Elk - Knowledge

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objects to help remove hair from their bodies. All elk have small and clearly defined rump patches with short tails. They have different coloration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with gray or lighter coloration prevalent in the winter and a more reddish, darker coat in the summer. Subspecies living in arid climates tend to have lighter colored coats than do those living in forests. Most have lighter yellow-brown to orange-brown coats in contrast to dark brown hair on the head, neck, and legs during the summer. Forest-adapted Manchurian and Alashan wapitis have red or reddish-brown coats with less contrast between the body coat and the rest of the body during the summer months. Calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose them by the end of summer. Adult Manchurian wapiti may retain a few orange spots on the back of their summer coats until they are older. This characteristic has also been observed in the forest-adapted

1528: 1512: 2741: 2083: 1544: 177: 2000:, affects the brain tissue in elk, and has been detected throughout their range in North America. First documented in the late 1960s in mule deer, the disease has affected elk on game farms and in the wild in a number of regions. Elk that have contracted the disease begin to show weight loss, changes in behavior, increased watering needs, excessive salivation and urinating and difficulty swallowing, and at an advanced stage, the disease leads to death. No risks to humans have been documented, nor has the disease been demonstrated to pose a threat to domesticated cattle. In 2002, 1886: 1628: 2103:. The habitat of Siberian elk in Asia is similar to that of the Rocky Mountain subspecies in North America. During the Late Pleistocene their range was much more extensive, being distributed across Eurasia, with remains being found as far west as France. These populations are most closely related to modern Asian populations of the elk. Their range collapsed at the start of the Holocene, possibly because they were specialized to cold periglacial tundra-steppe habitat. When this environment was replaced largely by closed forest the red deer might have outcompeted the elk. 1789: 1608:, where the largest males are estimated to weigh up to 600 kg (1,300 lb). More typically, male Roosevelt elk weigh around 318 to 499 kg (701 to 1,100 lb), while females weigh 261 to 283 kg (575 to 624 lb). Male tule elk weigh 204–318 kg (450–701 lb) while females weigh 170–191 kg (375–421 lb). The whole weights of adult male Manitoban elk range from 288 to 478 kilograms (635 to 1,054 lb). Females have a mean weight of 275 kilograms (606 lb). The elk is the second largest extant species of deer, after the 159: 1743: 1759: 1649: 1668: 1060: 1044: 1751:

the antlers laid back. A bull may get violent and hit the cow with his antlers. During courtship, the bull is more peaceful and approaches her with his head and antlers raised. The male signals his intention to test the female for sexual receptivity by flicking his tongue. If not ready, a cow will lower her head and weave from side to side while opening and closing her mouth. The bull will stop in response in order not to scare her. Otherwise, the bull will copiously lick the female and then mount her.

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predation. Large bull elk are less vulnerable and can afford to wander alone, while cows stay in larger groups for protection for their calves. Bulls are more vulnerable to predation by wolves in late winter, after they have been weakened by months of chasing females and fighting. Males that have recently lost their antlers are more likely to be preyed upon.

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cover. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem elk herds comprise as many as 40,000 individuals. During the spring and fall, they take part in the longest elk migration in the continental U.S., traveling as much as 168 mi (270 km) between summer and winter ranges. The Teton herd consists of between 9,000 and 13,000 elk and they spend winters on the

1877:, whereas the supplementally fed gut microbiome may have less fiber-digesting bacteria. Therefore, transitioning from natural foraging to concentrated alfalfa pellets can cause changes in the gut microbiome that might affect the elk's ability to efficiently digest their natural diet or could potentially lead to imbalances that affect overall health. 1928:, which includes Yellowstone National Park, bears are the most significant predators of calves while healthy bulls have never been recorded to be killed by bears and such encounters can be fatal for bears. The killing of cows in their prime is more likely to affect population growth than the killing of bulls or calves. 2228:

was undertaken to study the descendants of this release. There is significant hybridization of elk with red deer. These deer have had an adverse impact on forest regeneration of some plant species, as they consume more palatable species, which are replaced with those that are less favored by the elk.

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cycle of only a day or two, and matings usually involve a dozen or more attempts. By the autumn of their second year, females can produce one and, very rarely, two offspring. Reproduction is most common when cows weigh at least 200 kilograms (440 lb). Dominant bulls follow groups of cows during

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A bull interacts with cows in his harem in two ways: herding and courtship. When a female wanders too far away from the harem's range, the male will rush ahead of her, block her path and aggressively rush her back to the harem. Herding behavior is accompanied by a stretched out and lowered neck and

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deer species. During the summer group size can reach 400 individuals. For most of the year, adult males and females are segregated into different herds. Female herds are larger while bulls form small groups and may even travel alone. Young bulls may associate with older bulls or female groups. Male

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period is eight to nine months and the offspring weigh around 16 kilograms (35 lb). When the females are near to giving birth, they tend to isolate themselves from the main herd, and will remain isolated until the calf is large enough to escape predators. Calves are born spotted, as is common

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by the time they are six months old. Elk will leave their natal (birth) ranges before they are three years old. Males disperse more often than females, as adult cows are more tolerant of female offspring from previous years. Elk live 20 years or more in captivity but average 10 to 13 years in the

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During the fall, elk grow a thicker coat of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Both male and female North American elk grow thin neck manes; females of other subspecies may not. By early summer, the heavy winter coat has been shed. Elk are known to rub against trees and other

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basin, with sporadic reports of deformed hooves. Since then, the disease has spread rapidly with increased sightings throughout southwest Washington and into Oregon. The disease is characterised by deformed, broken, or missing hooves and leads to severe lameness in elk. The primary cause is not

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into areas of higher altitude in the spring, following the retreating snows, and the opposite direction in the fall. Hunting pressure impacts migration and movement. During the winter, they favor wooded areas for the greater availability of food to eat. Elk do not appear to benefit from thermal

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covers and protects them. This is shed in the summer when the antlers have fully developed. Bull elk typically have around six tines on each antler. The Siberian and North American elk carry the largest antlers while the Altai wapiti has the smallest. Roosevelt bull antlers can weigh 18 kg

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Elk have thick bodies with slender legs and short tails. They have a shoulder height of 0.75–1.5 m (2 ft 6 in – 4 ft 11 in) with a nose-to-tail length of 1.6–2.7 m (5 ft 3 in – 8 ft 10 in). Males are larger and weigh 178–497 kg

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Elk may avoid predation by switching from grazing to browsing. Grazing puts an elk in the compromising situation of being in an open area with its head down, leaving it unable to see what is going on in the surrounding area. Living in groups also lessens the risk of an individual falling to

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Younger, less dominant bulls, known as "spike bulls" because their antlers have not yet forked, will harass unguarded cows. These bulls are impatient and will not perform any courtship rituals and will continue to pursue a female even when she signals him to stop. As such, they are less

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from Asia depict antler-less female elk, which have been interpreted as symbolizing life and sustenance. They were also frequently overlaid with boats and associated with rivers, suggesting they also represented paths to the underworld. Petroglyphs of elk were carved into cliffs by the

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known to affect the spinal cord and brain tissue of elk and other species, leading to death. The definitive host is the white-tailed deer, in which it normally has no ill effects. Snails and slugs, the intermediate hosts, can be inadvertently consumed by elk during grazing. The

1849:. Elk have a tendency to do most of their feeding in the mornings and evenings, seeking sheltered areas in between feedings to digest. Their diets vary somewhat depending on the season, with native grasses being a year-round supplement, tree bark being consumed in winter, and 3865: 4229: 2768:

and played a spiritual role in their society. The male elk was admired for its ability to attract mates, and Lakota men will play a courting flute imitating a bugling elk to attract women. Men used elks' antlers as love charms and wore clothes decorated with elk images.

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and female herds come together during the mating season, which may begin in late August. Males try to intimidate rivals by vocalizing and displaying with their antlers. If neither bull backs down, they engage in antler wrestling, sometimes sustaining serious injuries.

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The long-term impact will be an alteration of the types of plants and trees found, and in other animal and plant species dependent upon them. As in Chile and Argentina, the IUCN has declared that red deer and elk populations in New Zealand are an invasive species.

2034:. Researchers are attempting to eradicate the disease through vaccinations and herd-management measures, which are expected to be successful. Nevertheless, research has been ongoing since 2002, and a successful vaccine has yet to be developed as of 2016. 581:

word meaning "white rump", after the distinctive light fur around the tail region which the animals may fluff-up or raise to signal their agitation or distress to one another, when fleeing perceived threats, or among males courting females and

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sprouts which rise in the spring, elk have had some impact on aspen groves which have been declining in some regions where elk exist. Range and wildlife managers conduct surveys of elk pellet groups to monitor populations and resource use.

5858: 2792:(B.P.O.E.) chose the elk as its namesake because a number of its attributes seemed appropriate for cultivation by members of the fraternity. Jewel-encrusted, gold-mounted elk teeth are prized possessions of many members of the B.P.O.E. 7239: 3857: 5439:

Nol, Pauline; Olsen, Steven C.; Rhyan, Jack C.; Sriranganathan, Nammalwar; McCollum, Matthew P.; Hennager, Steven G.; Pavuk, Alana A.; Sprino, Phillip J.; Boyle, Stephen M.; Berrier, Randall J.; Salman, Mo D. (10 February 2016).

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in Wyoming by collecting the antlers which are shed each winter. They are then auctioned, with 80% of the proceeds returned to the refuge. In 2010, 2,520 kilograms (5,560 lb) of antlers were auctioned, which brought in over

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While elk are not generally harvested for meat production on a large scale, some restaurants offer the meat as a specialty item and it is also available in some grocery stores. The meat has a taste somewhere between beef and

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in commercial livestock. The mode of transmission is also not known, but it appears to be highly contagious among elk. Studies are being undertaken by government departments to determine how to halt or eliminate the disease.

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variation in antlers, mane and rump patch development are based on "climatic-related lifestyle factors". Of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North America in historical times, four remain, including the

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The introduction of deer to New Zealand began in the middle of the 19th century, and current populations are primarily European red deer, with only 15 percent being elk. In 1905 18 American wapiti were released in

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Couch, Claire E.; Wise, Benjamin L.; Scurlock, Brandon M.; Rogerson, Jared D.; Fuda, Rebecca K.; Cole, Eric K.; Szcodronski, Kimberly E.; Sepulveda, Adam J.; Hutchins, Patrick R.; Cross, Paul C. (8 April 2021).

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The elk ranges from central Asia through to Siberia and east Asia and in North America. They can be found in open deciduous woodlands, boreal forests, upland moors, mountainous areas and grasslands. The

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with many deer species, and they lose their spots by the end of summer. After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd, and are fully weaned at two months of age. Elk calves are as large as an adult

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Recent DNA analyses suggest that there are no more than three or four total subspecies of elk. All American forms, aside from possibly the Tule and the Roosevelt's elk, seem to belong to one subspecies—

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Although breakdown figures for each game species are not available in the 2006 National Survey from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, hunting of wild elk is most likely the primary economic impact.

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As of 2014, population figures for all North American elk subspecies were around one million. Prior to the European colonization of North America, there were an estimated 10 million on the continent.

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beginning in 1913 and throughout the mid-20th Century, and now remain at a stable population of approximately 1,400 individuals. Since the late 1990s, they were reintroduced and recolonized in the

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of the same species (adapted to local environments through minor changes in appearance and behavior). Populations vary in antler shape and size, body size, coloration and mating behavior.

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Elk dwell in open forest and forest-edge habitats, grazing on grasses and sedges and browsing higher-growing plants, leaves, twigs and bark. Male elk have large, blood- and nerve-filled

1739:. A male elk's urethra points upward so that urine is sprayed almost at a right angle to the penis. The urine soaks into their hair and gives them a distinct smell which attracts cows. 1684: 1353:) also belong to the wapiti, and were not distinguishable from each other by mitochondrial DNA studies. These Chinese subspecies are sometimes treated as a distinct species, namely the 2866:

Antlers are also used in artwork, furniture and other novelty items. All Asian subspecies, along with other deer, have been raised for their antlers in central and eastern Asia by

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reproductively successful, and a cow may stay close to the big bull to avoid harassment. Dominant bulls are intolerant of spike bulls and will chase them away from their harems.

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from August into early winter. A bull will defend his harem of 20 cows or more from competing bulls and predators. Bulls also dig holes in the ground called wallows, in which

1685: 7543: 1333:) is clearly distinct from the Siberian forms, but not distinguishable from the Alashan wapiti. Still, due to the insufficient genetic material that rejects monophyly of 4409:

Cook JG, Irwin LL, Bryant LD, Riggs RA, Thomas JW (1998). "Relations of forest cover and condition of elk: a test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter".

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Antlers are made of bone, which can grow at a rate of 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in) per day. While actively growing, a soft layer of highly vascularized skin known as

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occasionally affects elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the only place in the U.S. where the disease is still known to exist, though this can extend out to the

7594: 5626: 1337:, some researchers consider it premature to include the Manchurian wapiti as a true subspecies of wapiti, and that it likely needs to be elevated to its own species, 12889: 7488:

Angers, Rachel C.; Seward, Tanya S.; Napier, Dana; Green, Michael; Hoover, Edward; Spraker, Terry; O'Rourke, Katherine; Balachandran, Aru; Telling, Glenn C. (2009).

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Ripple, W.; Larsen, Eric J.; Renkin, Roy A.; Smith, Douglas W. (2001). "Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range".

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populations survived into the early Holocene (until around 3000 years ago) in southern Sweden and the Alps, where the environment remained favorable.

621:, a loud series of throaty whistles, bellows, screams, and other vocalizations that establish dominance over other males and aim to attract females. 5998: 5228: 4558: 3534: 743:

industry in several countries, including the United States and Canada. The elk is hunted as a game species, and their meat is leaner, and higher in

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and other herbivores. This negative impact on native animal species has led the IUCN to identify the elk as one of the world's 100 worst invaders.

