326:" procedure, intended to treat mental illness, took small corings of the patient's frontal lobes. Moniz became a mentor and idol for Freeman who modified the procedure and renamed it the "lobotomy". Instead of taking corings from the frontal lobes, Freeman's procedure severed the connection between the frontal lobes and the thalamus. Because Walter Freeman was a neurologist and not a neurosurgeon, he enlisted the help of neurosurgeon James Watts. One year after the first leucotomy, on September 14, 1936, Freeman directed Watts through the very first
357:: " used a mallet to tap an orbitoclast (a slender rod shaped like an icepick) through the orbital roof. Following penetration of the orbital roof, Freeman would sweep the orbitoclast laterally to obliterate frontal lobe tissue. Additionally, he was able to perform the procedure in an office setting because he anesthetized patients with a portable electroshock machine." He performed the transorbital lobotomy surgery for the first time in Washington, D.C., on a housewife named Sallie Ellen Ionesco. In 1950, Walter Freeman's long-time partner
384:, documented his experiences with Freeman and his long recovery after undergoing a lobotomy surgery at 12 years of age. After four decades Freeman had personally performed possibly as many as 4,000 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, of which 2,500 used his ice-pick procedure, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. In February 1967, Freeman performed his final surgery on Helen Mortensen. Mortensen was a long-term patient and was receiving her third lobotomy from Freeman. She died of a
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341:, who operated on the brain through his patients' eye sockets, allowing him to access the brain without drilling through the skull. In 1937, Fiamberti, the medical director of a psychiatric institution in Varese, first devised the transorbital procedure whereby the frontal lobes were accessed through the eye sockets. After experimenting with novel ways of performing these brain surgeries, Freeman formulated a new procedure called the
813:) at the behest of the British psychiatrist Thomas Claye Shaw in which fluid was drawn from the brain of a patient diagnosed with General Paralysis of the Insane. While the purpose of the operation was aimed towards the alleviation of mental symptoms attendant on the condition the procedure did not aim to interfere directly with brain tissue and therefore it has been excluded from most conventional accounts of psychosurgery.
334:, who suffered from anxiety, insomnia, and depression. By November, only two months after performing their first lobotomy surgery, Freeman and Watts had already worked on 20 cases including several follow-up operations. By 1942, the duo had performed over 200 lobotomy procedures and had published results claiming 63% of patients had improved, 23% were reported to be unchanged and 14% were worse after surgery.
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368:, performing lobotomies and spreading his views and methods to institution staff. (Contrary to myth, there is no evidence that he referred to the van that he traveled in as a "lobotomobile".) Freeman's name gained popularity despite the widespread criticism of his methods following a lobotomy on President
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However, Kotowicz notes a difference, irregularly observed, among medical historians and medical practitioners in their location of the origin of psychosurgery. The latter group, he contends, tend to favour beginning the narrative with
Burckhardt whilst the former group favour starting with Moniz.
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Freeman and his procedure played a major role in popularizing lobotomy; he later traveled across the United States visiting mental institutions. In 1951, one of
Freeman's patients at Iowa's Cherokee Mental Health Institute died when he suddenly stopped for a photo during the procedure, and the
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died when
Freeman suddenly stopped for a photo during the procedure, and the surgical instrument accidentally penetrated too far into the patient's brain. Freeman usually wore neither gloves nor mask during these procedures. He lobotomized 19 minors, including a four-year-old child.
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orbitoclast accidentally penetrated too far into the patient's brain. After four decades
Freeman had personally performed possibly as many as 4,000 lobotomies on patients as young as 12, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. As many as 100 of his patients died of
388:, as did as many as 100 of his other patients, and he was finally banned from performing surgery. His patients often had to be retaught how to eat and use the bathroom. Relapses were common, some never recovered, and about 15% died from the procedure. In 1951, one patient at Iowa's
270:. While attending medical school, he studied the work of William Spiller and idolized his groundbreaking work in the new field of the neurological sciences. Freeman applied for a coveted position working alongside Spiller in his home town of Philadelphia, but was rejected.
