612:, leader of the KKK, Clark tried to interest White in joining. Invited to Atlanta to meet with other Klan leaders, White declined, fearing that he would be at risk of his life if his true identity were discovered. White used the access to Klan leaders to further his investigation into the "sinister and illegal conspiracy against human and civil rights which the Klan was concocting." After deeper inquiries into White's life, Clark stopped sending signed letters. White was threatened by anonymous letters that stated his life would be in danger if he ever divulged any of the confidential information he had received. By then, White had already turned the information over to the
725:. Its ruling overturned the Elaine convictions and established important precedent about the conduct of trials. The Supreme Court found that the original trial was held under conditions that adversely affected the defendants' rights. Some of the courtroom audience were armed, as was a mob outside, so there was intimidation of the court and jury. The 79 black defendants had been quickly tried and convicted by an all-white jury: 12 were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death; 67 were condemned to sentences from 20 years to life. No white man was prosecuted for any of the many black deaths.
758:. Ultimately, the differing approaches to the case demonstrated the conflicting ideals between the two organizations. To White, "Communism meant that blacks have two strikes against them: blacks were aliens in white society where skin color was more important than initiative or intelligence, and blacks would also be Reds which meant a double dose of hatred from white Americans." White believed the NAACP had to keep distance and independence from the Communist Party for this reason. Ultimately, the Communist leaders failed to consolidate their position with black people.
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351:, and became a postal worker, an admired position in the federal government. His mother had graduated from the same institution and became a teacher. (She had been briefly married in 1879 to Marshall King, who died the same year.) He attended the Atlanta public schools, finished the Atlanta University high school in 1912, and the college there in the class of 1916. This period of study enabled White to spend eight years in the old Atlanta's unusual atmosphere at its zenith. There he was exposed to instruction which had been enriched by a decade of
600:. He could "pass" and talk to white people as one of them, but he could talk to black people as one of them and identified with them. Such work was dangerous: "Through 1927 White would investigate 41 lynchings, 8 race riots, and two cases of widespread peonage, risking his life repeatedly in the backwaters of Florida, the piney woods of Georgia, and in the cotton fields of Arkansas." In his autobiography,
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869:, White did not openly criticize McCarthy's campaign in Congress against communists, which was wide-ranging. American fears of communism were heightened, and the FBI had been trying to classify civil rights activists as communists. White feared a backlash that might cost the NAACP its tax-exempt status and end up with people equating civil rights with communism.
575:. According to White's oral history, when Harrison decided to run for president, he concluded that it would not be politically advantageous for him to have "bastard slave children" in his home. So, he gave four of Dilsia's children (including Marie Harrison) to his brother. His brother sold them to Joseph Poythress, one of the earliest white settlers of
382:(p. 3): "I am a Negro. My skin is white, my eyes are blue, my hair is blond. The traits of my race are nowhere visible upon me." Of his 32 great-great-great-grandparents, only five were black, and the other 27 were white. All members of his immediate family had fair skin, and his mother, Madeline, was also blue-eyed and blonde. The
503:, area he escaped on a train, having been harbored by several prominent black families because of threats that a black man "passing for white" was being hunted down to be lynched. The NAACP publicized information about these crimes, but virtually none was ever prosecuted by local or state southern governments.
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and
Federal troops in Phillips County, Arkansas killed between 100 and 237 black sharecroppers. The case had both labor and racial aspects. Black sharecroppers were meeting on issues related to organizing with an agrarian union, which white vigilantes were attempting to suppress. They had established
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had already moved to the North before White enrolled, but Du Bois knew White's parents well. Du Bois had taught two of White's older siblings at
Atlanta University. Du Bois and Walter White later disagreed about how best to gain civil rights for black people, but they shared a vision for the country.
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White passed as white as an NAACP investigator, finding both more safety in hostile environments and gaining free communication with white people in cases of violations of civil and human rights. He sometimes became involved in Klan groups in the South to expose those involved in lynchings and other
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George and
Madeline White took a kind but firm approach in rearing their children, encouraging hard work and regular schedules. In his autobiography, White relates that his parents ran a strict schedule on Sundays; they locked him in his room for silent prayer, a time so boring that he almost begged
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White believed in capitalist
America and used communist propaganda as leverage to promote his own cause in securing civil liberties. He advised white America to reconsider its position of unfair treatment because they might find the black population choosing radical alternative methods of protest.
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of South
Carolina said in session about the Dyer bill, "One Negro has ordered this bill to pass. If Walter White should consent to have this bill laid aside its advocates would desert it as quickly as football players unscramble when the whistle of the referee is heard." White's word was the only
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In the intervening years it had become increasingly clear that the tragedy of a
Scottsboro lies, not in the bitterly cruel injustice which it works upon its immediate victims, but also, and perhaps even more, in the cynical use of human misery by Communists in propagandizing Communism, and in the
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White said: "The shortsightedness of the
Communist leaders in the United States (led to their eventual failure); Had they been more intelligent, honest, and truthful there is no way of estimating how deeply they might have penetrated into Negro life and consciousness." White meant the Communists'
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in 1931. It was also a case that tested the competition between the NAACP and the
American Communist Party to represent the black community. The NAACP and Walter White wanted to increase their following in the black community. Weeks after White started in his new position at the NAACP, nine black
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in southern states, which were politically controlled by white
Democrats. At the turn of the 20th century, the state legislatures had passed discriminatory laws and constitutions that effectively created barriers to voter registration and closed black people out of the political process. White
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and the NAACP both hoped to prove themselves as the party to represent the black community. Scottsboro was an important battle ground for the two groups. The
Communists had to destroy black citizens' faith in the NAACP in order to take control of leadership, and they believed that a Scottsboro
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was passed overwhelmingly by the House, the "first piece of legislation passed by the House of Representatives since Reconstruction that specifically protected blacks from lynchings." Congress never passed the Dyer bill, as the Senate was controlled by Southerners who opposed it.
491:, 25-year-old White moved to New York City. In 1918, he started working at the national headquarters of the NAACP. White began as secretary assistant of the NAACP; Du Bois and other leaders got over their concerns about his youth. White became an undercover agent in investigating
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Gladys and their children broke off with White and his second wife. White's sister said that he had wanted all along simply to pass as a white person. His son changed his name to Carl Darrow, signifying his disgust and desire to separate himself from his father.
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as white to facilitate his investigations and protect himself in tense situations. White succeeded Johnson as the head of the NAACP in an acting capacity in 1929, taking over officially in 1931, and led the organization until his death in 1955. He joined the
938:. McDaniel responded that she would "rather make seven hundred dollars a week playing a maid than seven dollars being one"; she further questioned White's qualification to speak on behalf of blacks, since he was light-skinned and only one-eighth black.
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In the late 1910s, newspapers reported a decreasing number of southern lynchings but postwar violence in Northern and Midwestern cities increased under the competition for work and housing by returning veterans, immigrants and black migrants. In the
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philosophy of branding anyone opposed to their platform was their failure. He believed the NAACP had the best defense counsel in the country, but the Scottsboro boys' families chose to go with the ILD partly because they were first on the scene.
371:, based in the North. Of all the black denominations in Georgia, the Congregationalists were among the most socially, politically and financially powerful. Membership in First Congregational was the ultimate status symbol in Atlanta.
