1290:
1230:, also known as the village defense law or security group law, was a project to improve local security and relieve local government of administrative duties. It ordered groups of ten, fifty, and five hundred men security groups to be organized. Each was to be led by a headman. Initially each household with more than two male adults had to provide one security guard, but this unrealistic expectation was decreased to one per five households later on. The security groups exercised police powers, organized night watches, and trained in martial arts when no agricultural work was required. Essentially it was a local militia with the main effect being a decrease in government expenditures, since the local population was responsible for its own protection.
1309:
adequate even without increasing taxes. Sima did not agree and did not believe that the economy could grow faster than the population. Wang was also in favor of more aggressive foreign policy such as recovering territory and assimilating people to the northwest while Sima preferred a more balanced foreign policy. Sima did not believe that managing wealth was a core function of the government or that it was in their best interests to help those dependent on the rich. He saw that as the breakdown of social order which would cause the eventual downfall of the state. Sima did not even like the imperial examinations and argued that only candidates recommended by court officials should be able to sit the examinations.
1171:) aimed at replacing corvée labor as a form of tax service with hired labor. Each prefecture calculated the funds needed for official projects in advance so that the funds could be distributed appropriately. The government also paid a premium of 20 percent in years of crop failures. Effectively, it transformed labor service to the government into a monetary payment, increasing tax revenue. However, people who were previously exempt from corvée labor were forced to pay taxes for labor on official projects, and thus protested the new law. Although officially abolished in 1086, the new labor recruitment system existed in practice until the end of the
1214:
government and stored for later sale at a lower price, disrupting price manipulation by merchant monopolies. Merchant guilds that cooperated with the market exchange bureau were allowed to sell goods to the government and buy commodities from government storehouses using money or credit at an interest rate of 10 percent for six months. Small or mid-sized companies and groups of five merchants could provide guarantee with their assets for credit. After 1085, the market exchange bureau and offices became profit making institutions, and bought cheap goods and sold at higher prices. The system stayed in place until the end of the
1438:
143:
987:(r. 1022–1063), in which he suggested reforms to the administration in order to solve financial and organizational problems. In the letter he blamed the downfall of previous dynasties on the refusal of their emperors to deviate from traditional patterns of rule. He criticized the imperial examination system for failing to create specialized workers. Wang believed that there should not be generalists but that people should specialize in their roles and not study extraneous teachings. His letter was ignored for ten years until
1400:
1189:) was meant to curb the prices of commodities purchased by the government and to control the expenditures of the local administration. To do this, circuit level financial institutions in southeast China were made responsible for government purchases and their transport. The central treasury provided funds for the purchase of low cost goods wherever they were available, their storage, and transport to areas where they were expensive. Critics claimed that Wang was waging a price war with merchants.
1063:
wealth the ruler should see public and private as a single whole." Wang believed that it was wealth that united the people and if wealth could not be administered properly, then even the lowliest men who did not possess political power would rise to take advantage of the situation, take control of the economy, monopolize it, and use it to advance their unlimited greed. Under such a situation, Wang considered any claim that the emperor had control of the people to be just words.
1418:. Yan believed that the focus and intent of Wang's reforms was to strengthen the Song dynasty by persuading ordinary Chinese to give the dynasty their active support, instead of merely serving it. The system of "democratic" government that Yan justified via the philosophy of Wang Anshi was mostly focused on improving Yan's own popularity without holding any real power, and never became an effective alternative to military dictatorship. On the other hand, the popular scholar
1452:
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1272:(National University). It divided the Taixue into three colleges. Students first attended the Outer College, then the Inner College, and finally the Superior College. One of the aims of the three-colleges was to provide a more balanced education for students and to de-emphasize Confucian learning. Students were taught in only one of the Confucian classics, depending on the college, as well as
1250:) targeted improving the relationship between high officials and common troops. The army was divided into commands units of 2,500 to 3,000 men that incorporated a mixed force of infantry, cavalry, archers, as well as tribal troops, instead of each belonging to their own individual unit. This did not include the metropolitan and palace army. The system continued until the end of the
1480:
1135:) was a loan to peasants. The government loaned money to buy seeds, or seeds themselves from state granaries, in two disbursements at an interest rate of 2 percent calculated at an average of ten years. Recollections occurred in the summer and winter. Public officials abused the system by forcing loans on the peasants or extracting more than 2 percent interest.
1027:) were to cut government expenditure and strengthen the military in the north. To do this, Wang advocated for policies intended to alleviate suffering among the peasantry and to prevent the consolidation of large land estates which would deprive small peasants of their livelihood. He called social elements that came between the people and the government
1277:
appointed to office equal to that of a metropolitan exam graduate. Those who achieved an excellent grade on one exam but slightly worse on the other could still be considered for promotion, and having a good grade in one exam but mediocre in another still awarded merit equal to that of a provincial exam graduate.