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Elk are ruminants and therefore have four-chambered stomachs. Unlike white-tailed deer and moose, which are chiefly browsers, elk are similar to

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study of captive elk in Pennsylvania attributed the cause of death in 33 of 65 cases to either gastrointestinal parasites (21 cases, primarily

12839: 12775: 12749: 12148: 1873:. The elk gut microbiome is typically characterized by a diverse community of bacteria specialized in breaking down complex plant fibers and 1329:) is, more or less, physically identical to the American forms, and thus may belong to this subspecies, too. However, the Manchurian wapiti ( 2137:

in 1918 after going extinct there in 1875. The Rocky Mountain elk subspecies was reintroduced by hunter-conservation organizations into the

12829: 4590: 1527: 4485: 4271: 3946: 1718:. Cows produce an alarm bark to alert other members of the herd to danger, while calves will produce a high-pitched scream when attacked. 6325: 6226: 5797: 4536: 3235: 2189:, although a wild population has not yet established. Since 2015, elk have also been reintroduced in a number of other states, including 6092: 6632: 5450:

Strain RB51 Overexpressing Superoxide Dismutase and Glycosyltransferase Genes Does Not Induce Adequate Protection against Experimental

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Hattel, Arthur L.; Shaw, Daniel P.; Fisher, Jenny S.; Brooks, Jason W.; Love, Brenda C.; Drake, Thomas R.; Wagner, Donald C. (2007).

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and tree sprouts during the summer. Elk consume an average of 9.1 kilograms (20 lb) of vegetation daily. Particularly fond of

775:, and the meaning of the word "elk" to English-speakers became rather vague, acquiring a meaning similar to "large deer". The name 6660: 5556: 2177:. In the state of Kentucky, the elk population in 2022 had increased to over 15,000 animals. In 2016, a male elk, likely from the 1511: 12723: 7348: 4360: 3557: 2789: 2022:. In domesticated cattle, brucellosis causes infertility, abortions, and reduced milk production. It is transmitted to humans as 4170: 7705: 7539: 7494: 4916: 4710:"Effects of supplemental feeding on the fecal bacterial communities of Rocky Mountain elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem" 1576:(392–1,096 lb) while females weigh 171–292 kg (377–644 lb). The largest of the subspecies is the Roosevelt elk ( 6747:

Amor, Jacqueline M.; Newman, Robert; Jensen, William F.; Rundquist, Bradley C.; Walter, W. David; Boulanger, Jason R. (2019).

2123:. These elk, originally from Rocky Mountain herds, exhibit modified behavior due to having been held in captivity, under less 12879: 7651: 7219: 6924: 5388: 5175:

McIntosh, Terese; Rosatte, Rick; Campbell, Doug; Welch, Kate; Fournier, Dominique; Spinato, Maria; Ogunremi, Oladele (2007).

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in Alaska. Reintroduction of the elk into Ontario began in the early 20th century and is ongoing with limited success.

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Ludt, Christian J.; Schroeder, Wolf; Rottmann, Oswald; Kuehn, Ralph (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (

4383: 4293: 4136: 735:, have had mixed success. Some cultures revere the elk as having spiritual significance. Antlers and velvet are used in 12869: 5583: 4622: 3706: 351: 5772: 3667: 12141: 7631: 7578: 7233: 7202: 7116: 6046: 4659: 3926: 3745: 1948:

have been identified in elk. Most of these parasites seldom lead to significant mortality among wild or captive elk.

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Elk and red deer were introduced to Argentina in the early 20th century. There they are now considered an

1170:. The cross-bred animals have resulted in the disappearance of virtually all pure elk blood from the area. Key 1143:

DNA studies conducted in 2004 on hundreds of samples from red deer and elk subspecies and other species of the

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annually and on ranches in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, it is collected and sold to markets in

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subspecies is darker, and more reddish, in coloration than other populations. The Alashan wapiti of northern

848: 5177:"Evidence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) in southern Ontario" 1924:

packs mostly prey on elk calves, though they can sometimes take a winter- or disease-weakened adult. In the

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for the first time in nearly 300 years. Once locally extinct, dispersing elk are now regularly spotted in

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There are many past and ongoing examples of reintroduction into areas of the US. Elk were reintroduced in

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This article is about the species called "elk" in North America. For the species called "elk" in Eurasia (

12849: 12710: 12626: 7225: 6808:"Elk of Theodore Roosevelt National Park - Theodore Roosevelt National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 5990: 5217: 3593: 3530: 2929:

Brook, S.M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2019) .

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Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R.F.; Brook, S.M.; Mattioli, S. (2018).

12874: 12562: 8126: 7698: 5965: 4777:"Characterisation of the bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of elk (Cervus canadensis)" 3307: 2953: 2773: 1950: 1780:

wild. In some subspecies that suffer less predation, they may live an average of 15 years in the wild.

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Elk and red deer produce fertile offspring in captivity, and the two species have freely inter-bred in

712:; the animal's adaptability in these areas may, in fact, be so successful as to threaten the sensitive 7462: 3493: 12854: 12834: 11103: 8048: 8039: 7570: 7262: 7194: 7088: 6929: 4325: 4065:"Evidence of biphonation and source-filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti ( 3199: 3144: 3106: 3015: 1810: 1318:

is the smallest of all the subspecies, has the lightest coloration, and is one of the least-studied.

1048: 826: 7374: 5699: 5356: 4832:"Neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition" 4681: 12864: 10890: 6326:"Introduced red deer reduce tree regeneration in Pureora Forest, central North Island, New Zealand" 1814: 1616: 955: 229: 664:, elk once had a much wider distribution in the past; prehistoric populations were present across 12184: 11539: 10932: 8828: 7969: 6578: 5504: 3610:

Mattioli, Stefano (2011). "Family Cervidae (Deer)". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.).

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are relatively common in North America and New Zealand. Native Americans have used elk hides for

2221: 2082: 1989: 1597: 1167: 883: 53: 11052: 8488: 6749:"Seasonal home ranges and habitat selection of three elk (Cervus elaphus) herds in North Dakota" 4620:

McConnell, B. R.; Smith, J. G. (1970). "Frequency Distributions of Deer and Elk Pellet Groups".

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but rather the largest member of the wider deer family (Cervidae) known from the fossil record.

12806: 12588: 8590: 8296: 8215: 6925:"Elk, Pa.'s largest wild animal, have become a tourism boom in the northwest part of the state" 5097:

Metz, M. C.; et al. (2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons".

5044: 4676: 4255: 3958: 3056: 2008: 1970: 1354: 839: 17: 12741: 6525: 6342: 6230: 5808: 5652: 5534: 4996:"How climate impacts the composition of wolf-killed elk in northern Yellowstone National Park" 4775:

Kim, Jong-Hui; Hong, Sung Wook; Park, Beom-Young; Yoo, Jae Gyu; Oh, Mi-Hwa (1 February 2019).

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Nichol AM, Judson HG, Taylor AW (2003). "The effect of hybridisation on venison production".

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that they were "for their unusual largeness improperly termed Elks by ignorant people". Both

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of the southwestern U.S. hundreds of years ago. The elk was of particular importance to the

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in parts of Asia; the production of ground antler and velvet supplements is also a thriving

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region of the U.S. where the now extinct eastern elk once lived. They were reintroduced to

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banned the importation of elk antler velvet due to concerns about chronic wasting disease.

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each year as weather warms-up. Males also engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the

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Hayward, M. W.; Jędrzejewski, W.; Jędrzejewska, B. (2012). "Prey preferences of the tiger

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through the nasal cavities. Elk can produce deeper pitched (150 Hz) sounds using the

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Studies on the Taxonomic Review and Survey Techniques for Mammals in the Korean Peninsula

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deer family, strongly indicate that elk, or wapiti, should be a distinct species, namely

1076: 1064: 1024: 831: 194: 7318: 7002: 6764: 6258:, ed. (1951). "Preliminary reports of The New Zealand - American Fiordland Expedition". 6139: 5250:

Bildfell, Robert J.; Whipps, Christopher M.; Gillin, Colin M.; Kent, Michael L. (2007).

5112: 5067: 5011: 4847: 4725: 4672: 3353: 2740: 2208:, encroaching on Argentinian ecosystems where they compete for food with the indigenous 981:

refers to North America as a "lande ... full of many beastes, as redd dere" in his 1584

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Elk hoof disease was first noticed in the state of Washington in the late 1990s in the

1964: 1403: 1373: 1240: 1195: 895: 794: 724: 485: 423: 224: 7648: 7292: 7138: 6120:"Diet of Huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina" 4690: 4460: 4352: 12645: 12529: 12377: 12251: 12214: 12169: 11713: 11704: 11392: 11320: 11248: 11079: 11061: 10914: 9864: 9259: 9250: 9102: 9004: 8783: 8750: 8693: 8563: 8090: 7951: 7574: 7521: 7229: 7221:

Wildlife on the Wind: A Field Biologist's Journey and an Indian Reservation's Renewal

7198: 6826: 6788: 6368: 6306: 6271: 5745: 5685: 5526: 5485: 5330: 5273: 5198: 5155: 5124: 5079: 5033: 4898: 4861: 4856: 4831: 4816: 4804: 4796: 4757: 4739: 4526: 4261: 4201: 4178: 4115: 4092: 4002: 3922: 3741: 3615: 3561: 3407: 3397: 3365: 3225: 3072: 3062: 2209: 2019: 1993: 1776: 1637: 1534: 1458: 1295: 1152: 871: 867: 637: 599: 458: 6976: 6607: 6155: 5285: 5136: 4912: 4323:

Smith BL, Anderson SH (2001). "Does Dispersal Help Regulate the Jackson Elk Herd?".

4063:

Reby D, Wyman MT, Frey R, Passilongo D, Gilbert J, Locatelli Y, Charlton BD (2016).

3472: 1788: 1627: 12650: 12509: 12468: 12324: 12294: 12174: 12107: 11861: 11852: 11731: 11572: 11563: 11356: 11028: 11019: 10967: 10958: 10806: 10779: 10692: 10472: 10080: 9506: 9497: 9487: 9460: 9181: 9050: 8251: 8242: 8233: 8015: 8006: 7942: 7869: 7860: 7511: 7503: 6778: 6768: 6414: 6279: 6143: 6060: 5991:"Elk return to Missouri after 150-year absence Missouri Department of Conservation" 5673: 5516: 5475: 5465: 5320: 5312: 5263: 5188: 5116: 5071: 5023: 5015: 4894: 4851: 4788: 4747: 4729: 4686: 4631: 4213: 4082: 3808: 3644: 3460: 3357: 3302: 3020: 2948: 2875: 2785: 2781: 2205: 2104: 1909: 1801: 1601: 1478: 1448: 1423: 1350: 1256: 1014: 780: 689: 673: 614: 451: 444: 409: 2752:

Elk have played an important role in the cultural history of a number of peoples.

1800:

As is true for many species of deer, especially those in mountainous regions, elk

704:

to countries outside of its natural range where it has been introduced, including

12788: 12304: 12194: 11837: 11828: 11776: 11767: 11548: 10405: 10396: 9873: 9469: 8521: 8431: 8269: 8081: 7960: 7933: 7924: 7678: 7655: 7635: 6773: 5677: 4734: 3737: 3391: 1917: 1648: 1275: 1104:(and hence early relatives or possible ancestors of the elk) first appear in the 978: 535: 12767: 12754: 7027: 6875:"Rocky Mountain elk population size and herd composition in Oregon, 2015 - 2019" 6389: 5299:

Belay ED, Maddox RA, Williams ES, Miller MW, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB (2004).

5149: 3361: 3282: 2997:

The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

1194:

of elk described, with six from North America and four from Asia, although some

176: 158: 12576: 12549: 12352: 12299: 12199: 12179: 12037: 11975: 11605: 11596: 11121: 11070: 10991: 10982: 10923: 10761: 10463: 10285: 10276: 9831: 9798: 9780: 9268: 9078: 8953: 8792: 7780: 7752: 6913:. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023. 5521: 5268: 5251: 4387: 4301: 3793: 2871: 2490: 2182: 2158: 2023: 1981:

A bull elk in spring, shedding its winter coat and with its antlers covered in

1468: 1346: 1303: 1203: 903: 859: 669: 496: 385: 378: 7683: 7401:"2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation" 6147: 5120: 5054:; Creel, Scott (2010). "Nutritionally mediated risk effect of wolves on elk". 4792: 3648: 3464: 2928: 2851:, where it is used in medicine. Some cultures consider antler velvet to be an 731:. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, primarily by 12823: 12736: 12611: 12514: 12488: 12387: 12332: 12279: 12219: 12204: 12189: 11662: 11644: 11530: 11467: 11458: 10517: 10252: 10225: 9996: 9906: 9897: 9882: 9747: 9711: 9666: 9603: 9594: 9111: 9069: 8962: 8928: 8918: 8819: 8801: 8464: 8413: 8323: 7887: 6852: 6806:

Medora, Mailing Address: PO Box 7; Us, ND 58645 Phone: 701 623-4466 Contact.

