1086:
1063:. Basville's plan, approved by the king, outlined 31 parishes designated to have their populations expelled. Their 13,212 inhabitants were ordered to flee with all their cattle and furniture to government-guarded cities. The plan was carried out from September to December 1703 as French troops and militias burned down and massacred at least 466 towns in the CĂ©vennes. All 31 parishes were successfully destroyed. Florentine militiamen were responsible for numerous murders and atrocities against civilians during the operation. Support for the Camisards skyrocketed after the Burning of the CĂ©vennes, providing a major propaganda boost for the Huguenot cause and an increase of the conflict's intensity. As French authorities unsuccessfully attempted to maintain stability, Catholic militias responded to the insurgency with brutal anti-Protestant reprisals.
911:
1206:
926:
1975:
560:
198:
275:
265:
256:
247:
238:
229:
688:
867:
1127:
133:
545:
25:
368:
360:
353:
346:
329:
312:
295:
286:
211:
1419:
764:
2256:
636:
624:" in an attempt to continue following their religion, but countermeasures against Protestants strengthened since authorities used fines, sequestrated properties, military force, and took hostages as punishments. Reconversion to Protestantism was treated as a significant crime. People charged with it were often executed, tortured with
994:
in regard for his actions. Jullien embarked on a campaign to destroy all the resources of the
Caminards. Royal troops burned Protestant and pro-Camanard towns and villages to the ground as their inhabitants were massacred and deported. Jullien made an effort not to let the war come under the public
711:
release
Protestant prisoners from the jail. They were told to wait. As the men stood outside, somebody shot one of them. The enraged mob broke through the doors of the structure, freeing the prisoners before they set the building on fire. Chayla was hunted down and killed as he tried to escape
1380:
The
Huguenot population suffered heavy losses. The guerilla warfare employed by rebels and the extreme support that it received from local peasants resulted in France's need to suppress the local population. French regulars and militiamen were responsible for numerous
1262:
The plot was foiled and the French authorities arrested one hundred people. Thirty people were sentenced to death. Vilas was beaten to death by executioners, while
Castanet and Ravanel were burned alive. Salomon Couderc perished on the stake a month later.
613:, where reformist ideas took root from 1530 to 1560. Many Huguenots decided to flee the country, while others opted to practice their faith in secret. "New Converts" (or NC) were employed by the French monarchy to monitor and suppress the Protestant faith.
1047:
refugees who had fled abroad, the
Marquis of Miremont in particularly, tried to convince the English and Dutch, who were at war with France, to land troops in the country to support the Camisards. English and Dutch warships approached the coast near
1349:
According to the historian Pierre
Rolland, of the estimated 7,500 to 10,000 Camisards who took part in the war, at least 2,000 died in action, and at least 1,000 were summarily executed. 200 people were executed via trial, including by
1287:
escaped his prison in July 1705 and fled to
England. Mazel returned to his home country in 1709 to lead a new British-backed insurrection. A hundred men with Mazel at their helm, told France to restore the
857:
Camisards held their own pious gatherings, which have been noted for their intensity and deep religiosity. Camisards were supported by local
Protestant peasants in the CĂ©vennes, which made warfare easier.
818:, usually sheep-farmers between 20 and 25 years old. Geographically, the insurrection commenced in the Bougès mountain range, situated along the southeastern edges of what is now the departement of
2240:, traduits de l'édition de Dublin (1726), en anglais et annotés par Frank Puaux, Paris : chez Payot (collection Le Regard de l'Histoire), 1973, 270 p. — Le livre était déjà paru sous le titre de
2145:
Le
Fanatisme renouvelé, ou, histoire des sacrilèges, des incendies, des meurtres et des autres attentats que les calvinistes révoltés ont commis dans les Cévennes, et des chatiments qu'on en a faits
1902:
1256:
1932:
1646:
1216:
Even though the war had ceased, Ravanel and Claris refused to submit. They were joined in by Mazel who helped organize pro-Huguenot movements. Mazel was finally arrested in
1393:
agreed that
Huguenots had been "perhaps the most brutally persecuted Protestants of the early modern era", she criticizes the narrative of the war as an ethnic cleansing.