1095:) was a land registration project meant to reveal hidden land (untaxed land). Fields were divided into squares 1,000 paces in length on each side. The corners of the fields were marked by earth piles or trees. In the autumn, an official was dispatched to supervise the surveying of the land and to place the
1316:
The Green
Sprouts program and the baojia system were not conceived as revenue-generating policies but soon were changed to finance new state initiatives and military campaigns. Within a few months of the start of the Green Sprouts program in 1069 the government started to charge an annual interest of
1280:
In 1104, the prefectural examinations were abolished in favor of the three-colleges system, which required each prefecture to send an annual quota of students to the Taixue. This drew criticism from some officials who claimed that the new system benefited the rich and young, and was less fair because
1312:
Essentially, Sima Guang believed that government was the domain of the pre-existing elite and only the elite. He argued that the empire would be better off if rich families kept more of their wealth. "If (wealth) is in the hands of the state then it is not in the hands of the people," Sima said in a
1276:
and medicine. Students of the Outer
College who passed a public and institutional examination were allowed to enter the Inner College. At the Inner College there were two exams over a two-year period on which the students were graded. Those who achieved the superior grade on both exams were directly
803:
had on him. His economic reforms included increased currency circulation, breaking up of private monopolies, and early forms of government regulation and social welfare. His military reforms expanded the use of local militias, and his government reforms expanded the education system and attempted to
1308:
Sima and his allies opposed the reforms based on fiscal grounds, but also because they believed that the local elite families rather than the state should be the pillars of society. Fiscally, Wang made it clear that he was not concerned about deficits and promised the emperor that revenues would be
1099:
in one of five categories. This information was written in a ledger declared legally binding for the purposes of sale and purchase, and the taxation value assessed appropriately. The law was highly unpopular with land owners, who complained that it restricted their freedom of distribution and other
1213:
and 21 market exchange offices in other cities. They were headed by supervisors and office managers who dealt with merchants, merchant guilds, and brokerage houses. These institutions fixed prices for not only resident merchants but also itinerant traders. Surplus commodities were purchased by the
1325:
In 1074, a famine in northern China drove many farmers off their lands. Their circumstances were made worse by the debts they had incurred from the seasonal loans granted under Wang's reform initiatives. Local officials insisted on collecting the loans as the farmers were leaving their land. This
1062:
describes the philosophy of Wang's government that, "The state should take the entire management of commerce, industry, and agriculture into its own hands, with a view to succoring the working classes and preventing them from being ground into the dust by the rich." Wang proposed that "to manage
1301:(1019–1086). As one faction supplanted another in the majority position of the court ministers, it would demote rival officials and exile them to govern remote frontier regions of the empire. One of the prominent victims of the political rivalry, the famous poet and statesman
1149:) was meant to improve local organization of irrigation works. Instead of using corvée labor, each circuit was supposed to appoint officials to loan money to the people using the local treasury, so that they could hire laborers. The government also encouraged planting
1313:
debate with Wang before the emperor. Other officials argued that the baojia system would prevent local gentry from serving in their traditional roles as military commanders, raising private militias and serving the eyes and ears of the state in the country.
1326:
crisis was depicted as being Wang’s fault. Wang still had the emperor's favor, though he resigned in 1076. With the emperor's death in 1085 and the return of the opposition leader Sima Guang, the New
Policies were abolished under the regency of Dowager
1330:. With Sima back in power, he blamed the New Policies' implementation on Shenzong's wish to extend Song borders to match the Han and Tang dynasties, that they were only a tool for irredentism. The pro-New policies faction regained power when
1074:
He introduced and promulgated a series of reforms, collectively known as the New
Policies/New Laws. The reforms had three main components: 1) state finance and trade, 2) defense and social order, and 3) education and improving of governance.
1321:
who were managing the program were evaluated based on the revenue they could generate, this resulted in forced loans and lack of focus on the disaster relief, which was the original task of the Ever-Normal
Granaries.
1039:
were owners of large estates, rural usurers, large urban businessmen, and speculators responsible for instability in the urban market. All of them had ties to bureaucrats and had representatives in the government.
952:
During his time in the local administration, Wang Anshi gained an understanding of the difficulties experienced by local officials and the common people. In 1058, he sent a letter ten thousand characters long
1297:
The reforms created political factions in the court. Wang Anshi's faction, known as the "Reformers", were opposed by the ministers in the "Conservative" faction led by the historian and
Chancellor
1048:
families that annually collect interest amounting to several myriad strings of cash without doing anything... What contribution have they made to the state to enjoying such a good salary?
1031:, translated as "engrossers." By "engrossers" he meant people who monopolized land and wealth and made others their dependents in wealth and agriculture. Wang believed that suppressing
1289:
1058:
According to Wang, "good organization of finance was the duty of the government, and the organization of finance was nothing else than to fulfill public duties." American historian
3484:
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the relatives of officials could enroll without being examined for their skills. In 1121, the local three-college system was abolished but retained at the national level.
2583:
991:(r. 1067–1085) succeeded the throne. The new emperor faced declining taxes and an increasingly heavy burden of taxation on commoners due to the development of large
1407:
Chinese politicians and historians have continued to look back on the reforms of Wang Anshi as either principled and measured or misguided and disastrous.
3477:
995:, whose owners managed to evade paying their share of taxes. This led him to seek advice from Wang in 1069. Wang was first appointed vice counsellor (
5436:
786:. These reforms constituted the core concepts of the Song-dynasty Reformists, in contrast to their rivals, the Conservatives, led by the Chancellor
832:
province). He placed fourth in the palace exam and obtained a jinshi degree in 1042. He began his career in the Song bureaucracy as a secretary (
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866:), where he reorganized hydrological projects for irrigation and gave credits to the peasant. Later he was promoted to controller general (
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Gillin, Donald G. Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi
Province 1911–1949. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967.