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counties, Georgia. The worst case was when "a pregnant black woman tied to a tree and burned alive after which (the mob) split her open, and her child, still alive, was thrown to the ground and stomped by some of the members."
906:, the period was one of intense literary and artistic production. Harlem became the center of black American intellectual and artistic life. It attracted creative people from across the nation, as did New York City in general.
355:' research. Undoubtedly White's life work reflected on the "Old Atlanta University's pioneer and still unequaled contributions in Southern colored institutions of higher learning." The White family belonged to the influential
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poll found that 72% of Americans and 57% of Southerners favored an anti-lynching bill. White also contributed to creating alliances among civil rights activists, many of whom went on to lead in the movement from the 1950s.
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544:, a divorced white South African woman, who was a magazine editor with connections in the emerging television industry. Many of his black colleagues and acquaintances were offended. Some claimed the leader had always
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of 1935, the Gavagan bill of 1937, and the VanNuys bill of 1940. Southerners had to mount a major political and financial effort to take the Castigan-Wagner bill out of consideration and to defeat the Gavagan bill.
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White was a strong proponent and supporter of federal anti-lynching bills, which were unable to surmount the opposition by the Southern Democrats in the Senate. One of White's many surveys showed that 46 of 50
409:, where she had been sold, Marie became a concubine to Augustus Ware. The wealthy white man bought her a house, had four children with her, and passed on some wealth to them. White and his family identified as
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in South Chicago had led the anti-black attacks. The Irish were considered highly political and strongly territorial against other groups, including more recent white immigrants from eastern Europe.
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to support improving education for black children, who were taught in segregated schools, which were traditionally underfunded by the white-dominated legislature. (Black people had been effectively
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down here passing for white and the boys are going to get him." Asked what they would do to him, the conductor told White, "When they get through with him he won't pass for white no more!" "
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Locked in a cell awaiting trial, the "Scottsboro boys looked to be prime lynching material: dirt poor, illiterate, and of highly questionable moral character even for teenagers." The
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complacency with which a democratic government views the basic evils from which such a case arises. A majority of Americans still ignore, the plain implications in similar tragedies.
433:. Events such as this shaped White's self-identity. He began to develop skills to pass for white, which he used later to preserve his safety as a civil rights activist in the South.
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victory was a way to solidify this superior role over the NAACP. Their case against the NAACP was easier, as White and other leaders were second in approaching the case after the
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undercover. White became a master of incognito investigating. He started with a letter from a friend who recruited new members of the KKK. After correspondence between him and
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796:, concluded the causes of such violence were not rape of a white woman by a black man, as was often rumored, but rather the result of "prejudice and economic competition."
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After graduating in 1916, White took a position with the Standard Life Insurance Company, one of the new and most successful businesses started by black people in Atlanta.
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811:, hundreds of thousands of black people were leaving the South for jobs in the North. The Pennsylvania Railroad recruited tens of thousands of workers from Florida alone.
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in the South, which were at a peak. With his keen investigative skills and light complexion, White proved to be the NAACP's secret weapon against white mob violence.
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thing that kept the bill before Congress. Although the bill did not pass the Senate, White and the NAACP secured widespread public support for the cause. By 1938, a
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657:, who would not have met with him as the NAACP representative. Brough gave White a letter of recommendation to help him meet people and his autographed photograph.
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and lived among Atlanta's Negro community (despite White and his siblings inheriting a bit less than 16 percent African ancestry and being able to pass as white).
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Because White was a public figure of a noted African-American rights organization, he generated great public controversy shortly after his divorce by marrying
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Pratt, Charles A., "Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People". MA thesis. Western Michigan University. 1971, p. 6.
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Ultimately, White and other NAACP leaders decided to continue involvement with the Scottsboro boys since it was only one of many efforts they had.
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664:. The conductor told him that he was leaving "just when the fun is going to start" because they had found out that there was a "damned yellow
521:. Most notably, White and Du Bois's 1934 conflict was over the latter's endorsement of black people's voluntary separation within US society.
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teenagers looking for work were arrested after a fight with a group of white teens as the train both groups were riding on passed through
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335:(1954), which determined that segregated education was inherently unequal. White also quintupled NAACP membership to nearly 500,000.
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That was also the conclusion of a Chicago city commission, which investigated the 1919 rioting; it noted specifically that ethnic
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with African and European ancestry on both sides, White had features showing the latter. He emphasized in his autobiography,
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Learning that his identity was discovered, White was in Phillips County briefly before taking the first train back to
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had come to the town and hunted down black people in retaliation for that death and to suppress the labor movement.
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The NAACP provided legal defense of the black men convicted by the state for the riot and carried the case to the
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by Georgia's passage of a new constitution making voter registration more difficult, as did all the other former
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262:(NAACP) for a quarter of a century, from 1929 until 1955. He directed a broad program of legal challenges to
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by the time he was 12. When he was 8, he threw a rock at a white child who called him a derogatory name for
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to do homework. His father forbade Walter from reading any books less than 25 years old so he chose to read
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405:. Madeline's mother, Marie Harrison, was one of Dilsia's daughters with Harrison. Held in enslavement in
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during the first six months of 1919 were black victims, 10 of whom were burned at the stake. After the
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397:. Harrison had six children with Dilsia and, much later, was elected president of the United States in
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Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955
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White lobbied for federal anti-lynching bills during his time as leader of the NAACP. In 1922, the
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Walter was the son of George and Madeline White. By the time he was born, his father had attended
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672:" is a term used to refer to black people of mixed-racial descent and visible European features.
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902:, White was one of the founders of the "New Negro" cultural flowering. Popularly known as the
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Throughout his career, Walter White spoke out against segregation and discrimination but also
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464:(NAACP), which had been founded in 1909. He and other leaders were successful in getting the
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sponsored other civil rights legislation, which was also defeated by the Southern bloc: the
258:(July 1, 1893 – March 21, 1955) was an American civil rights activist who led the
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Marie Harrison was White's grandmother. Harrison was born into slavery to a mother named
514:, his successor at the NAACP, said: "White was one of the best talkers I've ever heard."
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White used his appearance to increase his effectiveness in conducting investigations of
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1354:"He risked his life to become a founding father of civil rights. Why was he forgotten?"
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917:. White never returned the costumes to Hurston, who repeatedly asked for them by mail.
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2206:. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
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In his autobiography, White gave a critical summary of the injustice in Scottsboro:
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At the age of 61, White died of a heart attack in New York City on March 21, 1955.
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for much of his adult life. The Whites' 27-year marriage ended in divorce in 1949.
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1161:"Walter White, Mr. NAACP (April 2003) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin"
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of his mother's family asserts that her maternal grandparents were Dilsia, an
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White first joined the NAACP as an investigator in 1918, at the invitation of
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White Lies: The Double Life of Walter F. White and America's Darkest Secret
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W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963
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Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations
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White oversaw the plans and organizational structure of the fight against
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3935:
3845:
3795:
3725:
3720:
3660:
3645:
3495:
3490:
3355:
3235:
3205:
3145:
3110:
2371:
2077:
1422:"Walter White and the Atlanta NAACP's Fight for Equal Schools, 1916–1917"
1264:
1218:
960:
877:
866:
669:
661:
511:
109:
2198:
2181:
1782:
5994:
5446:
5414:
5374:
5278:
5258:
5226:
5206:
5194:
4846:
4222:
3880:
3810:
3780:
3650:
3625:
3570:
3470:
3085:
3055:
1640:
1616:
1272:
882:
711:
694:
628:
530:
375:
228:
1453:
814:
Rural violence also continued. White investigated violence in 1918 in
4200:
3670:
3655:
1025:
2009 – White was inducted into the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame.
