American Civil War

4735:, argue Confederate victory was possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely, but not guaranteed. He argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, it would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union. Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only to fight a defensive war to convince the North the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. Lincoln was not a military dictator and could fight only as long as the American public supported the war. The Confederacy sought to win independence by outlasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, hope for a political victory for the South ended. Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans, War Democrats, border states, emancipated slaves, and the neutrality of Britain and France. By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he defeated the 3289: 3736: 2590:, was a binding contract, and called secession "legally void". He did not intend to invade Southern states, nor to end slavery where it existed, but he said he would use force to maintain possession of federal property, including forts, arsenals, mints, and customhouses that had been seized. The government would not try to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of federal law, US marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from mints. He stated that it would be US policy "to collect the duties and imposts"; "there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere" that would justify an armed revolution. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions. 2940: 4546: 5217: 4240: 5465: 4562: 267: 249: 2351: 182: 5058: 3455: 5313: 3573:, his predecessor in army command, before that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect. 3049: 4142: 2656: 224: 206: 169: 3641: 545: 5837: 5641: 5532:, and elsewhere, were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. Nor was Tennessee, which had come under Union control. Missouri and Maryland abolished slavery on their own; Kentucky and Delaware did not. Still, the proclamation did not enjoy universal support. It caused much unrest in what were then considered western states, where racist sentiments led to a great fear of abolition. There was some concern that the proclamation would lead to the secession of western states, and its issuance prompted the stationing of Union troops in Illinois in case of rebellion. 2401: 5512:'s "The Prayer of Twenty Millions"; the letter stated that Lincoln's goal was to save the Union, and that, if he freed the slaves, it would be as a means to that end. He also had a meeting at the White House with five African American representatives on August 14, 1862. Arranging for a reporter to be present, he urged his visitors to agree to the voluntary colonization of black people. Lincoln's motive for both his letter to Greeley and his statement to the black visitors was apparently to make his forthcoming Emancipation Proclamation more palatable to racist 3852: 2542: 6525: 5165:

possibly as high as 850,000. A novel way of calculating casualties, by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm, through analysis of census data, found at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people, but most likely 761,000 people, died in the war. This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths, going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses. As McPherson notes, the war's "cost in American lives was as great as in all of the nation's other wars combined through

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over a third of the rank and file in Lee's army had close family ties to slavery. To Northerners, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. However, as the war dragged on, and it became clear slavery was central to the conflict, and that emancipation was (to quote the Emancipation Proclamation) "a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing rebellion," Lincoln and his cabinet made ending slavery a war goal, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln's decision to issue the Proclamation angered

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require reinforcing it, was the only workable option. On April 6, Lincoln informed the Governor of South Carolina that a ship with food but no ammunition would attempt to supply the fort. Historian McPherson describes this win-win approach as "the first sign of the mastery that would mark Lincoln's presidency"; the Union would win if it could resupply and hold the fort, and the South would be the aggressor if it opened fire on an unarmed ship supplying starving men. An April 9 Confederate cabinet meeting resulted in Davis ordering General

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for liberty, commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. The European aristocracy was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed. European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic." However, a European public with liberal sensibilities remained, which the U.S. sought to appeal to by building connections with the international press. By 1861, Union diplomats like

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Confederate ships to use neutral ports as safe havens from U.S. warships should end. Having no response to Lincoln's proclamation, President Johnson issued a similar proclamation dated May 10, more directly stating that the war was almost at an end and insurgent cruisers still at sea, and prepared to attack U.S. ships, should not have rights to do so through use of safe foreign ports or waters. Britain finally responded on June 6, by transmitting a letter from Foreign Secretary

4338: 3160: 2730: 17649: 1953: 1914: 5046: 277: 259: 17659: 1963: 7260:. "The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic, but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources. The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths." 5018:

Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break the blockade the Union had created around Southern ports. Lincoln's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods; as a result, imports and exports to the South declined significantly. The abundance of European cotton and Britain's hostility to slavery, along with Lincoln's naval blockades, severely decreased any chance that Britain or France would enter the war.

5571:" to the Constitution: the 13th outlawing slavery (1865), the 14th guaranteeing citizenship to former slaves (1868), and the 15th ensuring voting rights to former male slaves (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate victory by reuniting the Union, to guarantee a "republican form of government" for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status. 7323:. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, 'New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll', reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ...". 5233:, superintendent of the 1870 census, used census and surgeon general data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths, a total of 850,000 soldiers. While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 percent and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate. 3955: 3084:. The Confederacy, recognizing the need to counter the Union's naval superiority, built or converted over 130 vessels, including 26 ironclads. Despite efforts, Confederate ships were largely unsuccessful against Union ironclads. The Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards in Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built or modified 6623:"End of the Rebellion; The Last Rebel Army Disbands. Kirby Smith Surrenders the Land and Naval Forces Under His Command. The Confederate Flag Disappears from the Continent. The Era of Peace Begins. Military Prisoners During the War to be Discharged. Deserters to be Released from Confinement. [Official.] From Secretary Stanton to Gen. Dix" 3947:, in Shiloh, Tennessee in April 1862, the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell. Overnight, the Navy landed reinforcements, and Grant counterattacked. Grant and the Union won a decisive victory—the first battle with the high casualty rates that would occur repeatedly. The Confederates lost 5567:, previously considerable, was greatly diminished until the second half of the 20th century. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863, and it continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the aftermath, the most important of which were the three " 5436:. The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of undermining the legitimacy of slavery. 3717:, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in US military history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. 6908:"Union population 1864" aggregates 1860 population, average annual immigration 1855–1864, and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source. Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen, migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies, and natural increase are excluded. 5524:

explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong .... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling .... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."

6917:"Slave 1864, CSA" aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Texas. It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation, freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies, especially in the Mississippi Valley. 3877:. After Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln turned to the Western theater for new leadership. At the same time, the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River, permanently isolating the western Confederacy, and producing the new leader Lincoln needed, 4199:. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862, and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas. In the Indian Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy but fewer for the Union. The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General 3940:'s gunboats of the Western Flotilla, to threaten the Confederacy's "Gibraltar of the West" at Columbus, Kentucky. Although rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of west Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862. 6702:, p. 31. "Lee's surrender left Johnston with no place to go. On April 26, near Durham, N.C., the Army of Tennessee laid down its arms before Sherman's forces. With the surrender of isolated forces in the Trans-Mississippi West on May 4, 11, and 26, the most costly war in American history came to an end." 2605:. Embittered by his defeat, Seward agreed to support Lincoln's candidacy only after he was guaranteed the executive office then considered the second most powerful. In the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward held little regard for him, due to his perceived inexperience. Seward viewed himself as the 5440:

that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the latter eventually accepted it as part of the total war needed to save the Union.

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On 3 August, General Halleck directed General McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until 14 August. The situation created an opportunity for General Lee. The removal of the

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The North's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government. Confederate independence, on the other hand, would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race-based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the 20th century and perhaps

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cites General Sherman, who in early 1864 commented, "The devils seem to have a determination that cannot but be admired." Despite their loss of slaves and wealth, with starvation looming, Sherman continued, "yet I see no sign of let-up—some few deserters—plenty tired of war, but the masses determined

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withdrawing rights to Confederate warships to enter British ports and waters. U.S. Secretary of State Seward welcomed the withdrawal of concessions to the Confederates. Finally, on October 18, Russell advised the Admiralty that the time specified in his June message had elapsed and "all measures of a

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After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, Jefferson Davis informed General Kirby Smith in Texas that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi. Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies, he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler, along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy, a

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Lincoln's administration initially struggled to appeal to European public opinion. At first, diplomats explained that the U.S. was not committed to ending slavery and emphasized legal arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate representatives, however, focused on their struggle

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ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Insurance rates soared, and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters, though reflagging ships with European flags allowed them to continue operating unmolested. After the war, the U.S. government demanded Britain compensate it for the

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The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war due to multiple factors: severe food shortages, failing railroads, loss of control over key rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate forces. Historians agree the blockade was a major factor in ruining

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relatively few were drafted. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for men aged 18–35, with exemptions for overseers, government officials, and clergymen. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within states that could not meet their quota with volunteers. European

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asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state in October 1861. A voter turnout of 34% approved the statehood bill (96% approving). Twenty-four secessionist counties were included in the new state, and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 federal troops for much of the war.

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The Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities, ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, films, stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. These commemorations occurred in greater numbers on the 100th

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The war is a central event in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books, and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature

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was rejected. But compensated emancipation occurred only in the District of Columbia, where Congress had the power to enact it. When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, which would apply to the states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, Seward advised Lincoln to

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During the war, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement, and emancipation in the United States was divided. Lincoln's fears of making slavery a war issue were based on a harsh reality: abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west, the territories, and the border states. In 1861, Lincoln worried

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Deaths among former slaves has proven hard to estimate, due to the lack of reliable census data, though they were known to be considerable, as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in areas where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter, doctors, or food for them. Professor

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Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in articulating the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause. The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers. The Confederate government failed to get Europe involved militarily.

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and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians, but in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Grant said "would otherwise have

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in May 1863. Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the left arm and right hand by friendly fire during the battle. The

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At the war's start, a parole system operated, under which captives agreed not to fight until exchanged. They were held in camps run by their army, paid, but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners.

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Fort Sumter proved a key challenge to Lincoln's administration. Back-channel dealing by Seward with the Confederates undermined Lincoln's decision-making; Seward wanted to pull out. But a firm hand by Lincoln tamed Seward, who was a staunch Lincoln ally. Lincoln decided holding the fort, which would

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The Davis government of the new Confederacy sent delegates to Washington to negotiate a peace treaty. Lincoln rejected negotiations, because he claimed that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government and to make a treaty with it would recognize it as such. Lincoln instead attempted to negotiate

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line, by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of it, while permitting it to the south. The Compromise would likely have prevented secession, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it. Lincoln stated that any compromise that would extend slavery would bring down the Union. A

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Among the ordinances of secession, those of Texas, Alabama, and Virginia mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest made no mention of slavery but were brief announcements by the legislatures of the dissolution of ties to the Union. However, at

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The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war, with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Mill Springs and Chattanooga. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. The oldest

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Historians have paid more attention to the causes of the war than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academia, leading to a proliferation of studies by non-scholars who nevertheless are familiar with the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns

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The war devastated the South and posed serious questions of how it would be reintegrated into the Union. The war destroyed much of the South's wealth, in part because wealth held in enslaved people (at least $ 1,000 each for a healthy adult prior to the war) was wiped off the books. All accumulated

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While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited, they are incomplete. In addition to many Confederate records being missing, partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits, both armies

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river bend. Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored those they had suffered under prior generals, though unlike them, Grant chose to fight on rather than retreat. Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond. While Lee was preparing for

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took part. The Union suffered a serious defeat, losing 1,515 soldiers while the Confederates lost only 174. However, the 54th was hailed for its valor, which encouraged the general acceptance of the recruitment of African American soldiers into the Union Army, which reinforced the Union's numerical

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proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports critically important. It also helped turn European opinion against the Confederacy. It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton," as U.S. grain went from a

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that traded arms and supplies from Britain, through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in exchange for high-priced cotton. Many were lightweight and designed for speed, only carrying small amounts of cotton back to England. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned

5727:, sacrificing black American progress to white man's reunification. He also deems the Lost Cause "a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter" in every instance. The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, whose 5722:

notes that the Lost Cause was expressly a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery as a cause; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate

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Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of being recognized or otherwise aided by Britain or France. By late 1864, Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting the House of Representatives to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment, which mandated the ending of chattel slavery.

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Surdam contends that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, costing few lives in combat. The Confederate cotton crop became nearly useless, cutting off the Confederacy's primary income source. Critical imports were scarce, and coastal trade largely ended as

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The Confederates began the war short on military supplies, which the agrarian South could not produce. Northern arms manufacturers were restricted by an embargo, ending existing and future contracts with the South. The Confederacy turned to foreign sources, connecting with financiers and companies

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In the North and South, draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some 120,000 men evaded conscription, many fleeing to Canada, and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war. At least 100,000 Southerners deserted, about 10 percent of the total. Southern desertion was high because many

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As the Confederate states organized, the U.S. Army numbered 16,000, while Northern governors began mobilizing their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized up to 100,000 troops in February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for another 100,000 soldiers for one year or the duration, and the

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Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset, but quickly became one. Lincoln's initial claims were that preserving the Union was the central goal. In contrast, the South fought to preserve slavery. While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting for slavery, most officers and

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were high. In the last year and a half and from all reported casualties, approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military died during the war. Their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers. While 15 percent of US Volunteers and just 9 percent of white

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went into effect in January 1863, ex-slaves were energetically recruited to meet state quotas. States and local communities offered higher cash bonuses for white volunteers. Congress tightened the draft law in March 1863. Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid-1864, pay

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Slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended in each area when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Proclamation. The last Confederate slaves were freed on June 19, 1865, celebrated as the modern holiday of Juneteenth. Slaves in the border states and

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The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease—and 50,000 civilians. J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000, 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated, and

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Historian Don H. Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on world history. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues

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put it, "people did not will hard enough and long enough to win." However, most historians reject the argument. McPherson, after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers, found strong patriotism that continued to the end; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and

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realized emphasizing the war against slavery was the Union's most effective moral asset in swaying European public opinion. Seward was concerned an overly radical case for reunification would distress European merchants with cotton interests; even so, he supported a widespread campaign of public

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Although the Confederacy hoped Britain and France would join them against the Union, this was never likely, so they sought to bring them in as mediators. The Union worked to block this and threatened war if any country recognized the Confederacy. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton

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and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly to stay in the Union, but rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent their use for war. Lincoln responded by

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Lincoln's election in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession. Southern leaders feared Lincoln would stop slavery's expansion and put it on a course toward extinction. However, Lincoln would not be inaugurated until March 4, 1861, which gave the South time to secede and prepare for war

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Kentucky did not secede, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status while maintaining slavery. During an invasion by Confederate forces in 1861, Confederate sympathizers and delegates from 68 Kentucky

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Losses were far higher than during the war with Mexico, which saw roughly 13,000 American deaths, including fewer than two thousand killed in battle, between 1846 and 1848. One reason for the high number of battle deaths in the civil war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the

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terrorized the countryside, striking military installations and civilian settlements. The "Sons of Liberty" and "Order of the American Knights" attacked pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers. These partisans could not be driven out of Missouri, until an entire

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From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies grew into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. Some European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the

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Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. It stated that slaves in all states in rebellion on January 1, 1863, would be free. He issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, keeping his promise. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges, Lincoln

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Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South. However, a 2017 study challenges this, noting that while some Southern elites retained their

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are subjects of lingering contention. The North and West grew wealthy while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the

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The naval part of the war ended more slowly. It had begun on April 11, two days after Lee's surrender, when Lincoln proclaimed that foreign nations had no further "claim or pretense" to deny equality of maritime rights and hospitalities to U.S. warships and, in effect, that rights extended to

4505:, Georgia, in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the march. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina, to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army. 3179:

to win the war with minimal bloodshed, calling for a blockade of the Confederacy to suffocate the South into surrender. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan but opted for a more active war strategy. In April 1861, Lincoln announced a blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get

3077:. The main riverine war was fought in the West, where major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually controlled the Red, Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. In the East, the Navy shelled Confederate forts and supported coastal army operations. 2955:

In the first year of the war, both sides had more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, relying on young men who came of age each year was not enough. Both sides enacted draft laws (conscription) to encourage or force volunteering, though

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was proof the Southern states had no reason to secede and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual". He added, however, that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress". A quarter of the US army—the Texas

2454:. It argued for states' rights for slave owners but complained about states' rights in the North in the form of resistance to the federal Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their obligations to assist in the return of fugitive slaves. The "cotton states" of 2335:

wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a

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Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it applied only in territory held by Confederates at the time it was issued. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. The

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on April 1. The Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond–Petersburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing the capital was now lost, Lee's army and the Confederate government were forced to evacuate. The Confederate capital fell on April 2–3, to the

3184:" was dead, as the South could export less than 10% of its cotton. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service. 5417:, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the Northern state of Ohio, when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment. 3387:

affair. His request was honored, and, as a result, the British response to the U.S. was toned down, helping avert war. In 1862, the British government considered mediating between the Union and Confederacy, though such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister

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commutation money. Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. There was much evasion and resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The

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of 1861 rapidly expanded to 6,000 officers and 45,000 sailors by 1865, with 671 vessels totaling 510,396 tons. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, control the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British

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to the stalwart island Fort Sumter. Anderson's actions catapulted him to hero status in the North. An attempt to resupply the fort on January 9, 1861, failed and nearly started the war then, but an informal truce held. On March 5, Lincoln was informed the fort was low on supplies.