1186:. From September to October, Castanet, Jouany, Couderc, Rose and Mazel surrendered one by one. They were given permission to leave France and took refuge in Switzerland.
1578:
La dynastie Rouvière de Fraissinet-de-Lozère. Les élites villageoises dans les Cévennes protestantes à l'époque moderne d'après un fonds documentaire inédit (1403-1908)
941:
became the site of numerous battles, skirmishes, clashes, and ambushes between Camisards and Royalists. The Protestant rebels employed some of the earliest tactics of
426:
1281:, when Bourbon troops defeated a Grand Alliance army, which included his regiment. Cavalier was seriously wounded and escaped to England, ending his military career.
1749:
945:
against the Royalists, and Captain Poul was slain on January 12. During their campaign, Camisards assassinated Catholic priests as they burnt down villages. At
1955:
731:
987:
949:, 40 women and children of Royalist forces were murdered by Castanet's troops on February 21, 1703. French forces went on to respond with harsh reprisals.
1894:
1787:
1189:
In December 1704, the last Camisards had been defeated by Villars, marking the end of the uprising. Villars left the CĂ©vennes and handed over control to
1085:
902:
1,500 to 2,000 people from the Uzège were enrolled in the "Cadets of the Cross." The militia became infamous for acts of brutality during the war.
1614:
1558:
1247:
named Vilas teamed up with Catinat and Ravanel, helping form the "league of the children of God." The League planned to kidnap the Duke of Berwick and
1728:
1299:
in June, the invaders were quickly forced to withdraw by royal forces. Mazel was taken prisoner and finally killed on October 4, 1710, in the city of
1059:
decided to depopulate the CĂ©vennes in order to isolate the Camisards and prevent them from getting vital foods and resources in what is known as the
621:
1397:
1225:
1338:
419:
1924:
1816:
2025:
1638:
1295:
Mazel refused to stop fighting for the Huguenot cause. In 1710 he organized a British-backed invasion of the country, but after landing at
2108:
Die europäische Debatte über den Religionskrieg (1679-1714). Konfessionelle Memoria und internationale Politik im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV.
1182:
Now with Cavalier's men having joined him, Laporte now commanded 1,200 men. Betrayed, Laporte died in his house on August 13, 1704, in
1228:
returned to France where they continued the uprising. They were rapidly hunted down and executed soon after. Castanet was captured in
1114:
On April 19, two days before his departure, Montrevel and an army of 1,000 men defeated Cavalier and seized his headquarters. On
412:
89:
61:
2286:
589:
from the country. In the provinces which the largest Protestant (or Huguenot) minorities, Huguenots were converted by force to
2260:
2089:
1517:
42:
1586:
68:
1210:
1190:
278:
895:, forming groups such as the "Florentins" or "White Camisards", which held 200-700 people. 200-300 men from the
2335:
2274:
2006:
1873:
730:
ordered Captain Poul to crack down on the rebellion, but with little success. Despite general failures, Huguenot rebel
75:
2123:
2047:
1478:
108:
715:
During the aftermath of the attack, several Huguenot bands formed led by Protestant "prophets". The bands committed
2330:
2224:
Le Théâtre sacré des Cévennes ou récit de diverses merveilles opérées dans cette partie de la Province du Languedoc
1026:. After the population refused to cease assisting the rebels, Montrevel expelled the villages' entire populations.
880:
723:
241:
2295:
1952:
1041:
were attacked by Protestants. 71 people, comprising 60 Saturarguois and 11 Saint-SĂ©riains, were killed in total.
910:
57:
1292:
and free Camisard prisoners who had been captured during the war. The revolt was crushed by French authorities.
1895:"Williams on Randall, 'From a Far Country: Camisards and Huguenots in the Atlantic World' | H-Atlantic | H-Net"
1779:
1205:
1146:
1089:
1079:
1052:, but Montrevel took them as a serious threat, and had the coast monitored, ending the attempted intervention.
