815:
132:
29:
2292:
422:
2019:
1800:
1769:
393:
was elected Druk Gyalpo, thus founding the dynasty. The position of Druk Gyalpo – who heads the royal family of Bhutan – is more commonly known in
English as the King of Bhutan, however "Druk Gyalpo" would be translated literally as "Dragon King" (or less commonly, "King of the Dragons", or "Thunder
870:. Civil administration had fallen to the hands of Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck, and in November 1907 he was unanimously elected hereditary monarch by an assembly of the leading members of the clergy, officials, and aristocratic families. His ascendency to the throne ended the traditional
705:
saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy, supplanting many older aristocratic families of
Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy the hereditary position of
777:
ultimately prevailed against the pro-Tibet and anti-Britain Penlop of Paro after a series of civil wars and rebellions between 1882 and 1885. After his father's death in 1881, Ugyen
Wangchuck entered a feud over the post of
943:. During the reign of the Third King, Bhutan began further political and legal reforms and started to open to the outside world. Notably, the Third King was responsible for establishing a unicameral
736:
defined politically opposed pro-Tibet and pro-Britain forces. This period of intense rivalry between and within western and central Bhutan, coupled with external forces from Tibet and especially the
920:(1926–1952) was characterized by an increasingly powerful central government and the beginnings of infrastructure development. Bhutan also established its first diplomatic relations with
866:
in 1905. Meanwhile, the last officially recognized
Shabdrung and Druk Desi had died in 1903 and 1904, respectively. As a result, a power vacuum formed within the already dysfunctional
725:'s central government. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families.
577:
in 1651. Under the dual system of the government, Desi or the temporal rulers took control of civil administration and Je
Khenpos took control of religious affairs. Two successor
682:. After doing so, the Tongsab divided his control in the east among eight regions (Shachho Khorlo Tsegay), overseen by Dungpas and Kutshabs (civil servants). He went on to build
814:
516:. Between 1616 and 1907, varying administrative, religious, and regional powers vied for control within Bhutan. During this period, factions were influenced and supported by
770:
as the 23rd Penlop of Paro. Jigme
Namgyal reigned through his death 1881, punctuated by periods of retirement during which he retained effective control of the country.
906:
1008:
officials. To the surprise of the
Bhutanese public, the Fourth King announced his abdication in 2005 and retired in 2006, handing the crown to his son
898:
334:
984:. The Fourth King was, like his father, educated in England and India, and had also attended Ugyen Wangchuck Academy at Satsham Choten in
2216:
717:
managed central Bhutan; the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan; and dzongpons controlled areas surrounding their respective
889:(1910), under which Britain guaranteed Bhutan's independence, granted Bhutanese Royal Government a stipend, and took control of
862:
as an invaluable intermediary, earning his first
British knighthood. Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck further garnered knighthood in the
2060:
1996:
1878:
790:, winning the post of Penlop of Trongsa in addition to Paro. In 1885, Ugyen Wangchuck intervened in a conflict between the
327:
410:
1704:
182:
405:
under its first two monarchs. The third, fourth, and fifth (current) monarchs have put the kingdom on its path toward
2468:
2146:
2093:
1952:
1916:
1841:
555:
549:
226:
732:
through the 19th century, extension of
British power at Bhutan's borders as well as Tibetan incursions in British
2209:
320:
1648:
1015:
1009:
971:
497:
379:
as descendants of
Dungkar Choji. They eventually overpowered other regional lords and earned the favour of the
142:
67:
1947:. Regional surveys of the world: Far East & Australasia (34 ed.). Psychology Press. pp. 180–81.
2493:
2088:. World Foreign Policy and Government Library. Vol. 20. Int'l Business Publications. pp. 59–61.
758:
1841), armed conflict turned inward. In 1870, amid the continuing civil wars, the 10th Penlop of Trongsa,
2537:
1004:
policy (official behaviour and dress code) and citizenship laws that were overzealously enforced by some
944:
890:
859:
823:
678:, Minjur Tenpa was sent to subdue kings of Bumthang, Lhuntse, Trashigang, Zhemgang, and other lords from
2532:
2511:
2202:
2134:
910:
902:
863:
2377:
2253:
2035:
1816:
1785:
871:
867:
634:
243:
2179:
988:. Reigning until 2006, the Fourth King was responsible for the development of the tourism industry,
2246:
1684:
989:
882:
238:
221:
84:
79:
2185:
948:
204:
199:
162:
152:
2141:. ESCAP Studies in Trade and Investment. Vol. 53. United Nations Publications. p. 66.