210:(an instrument resembling an ice pick) under the eyelid and against the top of the eye socket; a mallet was then used to drive the orbitoclast through the thin layer of bone and into the brain. Freeman's transorbital lobotomy method did not require a
457:. At the time, it was seen as a possible treatment for severe mental illness, but "within a few years, lobotomy was labeled one of the most barbaric mistakes of modern medicine." He also helped to demonstrate the idea that mental events have a
314:. Burckhardt's experimental surgical forays were largely condemned at the time and in the subsequent decades psychosurgery was attempted only intermittently. On November 12, 1935, a new psychosurgery procedure was performed in
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basis. Despite his interest in the mind, Freeman was "uninterested in animal experiments or understanding what was happening in the brain". Freeman was also co-founder and president of the
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did on psychosurgery over the course of their medical careers. The collection is currently under the care of GWU's
Special Collections Research Center, located in the Estelle and Melvin
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281:. Working at the hospital and witnessing the pain and distress suffered by the patients encouraged him to continue his education in the field. Freeman earned his PhD in
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Guide to the Walter
Freeman and James Watts papers, 1918–1988, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
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Freeman was known for his eccentricities and he complemented his theatrical approach to demonstrating surgery by sporting a cane, goatee, and narrow-brimmed hat.
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ended their partnership because Watts was disgusted by
Freeman's modification of the lobotomy from a surgical operation into a simple "office" procedure.
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277:, and started practicing as the first neurologist in the city. Upon his arrival in Washington, Freeman began work directing laboratories at
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Berrios, German E. (1991). "Psychosurgery in
Britain and elsewhere: a conceptual history". In Berrios, German E.; Freeman, Hugh (eds.).
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The first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery – performed in the 1880s–1890s – is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist
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and could be performed outside of an operating room, often by untrained psychiatrists without the use of anesthesia by using
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He was survived by four children, Walter, Frank, Paul and Lorne, two of whom entered the medical profession, the eldest,
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In the context of early psychosurgery, Berrios unusually also refers to the operations performed in 1889 by a surgeon (
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The
Icepick Surgeon; Murder, Fraud, Sabotage, Piracy, and Other Dastardly Deeds Perpetrated in the Name of Science
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and limited budgets, Freeman invented a transorbital lobotomy procedure. The ice-pick transorbital approach, a
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603:
Rowland, Lewis (April 2005). "Walter
Freeman's Psychosurgery and Biological Psychiatry: A Cautionary Tale".
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Psychosurgery. Intelligence, Emotion and Social Behavior Following Prefrontal Lobotomy for Mental Disorders
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1230:, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
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left their practice and split from Freeman due to his opposition to the transorbital lobotomy.
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Stone, James L. (January 2001). "Dr. Gottlieb Burckhardt – the Pioneer of Psychosurgery".
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from 1946 to 1947 and a contributor and member of the American Psychiatric Association.
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Freeman then "developed a transorbital approach" based on the work of an Italian doctor,
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Freeman died of complications arising from an operation for cancer on May 31, 1972.
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In 1932, his mother died at the Philadelphia Orthopedic Hospital in Philadelphia.
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537:"Psychosurgery, ethics, and media: a history of Walter Freeman and the lobotomy"
190:(November 14, 1895 – May 31, 1972) was an American physician who specialized in
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Article referencing Jack El-Hai's initial Washington Post feature on Freeman
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738:"Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt"
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Manjila, S.; S. Rengachary; A. R Xavier; B. Parker; M. Guthikonda (2008).
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Psychiatry and Ethics: Insanity, Rational Autonomy and Mental Health Care
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345:. His new procedure allowed him to perform lobotomies without the use of
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664:. In Code, Christopher; Wallesch, C.-W.; Joanette, Y.; Roch, A. (eds.).
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in 1980. The collection largely deals with the work that Freeman and
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Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
846:"Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz–Two Beginnings of Psychosurgery"
777:"Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz–Two Beginnings of Psychosurgery"
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beginning in 1912, and graduated in 1916. He then moved on to study
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The Lobotomist, authoritative biography of Freeman by Jack El-Hai
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258:. His father was also a very successful doctor. Freeman attended
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An extensive collection of Freeman's papers were donated to The
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Walter J. Freeman was born on November 14, 1895, and raised in
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Guide to the Walter Freeman and James Watts Papers, 1918–1988
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1272:(Hardcover ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Company.