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Wang's mother died and he observed a mourning period from 1063 to 1066. In 1067, he became governor of
Jiangning (
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Yutang Lin. Gay Genius: The Life and Times of Su Tungpo. New York: John Day, 1947; rpr. Hesperides 2008
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respectively. His poetry often included social themes along with the traditional observations of nature.
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1209:), targeted large trading companies and monopolies. A metropolitan market exchange bureau was set up in
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and
Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 192.
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cast Wang as the equivalent of communist totalitarian government in his biography of Wang's adversary
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1112:(r. 1100–1125) tried to revive it but the implementation was too impractical and gave up after 1120.
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purposes (avoiding tax). Although the square field system was only implemented around the region of
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in government. Although successful for a while, he eventually fell out of favor with the emperor.
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In addition to his political achievements, Wang Anshi was a noted poet. He wrote poems in the
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cited the reforms of Wang Anshi to justify his use of a limited form of local democracy in
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1121:) was a similar project to the equal tax law, except for regulating mining projects.
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1005:), a key position for general administration, and a year later was made chancellor (
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1772:"Wang Anshi | Chinese author and political reformer | Britannica.com"
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Medicine, Philosophy and
Religion in Ancient China. Researches and Reflections
2116:"This culture of ours" : intellectual transitions in Tʼang and Sung China
1305:(1037–1101), was jailed and eventually exiled for criticizing Wang's reforms.
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Wang Anshi's economic reforms: proto-Keynesian economic policy in Song China
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Wang Anshi and the origins of modern public management in Song Dynasty China
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767:), was a Chinese economist, philosopher, poet, and politician during the
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The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
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came of age in 1093. The policies largely continued under the reign of
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Wang Anshi's ideas are usually analyzed in terms of the influence the
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1104:, the land surveyed made up 54 percent of known arable land in the
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Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),
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was one of the most important goals. Included in the category of
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20–30% on the loans it made to farmers. As the officials of the
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902:) in Jiangnan East, assistant in the Financial Commission (
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Science in ancient China : researches and reflections
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Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Smith, Paul Jakov (2016-07-19).
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1944. A Short History of the Chinese, 3rd edition. P.136
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province). He was then promoted to district magistrate (
838:) in the office of the assistant military commissioner (
262:
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Today in every prefecture and subprefecture, there are
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Wang Anshi was born on 8 December 1021, to a family of
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The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279, Part 1
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The primary objectives of Wang Anshi's New Policies (
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East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
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until the end of the Northern Song dynasty in 1126.
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1071:Wang Anshi was promoted to vice counselor in 1069.
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2024:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 414–419.
1996:. Princeton University Press. pp. 119–120.
1664:
1403:Modern depiction of Wang Anshi and five scholars
3494:Eight Great Literati of Tang and Song Dynasties
1734:"Reforms of Wang Anshi (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
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1244:), also known as the creation of commands law (
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2798:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
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1597:Man and the Universe: Japan, Siberia, China
16:Chinese Song dynasty politician (1021–1086)
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2372:
2358:
2272:. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Idem.
2257:To Change China: A Tale of Three Reformers
2170:
2146:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1991:
1764:
1723:
1610:
1567:
908:), and finally editor of imperial edicts (
141:
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2195:
2162:
1658:
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3598:
3384:
1897:
1891:"zhijiangfa 置將法 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1807:"qingmiaofa 青苗法 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1675:"Wang Anshi 王安石 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1398:
1288:
1203:), also called the guild avoidance law (
1178:
1160:
1108:. The project was discontinued in 1085.
928:
123:Economist, philosopher, poet, politician
5174:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2379:
1793:"junshuifa 均税法 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1600:. Carmelite House. 1907. pp. 771–.
1089:), also known as the square field law (
5464:
3366:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
3291:Endless power transmitting chain drive
2218:. Aldershot, Great Britain: Variorum.
1908:"Sanshefa 三舍法 (WWW.chinaknowledge.de)"
1849:"junshufa 均輸法 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1821:"shuilifa 水利法 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1410:The twentieth-century Chinese warlord
1192:
1138:
775:and attempted major and controversial
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1920:
1863:"shiyifa 市易法 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
2240:
1835:"muyifa 募役法 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1758:
1702:
1257:
1124:
933:Illustration of Wang Anshi from the
748:; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086),
5284:The End of History and the Last Man
5194:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2203:
2154:
2113:
2059:
2044:
1994:The Rise and Fall of Imperial China
1979:
1967:
1877:"baojia 保甲 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1717:
1690:
1646:
1555:Hence referred to as Wang Jinggong
880:province). In 1060, he was sent to
13:
2249:
2020:and Paul Jakov Smith, ed. (2009).
1617:. University of Washington Press.
