Wang Jingwei regime

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Japan. He claimed it was natural for Japan and China to have good relations and cooperation because of their close affinity, describing their conflicts as a temporary aberration in both nation's history. Furthermore, the government believed in the unity of all Asian nations with Japan as their leader as the only way to achieve their goals of removing Western colonial powers from Asia. There was no official description of which Asian peoples were considered to be included in this, but Wang, members of the Propaganda Ministry, and other officials of his regime writing for collaborationist media had different interpretations, at times listing Japan, China, Manchukuo, Thailand, the Philippines, Burma, Nepal, India, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Arabia as potential members of an "East Asian League."

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sheltered position from attacks by KMT and Communist forces alike, Shanghai offered both sanctuary and opportunity for Wang and his allies' ambitions. Once in Shanghai, the new regime quickly moved to take control over those publications already supportive of Wang and his peace platform, while also engaging in violent, gang-style attacks against rival news outlets. By November 1940, the Reorganized Nationalist Party had secured enough local support to begin hostile takeovers of both Chinese courts and banks still under nominal control by the KMT in Chongqing or Western powers. Buoyed by this rapid influx of seized collateral, the Reorganized Government under its recently appointed Finance Minister,

116: 1002:, recognizing that the tide of war was turning against them, sought new ways to reinforce the thinly stretched Japanese forces. To this end, Tokyo finally found it expedient to fully recognize Wang Jingwei's government as a full ally, and a replacement Pact of Alliance was drafted for the basic treaty. This new agreement granted the Nanjing government markedly enhanced administrative control over its own territory, as well as increased ability to make limited self-decisions. Despite this windfall, the deal came far too late for the Reorganized government to have sufficient resources to take advantage of its new powers, and Japan was in no condition to offer aid to its new partner. 969:

intermediary with Chiang Kai-shek and his forces in securing a peace agreement in China. Likewise, the regime was afforded no extra administrative powers in occupied China, save those few previously carved out in Shanghai. Indeed, official Japanese correspondence regarded the Nanjing regime as trivially important, and urged any and all token representatives stationed with Wang and his allies to dismiss all diplomatic efforts by the new government which could not directly contribute to a total military victory over Chiang and his forces. Hoping to expand the treaty in such a way as to be useful, Wang formally traveled to Tokyo in June 1941 in order to meet with prime minister

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widespread traffickers within the territory under the auspices of semi-official narcotics monopolies. While initially too politically weak to make inroads into the Japanese operations, as the war began to turn against them, the Japanese government sought to incorporate some collaborationist governments more actively into the war effort. To this end in October 1943 the Japanese government signed a treaty with the Reorganized Nationalist Government of China offering them a greater degree of control over their own territory. As a result, Wang Jingwei and his government were able to gain some increased control over the opium monopolies. Negotiations by

480: 4821: 4905: 1189: 1161: 4942: 4930: 1422: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5003: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4845: 4833: 4773: 427: 413: 1430: 4954: 188: 1025: 838:'s position as leader of the Nationalist Party, based upon his faithful service to the party throughout the 1910s and 20s and based on his unique position as the one who accepted and recorded Sun's last will and testament, he was rapidly overtaken by Chiang Kai-shek. By the 1930s, Wang Jingwei had taken the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-shek. This put him in control over the deteriorating Sino-Japanese relationship. While Chiang Kai-shek focused his primary attentions against the 466: 1200:. Initially, its main sponsor, Japan, hoped to come to a peace accord with Chiang Kai-shek and held off official diplomatic recognition for the Wang Jingwei regime for eight months after its founding, not establishing formal diplomatic relations with the National Reorganized Government until 30 November 1940. The Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty was signed on 20 November 1940, by which Japan recognised the Nationalist Government, and it also included a Japan–Manchukuo–China joint declaration by which China recognized the 977:, a move which further emboldened officials in Tokyo to pursue total victory in China, rather than accept a peace deal. In the end, Konoe eventually agreed to provide a substantial loan to the Nanjing government as well as increased sovereignty; neither of which came to fruition, and indeed, neither of which were even mentioned to military commanders stationed in China. As a slight conciliation, Wang was successful in persuading the Japanese to secure official recognition for the Nanjing Government from the other 8394: 914:, who played a critical role in arranging Wang's defection after two years of negotiations with the Japanese, in January 1940. He had become disillusioned and believed that Japan did not see China as an equal partner, taking with him the documents of the Basic Treaty that Japan had signed with the Wang Jingwei government. He revealed them to the Kuomintang press, becoming a major propaganda coup for Chiang Kai-shek and discrediting Wang's movement in the eyes of the public as mere puppets of the Japanese. 1438:

an infantry force. Military aid from Japan was also very limited despite Japanese promises to assist the Nanjing regime in the "Japan–China Military Affairs Agreement" that they signed. All military matters were the responsibility of the Central Military Commission, but in practice that body was mainly a ceremonial one. In reality, many of the army's commanders operated outside of the direct command of the central government in Nanjing. The majority of its officers were either former

990: 4809: 441: 1177: 4881: 4893: 940: 4761: 4869: 850: 1584:, were used to recruit local peasants in return for money or food. The Japanese recruited 5,000 volunteers in the Anhui area for the Reorganized National Government Army. Japanese forces and the Reorganized National Government used slogans like "Lay down your guns and take up the plough", "Oppose the Communist Bandits" or "Oppose Corrupt Government and Support the Reformed Government" to dissuade guerrilla attacks and buttress its support. 1834: 4797: 4785: 871:

objections. To this end, Wang sought to discredit the Nationalists in Chongqing on the basis that they represented not the republican government envisioned by Sun, but rather a "one-party dictatorship", and subsequently call together a Central Political Conference back to the capital of Nanjing in order to formally transfer control over the party away from Chiang Kai-shek. In August, Wang secretly convened the

1645: 936:, was able to issue a new currency for circulation. Ultimately however, the already limited economic influence garnered by the new banknotes was further diminished by Japanese efforts to contain the influence of the new regime, at least for a time, to territories firmly under Japanese control like Shanghai and other isolated regions of the Yangtze Valley. 1279:'s increasing yielding to Japanese pressure, such as granting them economic and military facilities and privileges in Indochina and handing over in July 1943 the keys of Shanghai's French concession to Mayor Chen Gongbo, appointed by the Wang Jingwei government, Chiang Kai-shek broke diplomatic relations with Vichy the same month and moved closer to the 2641:

the victorious Nationalists) and his vice president Zhou Fohai (who had his death sentence commuted to life imprisonment), was given the title Hanjian meaning arch-traitor to the Han people. In the following decades, Wang Jingwei and the entire reputation of the collaborationist government have undergone considerable scholastic debate.

1275:, who recommended in October 1941 that the Vatican recognize the Wang Jingwei regime as the legitimate government of China. Zanin would remain in the Wang Jingwei regime's territory as apostolic delegate while another bishop in Chongqing was to represent Catholic interests in Chiang Kai-shek's territory. Following Axis-aligned 174: 176: 175: 1915:

Since Wang's government held authority only over territories under Japanese military occupation, there was a limited amount that officials loyal to Wang could do to ease the suffering of Chinese under Japanese occupation. Wang himself became a focal point of anti-Japanese resistance. He was demonised

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During its existence, the Reorganized National Government nominally led a large army often called the "Nanjing Army" that was estimated to have included 300,000 to 500,000 men, along with a smaller navy and air force. Although its land forces possessed limited armor and artillery, they were primarily

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as a struggle by Asians against the West, more specifically the Anglo-American powers. The Reorganized National Government had a Propaganda Ministry, which exerted control over local media outlets and used them to disseminate pan-Asianist and anti-Western propaganda. British and American diplomats in

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from Asia, particularly the "Anglo-Saxons" (the U.S. and Britain) that dominated large parts of Asia. Wang Jingwei used pan-Asianism, basing his views on Sun Yat-sen's advocacy for Asian people to unite against the West in the early 20th century, partly to justify his efforts at working together with

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and Japanese political entities formed by Japanese political advisors. A principal goal of the new regime was to portray itself as the legitimate continuation of the former Nationalist government, despite the Japanese occupation. To this end, the Reorganized government frequently sought to revitalize

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As the Japanese offensive stalled around the Pacific, conditions remained generally consistent under Wang Jingwei's government. The regime continued to represent itself as the legitimate government of China, continued to appeal to Chiang Kai-shek to seek a peace deal, and continued to chafe under the

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Characterizations of the regime are a matter of historical debate. In general, evaluations produced by scholars working under the People's Republic of China have held the most critical interpretations of the failed regime, Western scholars typically holding the government and Wang Jingwei especially

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as a great race for their technological and organizational advancements and glorified the Nazi regime for supposedly transforming Germany into a great power over the past decade. The publications of the Nanjing Government also agreed with the anti-Jewish views held by Nazi Germany, with Wang Jingwei

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is a spy genre thriller. During Shanghai's Reorganised Government, communist agent Chen Shen infiltrates the Japanese' base and adopts the code name "Sparrow". His mission is to obtain the "zero" intel, a secret plan that could destroy China. To do so, he becomes the assistant of Bi Zhongliang, the

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Along with the great variation in equipment, there was also a disparity in sizes of units. Some "armies" had only a few thousand troops while some "divisions" several thousand. There was a standard divisional structure, but only the elite Guards divisions closer to the capital actually had anything

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As a result of general chaos and wartime various profiteering efforts of the conquering Japanese armies, already considerable illegal opium smuggling operations expanded greatly in the Reorganized Nation Government's territory. Indeed, Japanese forces themselves became arguably the largest and most

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with Wang as its leaders. These efforts were stymied by Japanese refusal to offer backing for Wang and his new government. Ultimately, Wang Jingwei and his allies would establish their almost entirely powerless new government in Nanjing on 30 March 1940 during the "Central Political Conference", in

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Having died before the war had ended, Wang Jingwei was unable to join his fellow Reorganized Nationalist Government leaders on trial for treason in the months that followed the Japanese surrender. Instead he, alongside his presidential successor Chen Gongbo (who was tried and sentenced to death by