581:– the son (1651) and stepbrother (1680) of Ngawang Namgyal – were effectively controlled by the
2457:
2431:
1616:
1491:
1019:
993:
981:
967:
924:
under the bilateral Treaty of Friendship, largely patterned after the prior Treaty of Punakha.
759:
483:
187:
172:
2121:
1864:
2451:
2189:
1584:
1581:
1060:
955:
928:
842:
465:
360:
264:
258:
209:
157:
2501:
397:
The Wangchuck dynasty ruled government power in Bhutan and established relations with the
8:
2329:
2307:
878:– or Penlop of Chötse, another name for Trongsa – continued to be held by crown princes.
89:
2477:
2471:
2275:
2233:
2109:
1694:
997:
566:
593:
incarnations, reflecting speech, mind, and body. Increasingly secular regional lords (
512:
The ascendency of the Wangchuck family is deeply rooted in the historical politics of
375:
since 1907. Prior to reunification, the Wangchuck family had governed the district of
2337:
2268:
2225:
2142:
2089:
2056:
1992:
1948:
1912:
1874:
1837:
1699:
1689:
886:
875:
783:
779:
714:
707:
694:
648:
545:
525:
384:
99:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2347:
951:
799:
795:
787:
630:
626:
614:
376:
216:
94:
2445:
2439:
2421:
2136:
2083:
2050:
1982:
1981:
Brown, Lindsay; Mayhew, Bradley; Armington, Stan; Whitecross, Richard W. (2007).
1942:
1906:
1831:
1549:
1517:
917:
848:
838:
834:
819:
774:
767:
659:
574:
529:
447:
433:
406:
390:
291:
57:
2135:
United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2004).
2436:
1001:
803:
737:
536:
by an assembly of his subjects in 1907, marking the ascendency of his dynasty.
521:
398:
380:
352:
2526:
2483:
2357:
2342:
2023:
1988:
1804:
1773:
827:
729:
697:
of central Bhutan. The family belongs to the Nyö clan, and is descended from
687:
679:
637:
were particularly notable figures in the competition for regional dominance.
618:
610:
233:
2165:
2398:
2393:
2081:
1870:
1742:
985:
894:
194:
177:
108:
2138:
Perspectives from the ESCAP region after the Fifth WTO Ministerial Meeting
728:
Although Bhutan generally enjoyed favorable relations with both Tibet and
2463:
2426:
2029:
1905:(Gter-ston), Padma-gliṅ-pa; Harding, Sarah (2003). Harding, Sarah (ed.).
1810:
1779:
1723:
Brother of Jamjeng Dragpa Oezer (Jam-dbyangs Grags-pa Od-zer) (1382–1442)
1645:
1613:
1578:
1546:
1514:
1217:
977:
935:
1952–1972) ascended the throne at the age of 23, having been educated in
855:
748:
698:
683:
533:
368:
147:
1030:
Below is an extended patrilineal genealogy through the present monarch.
1018:
assumed the throne as the Fifth King in 2008 as the kingdom adopted its
693:
Within this political landscape, the Wangchuck family originated in the
2506:
1732:
Wangchuck forefathers may be referred to as of the Dungkar Choji family
806:. From this time forward, the office of Desi became purely ceremonial.
740:, provided the conditions for the ascendancy of the Penlop of Trongsa.
996:. The later years of his reign, however, also marked the departure of
589:
until power was further splintered through the innovation of multiple
2241:
1005:
763:
722:
721:. The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the
586:
582:
558:, decreasingly effective central government control resulted in the
2194:
1866:
So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas
666:, and led a monastic life from childhood. Before his appointment as
2258:
1065:
791:
744:
622:
598:
560:
131:
28:
747:
with Britain (1864–65) as well as substantial territorial losses (
710:, as well as significant national and local government positions.
421:
2280:
2028:
Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).
2022:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1809:
Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).
1803:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1778:
Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).
1772:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
992:
as a concept, and strides in democratization including the draft
954:
in 1958. Under Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Bhutan also modernized its
936:
702:
640:
1788:. Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728.
2291:
2263:
733:
594:
513:
372:
39:
1980:
444:
1926) "First King"; reigned 17 December 1907 – 21 August 1926.
940:
921:
755:
752:
718:
663:
606:
517:
402:
104:
601:) competed for power amid a backdrop of civil war over the
893:. After his coronation, Uygen further merited the British
907:
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
429:
There have been five Wangchuck kings of Bhutan, namely:
961:
2082:
Global Investment and Business Center, Inc. (2000).
1940:
824:
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1904:
899:Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India
809:
2027:
1836:. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers. p. 200.