1537:Hence referred to as Wáng Wéngōng
1389:Eight Masters of the Tang and Song
1284:
147:"Wang Anshi" in Chinese characters
14:
5573:
5482:11th-century Chinese philosophers
2276:
1360:Eight Great Prose Masters of the
1066:
884:as assistant in the herd office (
5542:Politicians from Fuzhou, Jiangxi
5497:11th century in economic history
5254:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2550:
2290:
2157:The Politics of Higher Education
1478:
1464:
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975:Shang Renzong Huangdi yanshi shu
4061:Family as a model for the state
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5532:Philosophers of social science
5502:Chinese political philosophers
5411:Separation of church and state
5309:Collectivism and individualism
5264:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2792:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
2107:
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1614:State Power in China, 900-1325
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53:Chancellor of the Song dynasty
1:
5451:Category:Political philosophy
5324:Critique of political economy
3227:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1524:
1375:). He was an adherent of the
1221:
947:
5349:Institutional discrimination
5344:History of political thought
4076:Negative and positive rights
2163:Drechsler, Wolfgang (2013),
1238:The general and troops law (
1018:
7:
5359:Justification for the state
5144:Two Treatises of Government
2639:Department of State Affairs
2289:(public domain audiobooks)
2196:von Glahn, Richard (2016),
1494:History of the Song dynasty
1429:
1348:
1293:Modern statue of Wang Anshi
1264:
1246:
1240:
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1199:
1185:
1183:The balanced delivery law (
1167:
1165:The labor recruitment law (
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943:New Policies (Song dynasty)
910:
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5492:11th-century Chinese poets
4029:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2601:Bureau of Military Affairs
2262:Asia Pacific: Perspectives
1387:, first and second of the
1354:form, modeled on those of
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5527:Philosophers of education
5522:Philosophers of economics
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2463:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
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1197:The market exchange law (
1143:The hydraulic works law (
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5487:11th-century politicians
5234:The Revolt of the Masses
2804:Four Great Books of Song
2204:Liu, James T.C. (1959),
2181:. pp. 122, 138–142.
2179:Harvard University Press
2174:Imperial China: 900-1800
2114:Bol, Peter Kees (1992).
1377:Classical Prose Movement
989:Emperor Shenzong of Song
841:jiedu panguan tinggonshi
638:Traditional Chinese
545:Traditional Chinese
446:Traditional Chinese
377:Traditional Chinese
5557:Song dynasty economists
5517:Philosophers of culture
5512:Economists from Jiangxi
5214:The Communist Manifesto
4140:Tyranny of the majority
4051:Consent of the governed
2655:Secretariat-Chancellery
2332:Prime Minister of China
2309:Prime Minister of China
1341:
1262:The three college law (
1129:The green sprouts law (
1110:Emperor Huizong of Song
985:Emperor Renzong of Song
657:Simplified Chinese
564:Simplified Chinese
468:Simplified Chinese
4091:
4041:Clash of civilizations
4027:
3286:Early Bessemer process
3254:Science and technology
2453:Nong Zhigao rebellions
2255:Anderson, Gregory E.,
2212:Sivin, Nathan (1995).
2155:Chu, Ming-kin (2020),
1404:
1294:
1234:General and troops law
1056:
938:
4056:Divine right of kings
2674:Ministry of Personnel
2579:Imperial examinations
2268:Sivin, Nathan, 1995.
1574:D.B. Boulger (1881).
1402:
1319:Ever-Normal Granaries
1292:
1216:Northern Song dynasty
1179:Balanced delivery law
1173:Northern Song dynasty
1161:Labor recruitment law
1042:
932:
899:tidian xingyu gongshi
5204:Democracy in America
4583:political philosophy
4566:political philosophy
4381:political philosophy
4210:political philosophy
4120:Separation of powers
4081:Night-watchman state
4066:Monopoly on violence
3600:Political philosophy
2810:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
2584:Administrative units
2458:Song–Tibet relations
2433:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
2206:Reform in Sung China
890:) and then prefect (
440:Title (Duke of Jing)
61:1070–1074; 1075–1076
5547:Social philosophers
5394:Right-wing politics
5274:A Theory of Justice
5244:The Road to Serfdom
5164:The Social Contract
3871:Christian democracy
3360:Forensic entomology
3321:Watertight bulkhead
3200:Joint-stock company
2694:Ministry of Justice
2679:Ministry of Revenue
2589:Sixteen Prefectures
2283:Works by Wang Anshi
2241:Zhao, Xuan (2017),
2171:Mote, F.W. (1999).
2118:. Stanford, Calif.
1992:Yuhua Wang (2022).
1499:Chancellor of China
1193:Market exchange law
1139:Hydraulic works law
1083:The equal tax law (
905:sansi duzhi panguan
5562:Song dynasty poets
5537:Poets from Jiangxi
5406:Political violence
5401:Political theology
5384:Left-wing politics
5379:Political spectrum
3296:Astronomical clock
2503:Treaty of Shaoxing
1982:, p. 251-252.
1661:, p. 355-356.