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in Washington, D.C., as head of the neurology department.
198:, where there were often no operating rooms, surgeons, or
19:"Walter Jackson Freeman" redirects here. For his son, see
1398:'My Lobotomy' documentary program from SoundPortraits.org
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within the following few years and secured a position at
958:"Walter J. Freeman II and Lobotomy: Probing for Answers"
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in the United States on housewife Alice Hood Hammatt of
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At 57 years old, Freeman retired from his position at
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under the direction of the neurologist and physician
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1074:"He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain"
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660:Whitaker, H.A.; Stemmer, B.; Joanette, Y. (1996).
273:Shortly afterward, in 1924, Freeman relocated to
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1241:"Walter Jackson Freeman, Father of the Lobotomy"
222:and unconsciousness. In 1947, Freeman's partner
400:and opened up a modest practice in California.
1203:"Lobotomy – PBS documentary on Walter Freeman"
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433:, becoming a professor of neurobiology at the
932:"The Lobotomist: Complete Program Transcript"
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364:Freeman traveled across the country visiting
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535:Caruso, James P.; Sheehan, Jason P. (2017).
1134:"Top 10 Fascinating And Notable Lobotomies"
1028:Edwards, Rem B.; Breggin, Peter R. (1982).
983:"Fighting the Legend of the 'Lobotomobile'"
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693:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1102:"The Return of Lobotomy and Psychosurgery"
1030:"The Return of Lobotomy and Psychosurgery"
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1072:Day, Elizabeth (January 13, 2008).
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742:Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics
672:. Hove: Psychology Press. pp.
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1109:United States Congressional Record
435:University of California, Berkeley
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42:Walter Jackson Freeman II in 1941
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1403:"Shedding Light on Shadowland"
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1433:Physicians from Philadelphia
821:. Gaskell. pp. 181–85.
474:Freeman, W. and Watts, J.W.
405:George Washington University
398:George Washington University
287:George Washington University
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1386:A Brief History of Lobotomy
981:El-Hai, Jack (2016-03-16).
863:10.1163/22977953-0620102004
844:Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005).
794:10.1163/22977953-0620102004
775:Kotowicz, Zbigniew (2005).
441:Contributions to psychiatry
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21:Walter Jackson Freeman III
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1115:(5): 5570. Archived from
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1448:American psychiatrists
1443:Yale University alumni
1003:Dully, Howard (2007).
181:(maternal grandfather)
1418:American neurologists
1205:. PBS. Archived from
1158:My Lobotomy: A Memoir
934:. PBS. Archived from
907:"A Lobotomy Timeline"
343:transorbital lobotomy
252:William Williams Keen
196:psychiatric hospitals
179:William Williams Keen
156:transorbital lobotomy
1337:United States portal
962:blogs.britannica.com
1243:. 27 September 2017
1122:on 1 December 2017.
541:Neurosurgical Focus
510:American Experience
386:cerebral hemorrhage
366:mental institutions
328:prefrontal lobotomy
312:Gottlieb Burckhardt
232:cerebral hemorrhage
1391:2009-05-13 at the
1374:2010-05-29 at the
1266:Kean, Sam (2021).
1056:on 29 August 2017.
639:. October 28, 1932
447:António Egas Moniz
349:, because he used
1351:Psychiatry portal
1014:978-0-307-38126-2
938:on April 13, 2010
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1428:1972 deaths
1423:1895 births
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1140:26 December
1005:My Lobotomy
856:(1–2): 79.
451:Nobel Prize
382:My Lobotomy
359:James Watts
322:. His new "
238:Early years
208:orbitoclast
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118:Occupations
1412:Categories
967:2021-04-16
643:2013-12-16
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372:'s sister
353:to induce
347:anesthesia
320:Egas Moniz
218:to induce
200:anesthesia
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1007:. Crown.
713:0964-704X
547:(3): E6.
380:, called
324:leucotomy
264:neurology
256:Civil War
175:Relatives
124:Physician
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1453:Lobotomy
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