6310: 6275: 6255: 6065: 5588: 5470: 4800: 4743: 4522: 4148: 3293: 3052: 2939: 2844: 2765: 2688: 2194: 2174: 2061: 1982: 1727: 1581: 1568: 1393: 1315: 1232: 1216: 784: 772: 591: 430: 399: 214: 209: 102: 12715: 7600:(Press release). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 22 May 2006. Archived from 6283: 6260:

Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

5019: 4940:"Elk Calf Mortality Post–Wolf Restoration Bears Remain Top Summer Predators" 4776: 3411: 3076: 12544: 12519: 12504: 12453: 12284: 12264: 12056: 12025: 11915: 11587: 11401: 11329: 11202: 11145: 11136: 10854: 10788: 10550: 10508: 10423: 10234: 9954: 9945: 9807: 9738: 9627: 9618: 9360: 9129: 8810: 8765: 8732: 8503: 8395: 8362: 8278: 7525: 7507: 6792: 5530: 5489: 5334: 5316: 5277: 5202: 5128: 5083: 5037: 4865: 4808: 4761: 4096: 3369: 2580: 2562: 2508: 2217: 2142: 1885: 1621: 1550: 1518: 1438: 1362: 1342: 1267: 1140: 1002: 814: 681: 657: 617:, including posturing to attract females, antler-wrestling (sparring), and 551: 437: 392: 12793: 7628: 1043: 12697: 12637: 12620: 12524: 12224: 11677: 11425: 10587: 10541: 10532: 10481: 10433: 10294: 10136: 9729: 9720: 9548: 9342: 9333: 9323: 9217: 9060: 8870: 8861: 8774: 8617: 8539: 8422: 8347: 8338: 7715: 7055: 6526:"2020-2021 Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources Elk Report" 5664: 2887: 2867: 2852: 2825: 2756: 2146: 2049: 2015: 2001: 1960: 1758: 1742: 1502: 1413: 1248: 1163: 1059: 1010: 740: 732: 709: 587: 371: 281: 147: 77: 6909:"Roosevelt elk population size and herd composition 2015 - 2019" (PDF). 5798:"Plan for Elk Watching and Nature Tourism in North Central Pennsylvania" 5657:

Erxleben, 1777 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Late Pleistocene of France"

1116:, but do not appear in the North American fossil record until the early 12689: 12412: 12407: 12347: 12309: 12269: 11284: 11184: 11009: 10601: 10023: 10005: 9756: 9451: 9436: 9427: 9394: 9171: 8977: 8894: 8885: 8660: 8651: 8530: 8455: 7996: 7817: 4643: 4424: 4338: 4225: 4087: 4064: 3820: 3189: 3174:

History of the State of Maine. Volume II: Discourse on Western Planting

2833: 2472: 2292: 2138: 1902: 1870: 1698: 1589: 1585: 1191: 870:

or another language of northern Europe. By the 8th century, during the

768: 701: 625: 122: 87: 12702: 7436: 5150:

Thorne, E. T.; Williams, E. S.; Samuel, W. M.; Kistner, T. P. (2002).

5075: 3096: 477:

Reconstructed (light green) and current (dark green) native ranges of

12671: 12397: 12392: 12342: 12314: 11984: 11905: 11758: 11629: 11620: 11094: 10668: 10659: 10644: 10635: 10499: 10071: 9855: 9789: 9675: 9190: 8986: 8675: 8599: 8479: 8030: 7915: 7905: 7799: 7790: 7191:

The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief

5839: 5154:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 351–387. 4041: 3895: 3134: 2848: 2753: 2706: 2598: 2400: 2162: 2150: 2066: 2054: 2027: 1874: 1771: 1763: 1657: 1563: 1311: 1211: 1156: 1121: 1109: 1071: 728: 705: 661: 595: 555: 241: 127: 71: 12582: 11951: 7344: 6198:

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

5559:. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. 2017. Archived from 4635: 4217: 3812: 3583: 2097:

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

1706:

Bulls have a loud, high-pitched, whistle-like vocalization known as

1135:

Until recently, red deer and elk were considered to be one species,

640:

genetic studies, beginning in 1998, shows that the two are distinct

558:. The word "elk" originally referred to the European variety of the 12676: 12605: 12458: 12357: 12229: 11893: 11521: 11193: 10905: 10743: 10683: 10348: 10047: 9579: 9524: 9412: 9241: 8717: 8708: 8684: 8572: 8446: 8196: 8072: 7768: 7746: 7734: 5505:"Mortality in Pennsylvania captive elk (Cervus elaphus): 1998–2006" 5387:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, USDA. Archived from 2652: 2526: 2418: 2382: 2364: 2310: 2274: 2190: 2170: 2154: 2134: 2120: 2011: 1955: 1945: 1383: 1283: 1224: 1029:

Statistical, Political, and Historical Account of the United States

810: 719:

As a member of the Artiodactyla order (and distant relative of the

677: 629: 610: 543: 416: 301: 261: 117: 112: 97: 92: 82: 4384:"Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity" 3061:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 662–663. 2115: 12539: 12534: 12483: 12478: 12289: 12274: 12098: 11933: 11794: 11653: 11043: 10830: 10821: 10734: 10620: 10611: 10583: 10339: 10243: 10207: 10122: 10118: 10089: 10014: 9702: 9575: 9536: 9120: 9037: 8943: 8206: 8156: 7851: 3058:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2883: 2879: 2817: 2813: 2724: 2436: 2256: 2198: 2043: 2038: 1941: 1913: 1898: 1866: 1842: 1711: 1291: 1199: 1117: 1113: 1080: 1052: 752: 744: 720: 713: 665: 641: 574: 185: 167: 132: 107: 12663: 5252:"DNA-based identification of a hepatic trematode in an elk calf" 4937: 2843:

A male elk can produce 10 to 11 kilograms (22 to 24 lb) of

1087: 12473: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12402: 12362: 11942: 11511: 11416: 11239: 11229: 10845: 10357: 10197: 10179: 10170: 10056: 9978: 9930: 9921: 9379: 9370: 9305: 9296: 9286: 9208: 8741: 8554: 8404: 7740: 7728: 6047:"The History of Elk (Cervus canadensis) Restoration in Ontario" 4878: 2856: 2544: 2454: 2346: 1921: 1889:

Single bull elk in winter are vulnerable to predation by wolves

1838: 1796:

in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, after migrating there during the fall

1715: 1605: 1593: 1266:

Four subspecies described from the Asian continent include the

1105: 1100: 934:"is not the normal phonetic representative" of the Old English 697: 606: 547: 311: 271: 251: 12156: 5301:"Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans" 4254:

Youngquist, Robert S; Threlfall, Walter R (23 November 2006).

3612:

Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals

1977: 1829: 1151:. DNA evidence validates that elk are more closely related to 830:, the etymology of the word "elk" is "of obscure history". In 12417: 12372: 11966: 11924: 11499: 11169: 11160: 10454: 10381: 10372: 10303: 10032: 9987: 9846: 9771: 9651: 9642: 9153: 9144: 8636: 8627: 7836: 7827: 4938:

Barber, Shannon; Mech, L. David; White, P. J. (Summer 2005).

2891: 2748:

couple. The woman on the right is wearing an elk tooth dress.

2745: 2616: 2328: 2031: 1997: 1854: 1850: 1609: 1287: 1096: 559: 35: 5174: 3785: 2800: 1974:

are also commonly found parasites that can be fatal to elk.

809:), meaning "white rump". There is a subspecies of wapiti in 656:. Although it is currently only native to North America and 644:. The elk's wider rump-patch and paler-hued antlers are key 12382: 11112: 10442: 10330: 10312: 9969: 9822: 9226: 9093: 8909: 8183: 8144: 6299:

Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production

6118:

Galende, Gladys; Ramilo, Eduardo; Beati, Alejandro (2005).

5438: 4564:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 2006. Archived from 2837: 2829: 2828:

than beef, pork, and chicken. Elk meat is a good source of

2777: 2634: 2186: 1894: 853: 748: 685: 578: 539: 291: 10580: 6951: 6341:(1). New Zealand Ecological Society: 79–87. Archived from 4300:. The Wisconsin Elk Reintroduction Project. Archived from 3635:

Groves, C. (2006). "The genus Cervus in eastern Eurasia".

3333: 3260:. University of California Press, Berkeley. Archived from 1182:

are the former's wider rump patch and paler-hued antlers.

48:"Wapiti" redirects here. For other uses of the names, see 12571: 11722: 10321: 10267: 9199: 6977:"Tennessee Elk Season Dates, Regulations and Information" 6746: 5938: 5881:"Returning Elk to the Southeast: A 20-year Retrospective" 5728:. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 14 July 2021. 5298: 4706: 3393:

Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology

2821: 2232: 1620:(40 lb). The formation and retention of antlers are 1207: 469: 5355:. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Archived from 5249: 5050: 3396:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 211–219. 3213: 1210:

investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that

9572: 7643: 7487: 4656: 4062: 3794:"Measurements and Weight Relationships in Manitoba Elk" 1263:) subspecies have been extinct for at least a century. 10115: 5502: 1869:

pellets leads to significant alterations in the elks'

1809:, having migrated south from the southern portions of 12560: 7490:"Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Elk Antler Velvet" 7162: 6045:

Hamr, Josef; Mallory, Frank F.; Filion, Ivan (2016).

5557:"Treponeme associated hoof disease in Washington elk" 4591:"The wolf has a story to tell in Banff National Park" 3177:. Cambridge Press of John Wilson and Son. p. 23. 2780:. An image of an elk and a moose appear on the state 1009:

likewise called the species "red deer", but noted in

727:

which can be transmitted to and/or from domesticated

7649:

Yellowstone Elk – Greater Yellowstone Resource Guide

6533:

Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources

4408: 2110: 1865:

has found that supplemental feeding of concentrated

405: 367: 7263:"Courting on the Plains: 19th Century Lakota Style" 6254: 5741:"Virginia officials take no joy in elk celebration" 4253: 3585:한반도 포유류(척삭동물문: 포유강)의 분류학적 정립과 한국 지형에 맞는 포유류 조사기법 연구 7661:Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: 6296: 6117: 5934:"First elk seen in South Carolina since the 1700s" 4829: 4461:"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States" 3308:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en 3188: 3133: 3095: 2954:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en 1880: 7406:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. 7165:"Wyoming Game and Fish issues 2,000 new elk tags" 6044: 4953:(3). National Park Service: 37–44. Archived from 4466:. United States Geological Survey. pp. 94–95 3605: 3603: 3214:Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (August 1998). 1091:Sparring bull elk in Banff National Park, Canada. 12890:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben 12821: 7595:"43rd annual elk antler auction held in Jackson" 6268:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 5458:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 4490:Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives 4202:"Significance of Scent-marking in Roosevelt Elk" 4200:Bowyer, R. Terry; Kitchen, David W. (May 1987). 4175:South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks 586:for dominance. A similar trait is seen in other 7713: 7217: 6229:. Deer Farmer. 29 November 2003. Archived from 5414:"Brucellosis Detected in Wyoming Elk Hunt Area" 4830:Griffin KA, Hebblewhite M, et al. (2011). 4109: 2053:sp.) or bacterial infections (12 cases, mostly 7003:"Elk Population By State (Estimates and Info)" 5509:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4993: 4774: 4619: 4514: 4257:Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology 4247: 3600: 2804:A cut of elk meat, showing the low fat content 1721: 969:was recognized as a relative of the red deer ( 767:(moose, called "elk" in Europe) had long been 12142: 7699: 7459:"Nutritional Summary for Game meat, elk, raw" 7056:"Elk in Virginia: Return of a Native Species" 6848:"Oklahoma's elk population continues to grow" 4322: 4199: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3940: 3938: 3678:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. 1954:(brainworm or meningeal worm) is a parasitic 1108:record 25 million years ago, during the 788: 7260: 6722:North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission 6554:"Michigan Estimates Elk Population at 1,196" 6250: 6248: 6124:Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 5835:"Pennsylvania banks on elk to draw visitors" 5584:"WSU: Elk hoof disease will not be easy fix" 4114:. University of Toronto Press. p. 550. 2999:. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–134. 2994: 7564: 7112:"Looking At W.Va.'s Elk Herd Four Years In" 7109: 6831:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6661:"2023-2024 Elk Status & Harvest Trends" 5931: 5908:"Elk could be saving grace in coal country" 5861:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 5096: 3921:. Quarto Publishing Group USA. p. 15. 3791: 1282:). Two distinct subspecies found in China, 41:"Elks" redirects here. For other uses, see 12157:Game animals and shooting in North America 12149: 12135: 7788: 7706: 7692: 7425: 6922: 6419:California Department of Fish and Wildlife 6221: 6219: 5625:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 5152:North American Elk: Ecology and Management 4989: 4987: 4038:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 4015: 3935: 3767:California Department of Fish and Wildlife 3634: 3503:. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2077: 1604:. Roosevelt elk have been introduced into 804: 798: 468: 203: 175: 157: 12023: 9495: 7587: 7515: 7375:"Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks" 7311: 7182: 7060:Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources 6994: 6782: 6772: 6586:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 6245: 6179: 6177: 6085: 6064: 5520: 5479: 5469: 5346: 5344: 5324: 5267: 5192: 5027: 4855: 4751: 4733: 4680: 4613: 4597:. Envirozine. 31 May 2007. Archived from 4453: 4286: 4086: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3916: 3852: 3850: 3792:Blood, D.A; Lovaas, A.L. (January 1966). 3435: 3433: 3306: 2952: 2226:New Zealand American Fiordland Expedition 550:in its native range of North America and 11904: 9294: 7188: 7000: 6911:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife 6882:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife 6688: 6465:"Idaho Big Game 2021 Season & Rules" 5243: 5168: 4478: 3888:"Friends of the Prairie Learning Center" 3840:Silva, M., & Downing, J. A. (1995). 3731: 3609: 3560:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3039: 3037: 2799: 2739: 2114: 2081: 1976: 1935: 1884: 1828: 1787: 1757: 1741: 1647: 1626: 1562: 1086: 1070: 1058: 1042: 8195: 7766: 7567:Encyclopedia of American Indian Costume 7349:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks 7163:Angus M. Thuermer Jr. (28 April 2021). 6605: 6323: 6317: 6216: 6111: 5805:Pennsylvania Department of Conservation 5738: 5732: 5650: 5376: 5374: 4984: 4386:. National Park Service. Archived from 4381: 4375: 4345: 4112:The Natural History of Canadian Mammals 3522: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3170: 2790:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks 1643: 758: 14: 12822: 7913: 7393: 7367: 7001:Informer, Wildlife (10 January 2021). 6174: 6162:from the original on 30 September 2007 5496: 5350: 5341: 5209: 5143: 4931: 4905: 4650: 4583: 3973: 3944: 3847: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3439: 3430: 2924: 2922: 2735: 2233:Estimated number of elk per U.S. state 716:ecosystems and species it encounters. 624:Elk were long believed to belong to a 12587: 12586: 12130: 12022: 11891: 11890: 11496: 10579: 10114: 9571: 9033: 8179: 7765: 7687: 7451: 7355:from the original on 24 December 2016 7337: 7285: 6845: 6501:"Elk making a comeback across Kansas" 5832: 5706:from the original on 28 November 2020 5581: 4702: 4700: 3996: 3842:CRC handbook of mammalian body masses 3682:from the original on 10 November 2014 3637:European Journal of Wildlife Research 3549: 3453:European Journal of Wildlife Research 3389: 3376: 3341:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3250: 3207: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3043: 3034: 3003: 2995:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). 2990: 2988: 2859:that could result in a human getting 984:Discourse Concerning Western Planting 902:. Later, the species became known in 546:, and one of the largest terrestrial 12840:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 9331: 7546:from the original on 16 January 2021 7413:from the original on 6 December 2010 7381:from the original on 16 January 2021 7345:"California-Hawaii Elks Association" 7299:from the original on 16 January 2021 7273:from the original on 16 January 2021 7242:from the original on 16 January 2021 7139:"Elk in Wisconsin | | Wisconsin DNR" 7028:"Utah Statewide Elk Management Plan" 6805: 6095:. Petersen's Hunting. Archived from 6073:from the original on 18 January 2017 6001:from the original on 16 January 2021 5946:from the original on 16 January 2021 5833:Armas, Genaro C. (6 December 2010). 5702:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 5600:from the original on 16 January 2021 5537:from the original on 16 January 2021 5420:. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 9 November 2022 5371: 4994:Wilmers, C. C.; et al. (2020). 4551: 4539:from the original on 16 January 2021 4508: 4363:from the original on 13 January 2011 4274:from the original on 16 January 2021 4235:from the original on 16 January 2021 4128: 3773:from the original on 16 January 2021 3725: 3694: 3510:from the original on 16 January 2021 3322: 3276: 3238:from the original on 16 January 2021 1139:, with over a dozen subspecies. But 573:The name "wapiti" is derived from a 12830:IUCN Red List least concern species 8180: 7035:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 6981:Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency 6956:South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks 6606:Bingham, Lloyd (6 September 2022). 6394:Arkansas Game & Fish Commission 5966:"Elk sightings on the rise in Iowa" 5905: 5887:from the original on 4 January 2021 5382:"Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison" 4294:"Elk Biology and interesting facts" 3880: 3655: 3614:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 350–443. 3528: 3294:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3181: 3126: 2940:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2919: 2193:, and introduced to the islands of 2069:bacteria, which are known to cause 700:. The wapiti has also successfully 513: 24: 12238: 11497: 9034: 7433:"Elk Meat Nutritional Information" 6640:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks 6324:Husheer, Sean W. (30 April 2007). 6204:from the original on 13 March 2016 6183: 6025:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 5644: 5215: 4697: 4623:The Journal of Wildlife Management 4163: 3868:from the original on 11 April 2020 3801:The Journal of Wildlife Management 3707:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 3083: 2985: 2795: 1737:they urinate and roll their bodies 1666: 1600:, and in the Canadian province of 1558: 918:, appearing in the Latinized form 821:), also known as the Altai maral. 723:), elk are susceptible to several 25: 12901: 7622: 7117:West Virginia Public Broadcasting 6366: 5883:. Wildlife Management Institute. 5231:from the original on 3 March 2016 4515:Pond, Wilson; Bell, Alan (2005). 3734:The Ultimate Guide to Elk Hunting 3555: 3537:from the original on 16 July 2017 3418:from the original on 20 July 2020 3152:from the original on 9 March 2021 3114:from the original on 9 March 2021 2894:covering, clothing and footwear. 2861:variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 2111:Introductions and reintroductions 2065:known, but it is associated with 1845:. But like other deer, they also 866:, words probably borrowed from a 688:. The now-extinct North American 12570: 7639:Arizona Game and Fish Department 7558: 7542:. University of North Colorado. 7532: 7481: 7469:from the original on 18 May 2008 7325:from the original on 10 May 2013 7254: 7211: 7156: 7131: 7103: 7085:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 7073: 7048: 7020: 6969: 6944: 6916: 6903: 6867: 6839: 6799: 6740: 6710: 6682: 6653: 6625: 6599: 6571: 6546: 6518: 6493: 6457: 6432: 6407: 6194:Global Invasive Species Database 5726:"Michigan Elk: Past and Present" 5651:Croitor, Roman (December 2019). 5632:from the original on 9 June 2017 4919:from the original on 12 May 2008 4899:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00871.x 4857:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01856.x 4134: 4001:. Minneapolis: NorthWord Press. 3713:from the original on 5 June 2007 3700: 3533:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2717: 2699: 2681: 2663: 2645: 2627: 2609: 2591: 2573: 2555: 2537: 2519: 2501: 2483: 2465: 2447: 2429: 2411: 2393: 2375: 2357: 2339: 2321: 2303: 2285: 2267: 2249: 1697:Problems playing this file? See 1682: 1542: 1526: 1510: 1494: 1128:) was not a member of the genus 977:were referred to as "red deer". 894:and possibly connected with the 228: 75: 8058:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 6382: 6360: 6290: 6038: 6013: 5983: 5958: 5932:Keith Allen (27 October 2016). 5925: 5899: 5873: 5851: 5826: 5790: 5765: 5718: 5692: 5612: 5575: 5549: 5432: 5406: 5292: 5181:The Canadian Veterinary Journal 5090: 4972: 4872: 4823: 4768: 4431: 4402: 4316: 4193: 4103: 4074:Journal of Experimental Biology 4056: 3910: 3834: 3755: 3628: 3576: 3486: 2901:have assisted employees at the 2119:Bull elk on a captive range in 1881:Predators and defensive tactics 1159:than they are to the red deer. 1001:'s 1672 English translation of 8847:Central American red brocket ( 6334:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 5739:Cochran, Bill (27 June 2004). 5582:Hogan, Jackson (1 June 2017). 5100:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4518:Encyclopedia of Animal Science 4141:Alternative Agriculture Series 3892:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3222:University of California Press 3164: 2968: 2772:The Rocky Mountain elk is the 1819:Bridger–Teton National Forests 1020:Notes on the State of Virginia 926:borrowed directly from Latin: 13: 1: 7644:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation 7110:Caitlin Tan (13 March 2020). 6668:Nevada Department of Wildlife 6558:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation 6444:Colorado Parks & Wildlife 6227:"Deer farming in New Zealand" 6052:The Canadian Field-Naturalist 5620:"Elk Hoof Disease Fact Sheet" 5351:Hansen, Ray (November 2006). 4691:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00107-0 4382:Jenkins, Kurt (31 May 2001). 4145:North Dakota State University 3997:Geist, Valerius (June 1993). 2913: 1926:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1863:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1185: 1174:differences that distinguish 1063:Elk crossing Opal Terrace at 648:differences that distinguish 570:by North American colonists. 12880:Mammals of the United States 9554:Large subfamily listed below 9542:Large subfamily listed below 9530:Large subfamily listed below 7540:"Colorado Indians: Shelters" 7495:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7435:. Wapiti.net. Archived from 6774:10.1371/journal.pone.0211650 6608:"Are There Elk in Missouri?" 6390:"History of Elk in Arkansas" 5777:Pennsylvania Game Commission 5678:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.12.001 5305:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5256:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 5225:Pennsylvania Game Commission 4735:10.1371/journal.pone.0249521 2976:Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre 1783: 1746:Elk bull inspecting a female 1031:used "red deer" to refer to 994:A Description of New England 854: 184:A cow (female) with calf in 7: 8049:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 8040:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 7226:Utah State University Press 6923:Jason Nark (5 March 2021). 6689:Joel Gay (14 August 2019). 6579:"Minnesota 2020 Elk Counts" 4298:History of Elk in Wisconsin 3594:Incheon National University 3362:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.003 3258:"The Case of the Irish Elk" 2181:population, was sighted in 2099:(IUCN) list the species as 1841:in that they are primarily 1722:Reproduction and life cycle 1361:), which also includes the 1038: 819:Cervus canadensis sibiricus 676:, surviving into the early 10: 12906: 5522:10.1177/104063870701900322 5269:10.7589/0090-3558-43.4.762 1951:Parelaphostrongylus tenuis 843: 694:Cervus canadensis merriami 636:), but evidence from many 47: 40: 29: 12870:Mammals described in 1777 12595: 12497: 12426: 12323: 12250: 12236: 12162: 12097: 12069: 12045: 12036: 12032: 12018: 11985:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 11976:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 11964: 11913: 11900: 11886: 11850: 11826: 11802: 11793: 11675: 11642: 11618: 11585: 11561: 11540:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 11519: 11510: 11506: 11492: 11456: 11414: 11237: 11228: 11182: 11158: 11134: 11092: 11041: 11017: 11008: 10980: 10956: 10949: 10903: 10843: 10819: 10732: 10681: 10657: 10633: 10609: 10600: 10596: 10575: 10530: 10431: 10422: 10394: 10370: 10265: 10205: 10196: 10168: 10144: 10135: 10131: 10110: 10069: 10045: 9967: 9943: 9919: 9895: 9844: 9820: 9769: 9664: 9640: 9616: 9592: 9588: 9567: 9547: 9535: 9523: 9486: 9449: 9425: 9392: 9368: 9359: 9322: 9285: 9239: 9179: 9170: 9142: 9091: 9058: 9049: 9045: 9029: 8975: 8941: 8907: 8883: 8859: 8829:Amazonian brown brocket ( 8763: 8730: 8706: 8673: 8649: 8625: 8616: 8552: 8501: 8477: 8444: 8393: 8360: 8336: 8204: 8191: 8175: 8162:Large family listed below 8155: 8150:Large family listed below 8143: 8127:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 8070: 8028: 8004: 7995: 7904: 7849: 7825: 7816: 7779: 7775: 7761: 7723: 7573:. pp. 88, 137, 224. 