1405:
1295:
1118:kuangshi difen zhi
939:
820:degree holders in
5507:Chinese reformers
5459:
5458:
5369:Philosophy of law
5314:Conflict theories
5154:The Spirit of Law
5061:
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4110:Original position
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3375:Dream Pool Essays
3267:Gunpowder weapons
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2699:Ministry of Works
2684:Ministry of Rites
2631:Three Departments
2468:Fang La rebellion
2448:Wang Ze rebellion
2348:
2347:
2339:Succeeded by
2316:Succeeded by
2125:978-0-8047-6575-6
2098:978-1-4437-2217-9
1624:978-0-295-99848-0
1258:Three college law
1125:Green sprouts law
864:Zhejiang province
726:
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499:Standard Mandarin
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402:Standard Mandarin
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279:Yale Romanization
185:Standard Mandarin
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5374:Political ethics
5364:Machiavellianism
5304:Authoritarianism
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3996:Social democracy
3991:Social Darwinism
3966:Multiculturalism
3911:Environmentalism
3886:Communitarianism
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2735:Five Great Kilns
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1946:Houghton Mifflin
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1774:. britannica.com
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1577:History of China
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1488:
1486:Biography portal
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4130:State of nature
4125:Social contract
4105:Ordered liberty
4093:Noblesse oblige
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2689:Ministry of War
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2525:Mongol conquest
2443:Chanyuan Treaty
2403:Chenqiao mutiny
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2250:Further reading
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2018:Denis Twitchett
2015:
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2003:978-069121517-4
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1332:Emperor Zhezong
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1285:Wang's downfall
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814:
771:. He served as
371:Posthumous name
359:hüangʔan-d͡ʒjak
206:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
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4122:
4117:
4115:Overton window
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:Libertarianism
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3405: 10th c.
3395:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:Wujing Zongyao
3269:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2923:Huang Tingjian
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2666:Six Ministries
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Qingli Reforms
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2426:Gaoliang River
2423:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2278:
2277:External links
2275:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2224:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2183:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2124:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2085:
2076:
2064:
2062:, p. 252.
2049:
2047:, p. 246.
2037:
2030:
2009:
2002:
1984:
1972:
1970:, p. 247.
1960:
1954:
1925:
1913:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1854:
1840:
1826:
1812:
1798:
1784:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1722:
1720:, p. 249.
1707:
1695:
1693:, p. 250.
1680:
1663:
1659:Drechsler 2013
1651:
1639:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1587:
1566:
1548:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1475:
1461:
1447:
1431:
1428:
1396:
1393:
1379:championed by
1343:
1340:
1286:
1283:
1259:
1256:
1235:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1194:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1162:
1159:
1151:mulberry trees
1140:
1137:
1126:
1123:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1067:Implementation
1065:
1050:
1020:
1017:
949:
946:
941:Main article:
926:
923:
872:) of Shezhou (
858:) of Yinxian (
844:) of Huainan (
813:
810:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
708:
702:
701:
694:
688:
687:
681:
680:
679:Transcriptions
672:
671:
659:
653:
652:
640:
634:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
615:
609:
608:
605:Bànshān Lǎorén
601:
595:
594:
588:
587:
586:Transcriptions
579:
578:
566:
560:
559:
547:
541:
540:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:Ching-kuo-kung
522:
516:
515:
508:
502:
501:
495:
494:
493:Transcriptions
486:
485:
470:
464:
463:
448:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:
425:
419:
418:
411:
405:
404:
398:
397:
396:Transcriptions
389:
388:
379:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
354:
352:Middle Chinese
348:
347:
345:Middle Chinese
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
320:
319:
309:
303:
302:
295:
289:
288:
281:
275:
274:
272:Yue: Cantonese
268:
267:
260:
254:
253:
247:
246:
236:
230:
229:
222:
216:
215:
208:
202:
201:
194:
188:
187:
181:
180:
179:Transcriptions
172:
171:
156:
150:
149:
146:
138:
137:
134:
133:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:(aged 64)
97:
93:
92:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5574:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Jurisprudence
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5184:Rights of Man
5181:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5094:De re publica
5091:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:20th and 21st
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:18th and 19th
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Nizam al-Mulk
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Republicanism
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3352:Yingzao Fashi
3349:
3347:
3346:Liaodi Pagoda
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Tianchi basin
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:Zhao Mengjian
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:Wuzhun Shifan
3139:
3136:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
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37:
32:
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26:
22:
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5334:Elite theory
5282:
5272:
5262:
5252:
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5212:
5202:
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5182:
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5162:
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5132:
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5112:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5072:
4371:Guicciardini
4327:Early modern
4317:
4150:Philosophers
4100:Open society
4036:Body politic
3906:Distributism
3896:Conservatism
3891:Confucianism
3810:Gerontocracy
3800:Dictatorship
3754:Sovereignty
3744:Ruling class
3634:Emancipation
3619:Citizenship
3532:
3525:Song dynasty
3510:Liu Zongyuan
3502:Tang dynasty
3447:Guo Shoujing
3373:
3364:
3350:
3341:Architecture
3326:Fishing reel
3301:Movable type
3271:
3241:
3193:
3135:Zhou Jichang
3086:Zhang Zeduan
2935:Zhou Bangyan
2827:Fan Zhongyan
2808:
2796:
2782:Yaozhou ware
2777:Qingbai ware
2611:New Policies
2416:Southern Han
2407:Unification
2381:Song dynasty
2330:
2307:
2269:
2261:
2242:
2214:
2205:
2197:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2115:
2088:
2079:
2067:
2040:
2021:
2012:
1993:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1939:
1916:
1885:
1871:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1776:. Retrieved
1766:
1754:
1742:
1698:
1654:
1649:, p. 3.