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Legally, the war did not end until August 20, 1866, when President Johnson issued a proclamation that declared "that the said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America".

2288:, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's 5456:

wait for a Union military victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". Walter Stahr, however, writes, "There are contemporary sources, however, that suggest others were involved in the decision to delay", and Stahr quotes them.

2886:, inaugurated a governor, and Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861. Its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth, which at its greatest extent was over half the state, and it went into exile after October 1862. 5731:(1927) spawned "Beardian historiography". The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Beards in the 1940s, and by historians generally by the 1950s, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers. 4999:

I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back .... If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that

2063:. Seven Southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. The war began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederacy bombarded 11267:

At the beginning of 1865, the Confederacy controlled one third of its congressional districts, which were apportioned by population. The major slave populations found in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of

3426:. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred it from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After 1863, the 3240:

the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues blockade runners provided enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to supplies like 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.

2094:, which declared all slaves in rebel states to be free, applying to more than 3.5 million of the 4 million enslaved people in the country. To the west, the Union first destroyed the Confederacy's river navy by the summer of 1862, then much of its western armies, and 6690:. "Alphabetical Index of Campaigns, Battles, Engagements, Actions, Combats, Sieges, Skirmishes, Reconnaissances, Scouts and Other Military Events Connected with the "War of the Rebellion" During the Period of Actual Hostilities, From April 12, 1861, to May 26, 1865" 4180:

regular Union infantry division was engaged. By 1864, these violent activities harmed the nationwide antiwar movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln. Missouri not only stayed in the Union, but Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote to win re-election.

5703:. During and immediately after the war, Northern historians often used a term like "War of the Rebellion". Writers in rebel states often referred to the "War for Southern Independence". Some Southerners have described it as the "War of Northern Aggression". 4655:. This date is often cited by contemporaries and historians as the effective end date of the war. On June 2, with most of his troops having already gone home, a reluctant Kirby Smith had little choice but to sign the official surrender document. On June 23, 3244:

well. The blockade's success was not measured by the few ships that slipped through but by the thousands that never tried. European merchant ships could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade, so they stopped calling at Confederate ports.

2573:, an alternative, not to interfere with slavery where it existed, but the South regarded it as insufficient. The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy, following a no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4. 5527:

Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing the border states to remain in the Union and War Democrats to support the Union. The border states, which included Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Union-controlled regions around New Orleans,

3656:. Audaciously employing rapid, unpredictable movements on interior lines, Jackson's 17,000 troops marched 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days and won minor battles as they successfully engaged three Union armies (52,000 men), including those of 4632:, near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana east of the Mississippi, under the command of Lt. General 5207:

regiments of the Union Army, as were black men who had not been slaves. The US Colored Troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll—15 percent of Union deaths from disease and less than 3 percent of those killed in battle. Losses among

3313:

shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war, but this failed. Worse, Europe turned to Egypt and India for cotton, which they found superior, hindering the South's post-war recovery.

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from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General

4257:. In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches: by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each attack. A famous land attack was the 6739:, who was a prominent New York lawyer; a founder, treasurer, and member of the Executive Committee of United States Sanitary Commission throughout the war; and a diarist. A diary excerpt is published in Gienapp, William E. (ed.). 4230:

The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast as well as the southern part of the Mississippi. Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan.

5603:

closed with a national consensus, except on the part of former slaves, that the war had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, whites retook control of every Southern legislature, and the Jim Crow era of

5563:

investment in Confederate bonds was forfeited; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. The income per person dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North, and that lasted into the 20th century. Southern influence in the

5574:

President Johnson, who took office in April 1865, took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865, when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment.

5269:

states that tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, or exposure, and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million.

5202:

After the Emancipation Proclamation authorized freed slaves to "be received into the armed service of the United States", former slaves who escaped from plantations or were liberated by the Union Army were recruited into the

2690:

At 4:30 am on April 12, Confederate forces fired the first of 4,000 shells at the fort; it fell the next day. The loss of Fort Sumter lit a patriotic fire under the North. On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to field

6896:, p. 397. The Supreme Court decided that the "legal end of the American Civil War had been decided by Congress to be August 20, 1866—the date of Andrew Johnson's final proclamation on the conclusion of the Rebellion." 6796:(Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) where slavery was legal. Missouri and Kentucky were also claimed by the Confederacy and given full state delegations in the Confederate Congress for the duration of the war. 2482:

least four—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas—provided detailed reasons for their secession, all blaming the movement to abolish slavery and its influence over the North. Southern states believed that the

6890:, 76 U.S. 56 (1869), "The U.S. attorneys argued that the Rebellion had been suppressed following the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department, as established in the surrender document negotiated on May 26, 1865." 4395:

intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the

3288: 3025:

writes that between 500 and 1,000 women enlisted as soldiers on both sides, disguised as men. Women also served as spies, resistance activists, nurses, and hospital personnel. Women served on the Union hospital ship

2920:

The Civil War was marked by intense and frequent battles. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, along with many smaller actions, often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. Historian

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restrictive nature on vessels of war of the United States in British ports, harbors, and waters, are now to be considered as at an end". Nonetheless, the final Confederate surrender was in Liverpool, England where

3259:

Dinçaslan argues that another outcome of the blockade was the rise of oil as a prominent commodity. The declining whale oil industry took a blow as many old whaling ships were used in blockade efforts, such as the

7037:, Archibald Dixon, and Albert G. Hodges, to discuss recruitment of African American soldiers in the state of Kentucky. In a letter dated April 4, 1864, Lincoln summarized his stance on slavery, at Hodges' request. 12647: 10915:, p. 69. "The 58-year-old Cherokee chieftain was the last Confederate general to lay down his arms. The last Confederate-affiliated tribe to surrender was the Chickasaw nation, which capitulated on 14 July." 2157:

By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the

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Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands, especially in the recently settled western

14992:– A non-profit land preservation and educational organization with two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust, dedicated to preserving America's battlefields through land acquisitions. 5813:, with more than 130 battlefields in 24 states. The five major battlefield parks operated by the National Park Service had a combined 3 million visitors in 2018, down 70% from 10 million in 1970. 5717:

The memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause": that the Confederate cause was just and heroic. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations.

5451:, to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his plan of gradual compensated emancipation and 5723:

actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the

3966:

One of the early Union objectives was to capture the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half. The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of

3990:

ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans. Confederate forces abandoned the city, giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South, which allowed Union forces to move up the Mississippi.

3264:, and Confederate raiders harassed Union whalers. Oil products, especially kerosene, began replacing whale oil in lamps, increasing oil's importance long before it became fuel for combustion engines. 2265:

ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own

6662:, p. 618. "On the 26th of the same month General Kirby Smith surrendered his entire command west of the Mississippi to General Canby. With this, all military opposition to the government ended." 6011:

The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. This section gives an abbreviated overview of the most notable works.

2331:. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian 14998:– This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. 9212: 4991:

Some scholars argue the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population. Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat. Historian

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The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. That same day,

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in Maryland, along with sending in militia units. Lincoln took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing prominent figures, including arresting one-third of the members of the

6809:, although arguably there are different dates for the war's conclusion. Lee's surrender to Grant set off a wave of Confederate surrenders. The last military department of the Confederacy, the 4567:

News of Lee's April 9 surrender reached this southern newspaper (Savannah, Georgia) on April 15—after the April 14 shooting of President Lincoln. The article quotes Grant's terms of surrender.

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Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective, and he was humiliated in the

3728:

on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen.

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characterized the trans-Mississippi region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. Roving Confederate bands such as

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Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain

2615:" behind the throne. Seward attempted to engage in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy: 6622: 3606:

The Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing Confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the

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caused the British to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation increased the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Realizing that Washington could not intervene in

3569:, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862. However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Brigadier General 4129:, as well as the portion of Earl Van Dorn's command that included the Indian Territory and excluded the Army of the West. The Union's command was the Trans-Mississippi Division, or the 8526: 4590:. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his sword and horse, 3180:

insurance, ending regular traffic. The South blundered by embargoing cotton exports before the blockade was fully effective; by the time they reversed this decision, it was too late. "

6755:, vol. 2 (New York: The Macmillan Company), pp. 600–601, which differs from the volume and page numbers of the original diaries; the page in Strong's original handwriting is shown at 2272:

The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially,

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only counted troops who died during their service and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged. This often happened only days or weeks later.

2976:, not realizing it made them liable for the draft. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who were conscripted. 2254:

on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the

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in 1899. In 1933, these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the National Park Service. Chief among modern efforts to preserve Civil War sites has been the

3340:

proved adept and convinced Britain not to challenge the Union blockade. The Confederacy purchased warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain, with the most famous being the

9634:

Army of the Potomac as a threat meant that there would be a short period when he could turn on Pope's force and actually outnumber it before the merger of the two Federal armies.

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Woods, Michael E. (August 20, 2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature".

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troops for 90 days; impassioned Union states met the quotas quickly. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for three years. Shortly after this,

17626: 17453: 15168: 6997:(2006). "On the other hand, many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs, and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought." 5920:, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages at a time when horses had been the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war that aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance 3167:" 1861. Tightening naval blockade, forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River, Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence, idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia. 2898:

Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginians provided about 20,000 soldiers to each side in the war. A Unionist secession attempt occurred in

11028: 1992: 6656:, p. 757. "Though the war on land ceased, and the Confederate flag utterly disappeared from this continent with the collapse and dispersion of Kirby Smith's command...." 4513:

Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive

3917:(February 11 to 16, 1862), earning him the nickname of "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. With these victories the Union gained control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. 5599:

to head a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed further reconstruction. The

4454:. The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy's last major victory and included a charge by teenage VMI cadets. After redoubling his efforts, Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. 234: 6926:"Total Union railroad miles" aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860–1864 @ 5000, plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300. 6680:, p. 522. "General E. Kirby Smith surrendered the trans-Mississippi department on the 26th of May, leaving no other Confederate army at liberty to continue the war." 4021:. Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat, due to lack of logistical support and infantry recruits. Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. 12655: 11520: 5172:

Based on 1860 census figures, 8 percent of all white men aged 13–43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. About 56,000 soldiers

18332: 2446:'s legislature to call a state convention to consider secession. South Carolina had done more than any other state to advance the notion that a state had the right to 12730: 11306: 4243: 17688: 6105: 5826: 5611:

The war had a demonstrable impact on American politics. Many veterans on both sides were elected to political office, including five U.S. Presidents: Ulysses Grant,

4478:

on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the

1253: 805: 5516:. A Union victory in the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, provided Lincoln with an opportunity to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, and the 283: 6674:, p. 663. "When the Confederate soldiers laid down their arms and went home, all hostilities against the power of the Government of the United States ceased." 460: 6935:

In spite of the South's shortage of soldiers, most Southern leaders—until 1865—opposed enlisting slaves. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As

2960:

joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 in Ireland. About 50,000 Canadians served, around 2,500 of whom were black.

2878:

but was driven out after 1862. In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

17136: 7017:, ch. 6. "Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861, sending thousands of soldiers to the front and suffering high casualties, especially at 4674:, bringing the Emancipation Proclamation into effect in Texas and freeing the last slaves of the Confederacy. The anniversary of this date is now celebrated as 16591: 16586: 5433: 4207:

virtual "independent fiefdom" in Texas, including railroad construction and international smuggling. The Union, in turn, did not directly engage him. Its 1864

1115: 972: 12940: 12060:"Horace Greeley (1811–1872). "The Prayer of Twenty Millions". Stedman and Hutchinson, eds. 1891. A Library of American Literature: An Anthology in 11 Volumes" 11694: 16596: 11717: 7851:"Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River" 6433: 1543: 10080: 5684:

and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of

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In the 1890s, the government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department, beginning with the creation of the

2666:

The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of

2217: 2052: 17789: 13772: 4555:

front page celebrated Lee's surrender, headlining how Grant let Confederate officers retain their sidearms and "paroled" the Confederate officers and men.

4462:. Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley, a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia. 3256:

damage caused by blockade runners and raiders outfitted in British ports. Britain paid the U.S. $ 15 million in 1871, but only for commerce raiding.

18038: 17023: 16943: 15471: 4094: 4083: 2175: 1279: 1269: 505: 14232: 10868: 15205: 12102: 8886: 5782: 4347:

At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and put Maj. Gen.

2670:, South Carolina. Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major 2490:, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries, with little resistance from outgoing President 1985: 1512: 1075: 4497:

Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched, with no destination set, laying waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his "

2957: 18279: 17051: 12996: 8253: 7680:"Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" 4446:

Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley campaigns of 1864. Sheridan was repelled at the

2527: 1917: 11929: 6783:

462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

6761: 5432:

those in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the

5257:, soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open. This led to the adoption of trench warfare, a style of fighting that defined much of 2777: Union territories that permitted slavery (claimed by Confederacy) at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed by the U.S. in 1862 2079:, the Confederacy asserted control over a third of the U.S. population in eleven states. Four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued. 15466: 9413: 4220: 2859: 1470: 1100: 1049: 500: 14847: 11392: 7299: 2198:, making the Civil War the deadliest military conflict in American history. The technology and brutality of the Civil War foreshadowed the coming 17241: 17216: 17018: 16926: 15476: 15210: 6637: 6050: 4579: 4324: 4013:

and the capture of the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on September 3, 1862. However, the campaign ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen.

1110: 926: 510: 10872: 7602: 3925:

and central Tennessee thus fell to the Union, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.

2425: Border Southern states that permitted slavery but did not secede (both KY and MO had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments) 18294: 17068: 16711: 16100: 15979: 12685:

Bob Zeller, "Fighting the Second Civil War: A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust", (2017: Knox Press)

6774:

211,411 Union soldiers were captured, and 30,218 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

6597: 5646: 4329:

The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide.

4188: 4070:. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga, eventually causing Longstreet to abandon his 2549: 1245: 6735:

Among the many other contemporary sources and later historians citing May 26, 1865 as the end date for the American Civil War hostilities are

5333: Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799, completed 1827) and New Jersey (starting 1804, completed by Thirteenth Amendment, 1865) 4578:, where supplies were to be waiting, and then continue the war. Grant chased Lee and got in front of him, so that when Lee's army reached the 3565:

chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. Lee's biographer,

2984:" enlisted to collect the generous bonus, deserted, then re-enlisted under a different name for a second bonus; 141 were caught and executed. 18473: 18327: 17595: 16953: 16706: 16701: 16127: 8515: 6061: 5696:

and who write for the general public. Practically every major figure in the war, both North and South, has had a serious biographical study.

5605: 3735: 2915: 2674:. Anderson took matters into his own hands and on December 26, 1860, under the cover of darkness, sailed the garrison from the poorly placed 1978: 17775: 13067: 11214: 18184: 17826: 15959: 15029: 14932: 6545: 3145:

failed, as Britain had no interest in selling warships to a nation at war with a stronger enemy and feared souring relations with the U.S.

