lukas; Jander, Georg (2020-04-07).
1374:
Moazzeni, Hamid; Zarre, Shahin; Pfeil, Bernard E.; Bertrand, Yann J. K.; German, Dmitry A.; Al-Shebaz, Ihsan A.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Oxelman, Bengt (2014). "Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genus
Erysimum (Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a
2242:
Munkert, Jennifer; Ernst, Mona; Müller-Uri, Frieder; Kreis, Wolfgang (2014). "Identification and stress-induced expression of three 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from
Erysimum crepidifolium Rchb. and their putative role in cardenolide biosynthesis".
607:
Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example,
2337:
Huang, Chien-Hsun; Sun, Renran; Hu, Yi; Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Ning; Cai, Liming; Zhang, Qiang; Koch, Marcus A.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan; Edger, Patrick P.; Pires, J. Chris; Tan, Dun-Yan; Zhong, Yang; Ma, Hong (2015).
2115:"Interactions between cardiac glycosides and sodium ⁄ potassium-ATPase: three-dimensional structure)activity relationship models for ligand binding to the E2-Pi form of the enzyme versus activity inhibition"
2882:
NIELSEN, JENS KVIST (1978). "Host Plant
Discrimination within Cruciferae: Feeding Responses of Four Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Glucosinolates, Cucurbitacins and Cardenolides".
774:
species indicate diversification in
Eurasia between 0.5 and 2 million years ago, and in North America between 0.7 and 1.65 million years ago.) This evolutionarily rapid expansion of the
2603:
Dimock, M. B.; Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, C. D.; Sachdev-gupta, K. (1991). "Chemical constituents of an unacceptable crucifer,Erysimum cheiranthoides, deter feeding byPieris rapae".
2721:
Wiklund, Christer; Åhrberg, Carl; Ahrberg, Carl (1978). "Host Plants, Nectar Source Plants, and
Habitat Selection of Males and Females of Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera)".
536:
is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial).
566:
770:
that were applied to their preferred food plants. Consistent with the hypothesis of enhanced speciation after escape from herbivory, phylogenetic studies involving 128
337:
2213:
Züst, Tobias; Strickler, Susan R.; Powell, Adrian F.; Mabry, Makenzie E.; An, Hong; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; York, Thomas; Holland, Cynthia K.; Kumar, Pavan (2019-09-08).
290:
1413:
Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Windham, Michael D.; Warwick, Suzanne I.; O'Kane, Steve L.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Mayer, Michael; Koch, Marcus A.; Bailey, C. Donovan (2006).
1148:
1089:
1539:
Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der
Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan-Halbinsel bis Albanien".
2662:
Sachdev-Gupta, K.; Radke, Cd.; Renwick, J. A. A.; Dimock, M. B. (1993). "Cardenolides from
Erysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding deterrents toPieris rapae larvae".
1777:
Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte : Giftpflanzen von A-Z : Notfallhilfe : Vorkommen, Wirkung, Therapie : allergische und phototoxische
Reaktionen
1111:
940:
1216:
1078:
925:
1263:
1189:
1040:
1032:
917:
2493:
Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, Celia D. (1987). "Chemical stimulants and deterrents regulating acceptance or rejection of crucifers by cabbage butterflies".
428:
2831:
Chew, Frances S. (1977). "Coevolution of Pierid
Butterflies and Their Cruciferous Foodplants. II. The Distribution of Eggs on Potential Foodplants".
2552:
Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, Celia D. (1985). "Constituents of host- and non-host plants deterring oviposition by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae".
1823:
Fahey, Jed W.; Zalcmann, Amy T.; Talalay, Paul (2001). "The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants".
3042:
Makarevich, I. F.; Zhernoklev, K. V.; Slyusarskaya, T. V.; Yarmolenko, G. N. (May 1994). "Cardenolide-containing plants of the family
Cruciferae".