1642:
1633:
1613:
1606:
1596:
1590:
1576:
1569:
1551:
1533:
1504:Fan Zhongyan
1444:China portal
1409:
1406:
1385:Liu Zongyuan
1359:
1345:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1279:
1261:
1252:Song dynasty
1237:
1225:
1196:
1182:
1164:
1157:production.
1153:to increase
1142:
1128:
1114:
1106:Song dynasty
1097:soil quality
1082:
1073:
1070:
1057:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1006:
996:
974:
964:
954:
951:
934:
925:New Policies
916:
815:
812:Early career
794:
792:
784:New Policies
769:Song dynasty
752:
728:
727:
692:Hanyu Pinyin
599:Hanyu Pinyin
506:Hanyu Pinyin
409:Hanyu Pinyin
324:Southern Min
258:Romanization
226:Wang An-shih
192:Hanyu Pinyin
101:(1086-05-21)
28:
21:Chinese name
5477:1086 deaths
5472:1021 births
5208:(1835–1840)
5088:(c. 350 BC)
5078:(c. 375 BC)
4695:Tocqueville
4660:Saint-Simon
4625:Montesquieu
4476:Bolingbroke
4408:Machiavelli
4288:Ibn Khaldun
4253:Alpharabius
4246:Middle Ages
4071:Natural law
4046:Common good
3971:Nationalism
3931:Imperialism
3901:Corporatism
3876:Colonialism
3856:Agrarianism
3835:Technocracy
3815:Meritocracy
3795:Bureaucracy
3785:Aristocracy
3449:(1231–1316)
3443:(1202–1261)
3441:Qin Jiushao
3437:(1192-1279)
3431:(1186–1249)
3425:(1031–1095)
3419:(1020–1101)
3413:(1010–1070)
3398:Zhang Sixun
3243:Zhu Fan Zhi
3232:Champa rice
3196:(1021–1086)
3173:(1235–1305)
3167:(1222–1307)
3161:(1210–1269)
3155:(1199–1295)
3149:(1190–1230)
3143:(1178–1249)
3122:Lin Tinggui
3118:(1140–1210)
3112:(1120–1182)
3106:(1100–1197)
3100:(1096–1119)
3098:Wang Ximeng
3094:(1094-1172)
3088:(1085–1145)
3082:(1082–1135)
3076:(1051–1107)
3057:(1049–1106)
3051:(1036–1093)
3045:(1020–1090)
3039:(1019–1079)
3033:(1000–1064)
2998:(1170–1231)
2992:(1140–1207)
2986:(1130–1200)
2980:(1127–1206)
2974:(1126–1193)
2972:Fan Chengda
2968:(1125–1209)
2949:(1085–1144)
2943:(1084–1155)
2941:Li Qingzhao
2937:(1056–1121)
2931:(1047–1126)
2925:(1045–1105)
2919:(1039–1112)
2913:(1037–1101)
2907:(1033–1107)
2901:(1032–1085)
2895:(1022–1077)
2889:(1019–1086)
2883:(1019–1083)
2877:(1017–1073)
2871:(1012–1067)
2865:(1011–1077)
2859:(1009–1066)
2853:(1007–1072)
2847:(1002–1060)
2845:Mei Yaochen
2772:Cizhou ware
2649:Chancellery
2644:Secretariat
2572:Family tree
2530:Diaoyucheng
2326:to be added
2318:to be added
2303:to be added
2108:Works cited
1580:. pp.
1274:arithmetics
1241:jiangbingfa
1206:mianshangfa
1060:Mary Nourse
512:Jīngguógōng
337:Ông An-se̍k
299:Wong On-sek
264:waon oe zaq
212:Wang Anshyr
99:21 May 1086
25:family name
5466:Categories
5416:Separatism
5224:On Liberty
5124:The Prince
4853:Huntington
4356:Campanella
4283:al-Ghazali
4232:Thucydides
4190:Lactantius
4135:Statolatry
3961:Monarchism
3941:Liberalism
3866:Capitalism
3849:Ideologies
3830:Plutocracy
3778:Government
3734:Revolution
3719:Propaganda
3669:Legitimacy
3644:Government
3538:Ouyang Xiu
3533:Wang Anshi
3394:(972–1051)
3311:Pound lock
3237:Nanhai One
3194:Wang Anshi
3092:Su Hanchen
3055:Li Gonglin
3025:Zhao Chang
3021:(970–1053)
3019:Xu Daoning
3015:(960–1030)
2996:Zhao Rukuo
2978:Yang Wanli
2887:Sima Guang
2875:Zhou Dunyi
2851:Ouyang Xiu
2841:(998–1061)
2835:(991–1055)
2829:(989–1052)
2560:Government
2342:Sima Guang
2336:1075–1076
2313:1070–1074
1944:, Boston:
1921:Sivin 1995
1778:2015-10-23
1637:Mote ch. 6
1525:References
1509:Sima Guang
1420:Lin Yutang
1412:Yan Xishan
1299:Sima Guang
1247:zhijiangfa
1222:Baojia law
1132:qingmiaofa
1092:fangtianfa
1053:Wang Anshi
948:Background
911:zhi zhigao
788:Sima Guang
773:chancellor
729:Wang Anshi
706:Wade–Giles
613:Wade–Giles
520:Wade–Giles
423:Wade–Giles
220:Wade–Giles
198:Wáng Ānshí
132:Wang Anshi
120:Occupation
39:Wang Anshi
5134:Leviathan
5114:Monarchia
5108:(c. 1274)
4943:Oakeshott
4888:Mansfield
4883:Luxemburg
4868:Kropotkin
4763:Bernstein
4716:centuries
4630:Nietzsche
4573:Jefferson
4501:Condorcet
4449:centuries
4428:Pufendorf
4293:Marsilius
4180:Confucius
4165:Aristotle
4158:Antiquity
4086:Noble lie
4006:Third Way
4001:Socialism
3926:Feudalism
3881:Communism
3861:Anarchism
3840:Theocracy
3825:Oligarchy
3805:Democracy
3790:Autocracy
3704:Pluralism
3689:Obedience
3654:Hierarchy
3614:Authority
3558:Zeng Gong
3385:Inventors
3262:Gunpowder
3171:Qian Xuan
3137:(12th c.)