2194:, and mass-produced weapons were widely used. The war left between 620,000 and 750,000 soldiers dead, along with an undetermined number of 1140: 1080: 965: 904: 882: 849: 816: 761: 717: 695: 662: 629: 596: 453: 14928: 14869:. (Vintage, 2007) Uses letters, diaries, and regimental newspapers to probe the world view of soldiers—black and white, Yankee and Rebel. 11674: 6751:. A footnote in Gienapp shows the excerpt was taken from an edited version of the diaries by Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds., 6720:, p. . "The sheer weight of scholarship has leaned toward portraying the surrenders of the Confederate armies as the end of the war." 4586:, Lee decided the fight was hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Grant on April 9, 1865, during a conference at the 3796:

because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties, versus Meade's 23,000.

17516: 17046: 16095: 15854: 13977:. The Chronicles Of America Series. New Haven: Yale University Press; Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co.; London: Oxford University Press. 11790: 8402: 7488: 6550: 6072: 6021: 5740: 3320:

quarter to almost half of British imports. Meanwhile, the war created jobs for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.

3142: 2821: 1934: 1891: 1259: 1021: 17803: 12103:"A LETTER FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN.; Reply to Horace Greeley. Slavery and the Union The Restoration of the Union the Paramount Object" 7065:

Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army

6714:, p. 308. "By 26 May, General Edward Kirby Smith had surrendered the Rebel forces in the trans-Mississippi west. The war was over." 4620:

Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered, as news of Lee's surrender reached them. On April 26, the same day Sergeant

3713:

into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near

2902:, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of loyalty to the Union; they were held without trial. 18347: 18337: 17833: 17610: 17473: 17458: 15889: 15505: 6575: 6555: 5297: 4184: 3389: 3223: 3193: 2934: 2582: 2296:

nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on

1589: 1534: 1507: 1085: 12327: 3436:

supported the Union, largely because it believed the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the U.K. In 1863, the

2841:

on the day it reconvened. All were held without trial, with Lincoln ignoring a ruling on June 1, 1861, by Supreme Court Chief Justice

2801:

were slave states whose people had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the

18478: 18084: 18058: 17811: 17761: 17463: 17226: 17196: 16834: 16763: 15461: 15456: 7687: 6565: 5596: 3805: 3664:, preventing them from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond. The swiftness of Jackson's men earned them the nickname of " 3584:

to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah. He eventually commanded the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry.

3449: 3279: 2242:(seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the 2087: 2083: 1158: 1095: 1090: 1057: 1043: 978: 495: 490: 12757: 7777: 7747: 7717: 18428: 18352: 18322: 17377: 17312: 16014: 15989: 15225: 15200: 15150: 15130: 13968: 13715: 13653:

Keller, Christian B. (January 2009). "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers".

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on July 26, 1861, and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:

18284: 17580: 17555: 17271: 16968: 16864: 16716: 16049: 15929: 15140: 10328: 7710:"A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union" 7653: 5822: 5564: 4293:

landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Butler's controversial command of New Orleans earned him the nickname "Beast".

3785: 3016: 2451: 1881: 1502: 1105: 1064: 1035: 446: 15939: 11457: 10452: 6696:, p. 202. "The surrender of the forces of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865, brought the war to a definite conclusion." 5591:

him, although the Senate did not convict him. In 1868 and 1872, the Republican candidate Grant won the presidency. In 1872, the

2506:

As Southerners resigned their Senate and House seats, Republicans could pass projects that had been blocked. These included the

2122:

of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions. This led to the

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and slavery, heroism in combat and behind the lines, and issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an "

5293:, over 32,600 of them belonged to the Union and 45,800 the Confederacy. However, other estimates place the total at 1,000,000. 5032:

economic status, the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South, than in the North.

4281: 2285: 2167: 1168: 1007: 992: 15849: 12695: 11513:"The World Was Watching: America's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege" 11512: 10950: 4359:

Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals Meade and

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described it as "one of the most ferocious wars ever fought," where, in many cases, the only target was the enemy's soldiers.

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Neely, Mark E. (June 1986). "The Perils of Running the Blockade: The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War".

8779: 8607: 8028: 7770:"Confederate States of America – A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union" 7637: 7482: 6748: 4262: 3694:, ended in yet another victory for the South. McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to 2455: 1956: 1584: 1548: 1489: 1397: 1147: 1029: 986: 794: 584: 7551:, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011 7425:

Loewen, James W. (2011). "Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War".

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liberty. Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864–65, most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard. Historian

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gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end."

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and seized two Confederate diplomats. However, London and Washington smoothed this over after Lincoln released the two men.

2090:

the conflict was inconclusive. The abolition of slavery became a Union war goal on January 1, 1863, when Lincoln issued the

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fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."

2147: 12783: 12431: 8578:

The German Element in the United States: With Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

7099:"The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies; Series 4 – Volume 2" 3750:

arm was amputated, but he died of pneumonia. Lee famously said: "He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm."

3621:

Upon the urging of Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the

3251:. The smuggling of 600,000 arms enabled the Confederacy to fight on for two more years, and the commerce raiders targeted 2569:

met in Washington, proposing a solution similar the Compromise; it was rejected by Congress. The Republicans proposed the

18458: 18301: 18269: 17704: 17342: 17332: 16983: 16691: 16054: 16019: 15914: 15492: 9446: 8492:, p. 73. "Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee." 6560: 6377: 5908:

Technological innovations during the war had a great impact on 19th-century science. The war was an early example of an "

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The Western theater refers to military operations between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, including

3547: 3273: 2700: 2471: 2071:. A wave of enthusiasm for war swept over the North and South, as military recruitment soared. Four more Southern states 1944: 1431: 1186: 566: 15969: 14969: 12177: 9534: 8731: 7333: 5921: 3986:. "The key to the river was New Orleans, the South's largest port greatest industrial center." U.S. Naval forces under 18289: 18254: 18174: 17854: 17840: 17782: 17726: 17493: 17483: 17468: 17236: 17061: 16090: 16039: 15984: 15949: 15934: 15924: 15909: 15884: 15839: 15824: 15759: 15636: 15085: 14535:, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize-winner. 11813: 9853: 9483: 7876: 7138: 6793: 6792:

The Union was the U.S. government and included the states that remained loyal to it, both the non-slave states and the

6580: 6570: 6449: 6417: 5669: 4401: 4055:, Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps, defeated Rosecrans, despite the defensive stand of Maj. Gen. 3793: 3352: 3080:

The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution, leading to naval innovations, notably the

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After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons, accounting for 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.

18214: 18149: 17847: 17754: 17747: 17740: 17605: 17488: 17478: 17206: 16802: 16696: 16573: 16070: 16034: 15954: 15894: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15819: 15250: 15242: 15120: 15064: 14412: 14381: 14297: 14279: 13687: 10733: 8870: 7003:. "Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities, the poor and working class 6951:

was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. The Confederacy surrendered at

6592: 6585: 6083: 5802: 4720: 3404: 3380: 3283: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2312: 2308: 2289: 2229: 2211: 2038: 1163: 1153: 554: 17: 4239: 18264: 18224: 15999: 15964: 15904: 15859: 15022: 14131: 12203:"Andrew Johnson and Emancipation in Tennessee – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)" 11702: 6481: 6032: 5806: 5798: 5724: 5464: 4602: 4583: 3994:

on June 6, 1862, and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi. Only the fortress city of

2151: 2143: 1457: 1232: 871: 214: 17868: 14923: 8649: 5473:, who were fugitive slaves, including cooks, laundresses, laborers, teamsters, railroad repair crews, fled to the 5186:

199,790 died of disease (75 percent was due to the war, the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway)

3203: 17933: 17565: 17550: 17432: 17392: 17291: 17276: 17261: 17256: 17088: 16993: 16024: 15919: 15879: 15600: 15436: 10095: 9239: 6632: 6363: 6320: 5700: 5470: 5413:, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 5301: 5173: 4479: 4470:

Meanwhile, Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and

4074:

and driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.

4002: 3762: 3542:, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in Northern Virginia. On July 20 and 21, the 3539: 3212: 2997: 2939: 2890: 2475: 2162:

in an attempt to rebuild the country, bring the former Confederate states back into the United States, and grant

2010: 1650: 1392: 1343: 13757: 12225: 12202: 7543: 6489: 4561: 4379:

were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture

4304:

for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the

4273:, forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing it. 3901:. While the Confederate forces had successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West. 3675:, but he was wounded in the battle, and Robert E. Lee assumed his position of command. Lee and top subordinates 3550:

were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 and May 17, 1862. The Army of the Potomac was renamed

18219: 17590: 16909: 16673: 16029: 15994: 15899: 15605: 15135: 8682:

Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".

6497: 6457: 6217: 4683: 4253:(November 1861), south of Charleston. Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing 3618:, Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson's receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall". 2988:

French, Prussian, and Russian armies, and without the Atlantic, could have threatened any of them with defeat.

2316: 2072: 1133: 1002: 10678:"Most Glorious News of the War / Lee Has Surrendered to Grant ! / All Lee's Officers and Men Are Paroled" 9945: 9439:

The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New World

3351:. However, public opinion against slavery in Britain created a political liability for politicians, where the 2049:, or be prohibited from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction. 18483: 18367: 18274: 16948: 16869: 16686: 16152: 15610: 15418: 14224: 13942: 10270:

Graves, William H. (1991). "Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army: Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory".

7269:

Toward a Social History of the American Civil War Exploratory Essays, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 4.

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and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace

5794: 5790: 5712: 5588: 5558:, Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population. 4724: 4498: 4408:. These resulted in heavy losses on both sides and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. At the 3252: 3206:

off Charleston. Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North's overwhelming war production.

2738: 2487: 2262: 2247: 2179: 2131: 2026: 1835: 1452: 1437: 1367: 1357: 1328: 1318: 266: 248: 187: 150: 10401: 7398:

Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (2005). "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks".

3936:

ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy. Grant used river transport and

3247:

To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased arms in Britain and converted British-built ships into

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In addition, there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy (2,112 in battle) and 460 in the Marines (148 in battle).

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in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi and is one of the turning points of the war.

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federal laws and even secede. On December 20, 1860, the convention unanimously voted to secede and adopted

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had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of

2277: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2042: 1442: 1416: 1402: 1372: 1362: 1313: 1239: 772: 532: 55: 17796: 14599:

Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860

13004: 10006: 9414:"The Trent Affair: Diplomacy, Britain, and the American Civil War – National Museum of American Diplomacy" 8261: 7175: 18403: 18159: 17652: 17400: 17151: 16988: 16978: 16973: 16931: 16355: 15654: 15105: 15015: 14660: 12676:

Timothy B. Smith, "The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation" (2008; The University of Tennessee Press).

11282: 7363: 6872: 6849: 6757: 6668:, p. 630. "With General E. K. Smith's surrender the Confederate flag no longer floated on the land." 6342: 6273: 5937: 5868:'s take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as in such film classics as 5865: 4523: 4420:

an attack on Richmond, Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted

4161: 3968: 3615: 3440:'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively. 2671: 1866: 1760: 1333: 1323: 12523: 6687: 3231:

and sold, with proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen, mostly British, were released.

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soldiers were more concerned about the fate of their local area than the Southern cause. In the North, "

18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18114: 18079: 17543: 17131: 16958: 16841: 16819: 16748: 16663: 15724: 15525: 15403: 15385: 14964: 14619: 14432: 14309: 13676: 13362: 11400: 11115: 11083: 11051: 8534:

With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30, 1860, the Regular Army...

7337: 7286: 6401: 6305: 6257: 6116: 5810: 5654: 5650: 5580: 4687: 4254: 3746: 3687: 3337: 2814: 2734: 2255: 2243: 2060: 2022: 1462: 1447: 1307: 173: 129: 14995: 13758:"Samuel and Saul Isaac: International Jewish Arms Dealers, Blockade Runners, and Civil War Profiteers" 10677: 5057: 3909:

The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts

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inflicted significant damage on the Union's wooden fleet, but the next day, the first Union ironclad,

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Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War

12540: 12528: 6939:

said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong." Confederate generals

6530: 6185: 6127: 5896: 5876: 5568: 5478: 5426: 4487: 3691: 3535: 2969: 2964: 2944: 2838: 2587: 2511: 2091: 1871: 1800: 1765: 1338: 827: 15004:– site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War 8960: 8225: 7539:

Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas

6764:

from the original on November 16, 2022 – via New-York Historical Society Museum & Library.

5312: 2766:, was created in 1863, while KY, WV and MO had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments) 2486:

made slaveholding a constitutional right. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the

2142:. The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the 18463: 18413: 18408: 18382: 18154: 18124: 18023: 17673: 17538: 17422: 17347: 17322: 17317: 17281: 17201: 16899: 16884: 16465: 15749: 15714: 15649: 15590: 15585: 15315: 14937: 11933: 11759: 11638: 11215:"Manufactures of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the original returns of the Eight Census" 9617: 7018: 6409: 6370: 6289: 6225: 6094: 5982: 5912:", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy. New inventions, such as the 5786: 5584: 4416: 4397: 4368: 4348: 4341: 4130: 3725: 3702:, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops. 3600: 3095: 2972:

in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the

2624: 2566: 2523: 2127: 1840: 1745: 1705: 1300: 10239:

Bohl, Sarah (2004). "A War on Civilians: Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri".

9213:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 6848:

Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the

4211:

to take Shreveport, Louisiana, failed and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war.

2870:, who chased the governor and rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of Missouri (see 17526: 17146: 17114: 17109: 16807: 16780: 16172: 15669: 15659: 15431: 15426: 15280: 13058: 11778:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including

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directly with the governors of seceded states, whose administrations he continued to recognize.

2234:

A consensus of historians who address the origins of the war agree that the preservation of the

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Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913

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A House Divided: A Study of the Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

7459:

Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.

6826:

than in either the Union or Confederate Armies if their casualty totals are counted separately.

6265: 6233: 6027: 5763: 5579:

demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They

5481:, which Lincoln signed on January 1, 1863, more than two years before the end of the Civil War. 4736: 4651:, acting for Edmund Smith, signed a military convention surrendering Confederate forces in the 4519: 4308:

but surrendered after Vicksburg. These surrenders gave the Union control over the Mississippi.

4176: 4141: 4063: 4026: 3995: 3983: 3948: 3918: 3866: 3766: 3458: 3419: 3372: 3222:

To transport arms safely to the Confederacy, British investors built small, fast, steam-driven

3216: 2825: 2495: 2395: 2273: 2266: 2239: 2095: 1907: 1886: 1720: 1635: 1579: 651: 14597: 14043: 13859: 13795: 13609: 13588: 13529: 13383: 13145: 12908: 12620: 12500:

Belligerent Muse: Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War

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Tinclads in the Civil War: Union Light-Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters, 1862–1865

8576: 8547: 8406: 7472: 6984:, resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union." 4164:(August 1861). The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the 3454: 18357: 18129: 17973: 17427: 17327: 17141: 16790: 16743: 16653: 16621: 16328: 16318: 15764: 15754: 15739: 15689: 15644: 15300: 15285: 15178: 14984: 14658:

Russell, Robert R. (1966). "Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories".

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Assuming Union and Confederate casualties are counted together—more Americans were killed in

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brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead, following the Battle of Stones River.