268:
46:
2164:
1385:
of Protestants in France during the war. Historian Catherine Randall described French atrocities as a form of
2350:
2340:
2315:
1274:
925:
676:
1606:
1720:
1315:
1015:
460:
2230:) ; réédition critique présentée par Jean-Paul Chabrol, à Nîmes : Ếditions Alcide, 2011, 248 p.
1161:
the king accepted the offer and a truce was declared. Cavalier would leave France with 100 of his men on
1007:
956:
914:
259:
1322:
pardoned 136 Huguenot galley slaves imprisoned for their faith, allowing them to seek exile in England.
1130:
Entrevue du maréchal de Villars et de Jean Cavalier à Nîmes, le 16 mai 1704 (painting by Jules Salles,
953:
847:
745:. Despite their loyalty, many of them lost their property in the Great Burning of the CĂ©vennes in late
995:
scrutiny of foreign nations. He was especially concerned about possible extensions to Switzerland and
470:
2199:
2115:
1390:
455:
250:
2360:
2325:
2320:
2174:
1808:
1311:
1070:
won their greatest victory, 400-600 elite members of the navy and 60 dragoons were routed in
655:
ordered the execution of 84 people, sentenced fifty to the galleys and deported 300 people to the
82:
1437:
35:
2198:, Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Français, vol. 15, No. 9, 1866, p. 444-446
2157:
Histoire des troubles des Cévennes: ou de la guerre des Camisars sous le règne de Louis le Grand
742:
2300:
959:, replaced the Count of Broglie and was placed in command of the Royal army, hiring 3,000
946:
768:
570:
529:
465:
1974:
1269:
later assembled a new regiment made up of Camisards who fought for the Grand Alliance against
1165:. The edict of Fountainebleu was not revoked, and Protestants remained a persecuted minority.
803:, commanded 300 to 400 men who were later joined by 50-100 rebels under the lead of
1157:
and the right to leave the country. He also demanded that Camasard prisoners be released. On
1104:
807:. Nicolas Jouanny led 300-400 men in the Bougès mountains. Castanet led a small band in
2216:, édité par Jean-Jules Vielles (En Cévennes), 1883 & à Nîmes : chez C. Lacour, 2008
2148:
2039:
967:
total control over the military. Surrendering Camisards holding their hands in the air were
1447:
1374:
1334:
1314:, marking the beginning of the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. At the request of
1248:
1056:
964:
870:
652:
559:
830:). The exception to this was a territory roughly corresponding to the east of a line from
708:
692:
8:
1362:. An additional 2,000 Camisards were imprisoned or conscripted into the army. 200 became
1326:
1108:
843:
704:
2355:
2345:
1407:
listed the names of 471 recorded different civilians who were killed by the Camisards.
968:
877:
720:
597:, which took place in the CĂ©vennes as early as 1683. This persecution was strongest in
274:
264:
255:
246:
237:
228:
1366:. 1,000 to 1,200 had surrendered in 1704, many of which fled to exile in Switzerland.
687:
2284:
Bibliographie sélective sur les camisards issue d'une conférence de Philippe Joutard.
2219:
2119:
2085:
2043:
2002:
1513:
1474:
1442:
1402:
1307:
1278:
1270:
1183:
1038:
942:
918:
672:
203:
2283:
1386:
1359:
1096:
980:
866:
336:
319:
302:
1750:"VILLAGES-Septembre-1703-les-Camisards-massacrent-soixante-habitants-1384860.php5"
1583:
1547:
Bourreau ou martyr ? L'abbé du Chaila (1648-1702) : du Siam aux Cévennes
1153:. Cavalier promised a surrender on the grounds that he and his men would be given
1074:; between 180 and 350 royal soldiers died while Camisard losses numbered 20.
712:
through the window. The abbot's murder sparked the beginning of the CĂ©vennes war.
2290:
2278:
2227:
2185:
2182:
2168:
2160:
2147:, 4 volumes, 1704–1706, rééd. à Avignon : chez Seguin ainé, 1868, en 1 vol.
1959:
1590:
1468:
1289:
1175:
In late June, English and Dutch warships led a botched naval expedition into the
983:. Huguenot villages were razed to the ground and all their property confiscated.
578:
501:
489:
2266:
1126:
1355:
1303:. Claris was beaten to death in October and Jouany was executed the next year.