935:
913:
accused Walter White of stealing her designed costumes from her play
785:
422:
390:
1229:
1227:
981:
a novel on Harlem life and the career of an African-American boxer.
632:
guards because of the threat, and a white man was killed. The white
506:
To become a popular leader, White had to compete with the appeal of
5462:
3560:
1437:
1293:
The Decatur Herald (Decatur, Illinois) March 25, 1955, Fri • Page 6
999:
604:
he dedicates an entire chapter to a time when he almost joined the
593:
492:
364:
299:
278:
2194:
1923:, Vol. 32, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 247–254, accessed April 12, 2008.
4149:
1224:
1009:
by the NAACP, for outstanding achievement by an African American.
633:
534:
479:
418:
141:
994:
Award for Distinguished Achievement among Negroes) for his book
4217:
1945:"Why you feel that I am not due any answer about my costumes?"
934:
and beating Olivia de Havilland, White accused her of being an
5974:
Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics
5617:
2952:
734:
675:
White published his findings about the riot and trial in the
410:
281:
and race riots. Being light-skinned, at times he was able to
259:
74:
2096:
A Mob Intent on Death: The NAACP and the Arkansas Riot Cases
746:. Two white girls accused the nine black teenagers of rape.
529:
White married Gladys Powell in 1922. They had two children,
2010:
100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
847:
White had become a powerful figure: segregationist senator
5618:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
2195:
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library
2160:
Walter F. White: The NAACP's Ambassador for Racial Justice
462:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
260:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
924:
was the first African-American to win an Oscar, the 1939
288:
Advisory Council for the Government of the Virgin Islands
1511:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 253.
1508:
In Search of Nella Larsen: a Biography of the Color Line
4402:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
4180:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
2199:
Walter and Gladys Powell White family papers, 1890-2010
4426:
African American founding fathers of the United States
2779:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
2644:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1215:
Walter White: The Dilemma of Black Identity in America
955:(1929) was a study of lynching. Additional books were
290:
in 1934, but he resigned in 1935 to protest President
5772:
2251:
1997:
Shute: the Engineer Who Became Prince of Storytellers
1305:
A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White
941:
White was the author of critically acclaimed novels:
876:, who admitted to pro-Soviet leanings. Together with
510:; he learned to display a skillful verbal dexterity.
1041:
587:
431:
drinking from the fountain reserved for black people
270:. He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist.
4474:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
2037:. Online Athens. September 19, 2009. Archived from
1185:
347:, which is still known today as one of the South's
2162:. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press.
1664:
2158:Ronald L. Lewis and Zangrando, Robert L. (2019).
653:White gained an interview with Arkansas Governor
321:. Under White's leadership, the NAACP set up its
6008:
3010:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1749:, reprint, 1995, p. 49, accessed April 12, 2008.
3000:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2933:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2824:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2209:Part of his life is retold in the radio drama "
1597:
1595:
4479:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
2117:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1961:Frankly, My Dear: Gone With the Wind Revisited
1614:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
996:Rope and Faggot: An Interview with Judge Lynch
733:White's first major struggle as leader of the
5602:
4673:
4387:List of lynching victims in the United States
2725:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
2237:
2098:. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
1835:
990:1927 – White received the Harmon Award (
2204:Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon Papers
1592:
1078:
778:
460:He also worked to organize a chapter of the
441:White was educated at Atlanta University, a
2854:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1660:
1658:
1572:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1016:listed Walter Francis White on his list of
953:Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch
5609:
5595:
4687:
4680:
4666:
2903:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
2244:
2230:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1810:
1808:
1757:
1755:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1308:, University of Georgia Press, 1995, p. 3.
860:
623:White first investigated the October 1919
49:
27:American civil rights activist (1893–1955)
4459:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
1773:
1771:
1486:
1402:
1400:
926:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
487:At the invitation of activist and writer
5964:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
4494:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2534:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1947:Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography
1667:"Walter White and the Fight for Freedom"
1655:
1460:
1379:
1317:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1186:William Jelani Cobb (December 6, 2004).
1107:"Walter White, Secretary Of NAACP, Dies"
710:to Arkansas, and others tried to get an
478:
470:disfranchised at the turn of the century
313:on desegregating the armed forces after
4408:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4145:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
4140:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2012:. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books.
1958:
1952:
1889:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1796:
1752:
1514:
692:, as well as the NAACP's own magazine,
548:to be white; others said he had always
14:
6009:
4322:African-American women in the movement
2774:White House Conference on Civil Rights
2605:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1787:
1768:
1538:
1473:
1419:
1397:
1351:
524:
5590:
4661:
2763:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
2225:
2179:
1709:
1318:Phillips, Amber (November 25, 2021).
1202:
319:the Executive Order to implement this
4531:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2995:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2943:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2889:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2366:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
2291:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1886:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 30.
1872:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 22.
1863:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 20.
1854:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 19.
1832:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 17.
1823:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 15.
1814:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 11.
1802:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 14.
1710:White, Walter F. (August 23, 2001).
984:
977:(1955). Unfinished at his death was
969:two years later), his autobiography
452:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
2938:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2874:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
2544:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2031:"Writers hall picks four inductees"
1793:Pratt (1971), "Walter White", p. 9.
1352:Miller, Stuart (February 9, 2022).
728:
646:Granted press credentials from the
30:For others with the same name, see
24:
5636:Presidents and CEOs (1996–present)
4382:African-American churches attacked
2948:Montgomery Improvement Association
2923:Georgia Council on Human Relations
2908:Council of Federated Organizations
2879:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2637:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2595:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
2401:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
2305:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2071:
1239:University of North Carolina Press
889:
568:. Harrison was fathered by future
25:
6113:
6082:Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
5632:Executive Secretaries (1910–1964)
4454:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
4327:Jews in the civil rights movement
2173:
1665:Gloster b. Current (March 1969).
872:White criticized singer/activist
588:Investigating riots and lynchings
559:
6052:American anti-lynching activists
4648:Civil rights movement portal
4641:
4489:Freedom Riders National Monument
4231:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2743:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
2702:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
2589:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1692:"RACES: The Colored Man's White"
1044:
190:
6092:Activists from New York (state)
6057:Clark Atlanta University alumni
5634:Executive Directors (1964–1996)
4516:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
4504:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2980:National Council of Negro Women
2918:Deacons for Defense and Justice
2180:White, Walter (June 14, 1954).
2053:
2023:
2002:
1989:
1939:
1926:
1913:"Civil Rights and Human Rights"
1905:
1737:
1703:
1608:
1559:
1539:Janken, Kenneth Robert (2003).
1532:
1499:
1420:Toppin, Edgar A. (April 1967).
1413:
1366:
1345:
1311:
1296:
1259:(3): 296–298. January 1, 1955.
834:Black people were then largely
369:American Missionary Association
212:
186:
6042:Journalists from New York City
2396:Mansfield school desegregation
2144:Lewis, David Levering (2000).