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took them back in 1943 for its own use. In addition there were two regiments of marines, one at Canton and the other at Weihaiwei. By 1944, the navy was under direct command of Ren Yuandao, the naval minister. An Air Force of the Reorganized National Government was established in May 1941 with the

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Japanese under the regime had greater access to coveted wartime luxuries, and the Japanese enjoyed things like matches, rice, tea, coffee, cigars, foods, and alcoholic drinks, all of which were scarce in Japan proper. However, consumer goods became more scarce after Japan entered World War II. In

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in northern China remained, in effect, under the authority of the North China Political Council rather than that of the central government. In an attempt to improve the quality of the officer corps, multiple military academies had been opened, including a Central Military Academy in Nanjing and a

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The majority of the government's forces were armed with a mix of captured Nationalist weaponry and a small amount of Japanese equipment, the latter mainly being given to Nanjing's best units. The lack of local military industry for the duration of the war meant that the Nanjing regime had trouble

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After its 1941 declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom, Japan moved into the foreign areas of the city that it had not previously occupied after the Battle of Shanghai. It seized most of the banks in these areas of Shanghai (and occupied Tianjin) and declared that the

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In 1938, a manifesto was launched in Shanghai, reminding the populace the Japanese alliance's track-record in maintaining "moral supremacy" as compared to the often fractious nature of the previous Republican control, and also accusing Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek of treason for maintaining the

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The government also took measures to ban the spread of Anglo-American culture and lifestyle among Chinese people in its territory and promoted traditional Confucian culture. Generally it considered Eastern spiritual culture to be superior to the Western culture of materialism, individualism, and

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On 9 January 1943, the Reorganized National Government signed the "Treaty on Returning Leased Territories and Repealing Extraterritoriality Rights" with Japan, which abolished all foreign concessions within occupied China. Reportedly the date was originally to have been later that month, but was

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While Wang had been successful in securing from Japan a "basic treaty" recognizing the foundation of his new party in November 1940, the produced document granted the Reorganized Nationalist Government almost no powers whatsoever. This initial treaty precluded any possibility for Wang to act as

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of China that were under Japanese control, respectively. Unlike Wang Jingwei's government, these regimes were not much more than arms of the Japanese military leadership and received no recognition even from Japan itself or its allies. However, after 1940 the former territory of the Provisional

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were successful in reaching an agreement to cut opium imports from Mongolia in half, as well as an official turnover of state-sponsored monopolies from Japan over to the Reorganized Nationalist Government. Yet, perhaps due to financial concerns, the regime sought only limited reductions in the

1628:) was formed with himself as chairman, and Zhou Fohai and Chen Gongbo (as first and second vice-chairmen respectively). Li Shiqun was made the committee's secretary. Beginning in July 1941, Wang maintained that any areas to which the plan was applied would convert into "model areas of peace, 931:

by the Japanese Imperial Army, the fledgling Reorganized Nationalist Government turned to Shanghai as its primary focal point. With its key role as both an economic and media center for all China, close affiliation to Western Imperial powers even despite the Japanese invasion, and relatively

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continued unrelentingly. From his new position, Wang urged Chiang Kai-shek to pursue a peace agreement with Japan on the sole condition that the hypothetical deal "did not interfere with the territorial integrity of China". Chiang Kai-shek was adamant, however, that he would countenance no

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From this new base, Wang began pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the conflict independent of the Nationalist Party in exile. In June 1939, Wang and his supporters began negotiating with the Japanese for the creation of a new Nationalist Government which could end the war despite Chiang's

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The strategy of the local education system was to create a workforce suited for employment in factories and mines, and for manual labor. The Japanese also attempted to introduce their culture and dress to the Chinese. Complaints and agitation called for more meaningful Chinese educational

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Shanghai and Nanjing noted by 1940 that the Wang Jingwei-controlled press was publishing anti-Western content. These campaigns were aided by the Japanese authorities in China and also reflected pan-Asian thought as promoted by Japanese thinkers, which intensified after the start of the

1446:. Thus their reliability and combat capability was questionable, and Wang Jingwei was estimated to only be able to count on the loyalty of about 10% to 15% of his nominal forces. Among the reorganized government's best units were three Capital Guards divisions based in Nanjing, 171: 1289:

moved to January 9 to be before the United States concluded a similar treaty with Chiang Kai-shek's government. The Nanjing Government then took control of all of the international concessions in Shanghai and its other territories. Later that year Wang Jingwei attended the

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The Japanese used various methods for subjugating the local populace. Initially, fear was used to maintain order, but this approach was altered following appraisals by Japanese military ideologists. In 1939, the Japanese army attempted some populist policies, including:

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to oppose Anglo-American "cultural aggression." At the same time, Zhou Huaren and others also thought that it was necessary to adopt Western scientific advancements while combining them with traditional Eastern culture to develop themselves, as he said Japan did in the

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had to be exchanged for bank notes of the Wang Jingwei regime at a mandated rate of 2:1 before June 1, 1942. For most Chinese in these occupied areas, the exchange meant that their fabi lost half its value and a major blow to the economy of the lower Yangzi resulted.

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were established by the former Provisional Government and Reformed Government, which had nationalised private railway and bus companies that operated in their territories, and continued to function providing railway and bus services in the Nanjing regime's territory.

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Buddhist leaders inside the occupied Chinese territories ("Shao-Kung") were also forced to give public speeches and persuade people of the virtues of a Chinese alliance with Japan, including advocating the breaking-off of all relations with Western powers and ideas.

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the hope that Tokyo might eventually be willing to negotiate a deal for peace, which, though painful, might allow China to survive. The dedication occurred in the Conference Hall, and both the "blue-sky white-sun red-earth" national flag and the "blue-sky white-sun"

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surrender, and that it was his position that, were China to be united completely under his control, the Japanese could readily be repulsed. On December 18, 1938, Wang Jingwei and several of his closest supporters resigned from their positions and boarded a plane to

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By April 1938, the national conference of the KMT, held in retreat at the temporary capital of Chongqing, appointed Wang as vice-president of the party, reporting only to Chiang Kai-shek himself. Meanwhile, the Japanese advance into Chinese territory as part of the

4725: 1478:, which were used in large quantities by the Chinese Nationalist Army. For small arms, there was no standard rifle and a large variety of different weapons were used, which made supplying them with ammunition difficult. The most common rifles in use was the 649:) was under Wang Jingwei's government only nominally. His regime was also hampered by the fact that the powers granted to it by the Japanese were extremely limited, and this was only partly changed with the signing of a new treaty in 1943 which gave it more 4718: 1365:

Since Japan was aligned with Germany, Italy, and other European Axis countries, the Nanjing Government's propaganda did not portray the conflict as a war against all white people and focused on the U.S. and Britain in particular. Their newspapers like

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double-agent. A Japanese intelligence officer detains the group in a castle and attempts to uncover which of them is the spy using psychological and physical coercion, uncovering the protagonists' bitter rivalries, jealousies, and secrets as he does

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liberalism. Christian missionary schools and missionary activities were banned, the study of English language in schools was reduced, and the usage of English in the postal and customs system was gradually reduced as well. Vice minister of education

842:, Wang Jingwei diligently toiled to preserve the peace between China and Japan, repeatedly stressing the need for a period of extended peace in order for China to elevate itself economically and militarily to the levels of its neighbor and the other 1604:

dropping leaflets from aeroplanes, offering rewards for information (with parlays set up by use of a white surrender flag), the handing over of weapons or other actions beneficial to the Japanese cause. Money and food were often incentives used;

2791:, was not attached to the flag itself but flew separately on the flagpole immediately above it. In 1943, the pennant, which was previously mandatory for outdoor use of the flag, was removed. This made the flag identical to that of the rival 1675:

Thereafter, the Reorganized Government's actual borders waxed and waned as the Japanese gained or lost territory during the course of the war. During the December 1941 Japanese offensive the Reorganized Government extended its control over

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resembling it. In addition to these regular army forces, there were multiple police and local militia, which numbered in the tens of thousands, but were deemed to be completely unreliable by the Japanese. Most of the units located around

1902:(Special Higher Police), collaborationist Chinese police, and Chinese citizens in the service of the Japanese all worked to censor information, monitor any opposition, and torture enemies and dissenters. A "native" secret agency, the 1361:

that the Sino-Japanese conflict and other wars among Asians were the result of secret manipulation by the Western powers. Lin Baisheng, the minister of propaganda from 1940 to 1944, also made these claims in several of his speeches.

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in a sympathetic light, with Taiwanese scholars falling somewhere in the middle. The Western characterization of the regime is generally as collaborationist, while Chinese sources have often characterized it as illegitimate.

2753: 1739:). Other Japanese-controlled territories had military administrations directly reporting to the Japanese military headquarters in Nanjing, with the exception of Guangdong and Guangxi which briefly had its headquarters in 169: 1571:(IJA). The Nanjing Government undertook a "rural pacification" campaign to eradicate communists from the countryside, arresting and executing many people suspected of being communists, with support from the Japanese. 1547:

did not come to fruition as the Japanese did not trust the pilots enough to give them combat aircraft. Morale was low and a number of defections took place. The only two offensive aircraft they did possess were

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During the conflicts in central China, the Japanese utilized several methods to recruit Chinese volunteers. Japanese sympathisers including Nanjing's pro-Japanese governor, or major local landowners such as

1387:, vice minister of propaganda, blamed Chinese students that studied in the West for spreading Western values among the population and disparaging traditional Chinese culture. Wang Jingwei blamed communism, 170: 653:

from Japanese control. The Japanese largely viewed it as not an end in itself but the means to an end, a bridge for negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek, which led them to often treat Wang with indifference.