1830:Dorji, Chen-Kyo Tshering (1994). "Appendix III".
1808:
1777:
2524:
913:) in 1921. King Ugyen Wangchuck died in 1926.
2210:
1987:. Lonely Planet Country Guides (3 ed.).
662:. He was born Damchho Lhundrub in Min-Chhud,
328:
766:. In 1879, he appointed his 17-year-old son
425:Genealogy of the Wangchuck Dynasty of Bhutan
2048:
782:. In 1882, at the age of 20, he marched on
2217:
2203:
2085:Bhutan Foreign Policy and Government Guide
1075:gnyos-ston bde-mchog 'krhul-gzhig chos-rje
674:(Chant Master). A trusted follower of the
335:
321:
27:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1862:
874:in place for nearly 300 years. The title
1653:'Jigs-med Khe-sar rNam-rGyal dBang-phyug
947:in 1953 and establishing relations with
813:
420:
1908:The life and revelations of Pema Lingpa
367:) have held the hereditary position of
2525:
1911:. Snow Lion Publications. p. 24.
1893:
1078:གཉོས་སཏོན་བདེ་མཆོག་འཁྲུལ་གཞིག་ཆོས་རྗེ།
383:. After consolidating power, the 12th
2224:
2198:
2128:
1936:
1934:
1856:
1829:
1763:
1761:
1035:
976:The Third King died in 1972, and the
2075:
2049:Rennie, Frank; Mason, Robin (2008).
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
962:Democratization under the Wangchucks
1833:History of Bhutan based on Buddhism
1000:in the 1990s amid the government's
690:, Trashigang, and Zhemgang Dzongs.
13:
2042:
2011:
1931:
1823:
1792:
1758:
1705:Succession to the Bhutanese throne
1656:འཇིགས་མེད་གེ་སར་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་དབང་ཕྱུག་
14:
2549:
2158:
1967:
851:, firmly in power and advised by
802:, sacking both sides and seizing
556:Tibetan dual system of government
550:Tibetan dual system of government
148:The Druk Gyaltsuen (Dragon Queen)
2290:
2017:
1798:
1767:
670:, he held the appointed post of
564:disintegration of the office of
554:Under Bhutan's early theocratic
153:The Druk Gyalsey (Dragon Prince)
130:
2038:. British Intrusion, 1772–1907.
1735:
1726:
1717:
1032:
810:Nationhood under the Wangchucks
762:ascended to the office of 48th
494:24 July 1972 – 9 December 2006.
462:21 August 1926 – 24 March 1952.
1649:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
1072:Nyoton Dechog Thrulzhig Choeji
1016:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
1010:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
972:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
885:, Ugyen Wangchuck secured the
498:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
68:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
1:
1752:
1621:'Jigs-med Seng-ge dBang-phyug
1589:'Jigs-med rDo-rje dBang-phyug
1020:first democratic Constitution
916:The reign of the Second King
822:, receiving the order of the
524:. Ultimately, the hereditary
480:24 March 1952 – 24 July 1972.
217:Queen Mother Tshering Yangdon
143:The Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King)
100:Governor of Bumthang Province
2437:Druk Gyalpo (King of Bhutan)
1941:Europa Publications (2002).
1408:Padma Rig-rgyas (Pemarigyas)
1025:
95:Governor of Trongsa Province
7:
1863:Crossette, Barbara (2011).
1678:
1592:འཇིགས་མེད་རྡོ་རྗེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་
891:Bhutanese foreign relations
860:British expedition to Tibet
10:
2554:
1819:. Civil Conflict, 1728–72.
1624:འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་
980:passed to the 16-year-old
965:
832:
543:
539:
508:9 December 2006 – present.
416:
234:Queen Mother Sangay Choden
2492:
2414:
2386:
2328:
2300:
2287:
2254:Dual system of government
2232:
2036:Federal Research Division
1817:Federal Research Division
1786:Federal Research Division
1096:Zhig-po bKra-shis Seng-ge
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:
872:dual system of government
868:dual system of government
847:The 12th Trongsa Penlop,
647:1667–1680) was the first
643:Minjur Tenpa (1613–1680;
356:
195:Queen Mother Tshering Pem
178:Queen Mother Dorji Wangmo
73:
63:
53:
45:
35:
26:
21:
1944:Far East and Australasia
1710:
1685:List of rulers of Bhutan
1471:Pi-la mGon-po rNam-rgyal
990:Gross National Happiness
897:Gold Medal in 1911; the
532:, was elected the first
365:Dbang-phyug Rgyal-brgyud
244:Princess Euphelma Choden
2166:"Bhutan's Royal Family"
2052:Bhutan: Ways of Knowing
2031:Bhutan: A Country Study
1812:Bhutan: A Country Study
1781:Bhutan: A Country Study
773:The pro-Britain Penlop
222:Princess Dechen Yangzom
85:Dragon Regent of Bhutan
2458:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
1869:. Vintage Departures.