1426:History of Education Quarterly
1287:
1244:
1179:
1153:
1127:
1099:
1072:
1019:100 Greatest African Americans
951:(1926). His non-fiction book
13:
1:
6097:20th-century American writers
4526:National Voting Rights Museum
4469:Civil Rights Movement Archive
4268:Lynching in the United States
4155:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
2610:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
2583:University of Chicago sit-ins
2350:Davis v. Prince Edward County
1936:, Random House, 1989, p. 396.
1915:, review of Carol Andersen's
1065:
338:
60:
32:Walter White (disambiguation)
6037:African-American journalists
4521:National Civil Rights Museum
4377:March on Washington Movement
4362:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2831:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
2094:Cortner, Richard C. (1988).
2008:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002).
1617:"The Tulsa Race War of 1921"
1253:The Journal of Negro History
1188:"Past Imperfect: Post Mfume"
1115:. March 22, 1955. p. 18
1060:List of civil rights leaders
992:William E. Harmon Foundation
714:against distribution of the
702:to prohibit mailings of the
700:United States Postal Service
698:. Governor Brough asked the
7:
6067:Harrison family of Virginia
4727:William Stanley Braithwaite
4165:"This Little Light of Mine"
2913:Dallas County Voters League
2859:Atlanta Negro Voters League
2622:Letter from Birmingham Jail
2329:Brown v. Board of Education
2084:. New York: Mariner Books.
1921:Reviews in American History
1545:. UNC Press. pp. 1–3.
1123:– via Newspapers.com.
1037:
963:to write the popular novel
756:International Labor Defense
357:First Congregational Church
349:historically black colleges
332:Brown v. Board of Education
309:. He worked with President
73:Executive Secretary of the
10:
6118:
6087:Writers from New York City
6027:African-American activists
4499:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4367:Holt Street Baptist Church
4337:16th Street Baptist Church
3321:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2965:Nashville Student Movement
2895:An Appeal for Human Rights
2211:Investigator For Democracy
1633:10.1177/002193477200200305
1085:. Routledge. p. 323.
618:New York Police Department
614:U.S. Department of Justice
443:historically black college
29:
5946:
5841:
5631:
5624:
4696:
4637:
4539:
4441:
4255:
4188:
4130:
4109:
3996:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3966:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
3038:
3030:Women's Political Council
3025:Wednesdays in Mississippi
3020:United Auto Workers (UAW)
3005:Southern Regional Council
2975:Northern Student Movement
2884:Committee for Freedom Now
2844:
2791:Memphis sanitation strike
2757:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2679:
2500:Savannah Protest Movement
2462:
2320:
2281:Journey of Reconciliation
2273:
2260:
975:How Far the Promised Land
790:Chicago Race Riot of 1919
779:Anti-lynching legislation
436:
317:and gave him a draft for
249:
234:
223:
165:
148:
124:
119:
115:
103:
91:
80:
72:
68:
48:
41:
6102:American anti-communists
6047:African-American writers
5989:National Negro Committee
5367:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
4983:Charles Hamilton Houston
4767:George Washington Carver
2864:Atlanta Student Movement
2813:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2738:1964–1965 Scripto strike
2719:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2617:1963 Birmingham campaign
2510:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2434:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2132:When Harlem Was in Vogue
1621:Journal of Black Studies
1251:"Walter Francis White".
1029:
1005:1937 – Awarded the
582:
5891:Stephen Gill Spottswood
5855:Oswald Garrison Villard
4416:Voter Education Project
4170:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3831:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3266:Josephine Dobbs Clement
2692:Chester school protests
2687:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2649:Detroit Walk to Freedom
2391:Tallahassee bus boycott
2312:Baton Rouge bus boycott
2213:", a presentation from
1959:Haskell, Molly (2010).
1615:R. Halliburton (1972).
1542:Walter White: Mr. NAACP
1468:Walter White: Mr. NAACP
1235:Walter White: Mr. NAACP
1233:Kenneth Robert Janken,
861:Attacks on Paul Robeson
828:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
6077:William Henry Harrison
6072:Activists from Atlanta
5879:Channing Heggie Tobias
5773:Presidents (1909–1996)
5757:Cornell William Brooks
5739:Dennis Courtland Hayes
5727:Dennis Courtland Hayes
5423:Constance Baker Motley
5303:Frederick D. Patterson
5039:Martin Luther King Jr.
4967:Channing Heggie Tobias
4855:William T. B. Williams
4831:Richard Berry Harrison
4815:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
4629:Movement photographers
3871:Bernice Johnson Reagon
3591:Martin Luther King Sr.
3586:Martin Luther King Jr.
3156:William Holmes Borders
2928:Highlander Folk School
2818:Poor People's Campaign
2671:St. Augustine movement
2521:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2444:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2415:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
2377:Montgomery bus boycott
959:(1945, which inspired
776:
655:Charles Hillman Brough
596:and race riots in the
573:William Henry Harrison
484:
401:, but served for only
395:William Henry Harrison
55:White photographed by
5915:Myrlie Evers-Williams
5383:Myrlie Evers-Williams
5139:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
4991:Mabel Keaton Staupers
4751:Charles Sidney Gilpin
4464:Civil Rights Memorial
4352:Bethel Baptist Church
4001:Charles Kenzie Steele
3446:Audrey Faye Hendricks
3351:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3331:Patricia Stephens Due
3301:Abraham Lincoln Davis
3236:Colia Lafayette Clark
2990:Operation Breadbasket
2985:National Urban League
2732:Katzenbach v. McClung
2600:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
2253:Civil rights movement
2128:Lewis, David Levering
1965:Yale University Press
1198:on February 16, 2007.
1112:The Knoxville Journal
1079:Nina Mjagkij (2003).
771:
501:Little Rock, Arkansas
482:
292:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5954:NAACP Theatre Awards
5897:Margaret Bush Wilson
5753:(2013–2014, interim)
5741:(2007–2008, interim)
5729:(2004–2005, interim)
5685:James Weldon Johnson
5673:James Weldon Johnson
5487:Frankie Muse Freeman
5251:Benjamin Elijah Mays
4879:Walter Francis White
4783:James Weldon Johnson
4759:Mary Burnett Talbert
4509:other King memorials
4484:Freedom Rides Museum
4421:1960s counterculture
4372:Edmund Pettus Bridge
4051:Walter Francis White
3956:Alexander D. Shimkin
2470:New Year's Day March
2439:Ministers' Manifesto
2286:Executive Order 9981
2197:, Emory University:
2041:on November 29, 2014
2035:Athens Banner Herald
1963:. Icons of America.
1265:10.1086/JNHv40n3p296
900:Alfred A. Knopf, Sr.
841:Castigan-Wagner bill
718:at the local level.
489:James Weldon Johnson
466:Atlanta School Board
359:, founded after the
275:James Weldon Johnson
256:Walter Francis White
189: 1922;
129:Walter Francis White
98:James Weldon Johnson
43:Walter Francis White
18:Walter Francis White
5969:NAACP Youth Council
5903:Kelly Alexander Sr.