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and branded as an "arch-traitor" in both KMT and Communist rhetoric. Wang and his government were deeply unpopular with the Chinese populace, who regarded them as traitors to both the Chinese state and

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Daily life was often difficult in the Nanjing Nationalist Government-controlled Republic of China, and grew increasingly so as the war turned against Japan (c. 1943). Local residents resorted to the

1068:, the Japanese ambassador in Nanjing. Zhou Fohai petitioned for total control of China's central provinces by the Reorganized National Government. In response, Imperial Japanese Army Lt. Gen. 92: 2671:. The story is about a group of young university students who attempt to assassinate the Minister of Security of the Reorganized National Government. During the war, Ms. Chang was married to 899:

to establish the legitimacy of his power as Sun's successor. Wang had been a high-level official of the Kuomintang government and, as a confidant to Sun, had transcribed Sun's last will, the

187: 1208:." The United States and Britain immediately denounced the formation of the government, seeing it as a tool of Japanese imperialism. In July 1941, after negotiations by Foreign Minister 1395:(which Wang considered Anglo-American thinking) for making other peoples despise their own culture and embracing the Anglo-American culture. He believed it was necessary to promote 2622: 1079:

and local representatives. Though these companies were supposedly treated the same as local Chinese companies by the government, the president of the Yuan legislature in Nanjing,

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Japanese-occupied Chinese territories the prices of basic necessities rose substantially as Japan's war effort expanded. By 1941, these prices in Shanghai increased eleven-fold.

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also recognized and established relations with the Wang Jingwei regime as the government of China. China under the Reorganized National Government also became a signatory of the

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In 1940 an agreement was signed between the Inner Mongolian puppet state of Mengjiang and the Nanjing regime, incorporating the former into the latter as an autonomous part.

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development. Shinto temples and similar cultural centers were built in order to instill Japanese culture and values. These activities came to a halt at the end of the war.

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The Nanjing Nationalist Government received little international recognition as it was seen as a Japanese puppet state, being recognized only by Japan and the rest of the

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The Reorganized National Government had its own Foreign Section or Ministry of Foreign Affairs for managing international relations, although it was short on personnel.

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Naval Academy in Shanghai. In addition there was a military academy in Beijing for the North China Political Council's forces, and a branch of the central academy in

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was administered by the Japanese North China Area Army. These small, largely independent fiefdoms had local money and local leaders, and frequently squabbled.

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of the world. Despite his efforts, Wang was unable to find a peaceful solution to prevent the Japanese from commencing an invasion into Chinese territory.

741:). As the government of the Republic of China and subsequently of the People's Republic of China regard the regime as illegal, it is also commonly known as 6283: 6229: 5415: 4203: 8527: 6747: 6236: 5852: 895:

On the day the new government was formed, and just before the session of the "Central Political Conference" began, Wang visited Sun's tomb in Nanjing's

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The Reorganized National Government's army was primarily tasked with garrison and police duties in the occupied territories. It also took part in anti-

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government, Wang adopted Sun's flag in the hope that it would establish him as the rightful successor to Sun and bring the government back to Nanjing.

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would pay visits to Catholics in the Nanjing government's territory. The Pope also ignored the suggestion of the aforementioned apostolic delegate,

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Wang Jingwei nominally ruled the government as the Chairman of the Central Political Committee, Chairman of the National Government Committee, and

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was ordered to provide military guidance to the Reorganized National Government, and so became part of the real power that lay behind Wang's rule.

1908:, was created with the aid of Japanese Army "advisors". The Japanese also established prisoner-of-war detention centres, concentration camps, and 1375:

and other officials seeing Jews as dominating the American government and being conspirators with the Anglo-American powers to control the world.

6363: 5675: 4479: 4462: 6182: 5484: 4710: 4241: 3935: 3144: 2384: 2381:: Governor of the General Office for Business, Governor of the General Office for Agriculture, Chairperson of the North China Political Council 8188: 6981: 6944: 6921: 6435: 5357: 5327: 4608: 2320: 2232: 1598:

providing the Chinese with medical services, including vaccination against cholera, typhus, and varicella, and treatments for other diseases;

6696: 1518:, but it mostly consisted of small patrol boats that were used for coastal and river defense. Reportedly, the captured Nationalist cruisers 1147:; they were respectively led by Chen Gongbo and Wang Jingwei until 1944. However, actual political power remained with the commander of the 8502: 8492: 7074: 6930: 6914: 6886: 6127: 5334: 4970: 4849: 4658: 4588: 4097: 4049: 1977: 1380: 625: 418: 7831: 6898: 6810: 6754: 6717: 5992: 4301: 4296: 2072: 6803: 5528: 5080: 5068: 4484: 4469: 2944: 1660:, which it recognized as an independent state. In actuality, at the time of its formation, the Reorganized Government controlled only 8309: 6937: 5320: 5278: 4675: 4166: 2390: 1332:), an idea aimed at establishing a "New Order in East Asia" together with Japan, Manchukuo, and other Asian nations that would expel 947: 8472: 8158: 5970: 5744: 5507: 5373: 5184: 2768: 161: 7053: 6850: 6502: 5880: 5380: 5292: 5228: 4633: 4090: 3644:

Martin, Brian G. (2003-01-01). "'in My Heart I Opposed Opium': Opium and The Politics of the Wang Jingwei Government, 1940–45".

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area fell inside the sphere of influence of the Japanese Central China Area Army. During this same period the area from middle

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Wakeman, Jr., Frederic (2000). "Hanjian (Traitor) Collaboration and Retribution in Wartime Shanghai". In Wen-hsin Yeh (ed.).

3566: 3346: 3036: 2675:, a writer who worked for the Reorganized National Government and the story is believed to be largely based on actual events. 1747:

in 1944, though the Japanese garrison had no effective control over most of this region apart from a narrow strip around the

1945:: President and Head of State after the death of Wang. Also, President of the Legislative Yuan (1940–1944) and Mayor of the 8482: 8085: 7492: 7378: 6543: 6003: 5999: 5977: 5581: 4670: 3809: 1851: 1425:

President Wang Jingwei at a military parade on the occasion of the third anniversary of the establishment of the government

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Government remained semi-autonomous from Nanjing's control, under the name "North China Political Council". The region of

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In support of such efforts, in 1941 Wang Jingwei proposed the Qingxiang Plan to be applied along the lower course of the

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newspaper that the Japanese establishment was making little progress in the Nanjing area. This quote provoked anger from

3253: 1263:, but he refused to give in to these pressures. Instead the Vatican came to an informal agreement with Japan that their 964:

Advertisement of congratulation towards the establishment of the new Nationalist government on Taiwan Nichi Nichi Shimpō

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The Tongzhou administration (East Ji Anti-Communist Autonomous Administration) was under the commander-in-chief of the

8517: 8325: 7207: 7179: 6996: 6578: 6290: 6257: 5092: 4173: 4117: 3599: 3198: 2875: 1873: 1720: 1036: 566: 531: 459: 5473: 4082: 2163:: Executive Vice-chief to the Evaluation Department of the Examination Yuan, Chief Secretary of the Examination Yuan 8362: 7520: 7457: 6592: 6421: 5544: 5032: 5020: 4777: 4643: 4566: 3338: 2738: 1986: 1148: 1112: 6098: 2487:: Executive Member and Chief of the Agency for Political Affairs, Chairperson of the North China Political Council 7886: 7727: 7716: 7552: 7311: 7270: 7163: 7101: 6481: 5751: 5620: 5588: 4648: 4281: 3673:

So, Wai Chor (January 2011). "Race, Culture, and the Anglo-American Powers: The Views of Chinese Collaborators".

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With the permission of the Japanese Army, a monopolistic economic policy was applied, to the benefit of Japanese

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Wang Jingwei traveled to Tokyo in 1941 for meetings. In Tokyo the Reorganized National Government Vice President

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that ruled the new government. The new state claimed the entirety of China (outside the Japanese puppet state of

6268: 5836: 4740: 4246: 8272: 8244: 8122: 7915: 7152: 6603: 6529: 6318: 5689: 5408: 5313: 5198: 4551: 3956: 2808: 2355:: Vice-Chief of the Judicial Yuan, Chairperson of the Disciplinary Action Committee for Central Public Servants 1855: 1132: 1124: 1089:

Japanese review. The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China also featured its own embassy in

779: 746: 710: 667: 473: 1357:, the minister of foreign affairs of the Nanjing Government, asserted in an article written shortly after the 554:(KMT). The region it administered was initially seized by Japan during the late 1930s at the beginning of the 8332: 8265: 8216: 8147: 7972: 7478: 7429: 7193: 7186: 6789: 6550: 6334: 5387: 4994: 4613: 4342: 2748: 2213:: Executive Member and Governor to the General Office for Finance, Governor of the General Office for Economy 2181:: Minister of Agriculture (1940–1941), Minister of Justice (1941–1942), Minister of Civil Service (1942–1943) 2106: 2099:: Commander-in-Chief of the North China Appeasement army, Supervisor of the General administration of Justice 1648:

Map of the Republic of China that was controlled by the reorganized national government in 1939 (dark green)

1416: 4025: 1433:

Type 94 tankettes on parade (note the driver's Stahlhelm and the KMT blue and white sun emblem on the tanks)

8532: 8406: 8302: 7677: 7638: 6557: 6385: 6370: 6297: 6276: 6094: 5772: 5558: 5551: 5535: 5246: 5205: 5177: 5111: 5056: 4528: 4496: 1899: 1748: 1727:. Likewise, the Japanese-controlled territories in central China were under military administration of the 1304:, which were held in Tokyo for the 2,600th anniversary of the legendary founding of the Japanese Empire by 1297: 1290: 1237: 4593: 3203:. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918-1945 (in German). Vol. D-13-2. Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht. 998:

extremely limited sovereignty afforded by the Japanese occupiers. Yet by 1943, Japanese leaders including

973:

and his cabinet to discuss new terms and agreements. Unfortunately for Wang, his visit coincided with the

8369: 7693: 7645: 7263: 7235: 7088: 6703: 6682: 6196: 5859: 5765: 5255: 5044: 4946: 4571: 4183: 2743: 1564: 1439: 1392: 1333: 53: 1595:

by dividing the property of major landowners into small holdings, and allocating them to local peasants;

8167: 7663: 7582: 7527: 7415: 7371: 7021: 6647: 6571: 6466: 6343: 6215: 6208: 6168: 6141: 5873: 5806: 5401: 5212: 5142: 4910: 4695: 4663: 4628: 4372: 3558: 2855: 2511:: Chief Executive of the Suhuai Special Region, Commander of the Suhuai Special Region Security forces 2115:: Chief of the Collaborationist Secret police, Minister of Society, Minister of Transport, Governor of 1530:

were handed over to the government by the Japanese, becoming important propaganda tools. However, the

8497: 8487: 8069: 7986: 7771: 7631: 7603: 7436: 7341: 7131: 6564: 5631: 5285: 4682: 4603: 4404: 4394: 3884:

Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria

2045:: Commander of the 5th Group Army, Commander of the 12th Army, Governor and Commander of Security in 1201: 1160: 1106: 896: 885: 880: 574: 121: 5829: 3141: 2087:: Chief of Staff of the 1st Army group, Governor of Huaihai, General commander of the 6th Route Army 7808: 7785: 7037: 6838: 6831: 6488: 6148: 6120: 6113: 5500: 4873: 4690: 4429: 4291: 4236: 4231: 4156: 3770: 2733: 1791:

According to other sources, total extension of territory during 1940 period was 1,264,000 km.