3116:Liang Kai
3110:Zhao Boju
3049:Wang Shen
3031:Yi Yuanji
3027:(10th c.)
2899:Cheng Hao
2893:Zhang Zai
2881:Zeng Gong
2869:Cai Xiang
2863:Shao Yong
2787:Jian ware
2750:Guan ware
2740:Ding ware
2535:Xiangyang
2411:Later Shu
2142:cite book
2134:987792605
2083:Gillin 42
1759:Zhao 2017
1703:Zhao 2017
1424:Su Dongpo
1218:in 1127.
1175:in 1127.
1086:junshuifa
1019:Objective
965:Yanshishu
955:Wanyanshu
804:suppress
106:Jiangning
58:In Office
5389:Centrism
5084:Politics
5074:Republic
5043:Voegelin
5023:Spengler
5008:Shariati
4983:Rothbard
4938:Nussbaum
4838:Habermas
4813:Fukuyama
4803:Foucault
4728:Ambedkar
4705:Voltaire
4675:de Staël
4650:Rousseau
4531:Franklin
4506:Constant
4466:Beccaria
4298:Muhammad
4278:Gelasius
4263:Averroes
4237:Xenophon
4217:Polybius
4170:Chanakya
4015:Concepts
3981:Populism
3951:Localism
3936:Islamism
3921:Feminism
3820:Monarchy
3724:Property
3714:Progress
3679:Monopoly
3649:Hegemony
3423:Shen Kuo
3411:Jia Xian
3392:Bi Sheng
3316:Dry dock
3205:Banknote
3165:Gong Kai
3037:Wen Tong
3013:Fan Kuan
3006:Painters
2990:Xin Qiji
2947:Zhu Bian
2929:Cai Jing
2905:Cheng Yi
2755:Jun ware
2725:Religion
2596:Military
2567:Emperors
2498:Yancheng
2483:Jingkang
2394:Timeline
2287:LibriVox
2234:32738303
2191:66-14308
2060:Bol 1992
2045:Bol 1992
1980:Bol 1992
1968:Bol 1992
1718:Bol 1992
1691:Bol 1992
1647:Liu 1959
1430:See also
1265:sanshefa
1186:junshufa
1146:shuilifa
1051:—
1046:jianbing
1037:jianbing
1033:jianbing
1029:jianbing
1007:zaixiang
980:上仁宗皇帝言事书
874:Qianshan
846:Yangzhou
822:Linchuan
806:nepotism
801:Legalism
712:Chieh-fu
538:Art name
293:Jyutping
86:Linchuan
19:In this
5426:Statism
5339:Elitism
5297:Related
5098:(51 BC)
5028:Strauss
5003:Scruton
4998:Schmitt
4988:Russell
4908:Michels
4903:Maurras
4898:Marcuse
4858:Kautsky
4828:Gramsci
4823:Gentile
4793:Dworkin
4783:Du Bois
4778:Dmowski
4773:Chomsky
4768:Burnham
4753:Benoist
4723:Agamben
4690:Thoreau
4680:Stirner
4670:Spencer
4615:Mazzini
4605:Maistre
4600:Madison
4595:Le Play
4526:Fourier
4491:Carlyle
4471:Bentham
4461:Bastiat
4456:Bakunin
4433:Spinoza
4423:Müntzer
4393:Leibniz
4366:Grotius
4346:Bossuet
4313:Plethon
4258:Aquinas
4227:Sun Tzu
4195:Mencius
4185:Han Fei
3956:Marxism
3916:Fascism
3749:Society
3674:Liberty
3659:Justice
3639:Freedom
3429:Song Ci
3417:Su Song
3306:Compass
3186:Economy
3147:Li Song
3061:Cui Bai
2839:Song Qi
2833:Yan Shu
2820:Writers
2760:Ru ware
2745:Ge ware
2717:Society
2713:Culture
2518:Caizhou
2508:Tangdao
2390:History
1514:Qin Hui
1211:Kaifeng
1200:shiyifa
1102:Kaifeng
993:estates
937:, 1743.