5867:Mary White Ovington
5861:Joel Elias Spingarn
5786:Joel Elias Spingarn
5661:Mary White Ovington
5649:Mary White Ovington
5015:Theodore K. Lawless
4863:Mary McLeod Bethune
4807:Charles W. Chesnutt
4703:Ernest Everett Just
4247:Mary McLeod Bethune
4208:Sermon on the Mount
4175:"We Shall Overcome"
3756:William Lewis Moore
3536:Frank Minis Johnson
3511:Richie Jean Jackson
3466:Donald L. Hollowell
3271:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
3076:Gwendolyn Armstrong
3071:William G. Anderson
3051:Victoria Gray Adams
3015:The Freedom Singers
2869:Black Panther Party
2654:March on Washington
2567:Garner v. Louisiana
2528:Boynton v. Virginia
2216:Destination Freedom
2134:. New York: Knopf.
1505:George Hutchinson,
1165:Library of Congress
1141:. February 21, 2009
1139:Library of Congress
744:Scottsboro, Alabama
641:Tulsa race massacre
602:A Man Called White,
525:Marriage and family
6062:Harlem Renaissance
5959:NAACP Image Awards
5792:Arthur B. Spingarn
5667:Royal Freeman Nash
5527:Nathaniel R. Jones
5391:Earl G. Graves Sr.
5359:John Hope Franklin
4959:Percy Lavon Julian
4919:A. Philip Randolph
4839:Robert Russa Moton
4564:Michael Eric Dyson
4449:In popular culture
4332:Fifth Circuit Four
4316:Loving v. Virginia
4309:Hernandez v. Texas
4288:Buchanan v. Warley
4280:Separate but equal
4274:Plessy v. Ferguson
4237:Frederick Douglass
4071:Robert F. Williams
3981:Kelly Miller Smith
3961:Fred Shuttlesworth
3886:Frederick D. Reese
3866:George Raymond Jr.
3856:A. Philip Randolph
3836:Fay Bellamy Powell
3751:Queen Mother Moore
3636:Z. Alexander Looby
3581:Coretta Scott King
3526:Barbara Rose Johns
3506:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3431:William E. Harbour
3211:Stokely Carmichael
3126:Randolph Blackwell
2796:King assassination
2785:Loving v. Virginia
2769:March Against Fear
2749:How Long, Not Long
2627:Children's Crusade
2578:Cambridge movement
2515:Ax Handle Saturday
2480:Greensboro sit-ins
2407:Give Us the Ballot
1932:Duberman, Martin.
1843:A Man Called White
1746:A Man Called White
1603:A Man Called White
1587:A Man Called White
1014:Molefi Kete Asante
971:A Man Called White
931:Gone with the Wind
911:Zora Neale Hurston
904:Harlem Renaissance
723:U.S. Supreme Court
649:Chicago Daily News
610:Edward Young Clark
485:
474:Confederate states
407:La Grange, Georgia
380:A Man Called White
345:Atlanta University
323:Legal Defense Fund
307:public segregation
296:Southern Democrats
264:racial segregation
239:Atlanta University
6004:
6003:
5942:
5941:
5837:
5836:
5828:Rupert Richardson
5655:May Childs Nerney
5584:
5583:
5567:Cato T. Laurencin
4951:Thurgood Marshall
4927:William H. Hastie
4791:Carter G. Woodson
4655:
4654:
4432:Eyes on the Prize
4347:A.G. Gaston Motel
4342:Kelly Ingram Park
4302:Sweatt v. Painter
3986:Mary Louise Smith
3946:Cleveland Sellers
3931:Michael Schwerner
3896:Gloria Richardson
3676:Thurgood Marshall
3596:Bernard Lafayette
3326:John Wesley Dobbs
2840:
2839:
2559:Birmingham attack
2539:Rock Hill sit-ins
2490:Sibley Commission
2485:Nashville sit-ins
2357:Gebhart v. Belton
2343:Briggs v. Elliott
2336:Bolling v. Sharpe
2297:Sweatt v. Painter
2168:978-1-946684-62-2
2154:978-0-8050-2534-7
2140:978-0-394-49572-9
2104:978-0-8195-5161-0
1359:Los Angeles Times
985:Awards and honors
966:The Chequer Board
944:Fire in the Flint
794:Ida Wells-Barnett
577:LaGrange, Georgia
519:black nationalism
393:, and her owner,
253:
252:
16:(Redirected from
6109:
5984:Niagara Movement
5885:Robert C. Weaver
5780:Moorfield Storey
5770:
5769:
5643:Frances Blascoer
5629:
5628:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5569:
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5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5431:Robert L. Carter
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5393:
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5377:
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5117:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5083:Robert C. Weaver
5077:
5075:Kenneth B. Clark
5069:
5061:
5053:
5051:Little Rock Nine
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5007:Paul R. Williams
5001:
4993:
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4793:
4785:
4777:
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4761:
4753:
4745:
4743:W. E. B. Du Bois
4737:
4735:Archibald Grimké
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4609:Charles M. Payne
4594:Steven F. Lawson
4584:David Halberstam
4554:Clayborne Carson
4295:Hocutt v. Wilson
4242:W. E. B. Du Bois
4091:Sammy Younge Jr.
4076:Q. V. Williamson
4041:Wyatt Tee Walker
3906:Bernice Robinson
3851:Lincoln Ragsdale
3841:Rodney N. Powell
3736:Douglas E. Moore
3611:Sanford R. Leigh
3546:J. Charles Jones
3421:Fannie Lou Hamer
3336:Joseph Ellwanger
3296:Jonathan Daniels
3286:Claudette Colvin
3276:Annie Lee Cooper
3261:Kathleen Cleaver
3256:Eldridge Cleaver
3231:Shirley Chisholm
3121:Gloria Blackwell
2712:workers' murders
2659:"I Have a Dream"
2554:Anniston bombing
2505:Greenville Eight
2420:Little Rock Nine
2383:Browder v. Gayle
2271:
2270:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2191:
2182:"All or Nothing"
2090:978-0-35844775-7
2065:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2027:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1995:Richard Thorne.
1993:
1987:
1986:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1887:
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1775:
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1750:
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1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1707:
1701:
1700:, April 4, 1955.
1689:
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1612:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1583:
1570:
1563:
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1309:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:, 2006, pp. 2–4.
1231:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1194:. Archived from
1192:Afro-Netizen.com
1183:
1177:
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1174:
1172:
1157:
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1148:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1076:
1054:
1052:Biography portal
1049:
1048:
1047:
896:Carl Van Vechten
880:, the editor of
739:Scottsboro Trial
737:centered on the
729:Scottsboro Trial
704:Chicago Defender
682:Chicago Defender
625:Elaine Race Riot
499:murders. In the
447:W. E. B. Du Bois
353:W. E. B. Du Bois
268:disfranchisement
216:
214:
194:
192:
188:
155:
138:
136:
120:Personal details
106:
94:
85:
62:
53:
39:
38:
21:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6032:NAACP activists
6007:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5938:
5933:Leon W. Russell
5873:Louis T. Wright
5849:English Walling
5833:
5816:Enolia McMillan
5768:
5763:Derrick Johnson
5751:Lorraine Miller
5733:Bruce S. Gordon
5715:Earl Shinhoster
5709:Benjamin Chavis
5635:
5633:
5620:
5615:
5585:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5551:Patrick Gaspard
5548:
5540:
5532:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5495:Harry Belafonte
5492:
5484:
5476:
5468:
5460:
5452:
5444:
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5428:
5420:
5412:
5404:
5396:
5388:
5380:
5372:
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5356:
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5220:
5212:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5131:Sammy Davis Jr.