1928:"Erysimum cheiranthoides, an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis"
3351:
719:, is predicted to allow escape from herbivory by specialist herbivores and expansion into new ecological niches. The crucifer-feeding specialist
3390:
570:, live inside the fruits feeding on the developing seeds. Many species of beetles, bugs and grasshoppers eat the leaves and stalks. Some
3426:
2340:"Resolution of Brassicaceae Phylogeny Using Nuclear Genes Uncovers Nested Radiations and Supports Convergent Morphological Evolution"
3102:
1720:
344:
3299:
3107:
2019:
Dussourd, DE; Hoyle, AM (2000). "Poisoned plusiines: toxicity of milkweed latex and cardenolides to some generalist caterpillars".
1319:
3216:
3364:
3312:
703:(2.33–5.2 million years ago), suggesting relatively recent evolution of cardiac glycosides as a defensive trait in this genus.
665:
function in muscle cells. These chemicals are toxic enough to deter generalist, and even some specialist insect herbivores.
298:
to Morocco and Algeria, has white flowers. The flowering part of the stem ranges from 4 to 7mm. There are four pouch-shaped
3369:
3211:
2175:
Rassman, s; Johnson, MD; Agrawal, AA (2009). "Induced responses to herbivory and jasmonate in three milkweed species".
1704:
865:
324:
896:
as well as purified erysimin and erysimoside, have been applied more recently as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments.
1626:
3490:
1984:
Makarevich, FI; Zhernoklev, KV; Slyusarskaya, TB (1994). "Cardenolide-containing plants of the family Cruciferae".
3395:
1273:
3338:
2933:
NIELSEN, J. K. (1978). "Host Plant Selection of Monophagous and Oligophagous Flea Beetles Feeding on Crucifers".
1279:
474:
1467:
The 'Cruciferae' of continental North America : systematics of the mustard family from the Arctic to Panama
1256:
525:. It can become a bushy evergreen perennial in milder locations. It is strongly scented and attractive to bees.
3485:
1784:
1474:
3444:
3377:
653:
with an ecological importance in insect defense. Cardiac glycosides specifically function to prevent insect
2999:
Jaretzky, R.; Wilcke, M. (1932). "Die herzwirksamen Glykoside von Cheiranthus Cheiri und verwandten Arten".
1304:
490:), from southern Europe. They are often attacked by fungal and bacterial disease, so they are best grown as
3531:
2215:"Rapid and independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Brassicaceae)"
1869:"Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)"
1577:
Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern".
673:, with at least 48 species in the genus containing these compounds. Accumulation of cardiac glycosides in
3175:
1338:
518:
374:
31:
3281:
3255:
3439:
17:
3405:
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284:
grow at intervals on short equal stalks along the stem, with bright yellow to red or pink bilateral
72:
778:
genus has resulted in several hundred known species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.
1750:
1126:
905:
2152:
Karowe, DN; Golston, V (2006). "Effect of the cardenolide digitoxin on performance of gypsy moth (
1290:
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3276:
1345:
997:
876:
794:
738:
727:
3536:
3250:
3118:
2772:
Chew, Frances S. (1975). "Coevolution of pierid butterflies and their cruciferous foodplants".
1024:
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growing from the stem, with yellow, red, pink or orange flowers and multiseeded seed pods.
1807:
8:
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1640:
1501:
Polatschek, Adolf (1976). "Die Gattung Erysimum auf den Kapverden, Eanaren und Madeira".
1119:
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67:
59:
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1844:
725:(white cabbage butterfly) is deterred from feeding and oviposition by cardenolides in
3526:
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2087:
2054:
Renwick, J. A. A.; Radke, C. D.; Sachdev-Gupta, K. (1989). "Chemical Constituents of
1955:
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as defensive compounds. However, unlike almost all other genera in the Brassicaceae,
392:
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has been used to treat heart disease and other ailments. Although medical uses of
3180:
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1004:
870:
857:
849:
815:
799:
594:
482:
311:
269:
234:
110:
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379:), meaning "to ward off" or "to heal" in reference to its medicinal properties.
1579:
Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie
1541:
Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie
736:(orange tip butterfly), which oviposits on almost all crucifer species, avoids
687:, endogenous elicitors of chemical defenses in many plant species. Molecular
650:
638:
588:
491:
277:
97:
2196:
1951:
598:) in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks.