7319:"The Michigan State Flag" 7195:Brill Academic Publishers 7189:Jacobson, Esther (2018). 6930:The Philadelphia Inquirer 6633:"Montana 2021 Elk Counts" 6148:10.1080/01650520400000822 5121:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5 5000:Journal of Animal Ecology 4915:. National Park Service. 4836:Journal of Animal Ecology 4793:10.1007/s10482-018-1150-5 4359:. National Park Service. 4326:Wildlife Society Bulletin 3649:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5 3596:. June 2019. p. 108. 3592:] (PhD) (in Korean). 3465:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5 3301:: e.T55997072A142404453. 3200:Oxford English Dictionary 3171:Hakluyt, Richard (1584). 3145:Oxford English Dictionary 3107:Oxford English Dictionary 3016:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2974:Erxleben, J.C.P. (1777). 2947:: e.T55997823A142396828. 1893:Predators of elk include 1811:Yellowstone National Park 1341:. The Chinese forms (the 1325:; even the Siberian elk ( 1075:Bull elk in late autumn, 1049:Yellowstone National Park 940:Oxford English Dictionary 874:, the moose was known as 827:Oxford English Dictionary 805: 799: 696:) once ranged south into 566:, but was transferred to 491: 484: 476: 467: 364: 359: 340: 333: 225:Scientific classification 223: 201: 192: 183: 174: 165: 156: 63: 10226:Domestic water buffalo ( 8591:Central Asian red deer ( 8216:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 7654:17 December 2010 at the 7634:30 December 2010 at the 7267:Carnegie Magazine Online 7218:Smith, Bruce L. (2010). 6066:10.22621/cfn.v130i2.1842 5471:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00010 4110:Naughton, Donna (2014). 3390:Geist, Valerius (1998). 2243:Estimated Number of Elk 1726:Female elk have a short 1221:C. canadensis roosevelti 1198:consider them different 11104:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 10891:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 8996:Yucatan brown brocket ( 8225:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 8109:Philippine mouse-deer ( 7677:26 January 2016 at the 7463:Condé Nast Publications 7377:. Phoenixmasonry, Inc. 6691:"The Elk Hunting Mecca" 6021:"Elk Hunting In Alaska" 5020:10.1111/1365-2656.13200 4979:International Bear News 4781:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 4660:Biological Conservation 4441:. National Park Service 3110:(2nd ed.). 1989 . 2222:Fiordland National Park 2078:Distribution and status 1990:Chronic wasting disease 1940:At least 53 species of 1824: 1678:An American elk bugling 1656:Elk are among the most 1168:Fiordland National Park 959: 951: 899: 879: 789: 609:, which they routinely 54:Wapiti (disambiguation) 12363:Cougar (mountain lion) 12244: 11814:White-lipped peccary ( 11750:Philippine warty pig ( 11375:Yellow-backed duiker ( 11339:Black-fronted duiker ( 11312:White-bellied duiker ( 10933:Przewalski's gazelle ( 10156:Four-horned antelope ( 8954:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 8513:Visayan spotted deer ( 8372:European fallow deer ( 8315:Northern red muntjac ( 8261:Southern red muntjac ( 7508:10.3201/eid1505.081458 5773:"History of Elk in PA" 5653:"A new form of wapiti 5317:10.3201/eid1006.031082 4171:"Elk (Cervus elaphus)" 3858:"Antlers Make a Point" 3440:Groves, Colin (2005). 3217:Land Mammals of Oregon 3148:(3rd ed.). 2012. 3055:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2980:Systema regni animalis 2805: 2749: 2127: 2091: 1986: 1971:Dictyocaulus viviparus 1890: 1834: 1797: 1767: 1747: 1671: 1653: 1632: 1572: 1501:Artist's depiction of 1355:Central Asian red deer 1092: 1084: 1068: 1056: 997:referred to red deer. 927: 863: 602:, to varying degrees. 12845:Fauna of Central Asia 12802:Paleobiology Database 12242: 11994:Wild Bactrian camel ( 11696:Bornean bearded pig ( 11687:Palawan bearded pig ( 11276:White-legged duiker ( 10702:Red-fronted gazelle ( 8381:Persian fallow deer ( 8297:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 7970:Himalayan musk deer ( 7879:Reticulated giraffe ( 6472:Idaho Fish & Game 6093:"Elk and Elk Hunting" 5442:"Vaccination of Elk ( 5187:(11): 1146–51, 1154. 4357:Great Smoky Mountains 3955:National Park Service 3807:(1). Wiley: 135–140. 3558:"Elk Reintroductions" 3203:(3rd ed.). 2009. 2899:Boy Scouts of America 2803: 2774:official state animal 2743: 2118: 2101:least-concern species 2085: 1980: 1936:Parasites and disease 1888: 1832: 1792:Elk wintering at the 1791: 1761: 1745: 1670: 1651: 1630: 1580:), found west of the 1566: 1370:North American group 1090: 1074: 1062: 1046: 763:By the 17th century, 737:traditional medicines 43:Elks (disambiguation) 12885:Mammals of East Asia 12215:Snipe (common snipe) 12195:Ring-necked pheasant 12081:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 11741:Oliver's warty pig ( 11366:Red-flanked duiker ( 10771:Erlanger's gazelle ( 10491:Harnessed bushbuck ( 10217:Wild water buffalo ( 9694:East Caucasian tur ( 9685:West Caucasian tur ( 8838:Little red brocket ( 8306:Truong Son muntjac ( 8118:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 8100:Greater mouse-deer ( 7979:Siberian musk deer ( 7565:Paterek, J. (1996). 7293:"Utah State Symbols" 7091:on 16 September 2021 6481:on 29 September 2021 6440:"Rocky Mountain Elk" 5700:"Rocky Mountain Elk" 5594:Longview, Washington 5359:on 28 September 2007 4206:Journal of Mammalogy 4034:Living with Wildlife 3676:Animal Diversity Web 3564:on 27 September 2006 3529:Gerhart, Dorothy C. 3049:"Order Artiodactyla" 1644:Behavior and ecology 1435:Asian/Eastern group 1323:Cervus c. canadensis 1047:Male elk in snow at 973:) of Europe, and so 922:, with the spelling 759:Naming and etymology 50:Elk (disambiguation) 12860:Herbivorous mammals 12210:Sharp-tailed grouse 12180:Hungarian partridge 11714:Celebes warty pig ( 11705:Visayan warty pig ( 11321:Red forest duiker ( 11053:Günther's dik-dik ( 10915:Mongolian gazelle ( 10720:Heuglin's gazelle ( 10711:Thomson's gazelle ( 9865:Long-tailed goral ( 9260:Mountain reedbuck ( 9251:Southern reedbuck ( 9103:East African oryx ( 9005:White-tailed deer ( 8784:Small red brocket ( 8751:South Andean deer ( 8694:Siberian roe deer ( 8685:European roe deer ( 8522:Philippine sambar ( 8489:Père David's deer ( 8091:Lesser mouse-deer ( 7952:Kashmir musk deer ( 7607:on 11 November 2012 7439:on 15 December 2010 6765:2019PLoSO..1411650A 6728:on 23 November 2021 6696:New Mexico Magazine 6256:Alick Lindsay Poole 6140:2005SNFE...40....1G 5113:2018NatEE...2.1619M 5068:2010Ecol...91.1184C 5052:Christianson, David 5012:2020JAnEc..89.1511W 4947:Yellowstone Science 4848:2011JAnEc..80.1246G 4726:2021PLoSO..1649521C 4673:2001BCons.102..227R 4412:Wildlife Monographs 4181:on 5 September 2006 3864:. 6 December 2013. 3862:National Geographic 3446:in eastern Eurasia" 3354:2004MolPE..31.1064L 3264:on 11 November 2005 2903:National Elk Refuge 2762:Ancestral Puebloans 2736:Cultural references 1992:, transmitted by a 1807:National Elk Refuge 1794:National Elk Refuge 1190:There are numerous 1077:Banff National Park 1065:Mammoth Hot Springs 1025:David Bailie Warden 832:Classical Antiquity 725:infectious diseases 195:Conservation status 12850:Fauna of East Asia 12434:American alligator 12245: 11862:Collared peccary ( 11732:Flores warty pig ( 11573:Giant forest hog ( 11435:Maxwell's duiker ( 11357:Ruwenzori duiker ( 11303:Jentink's duiker ( 11212:Sharpe's grysbok ( 10968:Tibetan antelope ( 10873:Bright's gazelle ( 10807:Goitered gazelle ( 10780:Mountain gazelle ( 10753:Cuvier's gazelle ( 10693:Mongalla gazelle ( 10081:Pyrenean chamois ( 9507:Tibetan antelope ( 9461:Black wildebeest ( 8288:Reeves's muntjac ( 8252:Sumatran muntjac ( 8243:Gongshan muntjac ( 8016:Water chevrotain ( 7943:Alpine musk deer ( 7870:Southern giraffe ( 7861:Northern giraffe ( 7197:. pp. 96–97. 6891:on 1 November 2021 6132:Taylor and Francis 5970:Brownfield Ag News 5906:Roberts, Brandon. 5859:"Elk in Wisconsin" 5753:on 1 February 2013 5394:on 5 December 2010 4886:Journal of Zoology 4486:"Feeding Elk Cows" 4088:10.1242/jeb.131219 4044:on 10 January 2011 3961:on 15 January 2013 3917:Zumbo, J. (2000). 3898:on 18 October 2010 2806: 2750: 2128: 2125:selective pressure 2092: 2071:digital dermatitis 1987: 1965:Fascioloides magna 1891: 1835: 1813:and west from the 1798: 1768: 1748: 1672: 1654: 1652:Elk bulls sparring 1633: 1631:Rocky Mountain elk 1573: 1404:Rocky Mountain elk 1398:C. c. manitobensis 1241:Rocky Mountain elk 1237:C. c. manitobensis 1093: 1085: 1069: 1057: 999:Sir William Talbot 948:Middle High German 590:species, like the 400:C. c. manitobensis 326:C. canadensis 12875:Mammals of Canada 12817: 12816: 12627:Cervus canadensis 12597:Cervus canadensis 12589:Taxon identifiers 12558: 12557: 12530:Waterfowl hunting 12378:White-tailed deer 12243:Waterfowl hunters 12124: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12093: 12092: 12014: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12006: 12005: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11838:Chacoan peccary ( 11789: 11788: 11777:Javan warty pig ( 11768:Timor warty pig ( 11575:H. meinertzhageni 11549:Togian babirusa ( 11488: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11444:Walter's duiker ( 11384:Abbott's duiker ( 11348:Ogilby's duiker ( 11294:Harvey's duiker ( 11258:Brooke's duiker ( 11224: 11223: 11004: 11003: 10945: 10944: 10882:Peter's gazelle ( 10864:Grant's gazelle ( 10798:Speke's gazelle ( 10571: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10448: 10418: 10417: 10406:African buffalo ( 10237:B. depressicornis 10192: 10191: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10101: 9874:Himalayan goral ( 9696:C. cylindricornis 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9519: 9518: 9482: 9481: 9470:Blue wildebeest ( 9404:Common tsessebe ( 9355: 9354: 9318: 9317: 9281: 9280: 9193:K. ellipsiprymnus 9166: 9165: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9016: 8965:P. mephistophiles 8921:P. mephistophiles 8612: 8611: 8308:M. truongsonensis 8270:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8139: 8138: 8082:Java mouse-deer ( 7991: 7990: 7961:Black musk deer ( 7934:Dwarf musk deer ( 7925:Anhui musk deer ( 7900: 7899: 7863:G. camelopardalis 7812: 7811: 7261:Duda, Kathryn M. 7143:dnr.wisconsin.gov 7007:Wildlife Informer 5912:Spectrumnews1.com 5814:on 10 August 2012 5746:The Roanoke Times 5655:Cervus canadensis 5563:on 20 August 2017 5444:Cervus canadensis 5418:The Cheyenne Post 5161:978-1-58834-018-4 5107:(10): 1619–1625. 5076:10.1890/09-0221.1 4532:978-0-8247-5496-9 4390:on 27 August 2009 4267:978-1-4377-1340-4 4121:978-1-4426-4483-0 4067:Cervus canadensis 4008:978-1-55971-208-8 3945:Pisarowicz, Jim. 3732:Robb, B. (2001). 3621:978-84-96553-77-4 3403:978-0-8117-0496-0 3231:978-0-520-21199-5 3068:978-0-8018-8221-0 2933:Cervus canadensis 2816:and is higher in 2788:of Michigan. The 2733: 2732: 2477:70,000 - 90,000 2020:Bighorn Mountains 1994:misfolded protein 1968:and the nematode 1777:white-tailed deer 1687: 1638:European red deer 1535:Manchurian wapiti 1473:C. c. alashanicus 1463:C. c. xanthopygus 1459:Manchurian wapiti 1331:C. c. xanthopygus 1308:C. c. alashanicus 1300:C. c. xanthopygus 1296:Manchurian wapiti 1149:Cervus canadensis 1033:Cervus canadensis 975:Cervus canadensis 967:Cervus canadensis 882:derived from the 872:Early Middle Ages 868:Germanic language 852: 824:According to the 638:mitochondrial DNA 600:white-tailed deer 568:Cervus canadensis 527:Cervus canadensis 506: 505: 479:Cervus canadensis 459:C. c. xanthopygus 379:C. c. alashanicus 344:Cervus canadensis 218: 166:A bull (male) in 151: 16:(Redirected from 12897: 12855:Fauna of Siberia 12835:Elk and red deer 12810: 12809: 12797: 12796: 12784: 12783: 12771: 12770: 12768:NHMSYS0021109635 12758: 12757: 12745: 12744: 12732: 12731: 12719: 12718: 12706: 12705: 12693: 12692: 12680: 12679: 12667: 12666: 12654: 12653: 12641: 12640: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12584: 12583: 12575: 12574: 12566: 12510:Big-game hunting 12295:Northern pintail 12151: 12144: 12137: 12128: 12127: 12043: 12042: 12034: 12033: 12020: 12019: 11911: 11910: 11902: 11901: 11888: 11887: 11800: 11799: 11606:Common warthog ( 11597:Desert warthog ( 11517: 11516: 11508: 11507: 11494: 11493: 11393:Weyns's duiker ( 11267:Peters' duiker ( 11249:Aders's duiker ( 11235: 11234: 11122:Royal antelope ( 11080:Salt's dik-dik ( 11071:Silver dik-dik ( 11062:Kirk's dik-dik ( 11015: 11014: 10992:Saiga antelope ( 10954: 10953: 10893:N. soemmerringii 10762:Dorcas gazelle ( 10607: 10606: 10598: 10597: 10591: 10577: 10576: 10464:Mountain nyala ( 10447: 10446: 10438: 10429: 10428: 10384:P. nghetinhensis 10286:European bison ( 10277:American bison ( 10203: 10202: 10142: 10141: 10133: 10132: 10126: 10112: 10111: 9988:Domestic sheep ( 9832:Himalayan tahr ( 9799:Mainland serow ( 9781:Japanese serow ( 9590: 9589: 9583: 9569: 9568: 9493: 9492: 9366: 9365: 9329: 9328: 9292: 9291: 9269:Bohor reedbuck ( 9177: 9176: 9156:A. nasomaculatus 9079:Sable antelope ( 9056: 9055: 9047: 9046: 9040: 9031: 9030: 8793:Merida brocket ( 8623: 8622: 8564:Thorold's deer ( 8416:A. calamianensis 8299:M. rooseveltorum 8245:M. gongshanensis 8202: 8201: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8177: 8176: 8002: 8001: 7911: 7910: 7890:G. tippelskirchi 7823: 7822: 7786: 7785: 7777: 7776: 7763: 7762: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7599: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7087:. Archived from 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7032: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6920: 6914: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6884:. Archived from 6879: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6786: 6776: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6724:. Archived from 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6474:. Archived from 6469: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6330: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6184:Flueck, Werner. 6181: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6099:on 6 August 2006 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6068: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5847:on 9 March 2012. 5843:. Archived from 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5807:. Archived from 5802: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5749:. Archived from 5736: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5661: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5524: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5473: 5452:Brucella abortus 5448:Brucella abortus 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5348: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5271: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5062:(4): 1184–1191. 5048: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5006:(6): 1511–1519. 4991: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4944: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4842:(6): 1246–1257. 