5128:
5120:
5115:John H. Johnson
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5067:Langston Hughes
5064:
5056:
5044:
5036:
5031:Jackie Robinson
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4935:Charles R. Drew
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4903:Louis T. Wright
4900:
4895:Marian Anderson
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4799:Anthony Overton
4796:
4788:
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4772:
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4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4656:
4651:
4640:
4633:
4614:Thomas E. Ricks
4604:Diane McWhorter
4589:Vincent Harding
4574:Adam Fairclough
4541:
4535:
4437:
4392:Freedom Schools
4251:
4184:
4132:
4126:
4117:Omaha, Nebraska
4105:
4021:Hartman Turnbow
4011:Dorothy Tillman
3971:Glenn E. Smiley
3951:Charles Sherrod
3911:Jo Ann Robinson
3786:Charles Neblett
3776:Elijah Muhammad
3741:Harriette Moore
3701:Floyd McKissick
3686:Franklin McCain
3621:Stanley Levison
3486:T. R. M. Howard
3436:Vincent Harding
3366:Walter Fauntroy
3251:Xernona Clayton
3201:John H. Calhoun
3186:Aurelia Browder
3176:Stanley Branche
3171:Raylawni Branch
3151:Joseph E. Boone
3136:Ezell Blair Jr.
3131:Unita Blackwell
3106:Harry Belafonte
3046:Ralph Abernathy
3034:
2970:Nation of Islam
2846:
2836:
2675:
2632:Birmingham riot
2573:Albany Movement
2495:Atlanta sit-ins
2475:Sit-in movement
2458:
2454:Biloxi wade-ins
2426:Cooper v. Aaron
2316:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2176:
2109:Kluger, Richard
2074:
2072:Further reading
2069:
2068:
2063:. May 14, 2021.
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1910:
1906:
1902:(2008), p. 149.
1897:
1890:
1885:
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1801:
1797:
1792:
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1776:
1769:
1765:(2008), p. 121.
1760:
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1537:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1492:Janken (2006),
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1324:Washington Post
1316:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1237:, Chapel Hill:
1232:
1225:
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1043:
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1032:
987:
922:Hattie McDaniel
892:
890:Literary career
863:
849:James F. Byrnes
809:Great Migration
781:
751:Communist Party
731:
590:
585:
562:
527:
439:
341:
311:Harry S. Truman
219:
218:
215: 1949)
210:
206:
196:
193: 1949)
184:
180:
177:
157:
153:
144:, Georgia, U.S.
140:
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131:
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104:
92:
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64:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5979:Spingarn Medal
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5935:(2017–present)
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5909:William Gibson
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
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5852:
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5843:
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5813:
5807:
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5783:
5776:
5774:
5767:
5766:
5765:(2017–present)
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5703:Benjamin Hooks
5700:
5694:
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5682:
5676:
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5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
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5538:
5530:
5522:
5519:Sidney Poitier
5514:
5506:
5498:
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5474:
5466:
5458:
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5442:
5434:
5426:
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5410:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5343:Dorothy Height
5338:
5335:Barbara Jordan
5330:
5322:
5319:Douglas Wilder
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5287:Benjamin Hooks
5282:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5218:
5210:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5147:Jacob Lawrence
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5107:Leontyne Price
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5059:Duke Ellington
5054:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5023:Carl J. Murphy
5018:
5010:
5002:
4999:Harry T. Moore
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4911:Richard Wright
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
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4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4719:Harry Burleigh
4714:
4706:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:Spingarn Medal
4685:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4624:Akinyele Umoja
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
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4394:
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4364:
4359:
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4319:
4312:
4305:
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4282:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4213:Mahatma Gandhi
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4122:South Carolina
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:Hosea Williams
4058:
4053:
4048:
4046:Hollis Watkins
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:A. Maceo Smith
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Bernie Sanders
3923:
3918:
3916:Angela Russell
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:David Richmond
3898:
3893:
3891:Walter Reuther
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Cordell Reagon
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:George Raymond
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Charles Person
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Huey P. Newton
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:Harry T. Moore
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Cecil B. Moore
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:James Meredith
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
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3628:
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3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Clarence Jones
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Zilphia Horton
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Lola Hendricks
3448:
3443:
3441:Dorothy Height
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Lawrence Guyot
3408:
3403:
3401:Jack Greenberg
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Andrew Goodman
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Joseph DeLaine
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3281:Dorothy Cotton
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:J. L. Chestnut
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Amelia Boynton
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Arnold Aronson
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
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2793:
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2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2707:Freedom Summer
2704:
2699:
2697:Bloody Tuesday
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
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2629:
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2248:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2187:This I Believe
2175:
2174:External links
2172:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2142:
2125:
2114:Simple Justice
2106:
2092:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2061:"Walter White"
2052:
2022:
2001:
1999:(2017), p. 144
1988:
1982:978-0300164374
1981:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1904:
1888:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1841:Walter White.
1834:
1825:
1816:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1767:
1751:
1743:Walter White,
1736:
1702:
1654:
1627:(3): 333–357.
1607:
1601:Walter White.
1591:
1585:Walter White.
1571:
1558:
1552:978-0807857809
1551:
1531:
1513:
1498:
1485:
1472:
1470:(2006), p. 57.
1459:
1438:10.2307/367230
1412:
1410:(2008), p. 15.
1396:
1378:
1365:
1344:
1310:
1302:Walter White,
1295:
1286:
1243:
1223:
1221:, 2008, p. 12.