345:
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2801:
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2581:
2522:
2422:
2315:
2294:
Howe, Gregg A.; Jander, Georg (2008). "Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores".
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1959:
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Herbario del Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (Jaca, Aragón, Spain)
1885:
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1997:
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1618:
Lily Y. Beck, trans. Third, revised edition. Georg Olms Verlag, 2017.
1388:
276:. The perennial species are short-lived and in cultivation treated as
3330:
3237:
1639:
654:
604:(pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.
273:
250:
50:
3112:
2844:
2742:
2471:
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3135:
2227:
2214:
700:
495:
470:
123:
3343:
3242:
1412:
1927:
242:
1983:
1664:
A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins
746:(western wallflower) is resistant to feeding and oviposition of
460:(endangered – inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California)
2988:. Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House.
2661:
2602:
885:
792:
species have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In
571:
285:
136:
3229:
844:
descriptions of medicinal herbs and their uses, including the
391:, and North America south to Costa Rica. Many wallflowers are
387:
Wallflowers are native to temperate Eurasia, North Africa and
679:, but not other tested species, is induced by treatment with
541:
507:
449:
372:
356:
322:
299:
230:
84:
1926:
Züst, Tobias; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; Jander, Georg (2018-03-20).
711:
The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as
699:
species that do not produce cardiac glycosides began in the
494:
and discarded after flowering. They are also susceptible to
2241:
756:, margined white butterfly). Two crucifer-feeding beetles,
553:
1699:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
1373:
288:. Flowering occurs during spring and summer. One species,
3088:
2053:
2212:
1865:
813:
is classified as a medicinal rather than a food plant.
2720:
2174:
1822:
1756:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 45
1464:
2389:"Defense mutualisms enhance plant diversification"
781:
249:is characterised by star-shaped and/or two-sided)
245:, both popular garden plants and many wild forms.
1925:
30:"Wallflower" redirects here. For other uses, see
3518:
2058:Deterring Oviposition by the Cabbage Butterfly,
1801:
1637:
2393:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2387:Weber, Marjorie G.; Agrawal, Anurag A. (2014).
1415:"Toward a Global Phylogeny of the Brassicaceae"
2998:
2336:
2112:
1243:– Santa Cruz wallflower, Ben Lomond wallflower
836:), which was the predominant European medical
564:). In addition, some species of weevils, like
2986:Plantae Medicinales Chinae Boreali-Orientalis
2156:) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) caterpillars".
2151:
2018:
1727:. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from
1503:Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
517:The cultivar 'Bowles's Mauve' has gained the
2551:
2492:
2386:
3108:Botánica Sistemática, an open web on plants
1774:
2293:
1576:
1538:
1500:
49:
2430:
2412:
2363:
2226:
1902:
1884:
1430:
975:– sanddune wallflower, western wallflower
351:, the hedgenettle), itself from the word
2308:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092825
1377:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
706:
2935:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
2932:
2884:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
2881:
2554:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
2460:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
540:species are used as food plants by the
14:
3519:
3098:Webpage of a UK collector of erysimums
2113:Paula, S; Tabet, MR; Ball, WJ (2005).
624:
592:) in Central Europe, or Spanish ibex (
3117:
3116:
2456:"Defensive Ecology of the Cruciferae"
2453:
2208:
2206:
1979:
1977:
1697:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
1689:
868:(1588), also discuss applications of
3491:04df9fd9-fc74-427d-925a-5864593c605e
3406:0d8240e8-1f9a-4d39-ad64-b2ef78abdaff
2830:
2771:
1572:
1570:
1534:
1532:
1496:
1494:
1460:
1458:
1408:
1406:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
819:is described as a medicinal herb in
614:is pollinated almost exclusively by
2983:
899:
874:. In traditional Chinese medicine,
766:sp., were deterred from feeding by
574:herbivores, for example mule deer (
24:
2955:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02817.x
2904:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02755.x
2574:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03538.x
2203:
1974:
1768:
866:Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus
317:is derived from the Ancient Greek
25:
3548:
3082:
1567:
1529:
1491:
1455:
1403:
1360:
840:for more than 1,500 years. Other
3445:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329617-2
1337:
1318:
1303:
1289:
1272:
1255:
1093:– smallflower prairie wallflower
302:, light green, 5–7mm × 1.5–2mm.