4827: 4821: 4820: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4737: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4492:. Archived from 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4234: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4177:. Archived from 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4147:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4040:. Archived from 4026: 4013: 4012: 3994: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3957:. Archived from 3947:"American Elk – 3942: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3894:. Archived from 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3854: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3701:Eide, Sterling. 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3664: 3653: 3652: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3482:on 29 June 2014. 3481: 3475:. Archived from 3450: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3387: 3374: 3373: 3348:(3): 1064–1083. 3331: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3141: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3103: 3092: 3081: 3080: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3021:Historica Canada 3007: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2926: 2897:Since 1967, the 2876:Tungusic peoples 2723: 2721: 2720: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2237: 2236: 2206:invasive species 1861:Research in the 1833:Elk pellet group 1689: 1688: 1669: 1602:British Columbia 1578:C. c. roosevelti 1549:Illustration of 1546: 1533:Illustration of 1530: 1517:Illustration of 1514: 1498: 1479:Tibetan red deer 1453:C. c. songaricus 1449:Tian Shan wapiti 1418:C. c. canadensis 1378:C. c. roosevelti 1351:Tibetan red deer 1288:Korean Peninsula 1280:C. c. songaricus 1253:C. c. canadensis 1015:Thomas Jefferson 880:elch, elh, eolh, 857: 847: 845: 808: 807: 802: 801: 792: 674:Late Pleistocene 628:of the European 534:, is the second 515: 472: 445:C. c. songaricus 431:C. c. roosevelti 407: 386:C. c. kansuensis 372:C. c. canadensis 369: 346: 233: 232: 212: 207: 206: 188:, United States 179: 161: 145: 144: 74: 67:Temporal range: 61: 60: 21: 12905: 12904: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12865:Holarctic fauna 12820: 12819: 12818: 12813: 12805: 12800: 12792: 12789:Observation.org 12787: 12779: 12774: 12766: 12761: 12753: 12748: 12740: 12735: 12727: 12722: 12714: 12709: 12701: 12696: 12688: 12683: 12675: 12670: 12662: 12657: 12649: 12644: 12636: 12634: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12591: 12581: 12569: 12561: 12559: 12554: 12493: 12422: 12353:Bison (buffalo) 12319: 12246: 12234: 12185:Prairie chicken 12158: 12155: 12125: 12112: 12089: 12065: 12028: 12002: 11960: 11896: 11870: 11846: 11822: 11785: 11752:S. philippensis 11689:S. ahoenobarbus 11671: 11663:Red river hog ( 11638: 11614: 11581: 11557: 11531:Buru babirusa ( 11502: 11476: 11468:Common duiker ( 11452: 11410: 11220: 11178: 11154: 11130: 11088: 11037: 11000: 10976: 10941: 10926:P. picticaudata 10899: 10839: 10815: 10809:G. subgutturosa 10728: 10677: 10653: 10629: 10592: 10581: 10559: 10526: 10518:Cape bushbuck ( 10511:T. strepsiceros 10440: 10439: 10437: 10414: 10390: 10366: 10261: 10253:Mountain anoa ( 10188: 10182:B. tragocamelus 10164: 10158:T. quadricornis 10127: 10116: 10098: 10065: 10041: 9997:Bighorn sheep ( 9963: 9939: 9915: 9907:Mountain goat ( 9891: 9883:Chinese goral ( 9840: 9816: 9801:C. sumatraensis 9765: 9748:Siberian ibex ( 9712:Domestic goat ( 9660: 9636: 9612: 9604:Barbary sheep ( 9584: 9573: 9555: 9543: 9531: 9515: 9478: 9445: 9421: 9388: 9351: 9314: 9277: 9235: 9162: 9138: 9112:Scimitar oryx ( 9087: 9070:Roan antelope ( 9041: 9035: 9013: 8971: 8963:Northern pudu ( 8937: 8929:Southern pudu ( 8919:Northern pudu ( 8903: 8879: 8855: 8820:Pygmy brocket ( 8802:Dwarf brocket ( 8759: 8726: 8702: 8669: 8645: 8608: 8548: 8497: 8473: 8440: 8414:Calamian deer ( 8389: 8383:D. mesopotamica 8356: 8332: 8326:M. vuquangensis 8324:Giant muntjac ( 8234:Fea's muntjac ( 8187: 8181: 8163: 8151: 8135: 8066: 8024: 7987: 7945:M. chrysogaster 7896: 7888:Masai giraffe ( 7845: 7808: 7771: 7757: 7719: 7712: 7679:Wayback Machine 7656:Wayback Machine 7636:Wayback Machine 7625: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7442: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7321:. NSTATE, LLC. 7317: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7295:. Utah.com LC. 7291: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7236: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7171: 7169:WyomingNews.com 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6921: 6917: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6844: 6840: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6804: 6800: 6759:(2): e0211650. 6745: 6741: 6731: 6729: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6348:on 27 July 2014 6345: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6295: 6291: 6253: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6182: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5659: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5501: 5497: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5349: 5342: 5297: 5293: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5220: 5216:Fergus, Chuck. 5214: 5210: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5148: 5144: 5095: 5091: 5049: 5045: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4881:Panthera tigris 4877: 4873: 4828: 4824: 4773: 4769: 4720:(4): e0249521. 4705: 4698: 4682:10.1.1.578.4763 4655: 4651: 4636:10.2307/3799488 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4601:on 30 June 2007 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4533: 4525:. p. 280. 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4496:on 11 June 2011 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4218:10.2307/1381489 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4108: 4104: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4028: 4027: 4016: 4009: 3995: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3813:10.2307/3797893 3796: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3738:The Lyons Press 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3703:"Roosevelt Elk" 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3666: 3665: 3656: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3608: 3601: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3494:"American Elk ( 3492: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3448: 3438: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3388: 3377: 3332: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3224:. p. 464. 3212: 3208: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3094: 3093: 3084: 3069: 3042: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2993: 2986: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2798: 2796:Commercial uses 2738: 2718: 2716: 2700: 2698: 2682: 2680: 2664: 2662: 2646: 2644: 2628: 2626: 2610: 2608: 2592: 2590: 2574: 2572: 2556: 2554: 2538: 2536: 2520: 2518: 2502: 2500: 2484: 2482: 2466: 2464: 2448: 2446: 2430: 2428: 2412: 2410: 2394: 2392: 2376: 2374: 2358: 2356: 2340: 2338: 2322: 2320: 2304: 2302: 2286: 2284: 2268: 2266: 2250: 2248: 2235: 2179:Smoky Mountains 2113: 2080: 1938: 1918:Siberian tigers 1883: 1827: 1786: 1724: 1704: 1703: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1646: 1561: 1559:Characteristics 1554: 1547: 1538: 1531: 1522: 1515: 1506: 1499: 1490: 1483:C. c. wallichii 1443:C. c. sibiricus 1374:Roosevelt's elk 1327:C. c. sibiricus 1276:Tianshan wapiti 1272:C. c. sibiricus 1188: 1095:Members of the 1081:Alberta, Canada 1041: 979:Richard Hakluyt 956:Old High German 834:, the European 761: 682:Southern Sweden 536:largest species 452:C. c. wallichii 438:C. c. sibiricus 393:C. c. macneilli 355: 348: 342: 329: 227: 219: 208: 204: 197: 152: 143: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 69: 68: 65: 57: 46: 39: 28: 27:Species of deer 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12903: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12798: 12785: 12772: 12759: 12746: 12733: 12720: 12707: 12694: 12681: 12668: 12655: 12642: 12632: 12617: 12601: 12599: 12593: 12592: 12580: 12579: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12550:Upland hunting 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12430: 12428: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12329: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12256: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12170:Bobwhite quail 12166: 12164: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12153: 12146: 12139: 12131: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12103: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12083:C. liberiensis 12077: 12075: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12063: 12057:Hippopotamus ( 12053: 12051: 12040: 12038:Hippopotamidae 12030: 12029: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11991: 11987:C. dromedarius 11982: 11972: 11970: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11958: 11949: 11940: 11931: 11921: 11919: 11908: 11898: 11897: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11844: 11834: 11832: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11810: 11808: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11774: 11770:S. timoriensis 11765: 11756: 11747: 11738: 11729: 11723:Domestic pig ( 11720: 11711: 11702: 11693: 11683: 11681: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11669: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11626: 11624: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11603: 11599:P. aethiopicus 11593: 11591: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11551:B. togeanensis 11546: 11537: 11527: 11525: 11514: 11504: 11503: 11490: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11474: 11464: 11462: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11441: 11432: 11422: 11420: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11408: 11402:Zebra duiker ( 11399: 11390: 11381: 11377:C. silvicultor 11372: 11363: 11354: 11345: 11336: 11330:Black duiker ( 11327: 11318: 11314:C. leucogaster 11309: 11300: 11291: 11282: 11273: 11264: 11255: 11245: 11243: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11209: 11203:Cape grysbok ( 11200: 11190: 11188: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11156: 11155: 11153: 11152: 11146:Klipspringer ( 11142: 11140: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11128: 11119: 11110: 11100: 11098: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11077: 11073:M. piacentinii 11068: 11059: 11049: 11047: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11025: 11023: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10964: 10962: 10951: 10947: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10935:P. przewalskii 10930: 10921: 10911: 10909: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10888: 10879: 10870: 10861: 10855:Dama gazelle ( 10851: 10849: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10827: 10825: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10804: 10795: 10789:Rhim gazelle ( 10786: 10777: 10768: 10759: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10717: 10708: 10699: 10689: 10687: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10647:A. marsupialis 10641: 10639: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10615: 10604: 10594: 10593: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10551:Common eland ( 10548: 10538: 10536: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10515: 10509:Greater kudu ( 10506: 10497: 10488: 10479: 10470: 10461: 10451: 10449: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10402: 10400: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10378: 10376: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10355: 10346: 10337: 10328: 10322:Domestic yak ( 10319: 10310: 10301: 10292: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10250: 10246:B. mindorensis 10241: 10235:Lowland anoa ( 10232: 10223: 10213: 10211: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10176: 10174: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10139: 10129: 10128: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10087: 10077: 10075: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10030: 10021: 10012: 10003: 9994: 9985: 9975: 9973: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9955:Nilgiri tahr ( 9951: 9949: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9880: 9871: 9862: 9852: 9850: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9808:Taiwan serow ( 9805: 9796: 9787: 9777: 9775: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9754: 9745: 9739:Iberian ibex ( 9736: 9727: 9718: 9709: 9700: 9691: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9648: 9646: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9628:Arabian tahr ( 9624: 9622: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9586: 9585: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9503: 9501: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9433: 9431: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9410: 9400: 9398: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9266: 9262:R. fulvorufula 9257: 9247: 9245: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9224: 9215: 9206: 9197: 9187: 9185: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9130:Arabian oryx ( 9127: 9118: 9109: 9099: 9097: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9076: 9066: 9064: 9053: 9043: 9042: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9007:O. virginianus 9002: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8969: 8960: 8950: 8948: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8926: 8915: 8913: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8891: 8889: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8873:O. bezoarticus 8867: 8865: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8844: 8835: 8826: 8817: 8813:M. gouazoubira 8811:Gray brocket ( 8808: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8748: 8738: 8736: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8691: 8681: 8679: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8597: 8588: 8579: 8570: 8566:C. albirostris 8560: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8537: 8528: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8350:E. cephalophus 8344: 8342: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8303: 8294: 8285: 8279:Leaf muntjac ( 8276: 8272:M. puhoatensis 8267: 8258: 8249: 8240: 8231: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8199: 8189: 8188: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8129:T. williamsoni 8124: 8115: 8106: 8097: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8055: 8046: 8036: 8034: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8012: 8010: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7981:M. moschiferus 7976: 7972:M. leucogaster 7967: 7958: 7949: 7940: 7936:M. berezovskii 7931: 7921: 7919: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7783: 7781:Antilocapridae 7773: 7772: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7753:Laurasiatheria 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7658: 7646: 7641: 7624: 7623:External links 7621: 7619: 7618: 7586: 7579: 7557: 7531: 7502:(5): 696–703. 7480: 7450: 7424: 7392: 7366: 7336: 7310: 7284: 7253: 7234: 7210: 7203: 7181: 7155: 7130: 7102: 7072: 7047: 7019: 6993: 6968: 6943: 6915: 6902: 6866: 6838: 6798: 6739: 6709: 6681: 6652: 6624: 6598: 6570: 6545: 6517: 6492: 6456: 6431: 6406: 6381: 6359: 6316: 6289: 6266:. Wellington: 6244: 6233:on 24 May 2010 6215: 6188:Cervus elaphus 6173: 6110: 6084: 6059:(2): 167–173. 