1201:
1178:
1152:
1126:
1098:
1091:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1007:Spingarn Medal
1003:
986:
983:
891:
888:
862:
859:
792:, White, like
780:
777:
730:
727:
627:, where white
598:American South
589:
586:
584:
581:
561:
560:Marie Harrison
558:
526:
523:
438:
435:
388:enslaved woman
340:
337:
294:'s silence at
251:
250:
247:
246:
236:
232:
231:
225:
221:
220:
208:
202:
201:
200:
199:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
169:
167:
163:
162:
156:(aged 61)
152:March 21, 1955
150:
146:
145:
128:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
78:
77:
70:
69:
66:
65:
57:Clara Sipprell
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6114:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5804:Montague Cobb
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5679:John Shillady
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5576:
5571:
5568:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5552:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5507:
5504:
5503:Jessye Norman
5499:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5407:Vernon Jordan
5403:
5400:
5399:Oprah Winfrey
5395:
5392:
5387:
5384:
5379:
5376:
5371:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5311:Jesse Jackson
5307:
5304:
5299:
5296:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5243:Coleman Young
5239:
5236:
5235:Rayford Logan
5231:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5155:Leon Sullivan
5151:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5123:Edward Brooke
5119:
5116:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5076:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4823:Henry A. Hunt
4819:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4711:Charles Young
4707:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:Timothy Tyson
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Taylor Branch
4547:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:Freedom songs
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Jim Crow laws
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:"Oh, Freedom"
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Whitney Young
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Kale Williams
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Albert Turner
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:A. P. Tureaud
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Bayard Rustin
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:William Moyer
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Joseph McNeil
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Charles McDew
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Benjamin Mays
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Vivian Malone
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Joseph Lowery
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Clyde Kennard
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Vernon Jordan
3554:
3552:
3551:Matthew Jones
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:T. J. Jemison
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Jesse Jackson
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Robert Graetz
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Golden Frinks
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Charles Evers
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Vernon Dahmer
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Septima Clark
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Bruce Boynton
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:James Baldwin
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Mathew Ahmann
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:Youth Council
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:Freedom Rides
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:Prior to 1954
2272:
2269:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:0-394-47289-6
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2062:
2056:
2045:September 20,
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:Mark Newman,
1908:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:"Tulsa, 1921"
1706:
1699:
1698:
1697:Time Magazine
1693:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1565:Dyja (2008),
1562:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1525:Dyja (2008),
1522:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1479:Dyja (2008),
1476:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1390:Dyja (2008),
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1372:Dyja (2008),
1369:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1092:1-135-58123-1
1088:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:, a study of
997:
993:
989:
988:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:
962:
958:
957:A Rising Wind
954:
950:
946:
945:
939:
937:
933:
932:
927:
923:
918:
916:
915:The Great Day
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
887:
885:
884:
879:
875:
870:
868:
858:
855:
850:
845:
842:
837:
836:disfranchised
832:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
810:
804:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
775:
770:
767:
763:
759:
757:
752:
747:
745:
740:
736:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
683:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
650:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
580:
578:
574:
571:
567:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
522:
520:
515:
513:
509:
508:Marcus Garvey
504:
502:
496:
494:
490:
483:White in 1918
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
455:
453:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336:
334:
333:
328:
327:Supreme Court
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:2, including
226:
222:
205:
198:
197:
176:Gladys Powell
171:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:New York City
151:
147:
143:
127:
123:
118:
114:
111:
108:
102:
99:
96:
90:
84:
79:
76:
71:
67:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5993:
5927:Roslyn Brock
5842:Board Chairs
5798:Kivie Kaplan
5721:Kweisi Mfume
5691:Walter White
5690:
5558:
5543:Willie Brown
5534:
5511:Quincy Jones
5479:Cicely Tyson
5455:John Conyers
5351:Maya Angelou
5327:Colin Powell
5295:Percy Sutton
5266:
5223:Andrew Young
5214:
5186:
5171:Wilson Riles
5163:Gordon Parks
5091:Medgar Evers
4975:Ralph Bunche
4943:Paul Robeson
4886:
4775:Roland Hayes
4639:
4579:David Garrow
4559:John Dittmer
4430:
4357:Brown Chapel
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4272:
4229:
4081:Andrew Young
4036:A. T. Walden
4031:C. T. Vivian
3991:Maxine Smith
3826:Homer Plessy
3806:James Orange
3761:Irene Morgan
3716:William Ming
3696:Ralph McGill
3631:Viola Liuzzo
3616:Jim Letherer
3601:James Lawson
3531:Vernon Johns
3521:Esau Jenkins
3476:Myles Horton
3426:Fred Hampton
3416:Prathia Hall
3406:Dick Gregory
3376:Marie Foster
3371:James Forman
3361:James Farmer
3346:Medgar Evers
3306:Angela Davis
3241:Ramsey Clark
3221:James Chaney
3216:Johnnie Carr
3196:Ralph Bunche
3191:H. Rap Brown
3181:Ruby Bridges
3141:Joanne Bland
3116:Claude Black
3096:Marion Barry
3066:Muhammad Ali
2893:
2829:
2822:
2783:
2761:
2730:
2723:
2565:
2526:
2519:
2449:Kissing Case
2424:
2381:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2303:
2295:
2214:
2185:
2159:
2145:
2131:
2112:
2095:
2081:
2078:Baime, A. J.
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:the original
2034:
2025:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1934:Paul Robeson
1933:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1900:Walter White
1899:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1798:
1789:
1763:Walter White
1762:
1745:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1695:
1684:November 20,
1682:. Retrieved
1670:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1602:
1586:
1567:Walter White
1566:
1561:
1541:
1534:
1527:Walter White
1526:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1481:Walter White
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1408:Walter White
1407:
1392:Walter White
1391:
1374:Walter White
1373:
1368:
1357:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1323:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1234:
1214:
1196:the original
1191:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1167:. April 2003
1164:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1081:
1074:
1033:
1017:
1012:2002 –
995:
978:
974:
973:(1948), and
970:
964:
956:
952:
948:
942:
940:
929:
919:
914:
908:
893:
881:
874:Paul Robeson
871:
867:McCarthy era
864:
846:
833:
825:
813:
805:
798:
782:
772:
768:
764:
760:
748:
732:
720:
715:
707:
703:
693:
687:
680:
676:
674:
659:
647:
645:
638:
622:
606:Ku Klux Klan
601:
591:
563:
554:
549:
545:
542:Poppy Cannon
539:
528:
516:
505:
497:
486:
459:
456:
440:
415:
384:oral history
379:
373:
342:
330:
315:World War II
304:
272:
255:
254:
204:Poppy Cannon
154:(1955-03-21)
139:July 1, 1893
105:Succeeded by
82:
36:
6022:1955 deaths
6017:1893 births
5929:(2010–2017)
5923:(1998–2010)
5921:Julian Bond
5917:(1995–1998)
5911:(1985–1995)
5905:(1983–1984)
5899:(1975–1983)
5893:(1961–1975)
5887:(1960–1961)
5881:(1953–1960)
5875:(1934–1953)
5869:(1919–1934)
5863:(1914–1919)
5857:(1911–1914)
5851:(1910–1911)
5830:(1992–1996)
5824:(1990–1992)
5822:Hazel Dukes
5818:(1984–1990)
5806:(1976–1982)
5800:(1966–1975)
5794:(1940–1965)
5788:(1930–1939)
5782:(1909–1929)
5759:(2014–2017)
5747:(2008–2013)
5745:Ben Jealous
5735:(2005–2007)
5723:(1996–2004)
5717:(1994–1996)
5711:(1993–1994)
5705:(1977–1992)
5699:(1955–1977)
5697:Roy Wilkins
5693:(1929–1955)
5687:(1920–1929)
5681:(1918–1920)
5675:(1917–1918)
5669:(1916–1917)
5657:(1912–1916)
5651:(1911–1912)
5645:(1910–1911)
5575:Jim Clyburn
5471:Julian Bond
5439:Oliver Hill
5275:Tom Bradley
5203:Alvin Ailey
5179:Damon Keith
5099:Roy Wilkins
5047:Daisy Bates
4599:Doug McAdam
4569:Chuck Fager
4196:Nonviolence
4101:James Zwerg
4096:Bob Zellner
4056:Roy Wilkins
4006:Hank Thomas
3941:Pete Seeger
3936:Bobby Seale
3801:Jack O'Dell
3796:Edgar Nixon
3726:Amzie Moore
3721:Jack Minnis
3661:Mae Mallory
3646:Clara Luper
3606:Bernard Lee
3496:Cecil Ivory
3491:Ruby Hurley
3461:Oliver Hill
3456:Aaron Henry
3356:Chuck Fager
3316:Dave Dennis
3206:Guy Carawan
3146:Julian Bond
3111:James Bevel
3101:Daisy Bates
2372:Emmett Till
2255:(1954–1968)
1690:; see also
1432:(1): 3–21.