1728: 1526: 1520: 1188: 859: 555: 65: 5845: 5822: 2433:: Minister of Transport, Chairman of the Irrigation Commission, Vice-Chief of the Legislative Yuan 8230: 8174: 8044: 7904: 7589: 7242: 7138: 7044: 6612: 6473: 6443: 6407: 6392: 6264: 6156: 6134: 6080: 6066: 6048: 5712: 5493: 5221: 5170: 4638: 4598: 4556: 4538: 4533: 4452: 4409: 4399: 4384: 4332: 4264: 4226: 4188: 2680: 2655: 2358: 2314: 2021:: Minister of Military Affairs (1945) & Chairman of the National Military Council (1942–1945) 1844: 1560: 1349:

in December 1941. Pro-regime newspapers and journals published articles which cited instances of

900: 839: 3591: 7922: 7815: 7617: 7568: 7471: 7364: 7334: 7117: 7005: 6731: 6522: 6106: 6087: 6057: 5604: 5574: 4208: 4069: 2792: 2592: 1568: 1543:

trainers as well as multiple transports. Plans by Wang Jingwei to form a fighter squadron with

1531: 1463: 1358: 1181: 594: 539: 527: 2015:: Minister of the Navy (1940–1945) & Chairman of the National Military Council (1940–1942) 1743:. The central and southern zones of military occupation were eventually linked together after 8413: 8136: 7979: 7875: 7845: 7801: 7541: 7506: 7499: 7422: 7320: 6761: 6738: 6585: 6189: 5726: 5466: 5452: 5135: 4414: 3712:"Globalizing Hanjian: The Suzhou Trials and the Post-World War II Discourse on Collaboration" 1994:: Minister of the Examination Yuan, Chairman of the North China Political Council (1940–1943) 1807: 1479: 1421: 1350: 1301: 1225: 621: 609:

in August 1945, at which point the regime was dissolved and many of its leading members were

6024: 3848:

How the Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek gained the Chinese-Japanese eight years war, 1937–1945

2952: 1474:)—mainly used by the Guards divisions. Oftentimes, the troops were equipped with the German 1429: 601:, of which it was a signatory. The Reorganized National Government existed until the end of 8477: 8237: 8092: 7743: 7700: 7670: 7596: 7406: 7385: 6304: 5781: 5459: 4825: 4506: 4379: 4367: 4357: 4251: 4216: 2728: 2280: 2027:: Chief of General Staff (1940–1942) & Chairman of the National Military Council (1945) 1309: 1272: 974: 565:

and member of the pro-peace faction of the KMT, defected to the Japanese side and formed a

4030: 1656:

In theory, the Reorganized National Government claimed all of China with the exception of

1458:

arming its troops. While the army was mainly an infantry force, in 1941 it did receive 18

8: 8355: 8129: 8007: 7963: 7485: 6619: 5905: 5735: 5719: 5668: 4424: 4352: 4276: 3824: 2709: 1556: 1245: 1233: 598: 3616: 8348: 8181: 8106: 8060: 8030: 7938: 7778: 7443: 7327: 7221: 7172: 7110: 6866: 6817: 6626: 6243: 5898: 5696: 4286: 4015: 3945: 3929: 3733: 3698: 3690: 3661: 2496: 1264: 1229: 1139:). The administrative structure of the Reorganized National Government also included a 610: 606: 376: 1152:

and expand the former policies of the Nationalist government, often to mixed success.

8339: 8223: 8113: 8053: 8014: 7947: 7929: 7895: 7838: 7792: 7736: 7561: 7299: 7291: 7228: 7081: 6675: 6200: 5661: 5640: 5350: 4934: 4581: 4112: 3989: 3952: 3805: 3702: 3595: 3562: 3342: 3283: 3032: 2871: 2754:

Organization of the China Garrison detachment of the Imperial Japanese Army (to 1937)

2556: 1744: 1401: 1353:

towards immigrant Asian communities living in the West and Western colonies in Asia.

593:, but effectively only Japanese-occupied territory was under its direct control. Its 582: 243: 4161: 3986:

Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate

3256:. Japanese diplomatic cables published by US Department of Defense, pp. A-456–A-465. 1119:

succeeded him until Japan's defeat in 1945. His collaborationist Kuomintang was the

1024: 8258: 8251: 8195: 7859: 7624: 7610: 7513: 7450: 7401: 7214: 7067: 7014: 6824: 6775: 6689: 5912: 5889: 5422: 4922: 4269: 4256: 4221: 4020: 3723: 3682: 3653: 3587: 2685: 2148: 2033:: Minister of Military Affairs (1940–1943) & Chief of General Staff (1943–1945) 1459: 1217: 1140: 1123:. The supreme national ruling body was officially the Central Political Committee ( 928: 239: 40: 5431: 8281: 7993: 7908: 7866: 7764: 7707: 7575: 7357: 7348: 6877: 6452: 6428: 5682: 4742: 4623: 4323: 3832: 3148: 2693: 2689: 2154: 2042: 1693: 1540: 1467: 1329: 1221: 1120: 562: 535: 519: 260: 209: 8393: 3304: 2700:

serving in the Reorganized National Government's military, but one of them is a

8288: 7824: 7750: 5795: 5654: 4885: 4501: 4444: 4178: 3844: 3657: 3550: 2628: 2604: 2568: 2550: 2508: 2471:: Diplomat, Chief Secretary of the Executive Yuan, Chief of the Civil Servants. 2468: 2204: 1697: 1629: 1544: 1536: 1144: 1069: 1065: 970: 646: 637: 3280:

1940 TOKYO GAMES – COLLINS: Japan, the Asian Olympics and the Olympic Movement

2849: 2039:: Minister of Military Affairs (1943–1945) & Chief of General Staff (1942) 1894:

in order to obtain needed items or to influence the ruling establishment. The

1407:

In addition to its pan-Asianism, nationalism was part of the regime ideology.

581:) during its existence, portraying itself as the legitimate inheritors of the 8461: 8443: 8430: 8099: 6017: 5866: 5705: 4193: 4144: 3919: 3686: 3555:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

3228:. Japanese diplomatic cables published by US Department of Defense, p. A-460. 2664: 2562: 2518: 2474: 2129:, the regime's secret service stationed in No. 76 Jessefield Road in Shanghai 1973: 1621: 1490:, while other notable weapons included Chinese copies of the Czechoslovakian 1371: 1305: 1259:

to recognize the Nanjing regime and allow a Chinese envoy to be appointed to

1256: 1060: 811: 633: 253: 3821:

Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945

1920:

identity. Wang's rule was constantly undermined by resistance and sabotage.

989: 943:

Wall bearing a government slogan that proclaims: "Support Mr. Wang Jingwei!"

8398: 8202: 6495: 6400: 6031: 5394: 5158: 4746: 4546: 4306: 4139: 4026:

Slogans, Symbols, and Legitimacy: The Case of Wang Jingwei's Nanjing Regime

2697: 2660: 2544: 2286: 2210: 2172: 2144: 2132: 2102: 2018: 2007: 1997: 1958: 1936: 1891: 1471: 1396: 1341: 1321: 1276: 1260: 1213: 1165: 1040: 602: 547: 543: 515: 343: 289: 205: 3728: 3711: 2764:

List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)

910:

Wang and his group were damaged early on by the defection of the diplomat

8037: 8023: 7685: 6354: 6175: 6160: 5514: 5116: 4311: 4130: 2672: 2598: 2586: 2523: 2446: 2430: 2420: 2378: 2226: 2216: 2178: 2066: 2012: 1991: 1982: 1942: 1917: 1592: 1451: 1443: 1384: 1346: 1325: 1280: 1197: 1176: 1116: 1080: 1012: 999: 978: 889: 843: 835: 650: 586: 301: 3763:

Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation

3737: 3694: 3665: 2352: 1019: 7392: 7145: 7124: 6010: 5343: 5271: 2713:

leader of the Special Operations Team under the Public Security Bureau.

2701: 2580: 2514: 2490: 2436: 2410: 2400: 2368: 2330: 2260: 2238: 2184: 2112: 2096: 2084: 2030: 2024: 2003: 1964: 1952: 1858: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1581: 1549: 1487: 1483: 1447: 1383:

called for a campaign against the Anglo-American nations in education.

1169: 1055: 939: 933: 911: 551: 329: 3977:

China's Banking Law and the National Treatment of Foreign-Funded Banks

3866:

The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor

1700:

were also placed under control of the Reformed Government after 1940.