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Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North with the

3672: 3626: 3555: 3466: 3437: 2863: 2824:, and could cut it off from the North. It had anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army 2711:

seceded and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to

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Of the 359,528 Union Army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served:

4609:, a Confederate sympathizer. Lincoln died early the next morning. Lincoln's vice president, 3040:, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for treating the wounded during the war. 544: 18199: 18048: 17968: 17928: 17585: 17437: 17410: 16879: 16658: 16641: 16298: 15794: 15779: 15774: 15744: 15729: 15709: 15327: 15231: 15115: 13208: 12532: 12338: 11120: 11088: 11056: 7008: 6952: 6853: 6356: 6349: 6281: 5933: 5836: 5640: 5555: 5230: 4514: 4451: 4447: 4305: 4301: 4250: 4126: 4067: 4018: 3972: 3922: 3910: 3815: 3781: 3714: 3109: 3060: 3022: 2602: 2447: 2297: 2281: 2187: 2111: 1966: 1845: 1810: 1715: 1690: 1387: 1377: 684: 673: 618: 50: 14980: 10289:

Neet, J. Frederick Jr. (1996). "Stand Watie: Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation".

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generally opposed emancipation. When the draft began in the summer of 1863, they launched

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Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in response to

4415:

An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the

4311:

Several small skirmishes but no major battles were fought in Florida. The biggest was the

3765:, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the 3720:

When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen.

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The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies

14809: 14531: 13239: 11027:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara. 10995:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara. 10698:

Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868

7769: 7739: 7709: 7034: 5754: 5612: 5576: 5501:; seen here are black and white teenaged soldiers who volunteered to fight for the Union. 4671: 4637: 4491: 4421: 4196: 4165: 4056: 3898: 3789: 3777: 3739: 3499: 3495: 3033: 2684: 2628: 2561: 2531: 2304: 2251: 2195: 2135: 1830: 1780: 1735: 1725: 1710: 1700: 1685: 1665: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1382: 1207: 1197: 607: 13467: 8839: 8329: 8155: 7812: 7511:

The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860

7056: 4522:, composed of black troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at 3592:

In July 1861, in of the first highly visible battles, Union troops under the command of

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Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack

13784: 13445: 13243: 13045: 12413: 12251: 12247: 12112: 12107: 11621: 10505: 10402:"Battle for Fort Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)" 9791: 8891: 8699: 8352: 7980:"The Hampton Roads Peace Conference: A Final Test of Lincoln's Presidential Leadership" 7450: 7209: 7148: 7011:

that was suppressed by the military, as well as much smaller protests in other cities."

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for five famous battles, each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle.

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The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States, 1860–'65

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Gallagher, Gary W.; Engle, Stephen D.; Krick, Robert K.; Glatthaar, Joseph T. (2003).

13291: 11253:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865

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Whitsell, Robert D. (1963). "Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus".

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argued that the war goals had been achieved and Reconstruction should end. They chose

5399: Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment 4097:

refers to military operations west of the Mississippi, encompassing most of Missouri,

3921:

rallied nearly 4,000 Confederate troops and led them to escape across the Cumberland.

3661: 425:

60,000 documented slaves, "tens of thousands" of undocumented slaves died from disease

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Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1986).

14256: 14200: 14179: 14156: 14135: 14110: 14104: 14089: 14070: 14049: 14028: 14006: 13946: 13918: 13897: 13865: 13844: 13825: 13815: 13801: 13742: 13721: 13702: 13683: 13636: 13630: 13615: 13594: 13573: 13554: 13535: 13511: 13490: 13473: 13451: 13427: 13408: 13389: 13368: 13347: 13319: 13297: 13287: 13273: 13249: 13216: 13194: 13173: 13151: 13114: 13093: 13037: 12981: 12960: 12914: 12862: 12626: 12504: 12452: 12403: 12352: 12302: 12116: 11613: 11436: 11426: 11376:

Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1991).

11256: 10929: 10893: 10776: 10739: 10729: 10542: 10515: 10434: 10426: 10357: 10347: 10202: 10118: 10035: 9859: 9849: 9771: 9744: 9705: 9479: 9442: 9434: 9243: 8866: 8775: 8603: 8024: 7999: 7995: 7633: 7478: 7442: 7380: 6744: 6249: 6209: 6138: 6121: 6110: 5925: 5913: 5771: 5689: 5620: 5616: 5529: 5005: 4625: 4606: 4591: 4502: 4475: 4392: 4312: 4172: 4022: 3937: 3890: 3851: 3706: 3611: 3607: 3577: 3412: 2847: 2598: 2515: 2293: 2103: 1962: 1785: 1740: 1680: 1655: 1610: 1553: 572: 438: 14576: 13960:

The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America

13890: 11625: 10201:. Leavenworth papers, no. 23. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. 9686:

A Worse Place Than Hell: How the Civil War Battle of Fredericksburg Changed a Nation

3599:

attacking Confederate forces led by Beauregard near Washington were repulsed at the

3133:

was a draw, proving ironclads were effective warships. The Confederacy scuttled the

18234: 18134: 18003: 17983: 17898: 16526: 16395: 16365: 16360: 16293: 16232: 16227: 16182: 15684: 15674: 15580: 15560: 15555: 15305: 15295: 15255: 14954: 14669: 14628: 14441: 14369: 14318: 13662: 13441: 13029: 12699: 12552: 12544: 12381: 12124: 12029: 11930:"Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday" 11725: 11605: 11552: 10486: 10111: 9396: 9144: 8691: 8664: 7991: 7434: 7407: 7372: 7295: 6977: 6940: 5986: 5624: 5304:

in Washington. The Union flags captured by the Confederates were sent to Richmond.

5242: 5209: 4371:, General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the Atlantic Ocean, Generals 4297: 4102: 4014: 3944: 3878: 3874: 3855: 3721: 3699: 3676: 3474: 3427: 3316: 3081: 3048: 2852: 2660: 2570: 2328: 2320: 2191: 2115: 1815: 1695: 1660: 1558: 1481: 1476: 958: 783: 379: 334: 228: 14716: 14650:

Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary

14542: 13270:

To the Bitter End: Appomattox, Bennett Place and the Surrenders of the Confederacy

11571:"U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests" 7979: 7524:

North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era

5069: 2258:'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the 276: 258: 18164: 17948: 17938: 17600: 16889: 16738: 16631: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16491: 16460: 16370: 16313: 16303: 16262: 15290: 15260: 15080: 14961:"American Civil World" maps at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection 14909:(1943 and 1951; reprint 1994), two standard scholarly histories combined; 960pp. 14862: 14781: 14738: 14707:

1232 pp; 64 Topical chapters by scholars and experts; emphasis on historiography.

14506: 14250: 14194: 14150: 14064: 14000: 13986: 13819: 13736: 13487:

Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History

13341: 13313: 13165: 13108: 13087: 12954: 12468: 12098: 11185: 10926:

General Gordon Granger: The Savior of Chickamauga and the Man Behind "Juneteenth"

10869:"Ulysses S. Grant: The Myth of 'Unconditional Surrender' Begins at Fort Donelson" 10772:

Understanding U.S. Military Conflicts through Primary Sources [4 volumes]

10770: 9217: 8918: 8593: 8018: 7548: 7236: 6948: 6465: 6055: 6044: 5990: 5973: 5929: 5550: 5406: 5238: 4624:

killed Booth at a tobacco barn, Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 troops of the

4614: 4440: 4380: 4360: 3870: 3423: 3248: 2545: 2500: 2332: 2123: 2076: 2056: 1876: 1820: 1775: 1675: 750: 253: 210: 13505: 11596:

Hacker, J. David (December 2011). "A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead".

5663: 3652:

Also in the spring of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley, Stonewall Jackson led his

2381:

a republic based on the people's vote, in the face of an attempt to destroy it.

2369:

According to Lincoln, the American people had shown they had been successful in

18008: 17998: 17943: 16668: 16616: 16455: 16420: 16380: 16272: 16252: 16247: 16202: 15481: 15322: 15310: 14941: 13463: 12536: 12059: 12008:

McPherson, James M., "Lincoln and the Strategy of Unconditional Surrender", in

11953: 11540: 11278: 8330:"The Field Theory: Martial Law, The Suspension Power, and The Insurrection Act" 7004: 6981: 6297: 6143: 6088: 5882: 5509: 5010: 4667: 4621: 4610: 4483: 4471: 4425: 4145: 4122: 3987: 3827: 3633:, southeast of Richmond. McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the 3596: 3478: 3433: 3348: 3172: 3154: 3126: 3037: 2899: 2867: 2612: 2507: 2491: 2119: 2068: 1563: 640: 485: 118: 14870: 14617:

Potter, David M. (1962). "The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa".

13177: 11556: 11020: 10988: 10206: 9946:"Death of Albert Sidney Johnston – Tour Stop #17 (U.S. National Park Service)" 5745: 2866:

called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General

2845:, not speaking for the Court, that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus ( 18397: 18377: 16936: 16536: 16531: 16521: 16496: 16405: 16400: 16242: 16237: 16222: 16192: 16162: 15500: 15125: 14899: 13996: 13950: 13525: 13477: 13455: 13405:

Clad in Iron: The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power

13253: 13041: 13033: 12524: 12332: 12306: 12143:

A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

12120: 12081: 10700:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 84. 10361: 9863: 9681: 9539:. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 78 and footnote 6. 8914: 8325: 8156:"Abraham Lincoln: Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy" 8003: 7446: 7384: 6944: 6505: 6099: 5719: 5444: 5410: 5345: Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority 5274: 5249:, and (near the end of the war for the Union) repeating firearms such as the 4629: 4436: 4118: 3929: 3894: 3754: 3729: 3710: 3593: 3562: 3528: 3176: 3164: 3027: 2981: 2874:). Early in the war the Confederacy controlled southern Missouri through the 2834: 2806: 2794: 2763: 2675: 2655: 2324: 2259: 2107: 2018: 271: 223: 205: 168: 114: 14307:

Bestor, Arthur (1964). "The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis".

13706: 13232:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

12556: 12128: 10743: 8595:

African Canadians in Union Blue: Volunteering for the Cause in the Civil War

7438: 7376: 6758:"Volume 4, pages 124–125: diary entries for May 23 (continued)–June 7, 1865" 5900:(1990) is well-remembered, though criticized for its historical inaccuracy. 5487: 5246: 2882:

counties organized the secession Russellville Convention, formed the shadow

2597:

Complicating Lincoln's attempts to defuse the crisis was Secretary of State

2541: 2250:(known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century 2045:

should be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more

18189: 17733: 17405: 17382: 17372: 17367: 16904: 16846: 16758: 16733: 16646: 16626: 16425: 16323: 14526: 14391: 13301: 13128: 12417: 12009: 11617: 9561: 9478:. Columbia, Missouri, and London, UK: University of Missouri Press, p. 95. 9328: 6993:

for primary sources, see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds.,

6823: 6328: 5941: 5513: 5448: 4992: 4372: 4337: 3773: 3665: 3470: 3359: 3297: 3228: 3102: 2973: 2855:, after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring Taney's ruling. 2620: 2577: 2354: 2171: 2163: 2046: 59: 14975: 12845:, Christopher H. Sterling (ed.) (New York: Arno Press, 1974) vol. 1 p. 63. 12386:

Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

11609: 10490: 10438: 9148: 8925:. Vol. 37, no. 5. American Seamen's Friend Society. p. 152. 8695: 8668: 7411: 5321: Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution 5004:

A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because, as

4351:

in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of

4183:

Small-scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control

3430:

further distracted the European powers and ensured they remained neutral.

3198: 18204: 18179: 18169: 18099: 16177: 15215: 15195: 14400: 12221: 11333: 10659:"Union / Victory! / Peace! / Surrender of General Lee and His Whole Army" 8887:"The Case of Dr. Walker, Only Woman to Win (and Lose) the Medal of Honor" 8312:

Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman

7537: 7228: 6936: 6177: 6077: 6004: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5673: 5258: 5254: 5166: 4660: 4455: 4364: 4285: 4200: 3823: 3784:(July 1863). This was the bloodiest battle and has been called the war's 3630: 3546:

and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. Units from the

3341: 3325: 3261: 3181: 3119: 3053: 2922: 2862:

on secession voted to remain in the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor

2842: 2830: 2632: 2616: 2064: 14891:

Nature's Civil War: Common Soldiers and the Environment in 1862 Virginia

14373: 13531:

Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment

13049: 10989:"Proclamation 128—Claiming Equality of Rights with All Maritime Nations" 7961: 7959: 7454: 7084: 5997:

discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer

5948:

firearms. The war saw the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and

5443:

At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War

2729: 2400: 18194: 18033: 18018: 17560: 16435: 16197: 15398: 15393: 14681: 14640: 14555:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859

14453: 14330: 14290:

The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion

13666: 13309: 13020:

Blair, William A. (2015). "Finding the Ending of America's Civil War".

12457:

Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War

12448: 11140: 8703: 7630:

A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War

6132: 6066: 5968: 5917: 5494: 5474: 4675: 4153: 3581: 3333: 3074: 3069: 2802: 2535: 2199: 2030: 893: 739: 12831:(Spring 1974). The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society: 51–53. 9198:

Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War

8863:

Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women

8254:"Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: 8226:"Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly, Maryland State Archives" 5300:

were captured during the war by the Union. The flags were sent to the

4711: 4636:, surrendered. Confederate president Davis was captured in retreat at 3512:

The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River.

3422:

as emperor. Washington repeatedly protested France's violation of the

2118:'s command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening 18089: 17978: 16824: 15007: 14837:

Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War

14483:

Vindicating Lincoln: defending the politics of our greatest president

14066:

Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays

11679: 9080: 8599: 7956: 5887: 5363: Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, January 1, 1863 5266: 5045: 4352: 4149: 3835: 3831: 3366: 3305: 3301: 3092: 3085: 2499:

garrison—was surrendered in February to state forces by its general,

2014: 17703: 14673: 14632: 14445: 14322: 13147:

The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A History of the South

12400:

Upheaval in Charleston: Earthquake and Murder on the Eve of Jim Crow

8929: 8788: 5393: Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, December 18, 1865 4617:, lost his nerve, so Johnson was immediately sworn in as president. 3709:. Lee led 45,000 troops of the Army of Northern Virginia across the 3524: 2166:

to freed slaves. The war is one of the most extensively studied and

18372: 18259: 18229: 17953: 16829: 14399:

Gara, Larry (1964). "The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox". In

11791:"The Battle of Gettysburg & the History of the Civil War Horse" 11321: 10222:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War

9177:

Surdam, David G. (1998). "The Union Navy's blockade reconsidered".

7850: 7556: 6708:, p. 445. "and on May 26 he surrendered and the war was over" 5953: 5498: 5369: Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 4656: 4106: 4098: 3846: 3416: 3308:, "You do what's right, my son, or I'll blow you out of the water." 2810: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2607: 14152:

Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War

14042:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Pierpaoli, Paul G.; White, William E. (2010).

13879:

Nolan, Alan T. (2000). Gallagher, Gary W.; Nolan, Alan T. (eds.).

13590:

Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913

11239:

The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition

10477:

Neely, Mark E. (December 2004). "Was the Civil War a Total War?".

7597: 7595: 6839:

as a U.S. circuit judge or as a Supreme Court justice in chambers.

5924:, was first used. It saw the first action involving steam-powered 5183:

110,070 were killed in action (67,000) or died of wounds (43,000).

3506:

McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond.

3465:

The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the

41: 14740:

Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War

12274: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11718:"When Necessity Meets Ingenuity: Art of Restoring What's Missing" 7654:"Ordinances of Secession of the 13 Confederate States of America" 7568: 5699:

Even the name used for the conflict has been controversial, with

3819: 3811: 3761:, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the 3159: 3137:

to prevent its capture, while the Union built many copies of the

2034: 15001: 14786:. Vol. 1. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 12843:

The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States

11899: 11897: 11116:"Withdrawal of British Restrictions Upon American Naval Vessels" 9968: 9966: 9588: 9586: 8314:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 38–39. 7941:

Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.

5213:

Regular Army troops died, 21 percent of US Colored Troops died.

4699:, surrendered the cruiser to British authorities on November 6. 3365:, which began when U.S. Navy personnel boarded the British ship 17899:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

17627:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

14989: 14225:"Colorblindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War" 13485:

Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J. (2002).