1219:Ivan R. Dee
1217:, Chicago:
1213:Dyja, Tom,
961:Nevil Shute
947:(1924) and
878:Roy Wilkins
865:During the
670:High yellow
662:Little Rock
639:During the
512:Roy Wilkins
110:Roy Wilkins
93:Preceded by
6011:Categories
5995:The Crisis
5810:James Kemp
5447:Ben Carson
5415:John Lewis
5375:Carl Rowan
5279:Bill Cosby
5259:Lena Horne
5227:Rosa Parks
5207:Alex Haley
5195:Hank Aaron
4847:Max Yergan
4542:historians
4223:Satyagraha
4189:Influences
3881:James Reeb
3816:James Peck
3811:Rosa Parks
3781:Diane Nash
3651:Danny Lyon
3626:John Lewis
3571:A. D. King
3471:James Hood
3086:Ella Baker
3056:Zev Aelony
2018:1573929638
1967:. p.
1716:The Nation
1671:The Crisis
1066:References
979:Blackjack,
883:The Crisis
712:injunction
708:The Crisis
695:The Crisis
689:The Nation
677:Daily News
629:vigilantes
531:Jane White
376:mixed race
339:Early life
329:ruling in
302:policies.
135:1893-07-01
4871:John Hope
4201:Padayatra
4150:"Kumbaya"
4110:By region
3766:Bob Moses
3671:Bob Mants
3656:Malcolm X
3576:C.B. King
3396:Fred Gray
3039:Activists
2680:1964–1968
2463:1960–1963
2321:1954–1959
1949:, p. 202.
1724:0027-8378
1679:0011-1422
1649:161789413
1529:, p. 181.
1496:, p. XIV.
1494:Mr. NAACP
1446:0018-2680
1376:, p. 121.
1332:0190-8286
1281:224831169
936:Uncle Tom
786:lynchings
594:lynchings
570:President
493:lynchings
423:Thackeray
391:concubine
361:Civil War
279:lynchings
235:Education
87:1929–1955
83:In office
5947:See also
5559:no award
5535:no award
5463:Ruby Dee
5267:no award
5215:no award
5187:no award
5049:and the
4887:no award
4131:Movement
3561:Tom Kahn
2845:Activist
2265:timeline
2148:. Holt.
2130:(1980).
2111:(1977).
2080:(2022).
1845:, p. 33.
1729:June 27,
1605:, p. 55.
1589:, p. 54.
1569:, p. 48.
1483:, p. 61.
1466:Janken,
1394:, p. 18.
1337:July 23,
1171:April 3,
1145:April 3,
1119:April 3,
1038:See also
1000:lynching
716:Defender
634:militias
427:Trollope
367:and the
365:freedmen
300:New Deal
224:Children
5625:Leaders
4691:winners
4256:Related
3846:Al Raby
2801:funeral
2664:Big Six
1783:8174738
1673:: 115.
1641:2783722
1273:2715961
909:Writer
816:Lowndes
552:white.
535:Germany
419:Dickens
403:31 days
217:
209:
195:
183:
179:
166:Spouses
142:Atlanta
5812:(1983)
5663:(1916)
5573:2022:
5565:2021:
5557:2020:
5549:2019:
5541:2018:
5533:2017:
5525:2016:
5517:2015:
5509:2014:
5501:2013:
5493:2012:
5485:2011:
5477:2010:
5469:2009:
5461:2008:
5453:2007:
5445:2006:
5437:2005:
5429:2004:
5421:2003:
5413:2002:
5405:2001:
5397:2000:
5389:1999:
5381:1998:
5373:1997:
5365:1996:
5357:1995:
5349:1994:
5341:1993:
5333:1992:
5325:1991:
5317:1990:
5309:1989:
5301:1988:
5293:1987:
5285:1986:
5273:1985:
5265:1984:
5257:1983:
5249:1982:
5241:1981:
5233:1980:
5221:1979:
5213:1978:
5201:1977:
5193:1976:
5185:1975:
5177:1974:
5169:1973:
5161:1972:
5153:1971:
5145:1970:
5137:1969:
5129:1968:
5121:1967:
5113:1966:
5105:1965:
5097:1964:
5089:1963:
5081:1962:
5073:1961:
5065:1960:
5057:1959:
5045:1958:
5037:1957:
5029:1956:
5021:1955:
5013:1954:
5005:1953:
4997:1952:
4989:1951:
4981:1950:
4973:1949:
4965:1948:
4957:1947:
4949:1946:
4941:1945:
4933:1944:
4925:1943:
4917:1942:
4909:1941:
4901:1940:
4893:1939:
4885:1938:
4877:1937:
4869:1936:
4861:1935:
4853:1934:
4845:1933:
4837:1932:
4829:1931:
4821:1930:
4813:1929:
4805:1928:
4797:1927:
4789:1926:
4781:1925:
4773:1924:
4765:1923:
4757:1922:
4749:1921:
4741:1920:
4733:1919:
4725:1918:
4717:1917:
4709:1916:
4701:1915:
4442:Legacy
4218:Ahimsa
2847:groups
2308:(1950)
2300:(1950)
2261:Events
2166:
2152:
2138:
2121:
2102:
2088:
2016:
1979:
1898:Dyja,
1781:
1761:Dyja,
1722:
1677:
1647:
1639:
1549:
1454:367230
1452:
1444:
1406:Dyja,
1330:
1279:
1271:
1089:
949:Flight
920:After
854:Gallup
820:Brooks
679:, the
666:nigger
566:Dilsia
546:wanted
437:Career
425:, and
161:, U.S.
4540:Noted
4133:songs
2953:NAACP
2806:riots
1919:, in
1645:S2CID
1637:JSTOR
1450:JSTOR
1277:S2CID
1269:JSTOR
1030:Death
801:Irish
735:NAACP
583:NAACP
450:(See
411:Negro
211:(
207:
185:(
181:
75:NAACP
5277:and
5225:and
5205:and
2164:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2047:2009
2014:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1779:OCLC
1731:2020
1720:ISSN
1686:2010
1675:ISSN
1547:ISBN
1442:ISSN
1339:2023
1328:ISSN
1173:2024
1147:2024
1121:2024
1087:ISBN
898:and
818:and
706:and
686:and
616:and
550:been
399:1840
283:pass
266:and
229:Jane
191:div.
149:Died
125:Born
63:1950
1973:214
1969:213
1629:doi
1434:doi
1261:doi
928:in
476:.)
454:.)
374:Of
363:by
6013::
2184:.
2033:.
1975:.
1891:^
1877:^
1807:^
1770:^
1754:^
1718:.
1714:.
1694:,
1669:.
1657:^
1643:.
1635:.
1623:.
1619:.
1594:^
1574:^
1516:^
1448:.
1440:.
1428:.
1424:.
1399:^
1381:^
1356:.
1326:.
1322:.
1275:.
1267:.
1257:40
1255:.
1226:^
1204:^
1190:.
1163:.
1137:.
1109:.
579:.
445:.
421:,
243:BA
213:m.
187:m.
61:c.
59:,
5610:e
5603:t
5596:v
4681:e
4674:t
4667:v
4410:"
4406:"
2751:"
2747:"
2591:"
2587:"
2409:"
2405:"
2267:)
2263:(
2245:e
2238:t
2231:v
2190:.
2049:.
2020:.
1985:.
1971:–
1733:.
1688:.
1651:.
1631::
1625:2
1555:.
1456:.
1436::
1430:7
1362:.
1341:.
1283:.
1263::
1175:.
1149:.
1095:.
1022:.
1002:.
684:,
651:,
245:)
241:(
137:)
133:(
34:.
20:)
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