1169:
976:
796:
644:
625:
298:
1277:. Cavalier's fortunes took a turn for the worse on April 25, 1707, during the
632:. Children were forcibly taken from their families and sent to Catholic ones.
132:
2309:
2271:
2233:
2210:, édités par Charles Bost, à Paris : chez Fischbacher, 1931, XVII+237 p.
2205:
2152:
2060:
2017:
1424:
1284:
1266:
1221:
1071:
1067:
1023:
930:
804:
792:
788:
707:
as they sang a psalm. The group demanded that the abbot and political figure
700:
586:
552:
509:
450:
332:
315:
289:
1865:
1363:
1176:
1168:
Cavalier's capitulation was received poorly by other Camisards, especially
1030:
1019:
835:
808:
629:
2267:
Musée du Désert (Histoire du protestantisme et des Camisards en Cévennes).
2111:
2110:(Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 250),
544:
1432:
1229:
1034:
1003:
594:
590:
382:
20,000 riflemen and dragoons (March 1703) 3,000 Miquelets (January 1703)
2192:
MĂ©moires sur les derniers troubles de la Province du Languedoc 1702-1705
1396:
Camisards were also guilty of atrocities. Catholic priest and historian
938:
839:
827:
640:
606:
581:, which had granted religious freedom and civil rights to the country's
517:
169:
1377:
estimated over 14,000 people had died during the War of the Camisards.
876:
The royal troops, who were opposed to the Camisards, were commanded by
811:. There were numerous other Camisard leaders, notably Salomon Couderc.
404:
2184: ; Montpellier : chez Jean Martel, en 3 volumes, 1709-1713 (
2082:
Atlas des Camisards | 1521-1789 les huguenots, une résistance obstinée
791:, who headed a group of 700 men, appointing the lieutenants Rastelet,
2101:
La Guerre des Camisards : la résistance huguenote sous Louis XIV
1382:
1330:
1319:
1075:
1044:
991:
960:
784:
780:
758:
738:
727:
656:
610:
582:
574:
563:
525:
521:
513:
232:
214:
819:
783:, (dubbed as "fanatics" by Royals), became gradually referred to as
667:. While the desert assemblies continued, a new crisis came along in
24:
1115:
884:
716:
1639:"Church Atrocities Receded in Europe Because of the Enlightenment"
1150:
1011:
990:
won a major victory against Cavalier's troops. He was promoted by
831:
1351:
1259:
land. From there they would repeat a new revolt in the CĂ©vennes.
1162:
1154:
972:
896:
892:
888:
815:
602:
367:
359:
352:
345:
328:
311:
294:
285:
210:
1300:
1296:
1252:
1078:
responded by dismissing Montrevel and replaced him with marshal
1049:
763:
2255:
1244:
1158:
1142:
899:
joined a militia known as the "free company of the partisans".
891:
by March 1703. Many Catholic parishes organized pro-government
822:(Hautes-CĂ©vennes) but then spread to the territory that is now
598:
1512:(in French). Nîmes: Alcide. pp. 18, 22–23, 25, 27, 132.
1341:, attended the ceremony and had helped to issue the new law.
1018:). That month, government forces attacked the settlements of
996:
851:
635:
2070:
Joutard, Philippe (June 2002). "La CĂ©venne des camisards".
1996:
1836:
1762:
1698:
1682:
1666:
1240:
1233:
1217:
1194:
1103:
In April, 150 peasants were massacred by the government at
823:
776:
746:
668:
664:
660:
617:
533:
2214:
MĂ©moires de Bonbonnoux, chef camisard et pasteur du DĂ©sert
2159:, Villefranche : chez Pierre Chrétien, 1760, 3 vol. (
2208:
et d’Élie Marion sur la guerre des Cévennes, (1701-1708)
1325:
The persecution of Huguenots came to an end in the 1787
1923:
Anthony Peregrine, Destination expert (29 March 2016).
1563:
Le Temple du Rouve : lieu de mémoire des Camisards
1220:. Many Camisard leaders who had fled abroad, including
1179:. The operation failed due to poor weather and storms.