13364:

The Civil War: A Narrative. Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville

13193:] (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Altınordu Yayınları Press. 8800: 7592: 7334:"The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States. Primary Sources" 5685: 5375: Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War 5286: 4595: 4276:

In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander

4156:

forces to expel the Missouri Confederate forces and government.

3951:, considered their finest general before the emergence of Lee. 14106:

A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865

13794:

Murray, Williamson; Bernstein, Alvin; Knox, MacGregor (1996).

12086:

Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion

11853: 9848:. Washington, DC: Center of Military History. pp. 58–72. 7186: 3954: 3358:

War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the

2817:

on June 20, 1863, though half its counties were secessionist.

14196:

The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research

11980: 11978: 11963: 11894: 11480: 11407: 11195: 10669: 10639: 10627: 10615: 10603: 10591: 10579: 10555: 10178: 10128: 10060: 10048: 9987: 9963: 9895: 9810: 9718: 9663: 9651: 9639: 9598: 9583: 9571: 9382:

Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain

9280: 5278: 4663:

became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces.

3889:

The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the

3610:

by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A

3534:

The primary Confederate force in the Eastern theater was the

15349: 14877:

Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences

13678:

All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies

13507:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776

13421: 12758:"Debate over Ken Burns Civil War doc continues over decades" 11128:(11). New York: American News Company: 172. November 4, 1865 11021:"Proclamation 132—Ordering the Arrest of Insurgent Cruisers" 10871:. American Battlefield Trust. April 17, 2009. Archived from 10199:

Third War: Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861–1865

9309: 9307: 9104: 8276: 8182: 8124: 7918: 7894: 7580: 6711: 4728:

second-class citizenship of the freedmen and their poverty.

3998:, Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river. 3296:

magazine in London ridicules American aggressiveness in the

3219:

in Britain, becoming the Confederacy's main source of arms.

3032:

and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.

14654:

Provides short biographies and historiographical summaries.

14025:

Out of the Storm: The End of the Civil War, April–June 1865

13450:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company. 12262: 11041:

The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights".

11009:

The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights."

9926: 8996: 8994: 8078: 8076: 6741:

The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection.

5290: 5282: 4574:

Lee did not intend to surrender, but planned to regroup at

4458:

in a series of battles, including a decisive defeat at the

2851:). Federal troops imprisoned a Baltimore newspaper editor, 14763:

Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859

14589:

War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865

14561:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861

14539:

Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852

14269: 13841:

Justice in Blue and Gray: A Legal History of the Civil War

11975: 11375: 10301: 9476:

Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914

8771:

Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy

8248: 8246: 4739:, who had wanted a negotiated peace with the Confederacy. 4490:, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the 4160:

The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the

3509:

Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee.

2134:. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month 14823:

Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh

14407:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (published 1970). 13821:

Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties

13385:

Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh

12478: 12359:(Greenwood, 1991) covers all the main events and leaders. 11909: 11643: 11164: 11152: 11096:(48). New York: American News Company: 763. July 22, 1865 11064:(44). New York: American News Company: 695. June 24, 1865 10954: 10567: 10031:

The Civil War in Kentucky: Battle for the Bluegrass State

9822: 9543: 9304: 9116: 5891: 5827:

Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

5176:

during the War. An estimated 60,000 soldiers lost limbs.

4643:

The final land battle was fought on May 13, 1865, at the

3893:. The army was formed on November 20, 1862, when General 14430:(1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War". 14286:

Influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is

13089:

Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65

10837: 10728:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 188–189. 10034:. Mason City, IA: Savas Publishing Company. p. 95. 9268: 9025:

Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose,

8991: 8434: 8194: 8170: 8136: 8112: 8100: 8088: 8073: 8061: 8049: 8037: 7944: 7906: 7810: 7470: 7211:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

5774:, built in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. 5387: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865 5381: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864 5357: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862 5351: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861 4363:

were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond, General

3614:

under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the

14854:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

14844:

Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–65

14783:

The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations

14765:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 13738:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

12956:

By Sea and By River: The naval history of the Civil War

12587: 12575: 11745:

Herbert Aptheker, "Negro Casualties in the Civil War",

11655: 11639:

The Cost of War: Killed, Wounded, Captured, and Missing

11435:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 57. 11357: 9514: 9497:"Eastern Theater of the Civil War – Legends of America" 9456: 9451:

The Last Emperor of Mexico: A Disaster in the New World

9362: 9338: 9292: 9068: 8403:"A State of Convenience, The Creation of West Virginia" 8243: 7792: 6970:

Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861.

2303:

Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were

2178:. Of particular interest is the persisting myth of the 14996:

Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College

11458:"Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days" 10801: 10251: 10166: 10154: 10115:

Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy

9056: 9032: 8812: 8556: 8471: 8405:. West Virginia Archives & History. Archived from 6947:

argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and

4047:

The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the

4040:

that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the

3396:

three times when deciding what his decision would be.

3347:, which caused considerable damage and led to serious 2576:

On March 4, Lincoln was sworn in as president. In his

2478:

followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.

2413: Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861 468: 14970:

Statements of each state as to why they were seceding

14002:

The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy

13343:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

12888: 12723:"Civil War Battlefields Lose Ground as Tourist Draws" 10376:"Second Battle of Fort Wagner | Summary | Britannica" 10081:"The Vicksburg Campaign: A Study In Joint Operations" 9256: 9044: 8979: 8446: 7831: 6995:

Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home

5316:

Abolition of slavery in the various states over time:

5086:

Casualties according to the US National Park Service

2419: Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861 14573:

War for the Union: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863

14423:, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 1964, pp. 229–240). 14041: 13800:. Cabmbridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 13472:. Vol. II. Hartford: O. D. Case & Company. 12398:

Williams, Susan Millar; Hoffius, Stephen G. (2011).

12145:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022, ch. 3. 11870: 11541:"The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite" 11345: 10968: 10849: 10825: 10789: 10750: 8935: 8794: 8749: 7176:"U.S. Military Casualties: Principal Wars 1775–1991" 6835:

Historians disagree as to whether Roger Taney heard

6520: 3561:

When Virginia declared its secession in April 1861,

3141:. The Confederacy's efforts to obtain warships from 2377:

a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation:

2218:

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

178: 14486:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 13793: 13484: 11686: 11510: 11339: 11327: 11146: 11052:"Withdrawal of Belligerent Rights by Great Britain" 10078: 9736: 9401:

The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861

9350: 9092: 8297:

Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union

8206: 7740:"Confederate States of America – Georgia Secession" 7326: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 6743:New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001, pp. 313–314 5245:. With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels, 4300:commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid 4084:

Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War

3515:

The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas.