1212:, the Nanjing Government was recognized as the government of China by 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 760: 757: 754: 751: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 7655: 7060: 6857: 6668: 6459: 6414: 4897: 4813: 4765: 4561: 4521: 4516: 4347: 4021:

Flags of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

2796: 2723: 2529: 2462: 2336: 2295:: Foreign Minister (1940; 1941–1945), ambassador to Japan (1940–1941) 2292: 2220: 2160: 2138: 2122: 2090: 2056: 1895: 1762: 1740: 1657: 1649: 1511: 1504: 1475: 1388: 1354: 1209: 1094: 1048: 904: 849: 642: 632:(1937–1940) of the Republic of China, puppet regimes which ruled the 590: 578: 446: 257: 193: 5935: 3129: 1833: 1115:(commonly called the Premier), until his death in 1944, after which 196:(light red) within the Empire of Japan (pink) at its furthest extent 5919: 5647: 4389: 4337: 4198: 2547:: Japanese ambassador to the Reorganized National Government (1940) 2502: 2484: 2424: 2308: 2270: 2190: 2116: 2078: 2046: 1976:: Head of the Legislative Yuan (1944–1945), previously head of the 1946: 1909: 1785: 1781: 1704: 1689: 1669: 1539:

trainers. In the future the air force received additional Ki-9 and

1470:, but they also possessed 31 field guns (which included Model 1917 1252: 1090: 1076: 1044: 876: 229: 2493:: Observer to the Commission for High Ranking Officers Examination 1466:

and 24 motorcycles. The main type of artillery in use were medium

1324:

directed against the West after Japan's pivot towards joining the

1155: 1085: 3802:

The Peace Conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China War, 1937–1941

2668: 2533: 2478: 2456: 2372: 2362: 2349:: ambassador to Manchukuo (1940–1943), ambassador to Japan (1945) 2346: 2340: 2324: 2302: 2298: 2274: 2264: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2198: 2059:: Chief of the Committee for Subjugation Communists, Governor of 2050: 2036: 1985:: Member of the Legal Affairs Department, previously head of the 1766: 1758: 1724: 1685: 1661: 1515: 1499: 1296:

The Wang Jingwei government sent Chinese athletes, including the

1268: 1241: 614: 570: 263: 219: 3784:

China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration

2499:: Foreign minister to Romania and Hungary, Ambassador to Germany 2333:: Vice-Minister for Finance, Control Officer of the Control Yuan 2175:: Minister of Justice (1942–1943), Governor of Anhui (1943–1944) 1644: 1462:

for a token armored force, and reportedly they also received 20

834:

While Wang Jingwei was widely regarded as a favorite to inherit

6536: 5127: 4016:

Central China Railway Company Flag, under Japanese Army control

2816: 2394: 2311:: Foreign Minister (1940–1941), ambassador to Japan (1941–1943) 2194: 2147:: Vice-Chief of the Examination Yuan (1940–1944), Chief of the 1776: 1732: 801: 765: 732: 692: 3857:

Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415–1999

2947:["Sixth Party Congress" of Wang's Puppet Kuomintang]. 6724: 4362: 3777:. Recorded Picture Co. (Productions) Ltd and Screenframe Ltd. 3335:

Poetry, History, Memory: Wang Jingwei and China in Dark Times

2450: 2440: 2414: 2404: 2250: 2060: 1772: 1736: 1708: 1681: 1677: 1665: 1535:

opening of the Aviation School and receiving three aircraft,

1491: 864: 853:

Wang Jingwei was head of the Reorganized National Government.

523: 498: 4010: 3526: 3050: 3048: 3010: 3008: 2995: 2993: 2157:: director of the International Publicity Bureau (1940–1945) 1754:

The Reorganized Government's control was mostly limited to:

1192:

Unused example of a Wang Jingwei regime passport, circa 1941

951:

Water Resource Committee of Wang Jingwei's puppet government

1955:: Vice President and Finance Minister in the Executive Yuan 1816: 1016:

distribution of opium throughout the remainder of the war.

3151:. Published 23 September 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2017. 2141:: Chairman of the North China Political Affairs Commission 922: 4741:

States and territories in the sphere of influence of the

4060:

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

3886:. Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Co. Ltd. 3586:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 322. 3178: 3072: 3045: 3005: 2990: 2966: 2443:

province (1939–1943), President of the Police High School

2305:

Special City (1940–1942), ambassador to Japan (1943–1945)

1552:

bombers which were flown by defecting Nationalist crews.

955: 3617:"American Studies of Wang Jingwei: Defining Nationalism" 3305:"2600th Anniversary of the Japanese Empire 1940 (Tokyo)" 3166: 2978: 2289:: Japanese nationalist, merchant, and commercial adviser 1672:, all being Japanese-controlled territories after 1937. 1601:

ordering Japanese soldiers not to violate women or laws;

1340:

From 1940 onwards, the Wang Jingwei government depicted

508:

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

5789:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3804:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3514: 3207: 3031:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–160. 2893: 2759:

Organization of Japanese Expeditionary forces in China

2465:: (Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln), purported Buddhist leader 1251:

After Japan established diplomatic relations with the

1131:), under which was the National Government Committee ( 867:

in order to seek alternative means of ending the war.

550:, formerly a high-ranking official of the Nationalist 3875:

China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945

3502: 3259: 3244:

Revue Historique des Armées, no 230 (2003), p. 26-28.

3060: 1784:: 39,780 sq mi (103,000 km); capital: 1775:: 51,888 sq mi (134,390 km); capital: 1761:: 41,818 sq mi (108,310 km); capital: 1020:

The Nanjing Government and the northern Chinese areas

3084: 2881: 2407:

province (1938–1942), Commander of Security in Hubei

1967:: Internal Affairs Minister, previously head of the 1450:'s Taxation Police Corps, and the 1st Front Army of 3947:

The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914–1958

3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3196: 3154: 3101: 3099: 3944: 3911:Japanese-Sponsored Governments in China, 1937–1945 3873:Hsiung, James C.; Levine, Steven I., eds. (1992). 3584:Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond 3130:Signing of Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration 2917: 2905: 2540:Foreign representatives and diplomatic personnel: 2505:: Governor of the General Office for Construction 1574: 1510:A small navy was established with naval bases at 8459: 3761:Barrett, David P.; Shyu, Larry N., eds. (2001). 3254:The "Magic" Background to Pearl Harbor, Volume 4 3226:The "Magic" Background to Pearl Harbor, Volume 4 3111: 3096: 2317:: Foreign Minister (1945), ambassador to Germany 2219:: Executive Vice-Minister of Railways, Mayor of 1715:part of this political entity, though they were 4042:Provisional Government of the Republic of China 1969:Provisional Government of the Republic of China 1404:, seeing that as a model for others to follow. 1320:Wang Jingwei's government promoted the idea of 1156:International recognition and foreign relations 1031:Area of control of the invading Japanese forces 927:With Nanjing still rebuilding itself after the 829: 589:'s legacy as opposed to Chiang's government in 538:, which was fighting Japan alongside the other 433:Provisional Government of the Republic of China 4242:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 4114:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy 4031:Visual cultures of occupation in wartime China 144:"Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction" 8523:States and territories disestablished in 1945 8513:Military history of China during World War II 5143: 4726: 4098: 3988:. Oxford University Press. pp. 250–251. 3890: 3532: 2870:. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 2663:which was later turned into an award-winning 1608:dispersal of candy, food and toys to children 1255:in 1942, they and their ally Italy pressured 1204:and the three countries pledged to create a " 134: 32: 8508:Kuomintang collaborators with Imperial Japan 4050:Reformed Government of the Republic of China 3872: 3581: 3197:Smyth, Howard M.; et al., eds. (1970). 2789:Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction 1172:sign the joint declaration, 30 November 1940 888:were unveiled, flanking a large portrait of 419:Reformed Government of the Republic of China 3760: 3420: 3418: 3026: 2459:: Chief of the General Office for Education 2397:, Governor and Security Commander of Shanxi 1308:, and were a replacement for the cancelled 662:The regime is informally also known as the 8528:States and territories established in 1940 5150: 5136: 4733: 4719: 4105: 4091: 3934:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3790: 3184: 2851:Japanese Newsreel with the national anthem 2526:: Chief of the General Office for Business 2135:: Chief of the Agency of Political Affairs 2093:: Commander in Chief of the 3rd Front Army 1100: 186: 16:Puppet state of Japan in China (1940–1945) 4011:Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China 3893:China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945 3854: 3727: 3592:10.1525/california/9780520219236.003.0009 3172: 3142:Chinese puppet government travel document 2571:: Japanese military and political adviser 2391:Wang Xiang (Republic of China politician) 1912:training centres to indoctrinate pilots. 1874:Learn how and when to remove this message 1083:, complained that this was untrue to the 4862:Reorganized National Government of China 3891:MacKinnon, Stephen; Lary, Diana (2007). 3818: 3415: 3307:. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation 2769:List of leaders of the Republic of China 2283:: Chief of the Administrative High Court 1823: 1643: 1428: 1420: 1187: 1175: 1159: 1023: 988: 959: 946: 938: 848: 162:National Anthem of the Republic of China 3965: 3942: 3793:China and Denmark: Relations since 1674 3520: 3277: 3213: 3027:Matos, Christine; Caprio, Mark (2015). 2949:China National Knowledge Infrastructure 2625:: Spanish chargé d'affaires (1944–1945) 2393:: Chief of the Agency for Education in 2069:: Councilor of the General Staff office 1765:(also included the national capital of 1639: 1442:personnel or warlord officers from the 923:Shanghai as de facto capital, 1939–1941 192:The Wang Jingwei regime (dark red) and 8460: 7004: 6982:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5107:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 4814:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government 3917: 3881: 3799: 3709: 3646:European Journal of East Asian Studies 3643: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3302: 3239:Vichy face à Chiang Kay-Shek 1940-1944 3078: 3066: 3054: 3029:Japan as the Occupier and the Occupied 3014: 2999: 2972: 2245:Special City (1938–1940), Governor of 2006:: Chief of the Auditing Bureau of the 1652:was incorporated in 1940 (light green) 956:Efforts to expand Japanese recognition 447:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government 7853:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7285:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6931:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6887:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5985:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5131: 4714: 4086: 3983: 3904:. Institute of International Studies. 3781: 3549: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3296: 3271: 3090: 2984: 2648: 2387:: ambassador to Manchukuo (1943–1945) 1719:under military administration of the 1703:The Japanese-controlled provinces of 1567:, or played supporting roles for the 984: 903:. To discredit the legitimacy of the 6975:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6000:Rape during the liberation of France 4898:Provisional Government of Free India 3974: 3908: 3902:Southeast Asia Destiny and Realities 3863: 3795:. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. 3769: 3751: 3614: 3332: 3265: 3160: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2696:novels. The main characters are all 2659:is a 1979 novella by Chinese author 2075:: Chief of General Staff (1942–1943) 1856:adding citations to reliable sources 1827: 597:was limited to other members of the 8503:Government of the Republic of China 8493:Former countries in Chinese history 4420:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 3899: 3538: 3200:15. September bis 11. Dezember 1941 2942: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2207:: Minister of Education (1940–1941) 1410: 13: 7201:German invasion of the Netherlands 5474:Weather events during World War II 4802:South Chahar Autonomous Government 4790:North Shanxi Autonomous Government 3843: 3831: 3672: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3319: 3117: 3105: 2611:Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio 2371:: Governor of Jinhaidao, Mayor of 1927: 1898:(Japanese Military Police Corps), 1804:North China Transportation Company 1632:, and rebuilders of the country" ( 1164:Wang Jingwei, Japanese ambassador 929:devastating assault and occupation 526:. It existed coterminous with the 14: 8544: 7832:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4174:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 4004: 3754:Wang Ching Wei: Puppet or Patriot 2565:: Japanese ambassador (1943–1945) 2559:: Japanese ambassador (1941–1943) 2553:: Japanese ambassador (1940–1941) 2235:: Propaganda Minister (1944–1945) 2229:: Propaganda Minister (1940–1944) 1721:Japanese Northern China Area Army 1315: 1037:Japanese Northern China Area Army 993:Wang Jingwei at a military parade 975:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union 573:in 1940, as well as a concurrent 8392: 5157: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5001: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4778:East Hebei Autonomous Government 4771: 4759: 4270:Russian Liberation People's Army 3710:Zanasi, Margherita (June 2008). 3339:The University of Michigan Press 2929: 2787:The yellow pennant, which reads 2739:History of the Republic of China 2613:: Italian ambassador (1941–1943) 1987:East Hebei Autonomous Government 1832: 1149:Japanese Central China Area Army 873:6th National Congress of the KMT 478: 464: 439: 425: 411: 167: 114: 101: 91: 8473:1945 disestablishments in China 4838:Provisional Government of China 4282:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 3827:: University of Michigan Press. 3791:Brodsgaard, Kjeld Erik (2003). 3615:Chen, Jian-Yue (October 2004). 3608: 3575: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3409: 3403: 3282:. Routledge. pp. 179–180. 3247: 3231: 3219: 3190: 3135: 3123: 3020: 2607:: German ambassador (1943–1945) 2595:: German ambassador (1941–1943) 2187:: Interior Minister (1943–1945) 2169:: Interior Minister (1940–1943) 2081:: Chief of General Staff (1945) 1843:needs additional citations for 1293:as the Chinese representative. 1113:President of the Executive Yuan 1005: 8079:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5782:Territorial changes of Germany 5690:Indonesian National Revolution 3716:The American Historical Review 2860: 2843: 2822:Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guómín Zhèngfǔ 2821: 2812: 2802: 2781: 2619:: Spanish minister (1941–1943) 2617:Álvaro de Maldonado y de Liñán 1634:heping fangong jianguo mofanqu 1624:. A Qingxiang Plan Committee ( 1575:Japanese methods of recruiting 1136: 1128: 806: 783: 770: 750: 737: 714: 697: 671: 664:Nanjing Nationalist Government 542:. The country functioned as a 474:Soviet occupation of Manchuria 256:presidential republic under a 135: 33: 1: 7479:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7430:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7194:German invasion of Luxembourg 5568:Mediterranean and Middle East 4826:Shanghai Great Way Government 4343:Collaborationist Chinese Army 3918:Newman, Joseph (March 1942). 2866:Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). 2831: 2795:based in the wartime capital 2749:Collaborationist Chinese Army 2631:: Danish minister (1941–1945) 2107:Collaborationist Chinese Army 2000:: Chief of the Education Yuan 1939:: President and Head of State 1417:Collaborationist Chinese Army 1184:at the German embassy in 1941 1180:Wang Jingwei with ambassador 879:, effectively creating a new 776:Puppet Nationalist Government 8468:1940 establishments in China 7386:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7075:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6386:Independent State of Croatia 5112:Greater East Asia Conference 4850:Reformed Government of China 3913:. Stanford University Press. 3895:. Stanford University Press. 3765:. Stanford University Press. 3621:World History Review Journal 2836: 1961:: Chief of the Judicial Yuan 1328:(which included signing the 1291:Greater East Asia Conference 830:Background and establishment 510:, commonly described as the 7: 8483:Far-right politics in China 8370:End of World War II in Asia 8210:Western invasion of Germany 7717:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7694:Second Battle of El Alamein 7264:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7236:Battle of the Mediterranean 7089:Italian invasion of Albania 5256:Air warfare of World War II 4911:Republic of the Philippines 4184:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 3951:. Oxford University Press. 3909:Mote, Frederick W. (1954). 3882:Jowett, Phillip S. (2004). 3877:. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. 3786:. Harvard University Press. 3533:MacKinnon & Lary (2007) 3237:Fabienne Mercier-Bernadet, 2744:National Revolutionary Army 2717: 2692:in the vein of a number of 2577:: Japanese military advisor 1565:Hundred Regiments Offensive 1563:guerrillas, such as in the 1440:National Revolutionary Army 1168:, and Manchukuo ambassador 881:collaborationist Kuomintang 814:. Other names used are the 575:collaborationist Kuomintang 365:• Recognized by Japan 10: 8549: 8296:Naval bombardment of Japan 7664:First Battle of El Alamein 7583:Battle of Christmas Island 7528:Japanese invasion of Burma 7292:Italian invasion of Greece 7208:German invasion of Belgium 7180:German invasion of Denmark 7153:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7022:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5279:Comparative military ranks 4971:Occupied Dutch East Indies 4373:First Indian National Army 3855:Cotterell, Arthur (2009). 3837:The Soviet Russia in China 3756:. Chicago, IL: RF Seymour. 3658:10.1163/157006103771378464 3631: 3559:Cambridge University Press 3557:. Cambridge New York, NY: 2601:: German ambassador (1943) 1797: 1668:, and the north sector of 1414: 1104: 917: 8385: 8217:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8157: 8148:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7885: 7772:Allied invasion of Sicily 7726: 7632:Aleutian Islands campaign 7604:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7551: 7542:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7437:Second Battle of Changsha 7342:German invasion of Greece 7310: 7187:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7162: 7100: 6995: 6876: 6602: 6512: 6353: 6056: 6047: 5805: 5630: 5522:North and Central Pacific 5483: 5245: 5238: 5165: 5102: 4753: 4442: 4322: 4138: 4128: 4124: 4065: 4058: 4038: 2868:Fascism Outside of Europe 2635: 2623:José González de Gregorio 2589:: Manchukuo special envoy 2249:(1940–1943), Governor of 1731:from its headquarters in 1723:from its headquarters in 1636:). It was not a success. 1202:Empire of Great Manchuria 1107:Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei) 816:Republic of China-Nanjing 595:international recognition 494: 390: 386: 373: 363: 353: 349: 339: 335: 323: 319: 311: 307: 295: 283: 279: 269: 249: 235: 225: 215: 201: 185: 148: 130: 87: 82: 21: 8518:Second Sino-Japanese War 7809:Allied invasion of Italy 7786:Solomon Islands campaign 7535:Third Battle of Changsha 7132:First Battle of Changsha 7038:Second Sino-Japanese War 5971:German military brothels 5837:United States war crimes 5081:Occupied Solomon Islands 5069:Occupied Gilbert Islands 4959:Kingdom of Luang Prabang 4292:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 4237:National Republican Army 4232:Latvian Auxiliary Police 4157:Albanian Fascist Militia 3819:Ch'i, Hsi-sheng (1982). 3687:10.1177/0097700410382542 3278:Collins, Sandra (2014). 