2058:
Joutard, Philippe (May 1978). "La CĂ©venne camisarde".
1780:"The history of the Cevennes - year by year | History"
1866:"Camisard | French Protestant militants | Britannica"
1066:
On March 14, 1704, 1,100 Camisards commanded by
2242:
MĂ©moires sur la guerre des CĂ©vennes de Jean Cavalier
1414:
1371:
Mémoire sur l'état présent des affaires de Languedoc
1010:
ambushed and massacred twenty Huguenot civilians at
2296:
Liste de victimes des Camisards par Thierry Ducros.
2036:
La légende des camisards | une sensibilité au passé
986:After a snowstorm in February 1703, French officer
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1986:
1055:The royal troops remained in check. In September,
2181:, Paris : chez François Muguet, 1692, 259 p.
2177:(1640-1723), Protestant lawyer from Montpellier,
1922:
1855:de Lamoignon de Basville, intendant de Languedoc.
1507:
1118:, Jean Cavalier began negotiating with the king.
963:. On February 25, the king granted Montrevel and
2307:
2033:
1953:List of the Camisards' victims by Thierry Ducros
1532:Abraham Mazel, Élie Marion, Jacques Bonbonnoux,
1193:. Sporadic bouts of instability continued until
2131:Au Pays des Camisards : notes et souvenirs
929:Monument commemorating the Camisard victory in
699:On July 24, 1702, about sixty armed men led by
1584:http://sites.google.com/site/dynastierouviere/
1575:
1536:, Les Presses du Languedoc, Montpellier, 1983.
140:, painting by Pierre-Antoine Labouchère, 1864.
16:1704 uprising of Protestant peasants in France
2079:
2016:
1925:"CĂ©vennes and the world's first guerilla war"
1549:, Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc, Sète, 1986.
420:
2226:, Ă Londres : chez Robert Roger, 1707 (
2133:, Mialet (Gard) : Musée du Désert, 1931
2080:Chabrol, Jean-Paul; Mauduy, Jacques (2013).
1470:War and Religion after Westphalia, 1648–1713
771:used by Camisards as a base for operations.
569:The war in the CĂ©vennes originated from the
2137:
1580:. Sète: Les Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc.
883:managed to assemble 20,000 soldiers,
427:
413:
131:
1339:Chrétien-François de Lamoignon de Bâville
647:. The CĂ©vennes are circled around in red.
577:on October 18, 1685. The law revoked the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1973:
1466:
1204:
1125:
1084:
957:Nicolas Auguste de La Baume de Montrevel
924:
915:Nicolas Auguste de La Baume de Montrevel
909:
865:
762:
734:was slain later in that year's October.
686:
634:
558:
543:
434:
194:
2084:. Nîmes: Éditions Alcide. p. 240.
2069:
2057:
1510:La Guerre des camisards en 40 questions
1460:
787:. Several bands were organized, led by
2308:
2001:. Éditions Ouest-France. p. 128.
1607:"The war of the Camisards (1702-1710)"
814:The Camisards were mainly composed of
260:Nicolas Auguste, maréchal de Montrevel
2179:Histoire du fanatisme de nostre temps
1715:
1713:
1711:
1255:where they would allow troops of the
937:During the months that followed, the
528:. The uprising was a response to the
408:
2238:MĂ©moires sur la guerre des Camisards
1997:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1837:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1763:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1699:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1683:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1667:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1633:
1631:
1601:
1599:
1565:, Éditions Lacour-Ollé, Nîmes, 2008.
1534:MĂ©moires sur la guerre des Camisards
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1211:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
1191:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2022:MĂ©moires sur la guerre des CĂ©vennes
1999:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1839:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1765:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1721:"The progress of the war 1702-1704"
1701:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1685:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1669:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
861:
726:, commander of the Royal troops in
585:. The edict of Fontaineblue banned
13:
2190:Jacob Rossel, baron of Aigaliers,
2143:Jean-Baptiste Louvreleul, priest,
1708:
1200:
1172:, who opted to continue fighting.
795:, Ravanel, Bonbonnoux and Claris.
737:Not all Protestants supported the
14:
2372:
2248:
2196:Bulletin historique et littéraire
1628:
1596:
1494:
1473:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 7.