3469:, including Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and 14953:is available for free viewing and download at the 14715: 14648:Ritter, Charles F.; Wakelyn, Jon L., eds. (1998). 14508:This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War 14505: 14178:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 13889: 13887: 13675: 13534:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 13424:The American Civil War: This Mighty Scourge of War 12618: 12473:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 12337: 12295:"The Worth of Black Men, From Slavery to Ferguson" 12018:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 11990: 11492: 10813: 10676: 10346:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 110. 8865:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. pp. 474–475. 8650:"The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion" 8647: 7965: 7877:"Abraham Lincoln imposes first federal income tax" 7574: 7562: 7285: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7109: 7057:"Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War" 6636: 5783:Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park 4508: 3861:The primary Union forces in this theater were the 3101:, which was not successful, and with the ironclad 2601:, who had been Lincoln's rival for the Republican 13765:Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society 13315:Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War 13110:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 12823:Dome, Steam (1974). "A Civil War Iron Clad Car". 12720: 11012: 10980: 10651: 10150:. American Battlefield Trust. September 17, 2014. 8767: 8636:One Million Men: the Civil War draft in the North 7464: 6434:The History Channel: Civil War – A Nation Divided 4036:Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex 3477:, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of 2494:, whose term ended on March 4. Buchanan said the 2276:had admitted new states into the Union in pairs, 18395: 17313:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 14802: 14567:War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862 14549:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 13881:The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History 13551:The Last Battle of the Civil War: Palmetto Ranch 13248:. Vol. 3. New York: Harper & Brothers. 13106: 12941:Bibliography of American Civil War naval history 12336:. March 31, 2011. pp. 23–25. Archived from 12167:Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864. 11840:"Returned Flags Booklet, 1905 | A State Divided" 11538: 11284:One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895 10507:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant; Selected Letters 10453:"War in the West · Civil War · Digital Exhibits" 9688:, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2021. 7214:. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 507–508. 7192: 7161: 4715:Map of Confederate territory losses year by year 4647:in Texas. On May 26, 1865, Confederate Lt. Gen. 4221:Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War 4121:'s command of troops in Arkansas and Louisiana, 3847:Army of the Tennessee and Army of the Cumberland 3679:and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the 2718: 14737:Thornton, Mark; Ekelund, Robert Burton (2004). 14736: 14583:War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864 13888:Potter, David M.; Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1976). 13797:The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War 13699:The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 13382:Frank, Joseph Allan; Reaves, George A. (2003). 13170:The Rise And Fall Of The Confederate Government 12397: 12097: 12088:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014, p. 401. 12049:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017, p. 226. 11695:"U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands" 11539:Dupont, Brandon; Rosenbloom, Joshua L. (2018). 11181: 11179: 10986: 10219: 10196: 9392: 9390: 9231: 8774:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–73. 8431:, University of Pittsburgh Press, map on p. 49. 8336:. Vol. 80, no. 2. p. 391, n. 2. 8260:. Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from 7223: 7221: 7121: 6051:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government 4743:Comparison of Union and Confederacy, 1860–1864 4613:, was unharmed, because his would-be assassin, 4598:, and a chain of Confederate surrenders began. 4325:Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War 2751: Union territories not permitting slavery 2086:, the Union made permanent gains—though in the 17137:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 14356: 13995: 13914:The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction 13172:. Vol. II. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 12562: 11277: 11084:"England and the Termination of the Rebellion" 11018: 10685:. Savannah, GA. April 16, 1865. pp. 1, 4. 10009:. American Battlefield Trust. January 31, 2013 9993: 8836:Women In Military Service For America Memorial 8395: 8023:. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. p. 27. 7101:. United States War Dept. 1900. Archived from 6805:Appomattox is referred to symbolically as the 6598:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 5963: 5220:An illustration of the war dead following the 4706: 2550:President of the Confederate States of America 2009:(April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by 17884: 17689: 15023: 14722:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14647: 14602:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14512:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13824:. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press. 13771:. Southern Jewish Historical Society: 41–79. 13741:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13720:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13524: 13510:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13318:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13113:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 12807: 12280: 9875: 9873: 9701:Generals in Blue and Gray: Lincoln's Generals 8832:"Highlights in the History of Military Women" 8718:Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 7811:President James Buchanan (December 3, 1860). 7356: 7354: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7143:. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. 6062:The Private History of a Campaign That Failed 5903: 4465: 4431: 4203:, the last Confederate general to surrender. 3407:as long as the Confederacy controlled Texas, 2916:Military leadership in the American Civil War 2687:to take the fort before supplies reached it. 2588:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 1986: 454: 104:(4 years, 1 month and 2 weeks) 14688: 14479: 13593:. Wilmington, DE: Rowman & Littlefield. 13570:Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory 13388:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. 12973: 12698:. American Battlefield Trust. Archived from 12648:"Hazen's Monument a rare, historic treasure" 12442: 12292: 12268: 12076:Lincoln's letter was published first in the 11811: 11455: 11403:on March 23, 2014 – via History Today. 11176: 10928:. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers, 2013. 10892:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 68. 10768: 10712:Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox 9387: 9324: 9322: 8732:"A Prussian Observes the American Civil War" 7937: 7935: 7933: 7827:– via The American Presidency Project. 7607:Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints 7397: 7235:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 7218: 6546:Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War 5630: 5420: 5273:It is estimated that during the war, of the 4386: 4077: 3519: 3461:map of Civil War battles by theater and year 14821:Frank, Joseph Allan, and George A. Reaves. 14695:. 2-Volume Set. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. 14342:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 14292:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 14274:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 13843:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13381: 12462: 11692: 11231: 10282: 9932: 9916:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 8729: 8710: 7140:Regimental losses in the American Civil War 6551:African Americans in the American Civil War 5741:American Civil War battlefield preservation 5734: 4001:Bragg's second invasion of Kentucky in the 3671:Johnston halted McClellan's advance at the 2280:. This had kept a sectional balance in the 2059:, who opposed slavery's expansion, won the 2029:("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by 18348:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 18333:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 17891: 17877: 17696: 17682: 15030: 15016: 14886:(University of South Carolina Press, 1988) 14426: 14405:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction 14252:A Religious History of the American People 13966: 13755: 13632:The American Civil War: A Military History 13107:Chambers, John W.; Anderson, Fred (1999). 13003:. Vol. 54, no. 1. Archived from 12910:A History of American Civil War Literature 12737: 12320: 12016:, pp. 52–54; also in McPherson, James M., 11462:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 11449: 10769:Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (2016). 9870: 9846:The Civil War in the Western Theater, 1862 9474:Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie, eds. 9210: 9110: 8860: 8545: 8458: 8421: 7984:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 7535: 7351: 7272: 7021:; their volunteering fell off after 1862." 6911: 6693: 6576:Native Americans in the American Civil War 6556:German Americans in the American Civil War 5192:9,058 were killed by accidents or drowning 4249:One of the earliest battles was fought at 3194:Blockade runners of the American Civil War 3013:Women in the military § United States 2935:Economic history of the American Civil War 2659:The Battle of Fort Sumter, as depicted by 2075:after the war began and, led by President 1993: 1979: 461: 447: 14500: 14460: 14337: 14192: 14109:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 14069:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14062: 13931: 13734: 13713: 13184: 13028:(5). Oxford University Press: 1753–1766. 12974:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2004). 12906: 12784:"Why We Need a New Civil War Documentary" 12645: 12484: 12293:Rhodes-Pitts, Sharifa (October 9, 2014). 12246: 12034:Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths 11969: 11915: 11903: 11864: 11739: 11661: 11649: 11486: 11425: 11413: 11287:. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 111. 11207: 11201: 11170: 11158: 10645: 10633: 10621: 10609: 10597: 10585: 10573: 10561: 10534: 10425: 10184: 10134: 10066: 10054: 9972: 9901: 9828: 9816: 9724: 9669: 9657: 9645: 9604: 9592: 9577: 9555: 9319: 9313: 9286: 9274: 8923:The Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend 8440: 8299:. University Press of Kansas. p. 71. 8282: 8188: 8176: 8142: 8130: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8082: 8067: 8055: 8043: 7950: 7930: 7924: 7912: 7900: 7798: 7586: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 6980:was largely antislavery especially among 6902: 6699: 6566:Irish Americans in the American Civil War 6003:in March 1865. It currently hangs in the 4214: 3806:Western theater of the American Civil War 3648:, the Civil War's deadliest one-day fight 3450:Eastern theater of the American Civil War 3280:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 2174:. It remains the subject of cultural and 2055:over slavery were brought to a head when 348:25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons 15226:Treatment of slaves in the United States 14287: 14255:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 14248: 13957: 13717:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 13572:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 13407:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 13293:A compendium of the War of the Rebellion 13267: 13092:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 12980:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 12952: 12432:"Presidents Who Were Civil War Veterans" 11511:Fergus M. Bordewich (February 6, 2015). 10843: 10726:April 1865: the month that saved America 10117:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019. 9913: 9740:Stonewall Jackson's 1862 Valley Campaign 9520: 9086: 9000: 8622: 8546:Nicolay, John George; Hay, John (1890). 8382: 8340:from the original on September 27, 2022. 8256:Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861 8016: 7477:. Oxford University Press. p. 184. 7180:Defence Casuality Analysis System (DCAS) 7014: 6426:Forge of Freedom: The American Civil War 6073:Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South 6022:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 5967: 5932:such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle, 5744: 5549: 5311: 5215: 4710: 4435: 4336: 4318: 4238: 4140: 3953: 3850: 3734: 3639: 3523: 3453: 3287: 3197: 3158: 3047: 2943:Rioters attacking a building during the 2938: 2728: 2654: 2638: 2580:, he argued that the Constitution was a 2540: 2399: 2349: 2346:1860 United States presidential election 2150:. Lincoln lived to see this victory but 2138:, gateway to the Confederate capital of 380: 335: 16969:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 15141:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 14657: 14123: 14102: 14019: 13910: 13789:. The North Carolina Historical Review. 13673: 13567: 13503: 13462: 13143: 13133:The Centennial History of the Civil War 13066:. US Army, Center of Military History. 13056: 12854: 12808:Bailey, Thomas; Kennedy, David (1987). 12496: 12357:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction 11760:"American Civil War Fortifications (2)" 11715: 11709: 11523:from the original on February 21, 2017. 11363: 11299:"U.S. Railroad Construction, 1860–1880" 10912: 10807: 10695: 10431:Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast! 10341: 9839: 9837: 9532: 9462: 9298: 9074: 9062: 8818: 8806: 8681: 8628: 8562: 8532:from the original on October 17, 2012. 8468:, History Press, Charleston, SC, p. 28. 8452: 8324: 7837: 7632:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. 7546:from the original on December 4, 2011. 7302:from the original on September 25, 2011 7284:Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011). 7203: 7201: 7063:from the original on January 30, 2016. 6893: 6883: 6653: 5823:Commemoration of the American Civil War 5477:, but were not legally freed until the 5189:24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 5051:One in thirteen veterans were amputees. 4332: 3017:Gender issues in the American Civil War 2759:Border Union states, permitting slavery 2431: Union states that banned slavery 526:This article is part of a series on the 345:230,000+ died from accidents or disease 27:1861–1865 conflict in the United States 14: 18396: 16954:Modern display of the Confederate flag 15037: 14976:National Park Service Civil War Places 14718:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink 14710: 14616: 14368:. New York: Fordham University Press. 14306: 14235:from the original on January 19, 2018. 14173: 14155:. University of South Carolina Press. 13857: 13782: 13652: 13628: 13611:Historical Dictionary of the Civil War 13402: 13296:. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co. 13238: 13207: 13127: 13085: 12937:Bibliography of the American Civil War 12894: 12219: 11984: 11927: 11667: 11595: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11390: 11250: 11031:from the original on November 16, 2022 10999:from the original on November 16, 2022 10939: 10885: 10307: 10269: 10257: 10172: 9843: 9763: 9195: 9176: 9050: 9038: 9027:The Confederate Submarine H. L. Hunley 8985: 8947: 8913: 8755: 8489: 8369: 8350: 8294: 7977: 7819:from the original on December 20, 2008 7690:from the original on February 20, 2019 7491:from the original on September 5, 2015 7424: 7283: 7207: 7070: 6987: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6955:before this plan could be implemented. 6868: 6731: 6729: 6705: 6659: 6614: 6612: 5793:in Sharpsburg, Maryland, in 1890. The 5608:and legal segregation was ushered in. 5063:Remains of both sides were reinterred. 4494:, effectively destroying Hood's army. 4284:, which guarded the river approach to 3772:Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. 3558:was merged into it on April 12, 1862. 3489: 3091:The Confederacy experimented with the 2384: 384: 339: 17872: 17677: 17172: 16561: 16125: 15348: 15151:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 15049: 15011: 14924:West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles 14832:. (Kent State University Press, 1972) 14779: 14757: 14595: 14465:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14222: 14086:The Civil War: An Illustrated History 14027:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 13981: 13878: 13814: 13778:from the original on October 9, 2022. 13607: 13586: 13553:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 13528:; Gabbard, Sara Vaughn, eds. (2007). 13440: 13360: 13339: 13308: 13272:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. 13229: 13164: 13019: 12994: 12945: 12747:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2008). 12593: 12581: 12459:(University of North Carolina Press). 12228:from the original on October 16, 2007 11996: 11888: 11876: 11498: 10945: 10723: 10538:Petersburg 1864–65: The Longest Siege 10503: 10476: 10399: 10224:. New York: Oxford University Press. 10160: 10027: 9770:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 287. 9697: 9549: 9368: 9356: 9344: 9262: 9200:. University of South Carolina Press. 9134: 9122: 8574: 8477: 8309: 8212: 8200: 7720:from the original on October 10, 2014 7627: 7360: 7320: 7257: 7000: 6717: 6677: 6671: 6665: 5725:"virulent racism" of the 19th century 4131:Military Division of West Mississippi 4029:in Tennessee, the culmination of the 3780:, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the 3576:On July 4 at Harper's Ferry, Colonel 3108:, rebuilt from the sunken Union ship 3036:, the only woman ever to receive the 2651:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2339: 2319:, Southern and Northern nationalism, 2182:. The war was among the first to use 442: 18474:Rebellions against the United States 18328:Timeline of U.S. military operations 14398: 14148: 14083: 13838: 13696: 13548: 13286: 12995:Baker, Kevin (February–March 2003). 12822: 12605:Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, 11828:– via Perseus Digital Library. 11351: 11255:. Simon & Schuster. p. 27. 10974: 10855: 10831: 10819: 10795: 10756: 10331:from the original on March 27, 2022. 10288: 10238: 9834: 9704:. Stackpole Books. pp. 237–38. 