2774: 2734:Second Sino-Japanese War 2481:Special City (1941–1945) 2365:Special City (1939–1943) 2277:Special City (1938–1943) 1749:Guangzhou–Hankou railway 1729:Japanese Sixth Area Army 860:Second Sino-Japanese War 657: 620:The state was formed by 556:Second Sino-Japanese War 141:Hépíng, Fǎngòng, Jiànguó 8231:Second Guangxi campaign 8086:Philippines (1944–1945) 7590:Battle of the Coral Sea 7493:Fall of the Philippines 7139:Battle of South Guangxi 7045:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6444:Italian Social Republic 5008:Occupied British Borneo 4410:Royal Thai Armed Forces 4400:Manchukuo Imperial Army 4385:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 4333:Burma Independence Army 4265:Russian Liberation Army 4227:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps 4189:Belarusian Home Defence 4153:Albanian collaborators 3966:Smedley, Agnes (1943). 3800:Bunker, Gerald (1972). 3782:Boyle, John H. (1972). 2109:6th group army district 1900:Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu 1688:provinces. The port of 1334:Western colonial powers 1101:Government and politics 840:Chinese Communist Party 569:government in occupied 236:Official languages 7816:Armistice of Cassibile 7618:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7569:Battle of the Java Sea 7472:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7372:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7365:Battle of South Shanxi 7335:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7118:Battle of the Atlantic 6732:Korean Liberation Army 6438:(until September 1943) 6395:(until September 1944) 6373:(until September 1944) 4395:Malayan Volunteer Army 4261:Russian collaborators 4209:Finnish Defence Forces 4070:Nationalist government 3984:Young, Ernest (2013). 3943:Pollard, John (2014). 3900:Max, Alphonse (1985). 2793:Nationalist government 2678:The 2009 Chinese film 2593:Heinrich Georg Stahmer 2583:: Manchukuo ambassador 2197:(1938–1943), Mayor of 2049:Province, Governor of 1932:Local administration: 1653: 1569:Imperial Japanese Army 1532:Imperial Japanese Navy 1434: 1426: 1359:attack on Pearl Harbor 1298:national football team 1206:New Order in East Asia 1193: 1185: 1182:Heinrich Georg Stahmer 1173: 1032: 994: 965: 952: 944: 854: 738:Wāng Jīngwèi Zhèngquán 698:Nánjīng Guómín Zhèngfǔ 645:(puppet government in 630:Provisional Government 540:Allies of World War II 528:Nationalist government 7980:Second Battle of Guam 7876:Bengal famine of 1943 7846:Second Battle of Kiev 7802:Battle of the Dnieper 7507:Battle of Wake Island 7379:East African campaign 7321:Battle of South Henan 6966:atrocities by Germans 6739:Korean Volunteer Army 5713:Occupation of Germany 5467:Music in World War II 4983:Occupied West Sumatra 4415:Russian Fascist Party 4204:Croatian Armed Forces 3729:10.1086/ahr.113.3.731 1824:Life under the regime 1815:Nationalist currency 1808:Central China Railway 1647: 1626:Qingxiang Weiyuan-hui 1432: 1424: 1351:racial discrimination 1302:1940 East Asian Games 1248:on 25 November 1941. 1191: 1179: 1163: 1027: 992: 963: 950: 942: 852: 157:Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guógē 8266:Surrender of Germany 7744:Battle of West Hubei 7701:Guadalcanal campaign 7671:Battle of Stalingrad 7597:Battle of Madagascar 6364:Albania protectorate 6151:(formerly Swaziland) 5860:Wehrmacht war crimes 5676:Expulsion of Germans 5460:Art and World War II 5358:British contribution 5307:Governments in exile 4947:Kingdom of Kampuchea 4380:Inner Mongolian Army 4368:Indian National Army 4252:Royal Hungarian Army 4247:Romanian Land Forces 3968:Battle Hymn of China 3864:Dorn, Frank (1974). 3333:Yang, Zhiyi (2023). 2729:Great Way Government 2427:province (1938–1941) 2281:Lin Biao (born 1889) 2253:(1943), Governor of 2223:Special Municipality 1852:improve this article 1640:Political boundaries 1444:early Republican era 1310:1940 Summer Olympics 1300:, to compete in the 743:Wang's Puppet Regime 264:fascist dictatorship 8533:Wang Jingwei regime 8440: / 8356:Potsdam Declaration 8245:Italy (Spring 1945) 8008:Liberation of Paris 7465:Siege of Sevastopol 6476:(until August 1944) 6379:Wang Jingwei regime 6201:from September 1943 6161:from September 1944 6099:from September 1944 5959:Romanian war crimes 5950:Persecution of Jews 5936:Croatian war crimes 5906:Japanese war crimes 5720:Occupation of Japan 5669:First Indochina War 5381:Military production 5293:Declarations of war 5093:Occupied New Guinea 4874:Kingdom of Thailand 4425:Takasago Volunteers 4353:Gando Special Force 4277:Security Battalions 3081:, pp. 392–394. 3057:, pp. 365–410. 3017:, pp. 264–280. 3002:, pp. 252–263. 2987:, pp. 277–280. 2975:, pp. 149–160. 2902:, pp. 130–135. 2343:Special City (1945) 2327:Special City (1943) 2201:Special city (1943) 2105:: Commander of the 1978:Reformed Government 1559:operations against 1246:Anti-Comintern Pact 707:Wang Jingwei Regime 705:, or by its leader 626:Reformed Government 599:Anti-Comintern Pact 512:Wang Jingwei regime 355:• Established 8444:32.050°N 118.767°E 8349:Surrender of Japan 8182:Battle of Iwo Jima 8031:Belgrade offensive 7444:Siege of Leningrad 7328:Battle of Shanggao 7257:British Somaliland 7222:Dunkirk evacuation 7173:Norwegian campaign 7111:Invasion of Poland 6938:Japanese prisoners 5899:Italian war crimes 5830:British war crimes 5745:Soviet occupations 5529:South-West Pacific 5416:Allied cooperation 5374:Military equipment 5033:Occupied Singapore 5021:Occupied Hong Kong 4287:Slovene Home Guard 3975:Wang, Wei (2016). 3845:Chiang, Wego W. K. 3752:Bate, Don (1941). 3303:Veroeveren, Piet. 3147:2017-12-22 at the 2649:In popular culture 2497:Li Fang (diplomat) 1692:and the cities of 1654: 1617:Western alliance. 1435: 1427: 1265:apostolic delegate 1194: 1186: 1174: 1033: 995: 985:Breakthrough, 1943 966: 953: 945: 901:Zongli's Testament 855: 807:Wěi Guómín Zhèngfǔ 771:Wāng Wěi Zhèngquán 607:surrender of Japan 8423: 8422: 8381: 8380: 8224:Battle of Okinawa 8123:Burma (1944–1945) 7957:Mariana and Palau 7737:Tunisian campaign 7562:Fall of Singapore 7486:Fall of Hong Kong 7229:Battle of Britain 7082:Operation Himmler 6991: 6990: 6655:Dutch East Indies 6291:Southern Rhodesia 6043: 6042: 5943:Genocide of Serbs 5846:German war crimes 5823:Soviet war crimes 5816:Allied war crimes 5662:Division of Korea 5641:Chinese Civil War 5439:Strategic bombing 5351:Manhattan Project 5125: 5124: 4935:Empire of Vietnam 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4687: 4543: 4438: 4437: 4326:collaborationists 4302:Wehrmacht foreign 4297:Waffen-SS foreign 4213: 4147:collaborationists 4081: 4080: 4066:Succeeded by 3568:978-1-009-29761-5 3400:, pp. 89–92. 3388:, pp. 86–88. 3376:, pp. 81–83. 3348:978-0-472-05650-7 3268:, pp. 31–32. 3185:Brodsgaard (2003) 3038:978-1-137-40810-5 2557:Mamoru Shigemitsu 1884: 1883: 1876: 1745:Operation Ichi-Go 1460:Type 94 tankettes 1402:Meiji Restoration 1121:sole-ruling party 1058:commented to the 583:Xinhai Revolution 561:Wang, a rival of 532:Republic of China 504: 503: 490: 489: 486: 485: 460:Republic of China 452: 451: 325:• 1940–1945 297:• 1944–1945 285:• 1940–1944 178: 23:Republic of China 8540: 8498:Former republics 8488:Fascism in China 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8399:World portal 8397: 8396: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8259:Prague offensive 8254: 8252:Battle of Berlin 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8196:Vienna offensive 8191: 8184: 8177: 8175:Battle of Manila 8170: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8125: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8065: 8056: 8049: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7959: 7952: 7943: 7934: 7925: 7918: 7916:Korsun–Cherkassy 7911: 7900: 7878: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7758:Bombing of Gorky 7753: 7746: 7739: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7625:Battle of Midway 7620: 7613: 7611:Battle of Gazala 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7521:Battle of Borneo 7516: 7514:Malayan campaign 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7458:Bombing of Gorky 7453: 7451:Battle of Moscow 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7303: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7215:Battle of France 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7068:Munich Agreement 7063: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7024: 7017: 7002: 7001: 6984: 6977: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6953:Soviet prisoners 6947: 6940: 6933: 6924: 6917: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6893:German prisoners 6889: 6869: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6424: 6422:French Indochina 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6366: 6346: 6337: 6330: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6269:from August 1944 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6152: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6054: 6053: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5995: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5913:Nanjing Massacre 5908: 5901: 5892: 5890:Nuremberg trials 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5623: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5494:Asia and Pacific 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5425: 5423:Mulberry harbour 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5265: 5258: 5243: 5242: 5231: 5224: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4923:French Indochina 4921: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4685: 4541: 4257:Royal Iraqi Army 4211: 4136: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4075: 4055: 4047: 4039:Preceded by 4036: 4035: 3999: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3950: 3939: 3933: 3925: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3840: 3833:Chiang, Kai-Shek 3828: 3815: 3811:978-0674-65915-5 3796: 3787: 3778: 3775:The Last Emperor 3766: 3757: 3741: 3731: 3706: 3669: 3638:Journal articles 3625: 3624: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3364:, p. 78–80. 3359: 3353: 3352: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3173:Cotterell (2009) 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2951:. Archived from 2940: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2890:, p. 80–84. 2885: 2879: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2847: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2806: 2800: 2785: 2149:Examination Yuan 1949:occupied sector. 1879: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1836: 1828: 1411:National defense 1393:internationalism 1368:Republican Daily 1141:Legislative Yuan 1138: 1130: 1093:, Japan (as did 1030: 808: 799: 772: 763: 739: 730: 699: 690: 638:northern regions 628:(1938–1940) and 567:collaborationist 482: 481: 468: 467: 456: 455: 443: 442: 429: 428: 415: 414: 408: 407: 392: 391: 369:20 November 1940 240:Standard Chinese 190: 180: 179: 138: 137: 118: 108: 104: 99:Flag (1940–1943) 95: 72: 57: 45: 44: 36: 35: 19: 18: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8458: 8457: 8449:32.050; 118.767 8448: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8391: 8389: 8377: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8315: 8310:Atomic bombings 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8153: 8146: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8068: 8059: 8052: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8013: 8006: 8001:Eastern Romania 7999: 7994:Warsaw Uprising 7992: 7987:Tannenberg Line 7985: 7978: 7973:Western Ukraine 7971: 7962: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7903: 7894: 7881: 7874: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7765:Battle of Kursk 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7722: 7715: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7653: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7576:St Nazaire Raid 7574: 7567: 7560: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7400: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7358:Anglo-Iraqi War 7356: 7349:Battle of Crete 7347: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7306: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7278:Eastern Romania 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7096: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7020: 7013: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6920: 6913: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6872: 6865: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6839:Western Ukraine 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6783:Northeast China 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6482:Slovak Republic 6480: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6453:Empire of Japan 6451: 6442: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6349: 6342: 6333: 6326: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6155: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6039: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 5998: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5965:Sexual violence 5964: 5957: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5888: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5683:Greek Civil War 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5508:South-East Asia 5506: 5499: 5492: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5367:Military awards 5365: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5261: 5254: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5192: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5156: 5126: 5121: 5098: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5002: 5000: 4995:Occupied Malaya 4989: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4904: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4749: 4743:Empire of Japan 4739: 4709: 4700: 4463:Italian Albania 4434: 4318: 4143: 4120: 4111: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3959: 3927: 3926: 3924:. New York, NY. 3812: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3551:Coble, Parks M. 3548: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3331: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3149:Wayback Machine 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2865: 2861: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2807: 2803: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2720: 2694:Agatha Christie 2651: 2638: 2536:province (1943) 2155:Thung Liang Lee 2063:Province (1945) 2043:Xiang Zhizhuang 1930: 1928:Notable figures 1880: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1849: 