6037: 6012: 5982: 5957: 5924: 5898: 5872: 5850: 5825: 5789: 5764: 5731: 5717: 5691: 5672:(4): 789–806. 5643: 5611: 5574: 5548: 5495: 5431: 5405: 5370: 5340: 5311:(6): 977–984. 5291: 5242: 5208: 5167: 5160: 5142: 5089: 5043: 4983: 4971: 4960:on 4 July 2007 4930: 4904: 4893:(3): 221–231. 4871: 4822: 4787:(2): 225–235. 4767: 4696: 4667:(3): 227–234. 4649: 4612: 4582: 4571:on 4 June 2011 4550: 4531: 4507: 4477: 4452: 4430: 4401: 4374: 4344: 4333:(1): 331–341. 4315: 4304:on 8 June 2011 4285: 4266: 4246: 4212:(2): 418–423. 4192: 4162: 4151:on 10 May 2007 4127: 4120: 4102: 4081:(8): 1224–36. 4055: 4014: 4007: 3972: 3949:Cervus elephus 3934: 3927: 3909: 3879: 3846: 3833: 3784: 3754: 3746: 3724: 3693: 3670:Cervus elaphus 3654: 3627: 3620: 3599: 3575: 3556:Allen, Craig. 3548: 3521: 3496:Cervus elaphus 3485: 3429: 3402: 3375: 3336:Cervus elaphus 3321: 3287:Cervus elaphus 3275: 3249: 3230: 3206: 3180: 3163: 3125: 3082: 3067: 3033: 3002: 2984: 2967: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2872:Turkic peoples 2797: 2794: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2491:North Carolina 2479: 2478: 2475: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2224:. In 1949 the 2210:Chilean huemul 2183:South Carolina 2159:North Carolina 2112: 2109: 2090:during the rut 2079: 2076: 2024:undulant fever 1937: 1934: 1882: 1879: 1826: 1823: 1785: 1782: 1723: 1720: 1694: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1645: 1642: 1571:in California. 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1469:Alashan wapiti 1466: 1456: 1446: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428:C. c. merriami 1421: 1411: 1401: 1391: 1388:C. c. nannodes 1381: 1367: 1347:Kansu red deer 1339:C. xanthopygus 1304:Alashan wapiti 1261:C. c. merriami 1229:C. c. nannodes 1187: 1184: 1153:Thorold's deer 1137:Cervus elaphus 1120:. The extinct 1067:, Yellowstone. 1040: 1037: 971:Cervus elaphus 954:, itself from 930:. Noting that 904:Middle English 884:Proto-Germanic 795:Cree syllabics 760: 757: 670:Western Europe 634:Cervus elaphus 504: 503: 497:Cervus elaphus 489: 488: 482: 481: 474: 473: 465: 464: 463: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 417:C. c. nannodes 413: 410:C. c. merriami 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 362: 361: 357: 356: 349: 338: 337: 331: 330: 323: 321: 317: 316: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 221: 220: 202: 199: 198: 193: 190: 189: 181: 180: 172: 171: 163: 162: 154: 153: 138: 137: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 66: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12902: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12808: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12633: 12628: 12622: 12618: 12613: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12585: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12567: 12564: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12515:Bison hunting 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12496: 12490: 12489:Snowshoe hare 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12464:Gray squirrel 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12425: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12388:Mountain goat 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12333:Bighorn sheep 12331: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12280:Greater scaup 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12241: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12220:Spruce grouse 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12205:Ruffed grouse 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12190:Mourning dove 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12161: 12152: 12147: 12145: 12140: 12138: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12062: 12060: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12021: 12017: 11999: 11997: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11978:C. bactrianus 11974: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11963: 11957: 11955: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11917: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11889: 11885: 11867: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11841: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11825: 11819: 11817: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11782: 11780: 11779:S. verrucosus 11775: 11773: 11771: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11725:S. domesticus 11721: 11719: 11717: 11716:S. celebensis 11712: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11668: 11666: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11645:Potamochoerus 11641: 11635: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11611: 11609: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11578: 11576: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11554: 11552: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11542:B. celebensis 11538: 11536: 11534: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11473: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11447: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11426:Blue duiker ( 11424: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11407: 11405: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11341:C. nigrifrons 11337: 11335: 11333: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11323:C. natalensis 11319: 11317: 11315: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11269:C. callipygus 11265: 11263: 11261: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11196:R. campestris 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11175: 11173: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11148:O. oreotragus 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11127: 11125: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11091: 11085: 11083: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11069: 11067: 11065: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11040: 11034: 11032: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11007: 10997: 10995: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10938: 10936: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10842: 10836: 10834: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10791:G. leptoceros 10787: 10785: 10783: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10736: 10731: 10725: 10723: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10695:E. albonotata 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10671:A. cervicapra 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10650: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10585: 10578: 10574: 10556: 10554: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10542:Giant eland ( 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10523: 10521: 10520:T. sylvaticus 10516: 10514: 10512: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10482:Lesser kudu ( 10480: 10478: 10476: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10444: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10387: 10385: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10363: 10361: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10297:B. domesticus 10295:Bali cattle ( 10293: 10291: 10289: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10258: 10256: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10120: 10113: 10109: 10095: 10093: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9999:O. canadensis 9995: 9993: 9991: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9946:Nilgiritragus 9942: 9936: 9934: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9912: 9910: 9909:O. americanus 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9834:H. jemlahicus 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9813: 9811: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9762: 9760: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9730:Nubian ibex ( 9728: 9726: 9724: 9721:Alpine ibex ( 9719: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9609: 9607: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9566: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9488:Pantholopinae 9485: 9475: 9473: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9439:A. buselaphus 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9416: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9385: 9383: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9348: 9346: 9343:Grey rhebok ( 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9287:Aepycerotinae 9284: 9274: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9218:Nile lechwe ( 9216: 9214: 9212: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9135: 9133: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9051:Hippotraginae 9048: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9028: 9010: 9008: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8968: 8966: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8900: 8898: 8897:B. dichotomus 8893: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8876: 8874: 8871:Pampas deer ( 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8831:M. nemorivaga 8827: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8775:Red brocket ( 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8744:H. antisensis 8740: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8642: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8584:C. canadensis 8580: 8578: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8533:R. timorensis 8529: 8527: 8525: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8491:E. davidianus 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8458:R. duvaucelii 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8423:Bawean deer ( 8421: 8419: 8417: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8348:Tufted deer ( 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8281:M. putaoensis 8277: 8275: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8227:M. crinifrons 8223: 8221: 8219: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8174: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8120:T. versicolor 8116: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8021: 8019: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7927:M. anhuiensis 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7881:G. reticulata 7877: 7875: 7873: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7717: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7697: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7582: 7580:9780393313826 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7484: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7409: 7402: 7396: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7235:9780874217926 7231: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7206: 7204:9789004378780 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7036: 7029: 7023: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6855: 6854: 6853:The Oklahoman 6849: 6842: 6834: 6828: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6662: 6656: 6641: 6634: 6628: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6587: 6580: 6574: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6506: 6505:Farm Progress 6502: 6496: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6370: 6363: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6180: 6178: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5860: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5589:The Columbian 5585: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5358: 5354: 5353:"Elk Profile" 5347: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4616: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4567: 4560: 4559:"Elk biology" 4554: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4523:Marcel Dekker 4520: 4519: 4511: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4462: 4456: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4419:(141): 3–61. 4418: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353:"Elk biology" 4348: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135:Sell, Randy. 4131: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3928:9781610603102 3924: 3920: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3747:1-58574-180-9 3743: 3740:. p. 7. 3739: 3735: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3506: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845:antler velvet 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820:and lower in 2819: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2728: 2726: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2689:West Virginia 2679: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:West Virginia 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2084: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2062:Cowlitz River 2058: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2009:Gram-negative 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1790: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1679: 1662: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1639: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:Cascade Range 1579: 1570: 1569:Roosevelt elk 1565: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1424:Merriam's elk 1422: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408:C. c. nelsoni 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394:Manitoban elk 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1359:Cervus hanglu 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:C. canadensis 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1316:Central China 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1257:Merriam's elk 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:C. c. nelsoni 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1176:C. canadensis 1173: 1172:morphological 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:mitochondrial 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 987:. Similarly, 986: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 965:The American 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 850: 841: 840:Ancient Greek 838:was known as 837: 833: 829: 828: 822: 820: 816: 812: 796: 791: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773:British Isles 770: 766: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:Merriam's elk 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 650:C. canadensis 647: 646:morphological 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 615:mating season 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 592:bighorn sheep 589: 585: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 519: 511: 502: 500: 499: 498: 490: 487: 483: 480: 475: 471: 466: 461: 460: 456: 454: 453: 449: 447: 446: 442: 440: 439: 435: 433: 432: 428: 426: 425: 424:C. c. nelsoni 421: 419: 418: 414: 412: 411: 404: 402: 401: 397: 395: 394: 390: 388: 387: 383: 381: 380: 376: 374: 373: 366: 365: 363: 358: 353: 347: 345: 339: 336: 335:Binomial name 332: 328: 327: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 310: 307: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 231: 226: 222: 216: 211: 210:Least Concern 200: 196: 191: 187: 182: 178: 173: 169: 164: 160: 155: 149: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 62: 59: 55: 51: 44: 37: 33: 19: 12596: 12545:Wolf hunting 12520:Deer hunting 12505:Bear hunting 12454:Fox squirrel 12427:Other quarry 12367: 12305:Ross's goose 12285:Lesser scaup 12265:Canada goose 12082: 12070: 12059:H. amphibius 12058: 12048:Hippopotamus 12046: 12026:Whippomorpha 11995: 11986: 11977: 11965: 11953: 11944: 11935: 11926: 11914: 11863: 11851: 11839: 11827: 11815: 11803: 11778: 11769: 11760: 11751: 