1121:
2254:
1417:
1389:. While Elizabeth Williams from
1375:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
1236:, where he was brutally beaten.
965:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
871:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
752:
653:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
366:
358:
351:
344:
327:
310:
293:
284:
273:
263:
254:
245:
242:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
236:
227:
209:
196:
23:
2301:Biographie de Philippe Joutard.
1969:
1946:
1935:from the original on 2022-02-05
1916:
1905:from the original on 2022-02-05
1887:
1876:from the original on 2022-01-13
1858:
1846:
1830:
1819:from the original on 2022-02-04
1801:
1790:from the original on 2022-02-04
1772:
1756:
1742:
1731:from the original on 2022-02-04
1692:
1676:
1649:from the original on 2022-02-04
1617:from the original on 2022-01-15
1310:signed a peace treaty with the
850:, and most of the area west of
719:against priests and Catholics.
34:needs additional citations for
1660:
1568:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1147:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
1090:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
1080:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
741:, including the population of
709:François de Langlade du Chayla
693:François de Langlade du Chayla
269:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
1:
2072:Les Collections de l'Histoire
1453:
1344:
1275:War of the Spanish Succession
1131:
677:War of the Spanish Succession
564:Louis XIV of France, Sun King
539:
138:Jean Cavalier, chief camisard
1145:, Cavalier met with marshal
1033:the Catholic settlements of
1014:in what is now known as the
1002:On the first of April,
682:
593:in what is now known as the
7:
1991:. Éditions Bernard Grasset.
1987:Max Olivier-Lacamp (1969).
1809:"Abraham Mazel (1677-1710)"
1410:
905:
10:
2377:
2336:Huguenot history in France
2103:, librairie Hachette, 1946
1508:Jean-Paul Chabrol (2014).
848:arrondissement of Le Vigan
756:
2034:Philippe Joutard (1977).
1391:Oklahoma State University
1022:(Laporte's hometown) and
1016:Moulin de l'Agau massacre
881:Victor-Maurice de Broglie
724:Victor-Maurice de Broglie
461:Moulin de l'Agau massacre
446:
391:
375:
251:Victor-Maurice de Broglie
220:
188:
144:
130:
125:
2175:David Augustin de Brueys
2138:Contemporary Testimonies
2116:Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht
1841:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1767:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1703:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1687:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1671:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1467:Onnekink, David (2013).
1312:Kingdom of Great Britain
2331:18th-century rebellions
1979:La Guerre des Camisards
1576:Ghislain Baury (2011).
1438:French wars of religion
1061:burning of the CĂ©vennes
703:entered the village of
471:Burning of the CĂ©vennes
451:Battle of Champdomergue
152:July 24, 1702
1982:
1213:
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696:
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505:
493:
466:Battle of Billot tower
456:Battle of Cauvi's farm
384:2,000-3,000 militiamen
221:Commanders and leaders
58:"War of the Camisards"
1989:Les feux de la colère
1977:
1208:
1129:
1105:Branoux-les-Taillades
1088:
952:On January 14, 1703,
928:
913:
869:
766:
690:
638:
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547:
508:) was an uprising of
392:Casualties and losses
2351:Rebellions in France
2341:Civil wars in France
2316:War of the Camisards
2263:at Wikimedia Commons
2261:War of the Camisards
2244:, chez Payot en 1918
1643:The Good Men Project
1369:In his 1718 report,
1335:Nicolas de Lamoignon
1249:Nicolas de Lamoignon
1243:, a Protestant from
1008:marshal of Montrevel
775:Starting in January
743:Fraissinet-de-Lozère
549:L'Assemblée surprise
524:during the reign of
494:guerre des Camisards
486:War of the Camisards
438:War of the Camisards
126:War of the Camisards
43:improve this article
2204:Mémoires inédits d'
2106:Christian MĂĽhling,
1981:, by André Ducasse.
1327:Edict of Versailles
1109:Saint-Paul-la-Coste
981:burned at the stake
616:Since late October
583:Protestant minority
506:guerre des CĂ©vennes
399:3,000 to 4,000 dead
2289:2006-12-09 at the
2277:2003-12-11 at the
2272:Site camisard.net.