71:
3035:
2992:
2977:
2926:
2875:
2824:
2765:
2714:
2655:
2596:
2545:
2486:
2447:
2380:
2344:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2330:
2287:
2265:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.006
2235:
2168:
2145:
2106:
2047:
2012:
1919:
1859:
1816:
1743:
1713:
1673:
1419:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1375:densely sampled ITS approach".
382:
3044:Chemistry of Natural Compounds
2296:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1986:Chemistry of Natural Compounds
1655:
1631:
1605:
860:(1577), and Tabernaemontanus'
464:
13:
1:
1845:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2
1469:. Stanford University Press.
1465:Rollins, Reed Clark. (1993).
1353:
830:
803:
256:
2158:The Great Lakes Entomologist
669:production is widespread in
580:) in North America, argali (
440:(the Sierra Nevada of Spain)
305:
241:. It includes more than 150
7:
2664:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2605:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2495:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2177:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2064:Journal of Chemical Ecology
695:diversification from other
519:Royal Horticultural Society
32:Wallflower (disambiguation)
10:
3553:
1248:
1174:– smelly wallflower (syn.
1166:– Sierra Nevada wallflower
903:
567:Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus
528:
373:
357:
323:
29:
3125:
2197:10.1007/s10886-009-9719-0
1952:10.1007/s11101-018-9562-4
1751:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1686:. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
1642:De Materia Medica: Book 2
846:Dispensatorium des Cordus
748:Pieris napi macdunnoughii
586:) in Mongolia, red deer (
424:(Cyprus – nearly extinct)
416:(north Californian coast)
395:to small areas, such as:
199:
192:
185:
180:
68:Scientific classification
66:
57:
48:
41:
27:Genus of flowering plants
3013:10.1002/ardp.19322700202
1812:). In: giftpflanzen.com.
1661:Archibald William Smith
1127:Erysimum mediohispanicum
691:analysis indicates that
556:) species including the
3089:Evoflor, a web page on
2414:10.1073/pnas.1413253111
2056:Erysimum cheiranthoides
1346:Erysimum cheiranthoides
1084:Arabidopsis erysimoides
1060:– Franciscan wallflower
1052:– Mount Etna wallflower
998:Erysimum cheiranthoides
967:– Cabo Verde wallflower
877:Erysimum cheiranthoides
782:Ethnobotanical uses of
728:Erysimum cheiranthoides
633:, species in the genus
469:Most wallflower garden
338:Sisymbrium polyceratium
237:in the cabbage family,
1932:Phytochemistry Reviews
1810:Erysimum crepidifolium
1684:Flora of North America
1638:Pedanius Dioscorides.
1025:Erysimum crepidifolium
964:Erysimum caboverdeanum
734:Anthocharis cardamines
676:Erysimum crepidifolium
601:Erysimum crepidifolium
291:Erysimum semperflorens
2356:10.1093/molbev/msv226
1808:Bleicher Schöterich (
1679:Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz.
1432:10.1093/molbev/msl087
1240:Erysimum teretifolium
1149:Erysimum myriophyllum
1090:Erysimum inconspicuum
1072:Erysimum gomez-campoi
1057:Erysimum franciscanum
1001:– wormseed wallflower
988:Erysimum myriophyllum
921:– Siberian wallflower
707:Escape from herbivory
523:Award of Garden Merit
363:) meaning to drag or
332:Sisymbrium officinale
3001:Archiv der Pharmazie
2454:Feeny, Paul (1977).
1775:Roth, Lutz. (1994).