11742: 11733: 11724: 11715: 11707:S. cebifrons 11706: 11697: 11688: 11676: 11664: 11655: 11643: 11631: 11619: 11608:P. africanus 11607: 11598: 11588:Phacochoerus 11586: 11574: 11562: 11550: 11541: 11533:B. babyrussa 11532: 11520: 11469: 11457: 11445: 11437:P. maxwellii 11436: 11428:P. monticola 11427: 11415: 11403: 11394: 11385: 11376: 11368:C. rufilatus 11367: 11358: 11349: 11340: 11331: 11322: 11313: 11304: 11295: 11286: 11285:Bay duiker ( 11278:C. crusalbum 11277: 11268: 11259: 11250: 11238: 11230:Cephalophini 11213: 11205:R. melanotis 11204: 11195: 11183: 11171: 11159: 11147: 11135: 11123: 11115:N. moschatus 11114: 11105: 11093: 11081: 11072: 11063: 11055:M. guentheri 11054: 11042: 11031:D. megalotis 11030: 11018: 10993: 10981: 10970:P. hodgsonii 10969: 10957: 10934: 10925: 10917:P. gutturosa 10916: 10904: 10892: 10883: 10874: 10865: 10856: 10844: 10832: 10820: 10808: 10799: 10790: 10781: 10773:G. erlangeri 10772: 10763: 10754: 10746:G. bennettii 10745: 10733: 10721: 10713:E. thomsonii 10712: 10704:E. rufifrons 10703: 10694: 10682: 10670: 10658: 10646: 10634: 10622: 10610: 10552: 10544:T. derbianus 10543: 10531: 10519: 10510: 10501: 10492: 10483: 10475:T. eurycerus 10474: 10465: 10456: 10432: 10424:Tragelaphini 10407: 10395: 10383: 10371: 10359: 10350: 10342:B. javanicus 10341: 10332: 10324:B. grunniens 10323: 10314: 10306:B. frontalis 10305: 10296: 10287: 10278: 10266: 10254: 10245: 10236: 10227: 10218: 10206: 10181: 10169: 10157: 10145: 10092:R. rupicapra 10091: 10083:R. pyrenaica 10082: 10070: 10058: 10046: 10034: 10025: 10024:Snow sheep ( 10016: 10007: 10006:Dall sheep ( 9998: 9989: 9980: 9968: 9957:N. hylocrius 9956: 9944: 9933:O. moschatus 9932: 9920: 9908: 9896: 9884: 9875: 9866: 9857: 9845: 9833: 9821: 9809: 9800: 9791: 9782: 9770: 9758: 9757:Walia ibex ( 9749: 9741:C. pyrenaica 9740: 9731: 9722: 9713: 9705:C. falconeri 9704: 9695: 9686: 9677: 9665: 9654:B. taxicolor 9653: 9641: 9629: 9617: 9605: 9593: 9509:P. hodgsonii 9508: 9496: 9471: 9462: 9452:Connochaetes 9450: 9438: 9437:Hartebeest ( 9426: 9414: 9405: 9393: 9381: 9369: 9361:Alcelaphinae 9345:P. capreolus 9344: 9332: 9307: 9295: 9270: 9261: 9253:R. arundinum 9252: 9240: 9228: 9220:K. megaceros 9219: 9210: 9201: 9192: 9180: 9155: 9143: 9131: 9122: 9113: 9104: 9092: 9080: 9071: 9059: 9006: 8997: 8988: 8976: 8964: 8955: 8942: 8930: 8920: 8908: 8896: 8895:Marsh deer ( 8884: 8872: 8860: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8794: 8785: 8777:M. americana 8776: 8764: 8752: 8743: 8733:Hippocamelus 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8687:C. capreolus 8686: 8674: 8662: 8661:Water deer ( 8650: 8638: 8626: 8601: 8592: 8583: 8581: 8574: 8565: 8553: 8541: 8532: 8524:R. mariannus 8523: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8478: 8466: 8465:Eld's deer ( 8457: 8456:Barasingha ( 8445: 8433: 8424: 8415: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8373: 8361: 8349: 8337: 8325: 8317:M. vaginalis 8316: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8280: 8271: 8262: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8218:M. atherodes 8217: 8205: 8128: 8119: 8111:T. nigricans 8110: 8101: 8092: 8084:T. javanicus 8083: 8071: 8059: 8050: 8041: 8029: 8018:H. aquaticus 8017: 8005: 7980: 7971: 7962: 7953: 7944: 7935: 7926: 7914: 7889: 7880: 7871: 7862: 7850: 7839:O. johnstoni 7838: 7826: 7802:A. americana 7801: 7789: 7751:Superorder: 7745:Infraclass: 7716:Artiodactyla 7670: 7666: 7662: 7609:. 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Retrieved 2944: 2938: 2932: 2896: 2865: 2842: 2810: 2807: 2771: 2751: 2581:South Dakota 2563:Pennsylvania 2509:North Dakota 2218:George Sound 2214: 2203: 2143:Pennsylvania 2132: 2129: 2093: 2087: 2059: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2026:, producing 2006: 1988: 1969: 1963: 1949: 1939: 1930: 1892: 1860: 1836: 1799: 1769: 1753: 1749: 1725: 1707: 1705: 1696: 1655: 1634: 1622:testosterone 1614: 1577: 1574: 1551:Kashmir stag 1519:Altai wapiti 1482: 1472: 1462: 1452: 1442: 1439:Altai wapiti 1427: 1417: 1407: 1397: 1387: 1377: 1363:Kashmir stag 1358: 1343:Sichuan deer 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1307: 1299: 1279: 1271: 1268:Altai wapiti 1265: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1236: 1228: 1220: 1189: 1179: 1175: 1161: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1099: 1094: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1006: 1003:John Lederer 992: 982: 974: 970: 966: 964: 943: 939: 935: 931: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 891: 887: 835: 825: 823: 818: 815:Altai wapiti 779:is from the 776: 764: 762: 741:naturopathic 718: 693: 692:subspecies ( 653: 649: 633: 623: 618: 604: 572: 567: 563: 531: 526: 525: 521: 517: 509: 507: 495: 494: 492: 478: 457: 450: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 408: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 343: 341: 325: 324: 312: 282:Artiodactyla 58: 31: 12698:iNaturalist 12621:Wikispecies 12525:Fox hunting 11936:L. guanicoe 11795:Tayassuidae 11759:Wild boar ( 11698:S. barbatus 11656:P. larvatus 11632:P. salvania 11630:Pygmy hog ( 11564:Hylochoerus 11417:Philantomba 11305:C. jentinki 11287:C. dorsalis 11240:Cephalophus 11124:N. pygmaeus 11082:M. saltiana 11020:Dorcatragus 10994:S. tatarica 10884:N. petersii 10822:Litocranius 10722:E. tilonura 10669:Blackbuck ( 10645:Springbok ( 10588:Antilopinae 10586:(subfamily 10533:Taurotragus 10500:Sitatunga ( 10493:T. scriptus 10484:T. imberbis 10441:(including 10434:Tragelaphus 10255:B. quarlesi 10137:Boselaphini 10121:(subfamily 10026:O. nivicola 9867:N. caudatus 9856:Red goral ( 9847:Naemorhedus 9810:C. swinhoei 9790:Red serow ( 9772:Capricornis 9750:C. sibirica 9687:C. caucasia 9678:C. aegagrus 9676:Wild goat ( 9630:A. jayakari 9619:Arabitragus 9578:(subfamily 9549:Antilopinae 9472:C. taurinus 9415:D. pygargus 9308:A. melampus 9229:K. vardonii 9191:Waterbuck ( 9132:O. leucoryx 9061:Hippotragus 8989:O. hemionus 8987:Mule deer ( 8886:Blastocerus 8795:M. bricenii 8753:H. bisulcus 8720:R. tarandus 8696:C. pygargus 8618:Capreolinae 8600:Sika deer ( 8542:R. unicolor 8531:Rusa deer ( 8434:A. porcinus 8254:M. montanus 8051:M. kathygre 7800:Pronghorn ( 7791:Antilocapra 7629:Arizona Elk 7359:23 December 6846:Ed Gofrey. 6812:www.nps.gov 6732:23 November 6674:10 November 6612:Krebs Creek 6305:: 222–228. 6005:21 November 5665:Palaeoworld 5424:10 November 3999:Elk Country 3919:Elk Hunting 3442:"The genus 3314:12 November 3190:"red deer, 3026:23 December 2960:9 September 2868:Han Chinese 2853:aphrodisiac 2826:cholesterol 2757:petroglyphs 2495:150 - 200 2351:175 - 350 2139:Appalachian 2016:brucellosis 2002:South Korea 1996:known as a 1961:liver fluke 1944:and animal 1586:U.S. states 1503:eastern elk 1414:Eastern elk 1249:eastern elk 1196:taxonomists 1164:New Zealand 1126:Megaloceros 1011:parentheses 1007:Discoveries 876:Old English 836:Alces alces 813:called the 765:Alces alces 733:vaccination 710:New Zealand 672:during the 588:artiodactyl 564:Alces alces 538:within the 501:subspecies 360:Subspecies 298:Subfamily: 148:Pleistocene 70:2.5–0 32:Alces alces 12824:Categories 12413:Polar bear 12408:Dall sheep 12348:Brown bear 12338:Black bear 12310:Snow goose 12270:Canvasback 12260:Black duck 12163:Game birds 12072:Choeropsis 11954:L. vicugna 11840:C. wagneri 11743:S. oliveri 11734:S. heureni 11470:S. grimmia 11459:Sylvicapra 11446:P. walteri 11359:C. rubidis 11350:C. ogilbyi 11296:C. harveyi 11260:C. brookei 11214:R. sharpei 11194:Steenbok ( 11185:Raphicerus 11137:Oreotragus 11010:Neotragini 10959:Pantholops 10875:N. notatus 10833:L. walleri 10782:G. gazella 10755:G. cuvieri 10744:Chinkara ( 10636:Antidorcas 10623:A. clarkei 10612:Ammodorcas 10602:Antilopini 10502:T. spekeii 10466:T. buxtoni 10457:T. angasii 10349:Wild yak ( 10333:B. indicus 10288:B. bonasus 10228:B. bubalis 10171:Boselaphus 10147:Tetracerus 10017:O. gmelini 9885:N. griseus 9858:N. baileyi 9823:Hemitragus 9792:C. rubidus 9783:C. crispus 9732:C. nubiana 9595:Ammotragus 9498:Pantholops 9428:Alcelaphus 9413:Bontebok ( 9406:D. lunatus 9395:Damaliscus 9382:B. hunteri 9271:R. redunca 9172:Reduncinae 9123:O. gazella 9072:H. equinus 8998:O. pandora 8978:Odocoileus 8862:Ozotoceros 8718:Reindeer ( 8663:H. inermis 8652:Hydropotes 8575:C. elaphus 8573:Red deer ( 8515:R. alfredi 8432:Hog deer ( 8290:M. reevesi 8263:M. muntjak 8093:T. kanchil 8060:M. meminna 8007:Hyemoschus 7997:Tragulidae 7954:M. cupreus 7872:G. giraffa 7818:Giraffidae 7769:Ruminantia 7671:canadensis 7611:4 December 7550:3 December 7473:4 December 7443:4 December 7417:4 December 7385:4 December 7329:4 December 7303:4 December 7174:31 October 7123:4 November 7095:31 October 7065:4 November 7040:31 October 7012:7 December 6986:31 October 6961:31 October 6936:31 October 6895:31 October 6859:31 October 6702:31 October 6645:31 October 6591:7 December 6563:31 October 6538:4 November 6485:31 October 6449:31 October 6424:31 October 6399:31 October 6352:15 January 6284:Q125475906 6237:4 December 6208:4 December 6166:4 December 6103:4 December 6077:18 January 6030:15 January 5995:mdc.mo.gov 5891:2 December 5818:15 January 5757:4 December 5710:3 December 5541:21 January 5454:Challenge" 5398:4 December 5363:4 December 5235:3 December 4964:4 December 4923:4 December 4605:4 December 4575:4 December 4543:4 December 4500:4 December 4394:4 December 4367:4 December 4308:4 December 4239:17 January 4185:4 December 4155:4 December 4048:4 December 3902:4 December 3872:2 December 3777:2 December 3763:"Tule Elk" 3717:4 December 3686:4 December 3568:4 December 3541:4 December 3514:2 December 3268:3 December 3156:15 January 3118:15 January 2914:References 2880:Mongolians 2834:phosphorus 2671:Washington 2473:New Mexico 2293:California 2050:Ostertagia 1871:microbiome 1699:media help 1658:gregarious 1598:Washington 1590:California 1567:A herd of 1430:; extinct) 1420:; extinct) 1312:Manchurian 1302:) and the 1274:) and the 1212:phenotypic 1192:subspecies 1186:Subspecies 1180:C. elaphus 989:John Smith 769:extirpated 654:C. elaphus 626:subspecies 12398:Pronghorn 12393:Mule deer 12343:Razorback 12315:Wood duck 12252:Waterfowl 12200:Ptarmigan 12024:Suborder 11934:Guanaco ( 11906:Camelidae 11892:Suborder 11864:D. tajacu 11853:Dicotyles 11829:Catagonus 11816:T. pecari 11761:S. scrofa 11665:P. porcus 11654:Bushpig ( 11522:Babyrousa 11498:Suborder 11395:C. weynsi 11386:C. spadix 11251:C. adersi 11172:O. ourebi 11106:N. batesi 11095:Neotragus 11064:M. kirkii 10866:N. granti 10831:Gerenuk ( 10800:G. spekei 10764:G. dorcas 10621:Dibatag ( 10408:S. caffer 10373:Pseudoryx 10360:B. taurus 10340:Banteng ( 10315:B. gaurus 10244:Tamaraw ( 10090:Chamois ( 10072:Rupicapra 10059:P. nayaur 10035:O. vignei 10015:Mouflon ( 9714:C. hircus 9703:Markhor ( 9606:A. lervia 9371:Beatragus 9297:Aepyceros 9121:Gemsbok ( 9114:O. dammah 8956:P. carlae 8849:M. temama 8840:M. rufina 8804:M. chunyi 8786:M. bororo 8676:Capreolus 8602:C. nippon 8593:C. hanglu 8480:Elaphurus 8425:A. kuhlii 8339:Elaphodus 8207:Muntiacus 8042:M. indica 8031:Moschiola 7963:M. fuscus 7906:Moschidae 7767:Suborder 7727:Kingdom: 6311:1176-5283 6276:0077-961X 6190:(mammal)" 5840:USA Today 5686:213500978 5636:10 August 5604:10 August 5567:10 August 4913:"Coyotes" 4817:254237193 4801:1572-9699 4744:1932-6203 4677:CiteSeerX 3965:5 January 3826:22 August 3643:: 14–22. 3459:: 14–22. 3422:7 January 3045:Grubb, P. 2888:Elk farms 2849:East Asia 2754:Neolithic 2729:110,200 2707:Wisconsin 2599:Tennessee 2549:133,000 2441:141,785 2401:Minnesota 2333:120,000 2315:280,000 2163:Tennessee 2151:Wisconsin 2105:Relictual 2086:Bull elk 2067:treponeme 2055:pneumonia 2037:A recent 2028:influenza 2012:bacterial 1946:parasites 1875:cellulose 1784:Migration 1772:gestation 1766:her calf. 1762:A female 1233:Manitoban 1217:Roosevelt 1157:sika deer 1155:and even 1122:Irish elk 1110:Oligocene 1005:'s Latin 896:Old Norse 849:romanized 771:from the 729:livestock 706:Argentina 668:and into 662:East Asia 596:pronghorn 556:East Asia 320:Species: 248:Kingdom: 242:Eukaryota 170:, Canada 12742:55997823 12635:BioLib: 12606:Wikidata 12498:See also 12459:Gray fox 12325:Big game 12230:Woodcock 11996:C. ferus 11952:Vicuña ( 11945:L. pacos 11943:Alpaca ( 11927:L. glama 11894:Tylopoda 11404:C. zebra 11332:C. niger 10906:Procapra 10684:Eudorcas 10660:Antilope 10397:Syncerus 10358:Cattle ( 10351:B. mutus 10279:B. bison 10219:B. arnee 10180:Nilgai ( 10057:Bharal ( 10048:Pseudois 10008:O. dalli 9990:O. aries 9981:O. ammon 9979:Argali ( 9931:Muskox ( 9898:Oreamnos 9876:N. goral 9759:C. walie 9643:Budorcas 9580:Caprinae 9525:Caprinae 9380:Hirola ( 9324:Peleinae 9306:Impala ( 9211:K. leche 9209:Lechwe ( 9105:O. beisa 9081:H. niger 8742:Taruca ( 8709:Rangifer 8639:A. alces 8540:Sambar ( 8467:R. eldii 8447:Rucervus 8405:Chital ( 8197:Cervinae 8184:Cervidae 8145:Cervidae 8073:Tragulus 7747:Eutheria 7741:Mammalia 7735:Chordata 7733:Phylum: 7729:Animalia 7675:Archived 7652:Archived 7632:Archived 7544:Archived 7526:19402954 7467:Archived 7465:. 2007. 7408:Archived 7379:Archived 7353:Archived 7323:Archived 7297:Archived 7277:2 August 7271:Archived 7246:2 August 7240:Archived 7148:23 April 6827:cite web 6817:23 April 6793:30716128 6753:PLOS ONE 6617:22 April 6510:23 April 6280:Wikidata 6270:: 1–99. 6202:Archived 6160:Archived 6156:86575665 6071:Archived 5999:Archived 5975:23 April 5944:Archived 5885:Archived 5782:21 March 5704:Archived 5627:Archived 5598:Archived 5535:Archived 5531:17459871 5490:26904509 5335:15207045 5286:28845256 5278:17984277 5229:Archived 5203:18050795 5137:52147419 5129:30177803 5084:20462132 5038:32145069 4917:Archived 4866:21615401 4809:30155662 4762:33831062 4714:PLOS ONE 4537:Archived 4470:16 March 4445:16 March 4361:Archived 4272:Archived 4230:Archived 4097:27103677 3866:Archived 3771:Archived 3711:Archived 3680:Archived 3535:Archived 3505:Archived 3473:33193408 3416:Archived 3412:37713037 3370:15120401 3236:Archived 3150:Archived 3112:Archived 3077:62265494 3047:(2005). 3011:"Wapiti" 2910:46,000. 2675:60,000 2653:Virginia 2639:81,000 2527:Oklahoma 2459:12,500 2419:Missouri 2383:Michigan 2369:15,876 2365:Kentucky 2311:Colorado 2297:12,500 2275:Arkansas 2191:Missouri 2171:Virginia 2155:Kentucky 2135:Michigan 2121:Nebraska 2047:sp. and 2039:necropsy 2014:disease 1956:nematode 1815:Shoshone 1384:Tule elk 1294:are the 1284:Mongolia 1200:ecotypes 1039:Taxonomy 1027:'s 1816 1017:'s 1785 991:'s 1616 942:derives 811:Mongolia 684:and the 678:Holocene 630:red deer 598:and the 584:sparring 544:Cervidae 542:family, 493:Various 486:Synonyms 352:Erxleben 302:Cervinae 292:Cervidae 288:Family: 272:Mammalia 262:Chordata 258:Phylum: 252:Animalia 238:Domain: 215:IUCN 3.1 150:– Recent 12781:1574408 12755:1006312 12690:8600904 12664:4446297 12612:Q180404 12577:Mammals 12540:Fishing 12535:Whaling 12484:Red fox 12479:Raccoon 12469:Opossum 12358:Caribou 12300:Redhead 12290:Mallard 12275:Gadwall 12108:Cetacea 12099:Cetacea 11967:Camelus 11925:Llama ( 11805:Tayassu 11621:Porcula 11170:Oribi ( 11161:Ourebia 11044:Madoqua 11029:Beira ( 10950:Saigini 10857:N. dama 10735:Gazella 10584:Bovidae 10582:Family 10553:T. oryx 10473:Bongo ( 10455:Nyala ( 10382:Saola ( 10304:Gayal ( 10208:Bubalus 10123:Bovinae 10119:Bovidae 10117:Family 10033:Urial ( 9723:C. ibex 9652:Takin ( 9576:Bovidae 9574:Family 9537:Bovinae 9463:C. gnou 9242:Redunca 9154:Addax ( 9038:Bovidae 9036:Family 8944:Pudella 8931:P. pudu 8822:M. nana 8637:Moose ( 8407:A. axis 8374:D. dama 8236:M. feae 8182:Family 8157:Bovidae 8102:T. napu 7916:Moschus 7852:Giraffa 7837:Okapi ( 7739:Class: 7718:species 7714:Extant 7667:elaphus 7517:2687044 6784:6361512 6761:Bibcode 6369:"AZGFD" 6367:AZGFD. 6136:Bibcode 6134:: 1–5. 5950:15 June 5917:29 June 5865:14 July 5481:4748031 5446:) with 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