1617:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
1326:bsTan-pa'i rGyal-mchan
1099:ཞིག་པོ་བཀྲ་ཤིས་སེང་གེ་
994:Constitution of Bhutan
982:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
968:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
830:
484:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
426:
278:Princess Kesang Wangmo
272:Princess Dechen Wangmo
205:Princess Kesang Choden
200:Princess Chimi Yangzom
173:The Fourth Druk Gyalpo
163:Princess Sonam Yangden
123:Bhutanese royal family
16:Royal family of Bhutan
2452:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
1554:'Jigs-med dBang-phyug
1474:པི་ལ་མགན་པོ་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་
1061:Wylie transliteration
949:Indian Prime Minister
929:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
843:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
833:Further information:
817:
544:Further information:
490:1955) "Fourth King";
466:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
458:1952) "Second King";
424:
357:དབང་ཕྱུག་རྒྱལ་བརྒྱུད་
305:Princess Deki Yangzom
299:Princess Choki Wangmo
269:Princess Sonam Choden
265:The Queen Grandmother
239:Prince Khamsum Singye
183:Princess Sonam Dechen
80:Dragon King of Bhutan
2502:Battle of Five Lamas
2055:. IAP. p. 176.
1496:rJigs-med rNam-rgyal
504:1980) "Fifth King";
476:1972) "Third King";
308:Princess Pema Choden
275:Princess Pema Lhaden
1557:འཇིགས་མེད་དབང་ཕྱུག་
1522:O-rgyan dBang-phyug
1499:འཇིགས་མེད་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་
1429:Rab-rgyas (Rabgyas)
1138:bDe-pa'i dPal-'byor
1093:Zhigpo Tashi Sengye
905:) in 1911; and the
605:and invasions from
570:after the death of
413:, and development.
371:("Dragon King") of
188:Prince Jigyel Ugyen
2538:Bhutanese monarchy
2478:Sonam Topgay Dorji
2472:Jigme Palden Dorji
2415:Historical figures
2276:Zhabdrung Rinpoche
2120:has generic name (
1991:. pp. 38–43.
1745:through his mother
1695:Politics of Bhutan
1468:Pila Gonpo Wangyal
1329:བསྟན་པའི་རྒྱལ་མཆན་
1244:mKho-chun Chos-rje
1141:བདེ་པའི་དཔལ་འབྱོར་
998:Bhutanese refugees
858:, accompanied the
831:
427:
292:Second Druk Gyalpo
227:Prince Jigme Dorji
210:Prince Ugyen Jigme
158:Prince Jigme Ugyen
22:House of Wangchuck
2533:Wangchuck dynasty
2520:
2519:
2494:Historical events
2406:Wangchuck dynasty
2402:
2272:
2269:Penlop of Trongsa
2250:
2226:History of Bhutan
2186:Wangchuck dynasty
2062:978-1-59311-734-4
1998:978-1-74059-529-2
1880:978-0-307-80190-6
1700:Penlop of Trongsa
1690:History of Bhutan
1676:
1675:
1525:ཨོ་རྒྱན་དབང་ཕྱུག་
1347:bsTan-pa'i Nyi-ma
1306:Dun-dkar Chos-rje
1200:Don-grub bZang-po
1180:bsTan-pa'i Nyi-ma
945:National Assembly
887:Treaty of Punakha
876:Penlop of Trongsa
780:Penlop of Trongsa
715:Penlop of Trongsa
708:Penlop of Trongsa
649:Penlop of Trongsa
613:. The penlops of
546:History of Bhutan
526:Penlop of Trongsa
385:Penlop of Trongsa
349:Wangchuck dynasty
345:
344:
259:Third Druk Gyalpo
116:
115:
2545:
2512:Military history
2396:
2378:Wangdue Phodrang
2295:
2294:
2266:
2244:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2152:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1746:
1741:A member of the
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1309:དུན་དྐར་ཆོས་རྗེ་
1247:མཁོ་ཆུན་ཆོས་རྗེ་
1159:dPal-den Seng-ge
1033:
952:Jawaharlal Nehru
655:), appointed by
635:Wangdue Phodrang
411:decentralization
358:
337:
330:
323:
134:
125:
118:
117:
90:King of Bumthang
49:17 December 1907
31:
19:
18:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2488:
2446:Jigme Wangchuck