1612:Pedanius Dioscorides
1233:Erysimum siliculosum
1205:– Pallas' wallflower
1115:– Kotschy wallflower
1112:Erysimum kotschyanum
1044:– diffuse wallflower
952:– cascade wallflower
929:– Turkish wallflower
827:Pedanius Dioscorides
562:Xanthorhoe fluctuata
452:volcano on Tenerife)
3532:Brassicaceae genera
2947:1978EEApp..24..562N
2896:1978EEApp..24...41N
2786:1975Oecol..20..117C
2735:1978Oikos..31..169W
2676:1993JCEco..19.1355S
2617:1991JCEco..17..525D
2566:1985EEApp..39...21R
2507:1987JCEco..13.1771R
2405:2014PNAS..11116442W
2399:(46): 16442–16447.
2257:2014PChem.100...26M
2189:2009JCEco..35.1326R
2076:1989JCEco..15.2161R
2033:2000Checo..10...11D
1944:2018PChRv..17.1239Z
1886:10.7554/eLife.51712
1837:2001PChem..56....5F
1297:Erysimum helveticum
1176:Erysimum pannonicum
1120:Erysimum kykkoticum
980:Erysimum cazorlense
944:– Dawson wallflower
941:Erysimum angustatum
934:Erysimum ammophilum
884:became uncommon in
649:, another class of
625:Defensive compounds
577:Odocoileus hemionus
480:) are derived from
187:Over 180, see text
3056:10.1007/bf00629957
2794:10.1007/bf00369024
2684:10.1007/bf00984881
2625:10.1007/bf00982123
2515:10.1007/bf00980217
2084:10.1007/BF01014106
2041:10.1007/PL00001810
1998:10.1007/BF00629957
1731:on 6 November 2011
1616:De materia medica.
1228:– Teide wallflower
1225:Erysimum scoparium
1220:– Swiss wallflower
1217:Erysimum rhaeticum
1198:Erysimum redowskii
1193:– Crete wallflower
1163:Erysimum nevadense
1142:Erysimum menziesii
1132:Erysimum nevadense
1079:Erysimum hedgeanum
1036:– Crete wallflower
972:Erysimum capitatum
949:Erysimum arenicola
926:Erysimum amasianum
894:Erysimum diffusum,
795:Naturalis Historia
647:cardiac glycosides
611:Erysimum scoparium
538:Different Erysimum
432:(Guadalupe Island)
60:Erysimum scoparium
3514:
3513:
3414:Open Tree of Life
3119:Taxon identifiers
2131:10.1021/bi048680w
1725:'Bowles's Mauve'"
1425:(11): 2142–2160.
1389:10.1111/boj.12184
1311:Erysimum allionii
1264:Erysimum witmanii
1210:Erysimum repandum
1203:Erysimum pallasii
1190:Erysimum raulinii
1171:Erysimum odoratum
1156:Erysimum nervosum
1105:Erysimum jugicola
1098:Erysimum insulare
1041:Erysimum diffusum
1033:Erysimum creticum
1028:– pale wallflower
1018:Erysimum collinum
957:Erysimum baeticum
918:Erysimum allionii
854:Bocks Kräuterbuch
822:De Materia Medica
753:Pieris marginalis
739:E. cheiranthoides
667:Cardiac glycoside
645:also accumulates
486:(often placed in
218:
217:
176:
16:(Redirected from
3544:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3383:NHMSYS0000458601
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3114:
3113:
3093:floral evolution
3076:
3075:
3039:
3033:
3032:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2984:Zhu, YC (1989).
2981:
2975:
2974:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2670:(7): 1355–1369.
2659:
2653:
2652:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2501:(7): 1771–1776.
2490:
2484:
2483:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2416:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2154:Lymantria dispar
2149:
2143:
2142:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2021:Chemical Ecology
2016:
2010:
2009:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1938:(6): 1239–1251.