2028:. Payot & Cie.
1983:
1958:2016-03-03 at the
1899:networks.h-net.org
1870:www.britannica.com
1589:2010-04-30 at the
1448:Le Musée du Désert
1214:
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988:Jacques de Jullien
969:summarily executed
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878:lieutenant-general
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697:
675:intervened in the
649:
628:, or sentenced to
620:, Huguenots held "
567:
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512:peasants known as
180:Government victory
2259:Media related to
2220:Maximilien Misson
2129:Gaston Tournier,
2091:978-2-917743-49-2
1519:978-2-917743-11-9
1308:Kingdom of France
1279:battle of Almansa
1184:Castelnau-Valence
919:Saint-Evre Gillot
673:Kingdom of France
651:In the CĂ©vennes,
622:desert assemblies
591:Roman Catholicism
573:, signed by King
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1427:
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1133:
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979:, at times even
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717:reprisal attacks
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
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2074:(17): 76–81.
2071:
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2021:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1970:Bibliography
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1852:
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1838:
1832:
1821:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
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1758:
1744:
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1700:
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1684:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1651:. Retrieved
1642:
1619:. Retrieved
1610:
1577:
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1554:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1509:
1484:. Retrieved
1469:
1462:
1395:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1348:
1329:. Signed by
1324:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1265:
1261:
1251:and capture
1238:
1215:
1188:
1181:
1177:Gulf of Lion
1174:
1167:
1140:
1113:
1102:
1095:painting by
1065:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1039:Saint-Sériès
1031:September 20
1028:
1001:
985:
951:
936:
901:
875:
856:
813:
800:
799:, nicknamed
774:
736:
714:
698:
650:
630:penal labour
615:
568:
548:
498:CĂ©vennes War
497:
485:
483:
436:
387:7,500-10,000
381:
363:Jean La Rose
338:
321:
304:
283:
226:
189:Belligerents
156:1702-July-24
137:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2064:(1): 54–63.
2026:Frank Puaux
1433:Dragonnades
1401: [
1273:during the
1230:Montpellier
1226:Élie Marion
1135: 1865
1035:Saturargues
1004:Palm Sunday
671:, when the
595:dragonnades
2310:Categories
2194:, dans le
2061:L'Histoire
1939:2022-02-05
1909:2022-02-05
1880:2022-02-04
1823:2022-02-04
1794:2022-02-04
1735:2022-02-04
1653:2022-02-04
1621:2022-02-04
1454:References
1360:immolation
1345:Casualties
1316:Queen Anne
540:Background
510:Protestant
69:newspapers
2356:Louis XIV
2346:Camisards
2112:Göttingen
2040:Gallimard
2038:. Paris:
1383:massacres
1331:Louis XVI
1320:Louis XIV
1239:In April
1232:in March
1076:Louis XIV
1045:Huguenots
992:Louis XIV
961:miquelets
885:fusiliers
785:Camisards
781:guerillas
759:Camisards
739:Camisards
728:Languedoc
683:Beginning
657:New World
611:Languedoc
575:Louis XIV
526:Louis XIV
522:Languedoc
514:Camisards
496:) or the
233:Louis XIV
215:Camisards
2287:Archived
2275:Archived
2114: :
2020:(1913).
1956:Archived
1933:Archived
1903:Archived
1874:Archived
1817:Archived
1788:Archived
1729:Archived
1647:Archived
1615:Archived
1587:Archived
1574:D'après
1411:See also
1116:April 30
1057:Basville
975:and the
971:via the
939:CĂ©vennes
906:Timeline
893:militias
889:dragoons
840:GĂ©nolhac
828:CĂ©vennes
826:(Basses-
816:peasants
767:Cave in
641:CĂ©vennes
607:Dauphiné
518:CĂ©vennes
376:Strength
170:CĂ©vennes
165:Location
2228:part. 1
1486:13 June
1352:hanging
1222:Catinat
1163:June 23
1155:amnesty
1024:Saumane
973:gallows
954:marshal
921:, 1835.
897:Vaunage
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