2440:Ugyen Wangchuck
2422:Ngawang Namgyal
2410:
2382:
2324:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2228:
2223:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1979:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1681:
1550:Jigme Wangchuck
1518:Ugyen Wangchuck
1203:དོན་གྲུབ་བཟང་པ་
1162:དཔལ་དེན་སེང་གེ་
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2399:Bhutan House
2394:Dorji family
2170:. Retrieved
2168:. RAO online
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1871:Random House
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1120:བཇ་ར་འདུས་པ་
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64:Current head
2464:Ugyen Dorji
2427:Pema Lingpa
2281:The Tshogdu
1582:Jigme Dorji
1344:Tenpa Nyima
1226:པདྨ་གླིང་པ་
1218:Pema Lingpa
1177:Tenpa Nyima
1135:Depa Paljor
1114:Bajra Duepa
978:Raven Crown
956:legal codes
856:Ugyen Dorji
749:Cooch Behar
699:Pema Lingpa
534:Druk Gyalpo
369:Druk Gyalpo
2527:Categories
2507:Bhutan War
2318:Trashigang
2234:Government
2182:(archived)
2172:2011-08-10
2101:2011-08-09
2068:2011-08-10
2004:2011-08-09
1960:2011-08-08
1924:2011-08-10
1886:2011-08-10
1849:2011-08-12
1753:References
1388:gTub-zhong
1264:Ngag-dbang
743:After the
621:, and the
609:, and the
579:Shabdrungs
294:(deceased)
261:(deceased)
2330:Provinces
2259:Dzongpens
2242:Druk Desi
2110:cite book
1585:Wangchuck
1405:Pema Rije
1391:གཏུབ་ཞོང་
1368:Zla-grags
1026:Genealogy
792:Dzongpens
764:Druk Desi
723:Druk Desi
703:Nyingmapa
676:Shabdrung
657:Shabdrung
623:dzongpons
603:Shabdrung
599:dzongpons
591:Shabdrung
587:Je Khenpo
583:Druk Desi
572:Shabdrung
567:Shabdrung
2387:Families
2338:Bumthang
2321:Zhemgang
2315:Lhuentse
2308:Bumthang
2301:Kingdoms
2190:Facebook
1679:See also
1432:རབ་རྒྱས་
1385:Tubzhong
1284:rGyal-ba
1066:Dzongkha
1006:district
784:Bumthang
745:Duar War
561:de facto
520:and the
2373:Trongsa
2368:Thimphu
2363:Punakha
2353:Kurtoed
2348:Kurmaed
2264:Penlops
1371:ཟླ་གྲགས
1287:རྒྱལ་བ་
1267:ངག་དབང་
1261:Ngawang
937:England
800:Thimphu
796:Punakha
788:Trongsa
688:Lhuntse
668:Tongsab
653:Tongsab
641:Chogyal
631:Thimphu
627:Punakha
615:Trongsa
595:penlops
540:Origins
417:History
388:Gongsar
377:Trongsa
353:Tibetan
54:Founder
46:Founded
36:Country
2145:
2092:
2059:
2026:.
1995:
1984:Bhutan
1951:
1915:
1877:
1840:
1807:.
1776:.
1365:Dadrag
1281:Gyalba
1047:start
1042:Death
1039:Birth
841:, and
751:1835;
734:Sikkim
719:dzongs
633:, and
514:Bhutan
373:Bhutan
74:Titles
40:Bhutan
2312:Kurtö
1711:Notes
1489:Dasho
1466:Dasho
1449:Padma
1426:Rabje
1050:Reign
1045:Reign
1036:Name
941:India
922:India
818:King
756:Duars
753:Assam
684:Jakar
672:Umzey
664:Tibet
607:Tibet
518:Tibet
472:1929–
454:1905–
440:1861–
403:India
361:Wylie
105:Dasho
2358:Paro
2343:Daga
2247:list
2143:ISBN
2122:help
2090:ISBN
2057:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1666:2006
1659:1980
1646:King
1639:2006
1634:1972
1627:1955
1614:King
1607:1972
1602:1952
1598:1972
1595:1928
1579:King
1572:1952
1567:1926
1563:1952
1560:1905
1547:King
1540:1926
1535:1907
1531:1926
1528:1862
1515:King
1505:1881
1502:1825
1477:1782
1452:པདྨ་
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1165:1332
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1144:1291
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1123:1262
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1102:1237
1084:1265
1081:1179
1052:end
986:Paro
970:and
939:and
911:GCIE
903:KCSI
864:KCIE
853:Kazi
798:and
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597:and
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