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1888:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1371:
1341:
1332:'Bowles's Mauve'
1322:
1307:
1293:
1283:'Chelsea Jacket'
1276:
1259:
1183:Erysimum popovii
1049:Erysimum etnense
900:Selected species
862:Neuw Kreuterbuch
835:
832:
808:
805:
744:Erysimum asperum
685:methyl jasmonate
478:'Chelsea Jacket'
378:
377:
362:
361:
350:
347:
328:
327:
261:Wallflowers are
235:flowering plants
207:
172:
76:
75:
53:
39:
38:
21:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3121:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3040:
3036:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2978:
2931:
2927:
2880:
2876:
2845:10.2307/2407522
2829:
2825:
2770:
2766:
2743:10.2307/3543560
2719:
2715:
2660:
2656:
2601:
2597:
2550:
2546:
2491:
2487:
2472:10.2307/2395334
2452:
2448:
2385:
2381:
2335:
2331:
2292:
2288:
2240:
2236:
2211:
2204:
2173:
2169:
2150:
2146:
2111:
2107:
2052:
2048:
2017:
2013:
1982:
1975:
1924:
1920:
1864:
1860:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1787:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1660:
1656:
1636:
1632:
1610:
1606:
1575:
1568:
1537:
1530:
1499:
1492:
1477:
1463:
1456:
1411:
1404:
1372:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1246:
1136:mediohispanicum
1065:Erysimum fitzii
912:
902:
858:Hieronymus Bock
850:Valerius Cordus
833:
816:Erysimum cheiri
806:
800:Pliny the Elder
787:
709:
627:
595:Capra pyrenaica
531:
498:, a disease of
467:
457:E. teretifolium
413:E. franciscanum
385:
342:
308:
282:Flower clusters
259:
205:
171:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:wfo-4000013961
3495:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3410:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3185:
3172:
3162:
3147:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3084:
3083:External links
3081:
3078:
3077:
3050:(3): 275–289.
3034:
2991:
2976:
2941:(3): 562–569.
2925:
2874:
2839:(3): 568–579.
2823:
2780:(2): 117–127.
2764:
2713:
2654:
2611:(3): 525–533.
2595:
2544:
2485:
2466:(2): 221–234.
2446:
2379:
2350:(2): 394–412.
2329:
2286:
2245:Phytochemistry
2234:
2228:10.1101/761569
2202:
2167:
2144:
2125:(2): 498–510.
2105:
2046:
2011:
1992:(3): 275–289.
1973:
1918:
1858:
1825:Phytochemistry
1815:
1800:
1785:
1767:
1742:
1712:
1706:978-1405332965
1705:
1688:
1672:
1654:
1630:
1604:
1566:
1528:
1490:
1475:
1454:
1402:
1383:(4): 497–522.
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1309:
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1288:
1286:
1278:
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1229:
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1194:
1186:
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1152:
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1138:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
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1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1002:
994:
976:
968:
960:
953:
945:
937:
930:
922:
913:
904:Main article:
901:
898:
786:
780:
708:
705:
651:phytochemicals
639:glucosinolates
626:
623:
589:Cervus elaphus
530:
527:
512:forget-me-nots
466:
463:
462:
461:
453:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
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381:
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64:
63:
55:
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46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3549:
3538:
3537:Garden plants
3535:
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3528:
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3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
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3252:
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3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
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2889:
2885:
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2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
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2375:
2371:
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2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
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2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2220:
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2209:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:(8): 2161–9.
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
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1862:
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1842:
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1830:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1752:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1667:, p. 148, at
1666:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1627:9783487155715
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
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1580:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
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1542:
1535:
1533:
1524:
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1516:
1512:
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1504:
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1472:
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1459:
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1398:
1394:
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1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1313:inflorescence
1312:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1267:inflorescence
1266:
1265:
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1252:
1242:
1241:
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1235:
1234:
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1226:
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1199:
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1191:
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754:
749:
745:
742:
740:
735:
731:
729:
724:
723:
722:Pieries rapae
718:
715:in the genus
714:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:jasmonic acid
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
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652:
648:
644:
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636:
632:
622:
620:
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3004:
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2302:(1): 41–66.
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2183:(11): 1326.