1837: 1826: 1800: 1684:, and parts of 1642: 1577: 1545:Nakajima Ki-27s 1480:Chinese version 1419: 1413: 1330:Tripartite Pact 1318: 1158: 1109: 1103: 1028: 1022: 1008: 987: 958: 925: 920: 897:Purple Mountain 886:Kuomintang flag 875:in the city of 832: 660: 563:Chiang Kai-shek 536:Chiang Kai-shek 520:Empire of Japan 479: 465: 440: 426: 412: 379: 366: 356: 326: 298: 286: 242: 210:Empire of Japan 197: 181: 168: 165: 159: 155: 153: 143: 139: 126: 125: 124: 122:National Emblem 119: 111: 110: 106: 102: 96: 78: 77: 60: 50:Chunghwa Minkuo 48: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8546: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8329: 8326:South Sakhalin 8322: 8321: 8320: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8163: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8126: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8050: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7960: 7953: 7944: 7935: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7863: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7805: 7798: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7751:Battle of Attu 7747: 7740: 7732: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7713: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7642: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7500:Battle of Guam 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7423:Battle of Kiev 7419: 7412: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7316: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7168: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7106: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7041: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7010: 7008: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6962: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6934: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922:United Kingdom 6918: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6890: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6854: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6319:British Empire 6312:United Kingdom 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6153: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6128:Czechoslovakia 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6025:Rape of Manila 6021: 6014: 6007: 5996: 5981: 5974: 5962: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5902: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5877: 5863: 5856: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5811: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5796:United Nations 5792: 5785: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5655:Decolonization 5651: 5644: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5489: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5347: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5328:United Kingdom 5324: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5174: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5057:Occupied Nauru 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4900: 4888: 4886:State of Burma 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4458:German Albania 4449: 4447: 4445:Axis countries 4440: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4430:Vanguard Youth 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4179:Armistice Army 4176: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4162:Balli Kombëtar 4159: 4150: 4148: 4133: 4122: 4121: 4118:Imperial Japan 4110: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4078: 4067: 4064: 4057: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4005:External links 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995:978-0199924622 3994: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3940: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3841: 3829: 3816: 3810: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3767: 3758: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3722:(3): 731–751. 3707: 3670: 3652:(2): 365–410. 3640: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3607: 3600: 3574: 3567: 3537: 3535:, p. 162. 3525: 3523:, p. 223. 3521:Smedley (1943) 3513: 3511:, p. 747. 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3347: 3318: 3295: 3289:978-1317999669 3288: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3230: 3218: 3216:, p. 329. 3214:Pollard (2014) 3206: 3189: 3187:, p. 111. 3177: 3175:, p. 217. 3165: 3163:, p. 243. 3153: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3095: 3093:, p. 301. 3083: 3071: 3069:, p. 385. 3059: 3044: 3037: 3019: 3004: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2928: 2926:, p. 144. 2916: 2914:, p. 136. 2904: 2892: 2880: 2859: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2801: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2708:The TV series 2706: 2676: 2650: 2647: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2629:Hialmar Collin 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2605:Ernst Woermann 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2575:Sadaaki Kagesa 2572: 2569:Teiichi Suzuki 2566: 2560: 2554: 2551:Kumataro Honda 2548: 2538: 2537: 2532:: Governor of 2527: 2521: 2512: 2509:Hao Peng (ROC) 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2472: 2469:Zhou Longxiang 2466: 2460: 2454: 2449:: Governor of 2444: 2439:: Governor of 2434: 2428: 2423:: Governor of 2418: 2413:: Governor of 2408: 2403:: Governor of 2398: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2366: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2328: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2268: 2263:: Governor of 2258: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2214: 2208: 2205:Zhao Zhengping 2202: 2193:: Governor of 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2110: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2054: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1940: 1929: 1926: 1882: 1881: 1840: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1799: 1796: 1789: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1641: 1638: 1630:anti-communism 1610: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1576: 1573: 1537:Tachikawa Ki-9 1494:machine guns. 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1317: 1316:State ideology 1314: 1220:. Soon after, 1157: 1154: 1145:Executive Yuan 1102: 1099: 1070:Teiichi Suzuki 1066:Kumataro Honda 1021: 1018: 1007: 1004: 986: 983: 971:Fumimaro Konoe 957: 954: 924: 921: 919: 916: 831: 828: 703:Nanjing Regime 659: 656: 647:Inner Mongolia 502: 501: 496: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 476: 470: 469: 462: 453: 450: 449: 444: 436: 435: 430: 422: 421: 416: 404: 403: 398: 388: 387: 384: 383: 382:16 August 1945 380: 374: 371: 370: 367: 364: 361: 360: 357: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 340:Historical era 337: 336: 333: 332: 327: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312:Vice President 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 267: 266: 251: 247: 246: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 203: 199: 198: 191: 183: 182: 166: 146: 145: 128: 127: 120: 113: 112: 97: 90: 89: 88: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 75: 74: 73: 58: 54:Chinese postal 46: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8545: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8456: 8453: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333:Kuril Islands 8330: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8145: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8100:Syrmian Front 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046:Market Garden 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7905:Monte Cassino 7902: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7271:Baltic states 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6915:United States 6912: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6851:Quốc dân Đảng 6848: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6551:Liechtenstein 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6503:Collaboration 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328:United States 6325: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6018:Comfort women 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6002: / 6001: 5997: 5994: 5991: / 5990: 5987: / 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978:Camp brothels 5975: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867:The Holocaust 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5853:forced labour 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5706:Marshall Plan 5703: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5559:Eastern Front 5556: 5553: 5552:Western Front 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446:Puppet states 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5388:Naval history 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5335:United States 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5045:Occupied Guam 5036: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5012: 5009: 4998: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4901: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4470:Baltic states 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358:Golden Square 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217:Golden Square 4215: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194:Blue Division 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4167:Cham Albanian 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4071: 4061: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3921:Goodbye Japan 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825:Ann Arbor, MI 3822: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3681:(1): 69–103. 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3601:9780520219236 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3509:Zanasi (2008) 3505: 3498: 3497:Jowett (2004) 3493: 3486: 3485:Jowett (2004) 3481: 3475:, pp. 103–104 3474: 3473:Jowett (2004) 3469: 3462: 3461:Jowett (2004) 3457: 3450: 3449:Jowett (2004) 3445: 3438: 3437:Jowett (2004) 3433: 3426: 3425:Jowett (2004) 3421: 3419: 3412:, pp. 109–111 3411: 3410:Barret (2002) 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3337:. Ann Arbor: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3120:, p. 77. 3119: 3114: 3108:, p. 75. 3107: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3079:Martin (2003) 3075: 3068: 3067:Martin (2003) 3063: 3056: 3055:Martin (2003) 3051: 3049: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3015:Bunker (1972) 3011: 3009: 3001: 3000:Bunker (1972) 2996: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2973:Bunker (1972) 2969: 2955:on 2019-05-13 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2876:0-88033-988-8 2873: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2824: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2656:Lust, Caution 2653: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563:Masayuki Tani 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2519:Baojia system 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475:Zhou Xuechang 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1974:Liang Hongzhi 1972: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1878: 1875: 1867: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1841:This section 1839: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:Yangtze River 1618: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:mountain guns 1469: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1423: 1418: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1372:German people 1369: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1306:Emperor Jimmu 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:Pope Pius XII 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1061:Asahi Shimbun 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1026: 1017: 1014: 1003: 1001: 991: 982: 980: 976: 972: 962: 949: 941: 937: 935: 930: 915: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 882: 878: 874: 868: 866: 861: 851: 847: 845: 841: 837: 827: 825: 821: 820:China-Nanjing 817: 813: 812:Greater China 809: 803: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 781: 777: 773: 767: 762: 759: 756: 753: 748: 744: 740: 734: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 712: 708: 704: 700: 694: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 669: 665: 655: 652: 648: 644: 639: 635: 631: 627: 624:the previous 623: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 500: 497: 495:Today part of 493: 477: 475: 472: 471: 463: 461: 458: 457: 454: 448: 445: 438: 437: 434: 431: 424: 423: 420: 417: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378: 372: 368: 362: 359:30 March 1940 358: 352: 348: 345: 342: 338: 334: 331: 328: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 278: 274: 272: 268: 265: 262: 259: 255: 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 204: 200: 195: 189: 184: 163: 158: 151: 147: 142: 133: 129: 123: 117: 109: 100: 94: 86: 81: 70: 69: 63: 62:Chūka Minkoku 59: 55: 51: 47: 42: 30: 29: 28: 27: 20: 8425: 8407:Bibliography 8390: 8203:Project Hula 8168:Vistula–Oder 8137: 8070: 8061: 8045: 8015: 7964: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7896: 7793: 7708: 7684: 7654: 7405: 7298: 7243:North Africa 6945:Soviet Union 6899:Soviet Union 6825:Soviet Union 6593:Vatican City 6496:Vichy France 6401:German Reich 6378: 6298:Soviet Union 6284:South Africa 6277:Sierra Leone 6230:Newfoundland 6049:Participants 6032:Marocchinate 5736: 5727: 5697: 5575:North Africa 5536:Indian Ocean 5395:Nazi plunder 5286:Cryptography 5159:World War II 4861: 4747:World War II 4654:Soviet Union 4542:(until 1944) 4511: 4307:Afrika Korps 4212:(until 1944) 4059: 3985: 3979:. Routledge. 3976: 3967: 3946: 3920: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3868:. Macmillan. 3865: 3856: 3847: 3836: 3820: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3771:Behr, Edward 3762: 3753: 3719: 3715: 3678: 3675:Modern China 3674: 3649: 3645: 3620: 3610: 3583: 3577: 3554: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3334: 3309:. Retrieved 3298: 3279: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3238: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3199: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3137: 3125: 3113: 3091:Boyle (1972) 3086: 3074: 3062: 3028: 3022: 2985:Boyle (1972) 2980: 2968: 2957:. 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