919:Nanjing
893:zhizhou
882:Kaifeng
869:tongpan
855:zhixian
850:Jiangsu
835:qianshu
830:Jiangxi
780:reforms
757:Chinese
738:Chinese
154:Chinese
115:Wang Yi
66:Monarch
5288:(1992)
5278:(1971)
5268:(1951)
5258:(1945)
5248:(1944)
5238:(1929)
5228:(1859)
5218:(1848)
5198:(1820)
5188:(1791)
5178:(1790)
5168:(1762)
5158:(1748)
5148:(1689)
5138:(1651)
5128:(1532)
5118:(1313)
5048:Walzer
5038:Taylor
4993:Sartre
4958:Popper
4953:Pareto
4948:Ortega
4933:Nozick
4923:Mouffe
4873:Laclau
4833:Guénon
4818:Gandhi
4758:Berlin
4748:Bauman
4743:Badiou
4733:Arendt
4700:Tucker
4590:Le Bon
4551:Herder
4541:Haller
4536:Godwin
4521:Fichte
4516:Engels
4511:Cortés
4481:Bonald
4438:Suárez
4413:Milton
4403:Luther
4376:Hobbes
4361:Filmer
4351:Calvin
4336:Boétie
4329:period
4308:Ockham
4175:Cicero
3976:Nazism
3764:Utopia
3739:Rights
3729:Regime
3699:People
3684:Nation
3553:Su Xun
3548:Su Shi
3543:Su Zhe
3515:Han Yu
3215:Guanzi
3210:Jiaozi
3043:Guo Xi
2984:Zhu Xi
2966:Lu You
2953:Zhu Yu
2917:Su Zhe
2911:Su Shi
2857:Su Xun
2730:Poetry
2513:Caishi
2383:topics
2232:
2222:
2189:
2132:
2122:
2096:
2028:
2000:
1952:
1621:
1416:Shanxi
1395:Legacy
1381:Han Yu
1303:Su Shi
1270:Taixue
1168:muyifa
860:Ningbo
826:Fuzhou
818:jinshi
759::
740::
331:Tâi-lô
112:Father
23:, the
5437:Index
5066:Works
5053:Weber
5018:Spann
5013:Sorel
4978:Röpke
4973:Rawls
4928:Negri
4918:Mosca
4913:Mises
4878:Lenin
4848:Hoppe
4843:Hayek
4808:Fromm
4798:Evola
4788:Dugin
4685:Taine
4665:Smith
4645:Renan
4640:Paine
4561:Iqbal
4546:Hegel
4496:Comte
4486:Burke
4398:Locke
4388:James
4341:Bodin
4273:Dante
4268:Bruni
4222:Shang
4205:Plato
3759:State
3709:Power
3694:Peace
3629:Elite
3607:Terms
3435:Li Ye
3220:Huizi
3104:Li Di
3074:Mi Fu
2540:Yamen
2493:De'an
1372:唐宋八大家
1356:Du Fu
1025:xinfa
983:) to
878:Anhui
753:Jiefu
698:Jièfǔ
4968:Rand
4963:Qutb
4863:Kirk
4738:Aron
4655:Sade
4635:Owen
4620:Mill
4610:Marx
4578:Kant
4556:Hume
4418:More
4318:Wang
4200:Mozi
3624:Duty
3281:Coke
3159:Muqi
2715:and
2230:OCLC
2220:ISBN
2187:LCCN
2148:link
2130:OCLC
2120:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1383:and
1366:Song
1364:and
1362:Tang
1342:Poet
1226:The
1155:silk
1002:参知政事
96:Died
90:Song
80:Born
30:Wang
5033:Sun
4893:Mao
3769:War
3664:Law
3402:fl.
3126:fl.
3065:fl.
2957:fl.
2285:at
2259:",
1582:388
1350:shi
1015:).
970:言事书
960:万言书
921:).
914:).
799:or
744:王安石
429:Wen
415:Wén
307:IPA
234:IPA
27:is
5468::
2228:.
2177:.
2144:}}
2140:{{
2128:.
2052:^
1948:,
1928:^
1899:^
1725:^
1710:^
1683:^
1666:^
1584:–.
1426:.
1254:.
1012:宰相
1009:;
999:;
977:;
967:;
957:;
876:,
862:,
848:,
828:,
790:.
763:介甫
736:;
574:老人
571:半山
555:老人
552:半山
251:Wu
88:,
3592:e
3585:t
3578:v
3486:e
3479:t
3472:v
3407:)
3400:(
3131:)
3124:(
3070:)
3063:(
2962:)
2955:(
2657:)
2653:(
2396:)
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2236:.
2150:)
2136:.
2100:.
2034:.
2006:.
1910:.
1893:.
1879:.
1865:.
1851:.
1837:.
1823:.
1809:.
1795:.
1781:.
1736:.
1677:.
1627:.
1563:公
1560:荊
1557:王
1545:公
1542:文
1539:王
1369:(
973:/
963:/
953:(
824:(
755:(
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667:甫
664:介
648:甫
645:介
481:公
478:国
475:荆
459:公
456:國
453:荊
384:文
167:石
164:安
161:王
33:.
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