2180:
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2147:
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2119:Biochemistry
2118:
2108:
2067:
2063:
2060:Pieris rapae
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2055:
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2024:
2020:
2014:
1989:
1985:
1935:
1931:
1921:
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1872:
1861:
1828:
1824:
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1758:. Retrieved
1745:
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1729:the original
1722:
1715:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1669:Google Books
1662:
1657:
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853:
845:
838:pharmacopeia
820:
814:
810:
793:
789:
788:
783:
775:
771:
768:cardenolides
761:
757:
751:
747:
743:
737:
733:
726:
720:
716:
713:cardenolides
710:
697:Brassicaceae
692:
689:phylogenetic
674:
670:
661:by blocking
642:
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631:Brassicaceae
628:
615:
609:
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581:
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537:
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532:
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500:Brassicaceae
487:
481:
475:
468:
455:
445:E. scoparium
443:
437:E. nevadense
435:
427:
419:
411:
399:
386:
383:Distribution
368:
367:, a form of
364:
352:
336:
330:
318:
314:
309:
289:
260:
246:
239:Brassicaceae
226:
221:
220:
219:
202:
186:
167:
166:
157:Brassicaceae
130:
117:
104:
91:
58:
42:
36:
3326:iNaturalist
3151:Wikispecies
1831:(1): 5–51.
890:Middle Ages
763:Phyllotreta
732:Similarly,
663:ion channel
659:oviposition
550:butterflies
546:Lepidoptera
488:Cheiranthus
465:Cultivation
389:Macaronesia
343: [
203:Cheiranthus
147:Brassicales
111:Angiosperms
3521:Categories
2729:(2): 169.
1879:: e51712.
1786:3609648104
1779:. Ecomed.
1681:"Erysimum"
1649:Wikisource
1547:: 75–218.
1509:: 93–103.
1476:0804720649
1354:References
1330:linifolium
992:cazorlense
888:after the
629:Like most
617:Anthophora
583:Ovis ammon
429:E. moranii
406:Mount Etna
401:E. etnense
312:genus name
274:sub-shrubs
270:perennials
267:herbaceous
257:Morphology
227:wallflower
212:and others
18:Wallflower
3064:0009-3130
3021:0365-6233
2963:0013-8703
2912:0013-8703
2853:0014-3820
2833:Evolution
2802:0029-8549
2774:Oecologia
2751:0030-1299
2692:0098-0331
2633:0098-0331
2582:0013-8703
2523:0098-0331
2423:0027-8424
2316:1543-5008
2273:0031-9422
2251:: 26–33.
2027:(1): 11.
1960:1568-7767
1895:2050-084X
1795:891791701
1591:0255-0105
1585:: 57–74.
1553:0255-0105
1515:0083-6133
1485:610871656
1441:0737-4038
871:E. cheiri
834: 70
807: 77
750:(synonym
655:herbivory
572:mammalian
492:biennials
483:E. cheiri
471:cultivars
306:Etymology
278:biennials
251:trichomes
81:Kingdom:
3527:Erysimum
3486:VicFlora
3475:VASCAN:
3458:40005873
3453:Tropicos
3344:329617-2
3292:erysimum
3269:Erysimum
3217:Erysimum
3212:eFloraSA
3188:BioLib:
3157:Erysimum
3136:Wikidata
3127:Erysimum
3091:Erysimum
3072:13763922
3029:93704423
2971:85648914
2920:84602063
2869:28563490
2818:29074343
2810:28308818
2700:24249167
2649:32639023
2641:24258803
2590:86713452
2539:24473740
2531:24302344
2441:25349406
2374:26516094
2324:18031220
2281:24512841
2139:15641774
2100:20866270
2092:24272377
2006:13763922
1968:53857970
1913:32252891
1853:11198818
1723:Erysimum
1599:43922110
1561:43922111
1523:41769598
1449:16916944
1397:82972738
1326:Erysimum
1281:Erysimum
1006:Erysimum
908:Erysimum
906:List of
882:Erysimum
852:(1542),
842:medieval
811:Erysimum
790:Erysimum
784:Erysimum
776:Erysimum
772:Erysimum
760:sp. and
717:Erysimum
701:Pliocene
693:Erysimum
671:Erysimum
643:Erysimum
637:produce
635:Erysimum
619:alluadii
544:of some
534:Erysimum
496:clubroot
476:Erysimum
325:ἐρύσιμον
319:erysimon
315:Erysimum
247:Erysimum
222:Erysimum
194:Synonyms
181:Species
168:Erysimum
153:Family:
124:Eudicots
43:Erysimum
3468:5871355
3419:1037337
3357:1264501
3305:3048056
3142:Q165206
2943:Bibcode
2892:Bibcode
2861:2407522
2782:Bibcode
2759:3543560
2731:Bibcode
2672:Bibcode
2613:Bibcode
2562:Bibcode
2503:Bibcode
2480:2395334
2432:4246327
2401:Bibcode
2365:4866547
2253:Bibcode
2219:bioRxiv
2185:Bibcode
2072:Bibcode
2029:Bibcode
1940:Bibcode
1904:7180059
1833:Bibcode
1735:26 July
1620:p. 158.