9164: 9098: 8591: 8354:Fourteen Months in American Bastiles 7804: 7780:from the original on August 11, 2011 7227: 7198: 7115: 7033:In late March 1864 Lincoln met with 6877: 6753:The Diary of George Templeton Strong 6683: 6040:Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War 5864:and 150th anniversaries of the war. 5520:added support for the proclamation. 4723:, reasons for its outcome, and even 4536:Conclusion of the American Civil War 4412:, the Confederates lost Jeb Stuart. 3884: 2805:and others in the Confederate Army. 2238:was the principal aim of the eleven 2102:split the Confederacy in two at the 17308:Committee on the Conduct of the War 16984:United Daughters of the Confederacy 13346:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 12900: 12781: 11956:, "The economics of emancipation." 11527: 11393:"Why was the Confederacy Defeated?" 8961:"American Civil War: The naval war" 7843: 7136: 6958: 6726: 6609: 6561:Hispanics in the American Civil War 6378:The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down 5339: The Missouri Compromise, 1821 5327: The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 4066:, which Bragg then besieged in the 4005:included initial successes such as 3274:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 3187: 2974:city's Democratic political machine 2528:slavery in the District of Columbia 2514:, a transcontinental railroad, the 2389: 2114:. Western successes led to General 390:26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons 24: 17378:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 17173: 16717:impeachment managers investigation 15096:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 14689:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (April 2014). 14241: 13974:A Chronicle of the Embattled South 13215:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12959:. United Kingdom: Hachette Books. 12721:Cameron McWhirter (May 25, 2019). 12551:, Belknap Press, pp. 385–98, 11818:Southern Historical Society Papers 11309:from the original on June 11, 2016 10987:Abraham Lincoln (April 11, 1865). 10007:"10 Facts: The Vicksburg Campaign" 9743:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 93. 9533:Freeman, Douglas Southall (1934). 9453:. London: Faber & Faber, 2022. 8936:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010 8795:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010 7978:Harris, William C. (Winter 2000). 7750:from the original on July 14, 2011 6571:Italian Americans in the Civil War 6450:History Civil War: Secret Missions 5842:Grand Army of the Republic (Union) 4666:On June 19, 1865, Union Maj. Gen. 4424:, where the two armies engaged in 3799: 3794:high-water mark of the Confederacy 3443: 3234: 3204:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron 2912:List of American Civil War battles 2884:Confederate Government of Kentucky 2876:Confederate government of Missouri 2725:Border states (American Civil War) 936: Modern Era 25: 18495: 18085:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 16803:Reconstruction military districts 15251:Abolitionism in the United States 15206:Plantations in the American South 15121:Origins of the American Civil War 14917: 14692:A Companion to the U.S. Civil War 14366:New Perspectives on the Union War 13967:Stephenson, Nathaniel W. (1919). 13783:Murray, Robert B. (Autumn 1967). 13245:History of the American Civil War 13185:Dinçaslan, M. Bahadırhan (2022). 13073:from the original on May 26, 2022 12858:Air Power in the Age of Total War 12607:The Rise of American Civilization 12549:Harvard Guide to American History 12503:. UNC Press Books. pp. 5–6. 12370:A Short History of Reconstruction 12178:"Lincoln Lore – Albert G. Hodges" 12078:Washington National Intelligencer 11814:"1.37: Confederate States' flags" 11749:, Vol. 32, No. 1. (January 1947). 11716:Riordan, Teresa (March 8, 2004). 11340:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002 11328:Murray, Bernstein & Knox 1996 11147:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002 10088:Parameters: U.S. Army War College 6593:Outline of the American Civil War 6418:American Conquest: Divided Nation 6084:An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 5803:Gettysburg National Military Park 5729:The Rise of American Civilization 5539: 4580:village of Appomattox Court House 4529: 3540:(Confederate) Army of the Potomac 3284:France and the American Civil War 3202:Gunline of nine Union ironclads. 3148: 3125:, arrived to challenge it in the 2952:U.S. Congress responded in kind. 2560:was proposed to re-establish the 2230:Abolitionism in the United States 2212:Origins of the American Civil War 2154:on April 14, dying the next day. 2110:'s incursion north failed at the 18479:Wars involving the United States 17657: 17648: 17647: 16786:Enforcement Act of February 1871 16759:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 14942:Civil War Photographs Collection 14856:(Oxford University Press, 1997) 14828:Hesseltine, William Best (ed.). 14480:Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). 14272:Why the South Lost the Civil War 14199:. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press. 14132:Louisiana State University Press 14045:The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia 12875: 12848: 12835: 12816: 12801: 12775: 12750: 12714: 12688: 12679: 12670: 12639: 12625:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 304. 12612: 12599: 12517: 12490: 12424: 12391: 12375: 12362: 12346: 12286: 12240: 12213: 12195: 12170: 12161: 12148: 12135: 12091: 12070: 12052: 12047:Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary 12039: 12023: 12002: 11947: 11921: 11832: 11805: 11783: 11780:, Oxford University Press, 2012. 11770: 11752: 11632: 11589: 11563: 11545:Explorations in Economic History 11504: 11419: 11399:. pp. 15–20. Archived from 11384: 11378:Why the South Lost the Civil War 11369: 11291: 11271: 11244: 11108: 11076: 11044: 10918: 10906: 10879: 10861: 10762: 10717: 10704: 10689: 10541:. Osprey Publishing. p. 6. 10528: 10497: 10470: 10445: 10419: 10393: 10368: 10335: 10313: 10263: 10232: 10213: 10190: 10140: 10105: 10072: 10021: 9999: 9978: 9938: 9907: 9784: 9757: 9730: 9691: 9675: 9610: 9526: 9489: 9468: 9428: 9406: 9374: 9225: 9204: 9189: 9170: 9128: 9019: 9006: 8953: 8919:"Secretary of the Navy's Report" 8907: 8879: 8854: 8824: 8575:Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909). 7027: 6929: 6920: 6859: 6842: 6523: 5849: 5835: 5816: 5807:Vicksburg National Military Park 5662: 5639: 5486: 5463: 5289:and even confiscated children's 5068: 5056: 5044: 4995:expressed this view succinctly: 4560: 4544: 3213:S. Isaac, Campbell & Company 3043: 2820:Maryland's territory surrounded 2144:Battle of Appomattox Court House 1961: 1952: 1951: 1913: 1912: 543: 275: 265: 257: 247: 222: 204: 180: 167: 40: 18429:Civil wars in the United States 17571:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 17433:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 16994:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 14223:Downs, James (April 13, 2012). 14103:Weigley, Frank Russell (2004). 14048:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 13943:Civil War Centennial Commission 13892:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 13489:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 13426:. New York: Osprey Publishing. 12930: 12402:. University of Georgia Press. 12158:, Arcadia Publishing, 2001, 10. 11958:The Journal of Economic History 11928:Cathey, Libby (June 17, 2021). 11025:The American Presidency Project 11019:Andrew Johnson (May 10, 1865). 10993:The American Presidency Project 10457:digitalexhibits.wsulibs.wsu.edu 9240:University Press of Mississippi 8761: 8730:Ryan Nadeau (January 5, 2015). 8723: 8675: 8641: 8585: 8568: 8552:. Century Company. p. 264. 8539: 8508: 8495: 8483: 8466:West Virginia and the Civil War 8344: 8318: 8303: 8288: 8218: 8010: 7971: 7869: 7762: 7732: 7702: 7672: 7646: 7621: 7529: 7516: 7503: 7418: 7391: 7314: 7263: 7251: 7233:"Statistics on the War's Costs" 6829: 6816: 6799: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6633:United States Department of War 6364:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6321:Music of the American Civil War 5554:Through the supervision of the 5307: 5076:Andersonville National Cemetery 4509:The Waterloo of the Confederacy 4225: 4195:was the decisive battle of the 4088: 4003:Confederate Heartland Offensive 3841: 3763:Second Battle of Fredericksburg 3724:. Burnside was defeated at the 2998:American Civil War prison camps 2928: 2503:, who joined the Confederacy. 2039:central conflict leading to war 18363:List of anti-war organizations 16674:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 14596:Olsen, Christopher J. (2002). 14215: 13999:; Clipson, William J. (2001). 13896:. New York: Harper & Row. 13701:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 13674:Leonard, Elizabeth D. (1999). 13447:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant 13022:The American Historical Review 12913:. Cambridge University Press. 12436:Essential Civil War Curriculum 11849:– via PBS LearningMedia. 11673:Richard Wightman Fox (2008). " 10510:. Library of America. p. 10028:Brown, Kent Masterson (2000). 7966:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7575:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7563:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7091: 7049: 6635:. May 29, 1865. Archived from 6458:Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood 6385: 6218:The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 5981:portrays, from left to right, 4684:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell 4582:, they were surrounded. After 4501:". He reached the Atlantic at 4296:The following year, the Union 4051:. After Rosecrans' successful 3982:In April 1862, the Union Navy 2889:After Virginia's secession, a 2366:during the winter of 1860–61. 135: 102:April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865 13: 1: 18469:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 18275:War against the Islamic State 17705:International response to the 17089:Ladies' Memorial Associations 16791:Enforcement Act of April 1871 16687:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 16562: 14803:Soldier life: North and South 14461:Johannsen, Robert W. (1973). 14288:Beringer, Richard E. (1988). 14193:Woodworth, Steven E. (1996). 14088:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13635:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13139:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 12977:Encyclopedia of Black Studies 12861:. Routledge. pp. 6, 24. 7471:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). 7043: 7009:a major riot in New York City 6976:, p. . "Sentiment among 6482:AGEOD's American Civil War II 6014: 5795:Shiloh National Military Park 5791:Antietam National Battlefield 5713:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 5706: 5137:(inc those who died as POWs) 5035: 4148:secured docks and arsenal in 4101:, most of Louisiana, and the 3538:. The Army originated as the 3484: 3377:issue diplomatic instructions 2719:Attitude of the border states 2488:Confederate States of America 2248:Confederate States of America 2180:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 429:616,222–1,000,000+ total dead 151:Confederate States of America 58:officers under Union captain 17222:Confederate revolving cannon 16964:Sons of Confederate Veterans 16835:South Carolina riots of 1876 16813:Indian Council at Fort Smith 16764:South Carolina riots of 1876 16729:Knights of the White Camelia 15221:Slavery in the United States 14981:Civil War Battlefield Places 14867:What This Cruel War Was Over 14743:. Wilmington, DE: SR Books. 14249:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (1972). 14229:Oxford University Press blog 13911:Richter, William L. (2009). 13735:McPherson, James M. (1997). 13714:McPherson, James M. (1988). 13568:Johnson, Timothy D. (1998). 13268:Dunkerly, Robert M. (2015). 13187:Amerikan İç Savaşı El Kitabı 12646:Mike West (April 27, 2007). 12619:Richard Hofstadter (2012) . 12252:"A War that Never Goes Away" 11747:The Journal of Negro History 11693:Yancey Hall (July 1, 2003). 10886:Morris, John Wesley (1977). 10665:. April 10, 1865. p. 1. 10148:"Sherman's March to the Sea" 10079:Ronald Scott Mangum (1991). 9883:. American Battlefield Trust 9737:Jonathan A. Noyalas (2010). 9211:David Keys (June 24, 2014). 9089:, pp. 288–289, 296–298. 7193:Chambers & Anderson 1999 6811:Trans-Mississippi Department 6490:Ultimate General: Gettysburg 6474:Victoria II: A House Divided 6035:, famous eulogies to Lincoln 5979:George Peter Alexander Healy 5938:Triplett & Scott carbine 5205:United States Colored Troops 4653:Trans-Mississippi Department 4391:Grant's army set out on the 4369:attack the Shenandoah Valley 4282:Forts Jackson and St. Philip 4259:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 4234: 4136: 3992:Memphis fell to Union forces 3962:, the highest two-day losses 3904: 3869:, named for the two rivers, 3826:, North Carolina, Kentucky, 3792:on July 3 is considered the 3778:second invasion of the North 3428:Polish revolt against Russia 3267: 2991: 2833:and unilaterally suspending 2442:Lincoln's election provoked 2226:Slavery in the United States 2222:Slave states and free states 2106:, while Confederate General 2098:. The successful 1863 Union 1411:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 17576:New York City riots of 1863 17401:Battle Hymn of the Republic 17152:United Confederate Veterans 16989:Children of the Confederacy 16979:United Confederate Veterans 16974:Southern Historical Society 16126: 15606:Price's Missouri Expedition 15076:Timeline leading to the War 15050: 14842:Livermore, Thomas Leonard. 14661:Journal of Southern History 14338:Gallagher, Gary W. (2011). 13917:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 13864:. New York: HarperCollins. 13655:Journal of Military History 13504:Herring, George C. (2011). 13367:. New York: Vintage Books. 13191:American Civil War Handbook 13144:Coulter, E. Merton (1950). 12907:Hutchison, Coleman (2015). 12258:. Vol. 41, no. 2. 12154:Pulling, Sr. Anne Frances, 11468:(1). University of Illinois 11251:Martis, Kenneth C. (1994). 10696:Simpson, Brooks D. (1991). 9844:Bowery, Charles R. (2014). 9333:War for the Union 1862–1863 8648:Judith Lee Hallock (1983). 8581:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 8427:Curry, Richard Orr (1964), 8310:White, Jonathan W. (2011). 8295:Harris, William C. (2011). 7364:Journal of American History 7208:Rhodes, James Ford (1893). 6850:Battle of Columbus, Georgia 6541:American Civil War by state 6514: 6498:Ultimate General: Civil War 6343:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6245:(miniseries; 1985–1994, US) 6146:, fictionalized account of 5964:In works of culture and art 5856:United Confederate Veterans 5797:was established in 1894 in 5195:15,741 other/unknown deaths 4707:Union victory and aftermath 4601:On April 14, 1865, Lincoln 4480:Franklin–Nashville Campaign 4263:54th Massachusetts Infantry 3616:Virginia Military Institute 3292:A December 1861 cartoon in 3129:. The resulting three-hour 2359:Portrait of Abraham Lincoln 2327:, and modernization in the 2041:was a dispute over whether 10: 18500: 18459:1860s in the United States 18265:War in North-West Pakistan 18115:Second Sumatran expedition 18080:American Revolutionary War 17544:Confederate Secret Service 17132:Grand Army of the Republic 17024:Grand Army of the Republic 16842:Southern Claims Commission 14990:American Battlefield Trust 14965:Cornell University Library 14944:at the Library of Congress 14846:(Houghton, Mifflin, 1900) 14780:Weeks, William E. (2013). 14620:American Historical Review 14433:American Historical Review 14310:American Historical Review 14127:The Civil War in Louisiana 14084:Ward, Geoffrey R. (1990). 13991:. Doubleday & Company. 13970:The Day of the Confederacy 13403:Fuller, Howard J. (2008). 13086:Canney, Donald L. (1998). 13001:American Heritage Magazine 12934: 12256:American Heritage Magazine 12156:Altoona: Images of America 12014:Lincoln, the War President 11456:Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). 10504:Grant, Ulysses S. (1990). 10342:Symonds, Craig L. (2012). 10094:(3): 74–86. Archived from 9994:Symonds & Clipson 2001 9767:Robert E. Lee: A Biography 8967:. Encyclopaedia Britannica 8861:Pennington, Reina (2003). 8768:Roger Pickenpaugh (2013). 8549:Abraham Lincoln: A History 8020:What Caused the Civil War? 7338:American Battlefield Trust 6442:AGEOD's American Civil War 6318: 6148:Sherman's March to the Sea 5928:in naval warfare history. 5904:Technological significance 5820: 5811:American Battlefield Trust 5762:surviving monument is the 5738: 5710: 5651:Grand Army of the Republic 5543: 5424: 4533: 4466:Sherman's March to the Sea 4432:Sheridan's Valley Campaign 4322: 4218: 4111:Trans-Mississippi District 4081: 3803: 3747:Battle of Chancellorsville 3688:Northern Virginia Campaign 3587: 3498:took command of the Union 3447: 3411:in 1861 and installed the 3277: 3271: 3191: 3152: 3010: 2995: 2932: 2909: 2722: 2648: 2642: 2406:Status of the states, 1861 2393: 2343: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2061:1860 presidential election 422:50,000 free civilians died 18310: 18110:First Sumatran expedition 18072: 17911: 17904: 17821: 17714: 17643: 17619: 17532:Confederate States dollar 17504: 17446: 17391: 17343:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 17338:Emancipation Proclamation 17300: 17232:Medal of Honor recipients 17189: 17185: 17168: 17120:Confederate Memorial Hall 17102: 17081: 17039: 17011: 17002: 16922:Confederate Memorial Hall 16895:Confederate History Month 16875:Civil War Discovery Trail 16855: 16776:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 16607: 16582:Reconstruction Amendments 16572: 16568: 16557: 16479: 16348: 16341: 16281: 16145: 16138: 16134: 16121: 16063: 15810: 15803: 15634: 15490: 15449: 15417: 15384: 15377: 15373: 15344: 15241: 15191:Emancipation Proclamation 15159: 15060: 15056: 15045: 14419:(originally published in 14149:Wise, Stephen R. (1991). 14124:Winters, John D. (1963). 14063:Vinovskis, Maris (1990). 14005:. Naval Institute Press. 13958:Schecter, Barnet (2007). 13858:Nelson, James L. (2005). 13839:Neff, Stephen C. (2010). 13756:Mendelsohn, Adam (2012). 13549:Hunt, Jeffrey Wm (2015). 13057:Bradley, Mark L. (2015). 12568:Gaines M. Foster (1988), 12529:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. 12497:Cushman, Stephen (2014). 12372:(1990) is a brief survey. 12281:Holzer & Gabbard 2007 11675:National Life After Death 11557:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.09.002 9764:Thomas, Emory M. (1997). 9698:Jones, Wilmer L. (2006). 9441:. New York: Basic Books. 9196:Surdam, David G. (2001). 8592:Reid, Richard M. (2014). 8523:American Military History 8357:. London: H.F. Mackintosh 7996:2027/spo.2629860.0021.104 7153:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6888:United States v. Anderson 6531:American Civil War portal 5692:" influencing the world. 