1249:Gallery
1201:, syn.
1134:subsp.
1130:, syn.
1082:– syn.
990:subsp.
910:species
758:Phaedon
657:and/or
529:Ecology
504:bedding
393:endemic
369:rhyomai
340:
286:flowers
263:annuals
243:species
229:, is a
163:Genus:
143:Order:
85:Plantae
3465:uBio:
3427:PLANTS
3403:NZOR:
3289:FoIO:
3282:112142
3256:112142
3168:190624
3165:APDB:
3070:
3062:
3027:
3019:
2969:
2961:
2918:
2910:
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2708:258932
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2004:
1966:
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1395:
1010:cheiri
886:Europe
542:larvae
508:tulips
473:(e.g.
375:ῥύομαι
300:sepals
296:native
137:Rosids
3432:ERYSI
3396:65352
3370:22926
3352:IRMNG
3331:50630
3264:FoAO2
3243:1ERYG
3230:38314
3204:63445
3191:39027
3181:74948
3068:S2CID
3025:S2CID
2967:S2CID
2916:S2CID
2857:JSTOR
2814:S2CID
2755:JSTOR
2723:Oikos
2704:S2CID
2645:S2CID
2586:S2CID
2535:S2CID
2476:JSTOR
2096:S2CID
2002:S2CID
1964:S2CID
1873:eLife
1760:2 May
1754:(PDF)
1595:JSTOR
1557:JSTOR
1519:JSTOR
1393:S2CID
554:moths
450:Teide
448:(the
365:eryso
349:]
231:genus
225:, or
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
3478:1159
3440:POWO
3391:NCBI
3365:ITIS
3339:IPNI
3318:4440
3313:GRIN
3300:GBIF
3238:EPPO
3176:APNI
3060:ISSN
3017:ISSN
2959:ISSN
2908:ISSN
2865:PMID
2849:ISSN
2806:PMID
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2747:ISSN
2696:PMID
2688:ISSN
2637:PMID
2629:ISSN
2578:ISSN
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2519:ISSN
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2419:ISSN
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2320:PMID
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2277:PMID
2269:ISSN
2135:PMID
2088:PMID
1956:ISSN
1909:PMID
1891:ISSN
1849:PMID
1791:OCLC
1781:ISBN
1762:2018
1737:2013
1701:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1587:ISSN
1549:ISSN
1511:ISSN
1481:OCLC
1471:ISBN
1445:PMID
1437:ISSN
985:syn.
683:and
552:and
510:and
359:ἐρύω
353:eryo
310:The
3499:WFO
3378:NBN
3277:FoC
3251:FNA
3225:EoL
3199:CoL
3052:doi
3009:doi
3005:270
2951:doi
2900:doi
2841:doi
2790:doi
2739:doi
2680:doi
2621:doi
2570:doi
2511:doi
2468:doi
2427:PMC
2409:doi
2397:111
2360:PMC
2352:doi
2304:doi
2261:doi
2249:100
2223:doi
2193:doi
2127:doi
2080:doi
2062:".
2037:doi
1994:doi
1948:doi
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