5631:Memory and historiography 5581:overrode Johnson's vetoes 5569:Reconstruction Amendments 5518:War Governors' Conference 5479:Emancipation Proclamation 5447:and Generals Frémont and 5427:Emancipation Proclamation 5421:Emancipation Proclamation 5296:It is estimated that 544 5151: 5134: 5123: 5112: 5101: 5096: 5093: 5090: 4962: 4931: 4904: 4877: 4848: 4803: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4659:leader and Brig. General 4387:Grant's Overland Campaign 4095:Trans-Mississippi theater 4078:Trans-Mississippi theater 3692:Second Battle of Bull Run 3552:Army of Northern Virginia 3536:Army of Northern Virginia 3520:Army of Northern Virginia 3399:The Union victory at the 2970:New York City draft riots 2965:Emancipation Proclamation 2945:New York anti-draft riots 2839:Maryland General Assembly 2771: Confederate states 2611:head of government, the " 2567:February peace conference 2538:to help finance the war. 2510:, land grant colleges, a 2246:) and united to form the 2126:in 1864 to Union General 2092:Emancipation Proclamation 481: 418: 410:864,000+ total casualties 368:828,000+ total casualties 324: 293: 194: 160: 94: 39: 34: 18064:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 18024:Battle of Blair Mountain 17606:U.S. Sanitary Commission 17517:Battlefield preservation 17423:Marching Through Georgia 17348:Hampton Roads Conference 17323:Confiscation Act of 1862 17318:Confiscation Act of 1861 17094:U.S. national cemeteries 16900:Confederate Memorial Day 16885:Civil War Trails Program 16754:New Orleans riot of 1866 14893:(UNC Press Books, 2013) 14815:(UNC Press Books, 2018) 13983:Stern, Phillip Van Doren 13786:The End of the Rebellion 13682:. W.W. Norton & Co. 13608:Jones, Terry L. (2011). 13234:. New York: Basic Books. 12269:Asante & Mazama 2004 12220:Harper, Douglas (2003). 11812:J. William Jones (ed.). 11699:National Geographic News 11237:Carter, Susan B. (ed.). 11190:Why the Confederacy Lost 10775:. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. 10220:Michael Fellman (1989). 10197:James B. Martin (2012). 9618:"Overview of the Battle" 9501:www.legendsofamerica.com 9232:Kevin Dougherty (2010). 9179:Naval War College Review 8809:, pp. 165, 310–311. 8017:Hardyman, Robyn (2016). 7628:Jaffa, Harry V. (2004). 7137:Fox, William F. (1889). 7087:. National Park Service. 6603: 6371:Marching Through Georgia 6314: 6194:The Red Badge of Courage 6095:The Red Badge of Courage 5787:Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia 5735:Battlefield preservation 5585:civil rights legislation 4349:William Tecumseh Sherman 4342:William Tecumseh Sherman 4162:Battle of Wilson's Creek 3726:Battle of Fredericksburg 3683:and forced his retreat. 3601:First Battle of Bull Run 3006: 2813:and was admitted to the 2524:Legal Tender Act of 1862 2286:House of Representatives 2176:historiographical debate 2146:, setting in motion the 2128:William Tecumseh Sherman 914: 892: 870: 859: 837: 826: 804: 793: 782: 771: 749: 738: 727: 705: 683: 672: 650: 639: 617: 606: 18323:Wars involving the U.S. 18160:Philippine–American War 18044:1960s ghetto rebellions 17527:Confederate war finance 17147:Southern Cross of Honor 17115:1938 Gettysburg reunion 17110:1913 Gettysburg reunion 16808:Reconstruction Treaties 16781:Enforcement Act of 1870 16664:Freedman's Savings Bank 15281:Lane Debates on Slavery 15106:Lincoln–Douglas debates 13933:Robertson, James I. Jr. 12953:Anderson, Bern (1989). 12883:Naval Warfare 1815–1914 12727:The Wall Street Journal 12182:apps.legislature.ky.gov 11517:The Wall Street Journal 10889:Ghost Towns of Oklahoma 10325:Encyclopedia Britannica 9933:Frank & Reaves 2003 8736:The Gettysburg Compiler 8464:Snell, Mark A. (2011), 7813:"Fourth Annual Message" 7427:OAH Magazine of History 6737:George Templeton Strong 6402:Sid Meier's Gettysburg! 6221:(1966, Italy-Spain-FRG) 6153: 6106:The Challenge to Sirius 5749:Beginning in 1961, the 5251:Spencer repeating rifle 4645:Battle of Palmito Ranch 4410:Battle of Yellow Tavern 4193:Battle of Glorieta Pass 4115:Confederate States Army 4062:Rosecrans retreated to 3913:(February 6, 1862) and 3171:By early 1861, General 3131:Battle of Hampton Roads 2452:a secession declaration 1432:Middle Eastern American 1254:Technology and industry 317:750,000–1,000,000 total 56:Horse Artillery Brigade 18368:Conscientious objector 18270:First Libyan Civil War 18140:Second Fiji expedition 18120:Ivory Coast expedition 18054:1992 Los Angeles riots 18014:Colorado Coalfield War 17906:Listed chronologically 17586:Richmond riots of 1863 17512:Baltimore riot of 1861 17292:U.S. Military Railroad 17212:Confederate Home Guard 16944:Historiographic issues 16910:Historical reenactment 15409:Revenue Cutter Service 15276:William Lloyd Garrison 15185:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14950:A House Divided (1960) 14907:The Life of Billy Yank 14903:The Life of Johnny Reb 14884:Soldiers Blue and Gray 14176:Refugees of Revolution 13587:Jones, Howard (2002). 13361:Foote, Shelby (1974). 13230:Doyle, Don H. (2015). 13034:10.1093/ahr/120.5.1753 12855:Buckley, John (2006). 12622:Progressive Historians 11303:Digital History Reader 10947:Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 10710:William Marvel (2002) 10400:Lattimore, Ralston B. 10272:Chronicles of Oklahoma 9536:R. E. Lee: A Biography 9235:Weapons of Mississippi 8351:Howard, F. K. (1863). 7474:Atlas of World History 6234:The Outlaw Josey Wales 6028:O Captain! My Captain! 6008: 5764:Hazen Brigade Monument 5758: 5701:many names used for it 5559: 5453:voluntary colonization 5401: 5225: 5029: 5002: 4716: 4686:, to the Lords of the 4443: 4428:for over nine months. 4344: 4246: 4215:Lower Seaboard theater 4157: 4027:Battle of Stones River 3963: 3949:Albert Sidney Johnston 3919:Nathan Bedford Forrest 3867:Army of the Cumberland 3858: 3767:Battle of Salem Church 3742: 3649: 3544:Army of the Shenandoah 3531: 3462: 3309: 3217:London Armoury Company 3207: 3168: 3065: 2948: 2905: 2779: 2762:(One of these states, 2733:US Secession map. The 2663: 2556:In December 1860, the 2553: 2439: 2396:Ordinance of Secession 2362: 2278:one slave and one free 2236:institution of slavery 2082:During 1861–62 in the 2053:Decades of controversy 2025:("the North") and the 1544:Admission to the Union 195:Commanders and leaders 18338:Territorial evolution 18318:Conflicts in the U.S. 18240:Intervention in Haiti 18130:First Fiji expedition 17551:Great Revival of 1863 17428:Maryland, My Maryland 17217:Confederate railroads 16880:Civil War Roundtables 16749:Meridian riot of 1871 16744:Memphis riots of 1866 15301:George Luther Stearns 15286:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 15179:Crittenden Compromise 14985:National Park Service 14871:Interview with author 14174:Wittke, Carl (1952). 13629:Keegan, John (2009). 13209:Donald, David Herbert 12841:William Rattle Plum, 12782:Merritt, Keri Leigh. 12541:Arthur M. Schlesinger 12222:"Slavery in Delaware" 11610:10.1353/cwh.2011.0061 11391:Farmer, Alan (2005). 11342:, pp. 1207–1210. 11121:Army and Navy Journal 11089:Army and Navy Journal 11057:Army and Navy Journal 10951:"What Is Juneteenth?" 10683:Savannah Daily Herald 10491:10.1353/cwh.2004.0073 10101:on November 27, 2012. 9796:National Park Service 9149:10.1353/cwh.1986.0012 8669:10.1353/cwh.1983.0013 8516:"The Civil War, 1861" 8390:The War for the Union 8377:The War for the Union 8158:. Presidency.ucsb.edu 7855:World Digital Library 7609:. Library of Congress 7439:10.1093/oahmag/oar002 7412:10.1353/cwh.2005.0051 7377:10.1093/jahist/jas272 7287:"Recounting the Dead" 6712:Gallagher et al. 2003 6641:on September 15, 2018 6410:Sid Meier's Antietam! 6336:Battle Cry of Freedom 6162:The Birth of a Nation 5971: 5871:The Birth of a Nation 5821:Further information: 5748: 5670:Cherokee Confederates 5593:"Liberal Republicans" 5553: 5315: 5255:Henry repeating rifle 5219: 5024: 4997: 4714: 4695:, the captain of CSS 4693:James Iredell Waddell 4486:defeated Hood at the 4460:Battle of Cedar Creek 4439: 4340: 4323:Further information: 4319:Pacific Coast theater 4242: 4219:Further information: 4144: 4117:to better coordinate 4082:Further information: 4049:Battle of Chickamauga 4031:Stones River Campaign 3975:, Missouri, and then 3960:Battle of Chickamauga 3957: 3863:Army of the Tennessee 3854: 3804:Further information: 3738: 3690:, which included the 3673:Battle of Seven Pines 3643: 3612:brigade of Virginians 3556:Army of the Peninsula 3548:Army of the Northwest 3527: 3467:Appalachian Mountains 3457: 3448:Further information: 3409:France invaded Mexico 3375:left his deathbed to 3353:anti-slavery movement 3338:Charles Francis Adams 3291: 3278:Further information: 3201: 3162: 3051: 2942: 2732: 2658: 2645:Battle of Fort Sumter 2639:Battle of Fort Sumter 2558:Crittenden Compromise 2544: 2484:Fugitive Slave Clause 2403: 2353: 2216:Further information: 1535:Territorial evolution 828:Post-World War II Era 325:Casualties and losses 18484:Wars of independence 18200:Bay of Pigs Invasion 18155:Spanish–American War 18125:Mexican–American War 18049:Kent State shootings 18039:Puerto Rican revolts 17969:American Indian Wars 17438:Daar kom die Alibama 17353:National Union Party 17029:memorials to Lincoln 16949:Lost Cause mythology 16654:Eufaula riot of 1874 16642:Confederate refugees 15855:District of Columbia 15482:Union naval blockade 15328:Underground Railroad 15116:Nullification crisis 14889:Shively, Kathryn J. 14882:Robertson, James I. 14852:McPherson, James M. 14810:Carmichael, Peter S. 13988:The Confederate Navy 13340:Foner, Eric (2010). 13240:Draper, John William 12810:The American Pageant 12788:Smithsonian Magazine 12762:The Spokesman-Review 12733:on October 10, 2019. 12658:on November 18, 2018 12533:Samuel Eliot Morison 12141:White, Jonathan W., 12080:on August 23, 1862. 11867:, pp. vii–viii. 11577:. September 22, 2011 10949:(January 16, 2013). 10875:on February 7, 2016. 10433:. New York: Twayne. 10344:The Civil War at sea 10321:"Red River Campaign" 10291:Great Plains Journal 9566:Terrible Swift Sword 8602:. pp. 4–5, 40. 8525:. pp. 199–221. 8505:(1995), p. 247. 8501:Gabor Boritt (ed.). 6854:Battle of West Point 6813:disbanded on May 26. 6350:The Bonnie Blue Flag 5934:Colt revolving rifle 5755:commemorative stamps 5657:veteran organization 5434:Thirteenth Amendment 5409:("Copperheads") and 5231:Francis Amasa Walker 5174:died in prison camps 4515:Battle of Five Forks 4452:John C. Breckinridge 4448:Battle of New Market 4333:Conquest of Virginia 4306:Bayou Teche Campaign 4302:siege to Port Hudson 4244:New Orleans captured 4189:New Mexico Territory 4127:Missouri State Guard 4068:Chattanooga Campaign 4019:Battle of Perryville 3984:captured New Orleans 3928:Confederate general 3782:Battle of Gettysburg 3757:advanced across the 3475:District of Columbia 3253:U.S. Merchant Marine 3114:. On March 8, 1862, 3023:Elizabeth D. Leonard 2864:Claiborne F. Jackson 2826:rioting in Baltimore 2298:American nationalism 2188:electrical telegraph 2112:Battle of Gettysburg 2037:from the Union. The 1458:Palestinian American 674:Era of Good Feelings 619:Confederation period 556:Timeline and periods 51:Battle of Gettysburg 46:Clockwise from top: 18215:Invasion of Grenada 18210:Dominican Civil War 17596:Supreme Court cases 17363:Radical Republicans 17142:Old soldiers' homes 17126:Confederate Veteran 17052:artworks in Capitol 16771:Reconstruction acts 16632:Colfax riot of 1873 15596:Richmond-Petersburg 15201:Fugitive slave laws 15131:Popular sovereignty 15111:Missouri Compromise 15101:Kansas-Nebraska Act 14835:Linderman, Gerald. 14759:Varon, Elizabeth R. 14532:Ordeal of the Union 14502:McPherson, James M. 14428:Hofstadter, Richard 14374:10.2307/j.ctvh1dnpx 14362:Varon, Elizabeth R. 14021:Trudeau, Noah Andre 13697:Long, E.B. (1971). 13614:. Scarecrow Press. 13007:on October 19, 2010 12283:, pp. 172–174. 12101:(August 24, 1862). 11987:, pp. 417–419. 11972:, pp. 831–837. 11960:33#1 (1973): 66–85. 11906:, pp. 506–508. 11489:, pp. 382–388. 11432:The Confederate War 11416:, pp. 169–172. 11227:on August 17, 2017. 11204:, pp. 771–772. 11149:, pp. 703–706. 10724:Winik, Jay (2001). 10648:, pp. 846–847. 10636:, pp. 825–830. 10624:, pp. 812–815. 10612:, pp. 773–776. 10600:, pp. 778–779. 10588:, pp. 724–742. 10564:, pp. 724–735. 10310:, pp. 220–221. 10187:, pp. 404–405. 10137:, pp. 677–680. 10069:, pp. 480–483. 10057:, pp. 419–420. 9975:, pp. 418–420. 9904:, pp. 405–413. 9819:, pp. 653–663. 9727:, pp. 639–645. 9672:, pp. 571–574. 9660:, pp. 557–558. 9648:, pp. 543–545. 9607:, pp. 528–533. 9595:, pp. 538–544. 9580:, pp. 424–427. 9552:, pp. 464–519. 9289:, pp. 546–557. 9125:, pp. 224–225. 8720:(2006), p. 74. 8696:10.1093/sf/70.2.321 8326:Vladeck, Stephen I. 8285:, pp. 284–287. 8264:on January 11, 2008 8203:, pp. 203–204. 8191:, pp. 276–307. 8133:, pp. 273–274. 7968:, pp. 572–573. 7927:, pp. 234–266. 7903:, pp. 252–254. 7589:, pp. 254–255. 6306:Free State of Jones 5613:Rutherford B. Hayes 5577:Radical Republicans 5224:battlefield in 1862 5087: 4744: 4672:General Order No. 3 4638:Irwinville, Georgia 4492:Battle of Nashville 4422:Siege of Petersburg 4197:New Mexico Campaign 4191:for the Union. The 4177:Quantrill's Raiders 4166:Battle of Pea Ridge 4057:George Henry Thomas 4042:Battle of Vicksburg 3899:Army of Mississippi 3897:renamed the former 3500:Army of the Potomac 3496:George B. McClellan 3490:Army of the Potomac 3052:Battle between the 3034:Mary Edwards Walker 2891:Unionist government 2745: Union states 2685:P. G. T. Beauregard 2635:in South Carolina. 2562:Missouri Compromise 2532:Revenue Act of 1861 2520:United States Notes 2518:, authorization of 2496:Dred Scott decision 2385:Outbreak of the war 2267:secession documents 2196:civilian casualties 2136:Siege of Petersburg 1393:Lithuanian American 1344:Vietnamese American 608:American Revolution 394:290,000+ total dead 352:365,000+ total dead 149:Dissolution of the 18404:American Civil War 18255:War in Afghanistan 18225:Invasion of Panama 18220:Lebanese Civil War 18145:Formosa Expedition 18105:Second Barbary War 18059:2020 racial unrest 17994:Johnson County War 17989:Lincoln County War 17964:American Civil War 17959:Harpers Ferry raid 17934:Turner's Rebellion 17708:American Civil War 17417:A Lincoln Portrait 17358:Politicians killed 17282:U.S. Balloon Corps 17277:Union corps badges 17057:memorials to Davis 16927:Disenfranchisement 16798:Reconstruction era 16679:Timber Culture Act 16637:Compromise of 1877 15601:Franklin–Nashville 15271:Frederick Douglass 15174:Cornerstone Speech 15091:Compromise of 1850 15039:American Civil War 14972:, battlefields.org 14839:(Free Press, 1987) 14712:Stampp, Kenneth M. 14463:Stephen A. Douglas 14358:Gallagher, Gary W. 13941:. Washington, DC: 13667:10.1353/jmh.0.0194 13288:Dyer, Frederick H. 13137:Never Call Retreat 13060:The Civil War Ends 12946:Sources referenced 12702:on August 12, 2019 12342:on April 20, 2011. 12299:The New York Times 12113:The New York Times 12108:The New York Times 11722:The New York Times 11427:Gallagher, Gary W. 10924:Conner, Robert C. 10663:The New York Times 10535:Ron Field (2013). 10427:Trefousse, Hans L. 10380:www.britannica.com 8892:The New York Times 7774:The Avalon Project 7744:The Avalon Project 7714:The Avalon Project 7684:The Avalon Project 7522:Susan-Mary Grant, 7292:The New York Times 7035:Governor Bramlette 6886:, p. 396. In 6628:The New York Times 6202:The Horse Soldiers 6186:Gone with the Wind 6139:The March: A Novel 6117:Gone with the Wind 6009: 5930:Repeating firearms 5894:television series 5877:Gone with the Wind 5801:, followed by the 5776:William B. Hazen's 5759: 5606:disenfranchisement 5601:Compromise of 1877 5565:federal government 5560: 5546:Reconstruction era 5402: 5277:killed, including 5226: 5222:Battle of Antietam 5124:Wounded in action 5085: 5014:to fight it out." 4742: 4733:James M. McPherson 4717: 4576:Appomattox Station 4488:Battle of Franklin 4482:. Union Maj. Gen. 4444: 4377:William W. Averell 4345: 4271:Quincy A. Gillmore 4247: 4209:Red River Campaign 4158: 4113:was formed by the 4072:Knoxville Campaign 4053:Tullahoma Campaign 4038:Vicksburg Campaign 4011:Battle of Richmond 4009:'s triumph at the 3977:Memphis, Tennessee 3964: 3859: 3759:Rappahannock River 3743: 3681:Seven Days Battles 3658:Nathaniel P. Banks 3650: 3646:Battle of Antietam 3635:Peninsula campaign 3571:Joseph E. Johnston 3567:Douglas S. Freeman 3532: 3463: 3401:Battle of Antietam 3310: 3304:, at right, warns 3208: 3169: 3066: 2949: 2872:Missouri secession 2860:elected convention 2780: 2664: 2583:more perfect union 2554: 2440: 2437: Territories 2363: 2340:Lincoln's election 2190:, steamships, the 2184:industrial warfare 2160:Reconstruction era 2130:, followed by his 2100:siege of Vicksburg 2096:seized New Orleans 2007:American Civil War 1513:Transgender people 1076:Capital punishment 729:Reconstruction Era 473:American Civil War 188:Confederate States 86:Battle of Franklin 81:Richmond, Virginia 35:American Civil War 18454:Conflicts in 1865 18449:Conflicts in 1864 18444:Conflicts in 1863 18439:Conflicts in 1862 18434:Conflicts in 1861 18391: 18390: 18353:Casualties of war 18185:Russian Civil War 18150:Korean Expedition 18095:First Barbary War 17974:Brooks–Baxter War 17929:Fries's Rebellion 17924:Whiskey Rebellion 17866: 17865: 17671: 17670: 17639: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17469:Italian Americans 17454:African Americans 17411:John Brown's Body 17164: 17163: 17160: 17159: 17077: 17076: 16915:Robert E. Lee Day 16659:Freedmen's Bureau 16622:Brooks–Baxter War 16553: 16552: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16337: 16336: 16117: 16116: 16113: 16112: 16109: 16108: 15526:Northern Virginia 15472:Trans-Mississippi 15445: 15444: 15340: 15339: 15336: 15335: 15232:Uncle Tom's Cabin 15169:African Americans 14933:National Archives 14830:Civil War Prisons 14825:(Greenwood, 1989) 14793:978-1-107-00590-7 14772:978-0-8078-3232-5 14750:978-0-8420-2961-2 14729:978-0-19-503902-3 14702:978-1-444-35131-6 14609:978-0-19-516097-0 14519:978-0-19-539242-5 14493:978-0-7425-5972-1 14472:978-0-19-501620-8 14421:Civil War History 14349:978-0-674-06608-3 14262:978-0-300-01762-5 14206:978-0-313-29019-0 14185:978-1-5128-0874-2 14141:978-0-8071-0834-5 14116:978-0-253-33738-2 14095:978-0-394-56285-8 14076:978-0-521-39559-5 14055:978-1-59884-338-5 14034:978-0-316-85328-6 14012:978-1-55750-984-0 13997:Symonds, Craig L. 13924:978-0-8108-6336-1 13903:978-0-06-013403-7 13871:978-0-06-052404-3 13850:978-1-61121-252-5 13831:978-0-87462-325-3 13807:978-0-521-56627-8 13748:978-0-19-974105-2 13727:978-0-19-503863-7 13642:978-0-307-26343-8 13621:978-0-8108-7953-9 13600:978-0-8420-2916-2 13579:978-0-7006-0914-7 13560:978-0-292-73461-6 13541:978-0-8093-2764-5 13517:978-0-19-976553-9 13496:978-1-57607-382-7 13442:Grant, Ulysses S. 13433:978-1-84176-736-9 13414:978-1-59114-297-3 13395:978-0-252-07126-3 13374:978-0-394-74623-4 13353:978-0-393-34066-2 13325:978-0-19-502926-0 13279:978-1-61121-252-5 13222:978-0-684-80846-8 13200:978-6-257-61066-7 13157:978-0-8071-0007-3 13120:978-0-19-507198-6 13099:978-1-55750-519-4 12987:978-0-7619-2762-4 12966:978-0-306-80367-3 12920:978-1-316-43241-9 12868:978-1-135-36275-1 12652:Murfreesboro Post 12632:978-0-307-80960-5 12596:, pp. 28–29. 12584:, pp. 14–19. 12510:978-1-4696-1878-4 12453:Gary W. Gallagher 12409:978-0-8203-3715-9 12353:Hans L. Trefousse 12328:"Finally Passing" 12030:Oates, Stephen B. 11598:Civil War History 11442:978-0-674-16056-9 11305:. Virginia Tech. 11262:978-0-13-389115-7 10934:978-1-61200-186-9 10899:978-0-8061-1420-0 10782:978-1-61069-934-1 10548:978-1-4728-0305-4 10521:978-0-940450-58-5 10479:Civil War History 10353:978-0-19-993168-2 10123:978-1-4516-4137-0 10112:Miller, Donald L. 10041:978-1-882810-47-5 9798:. October 5, 2021 9777:978-0-393-31631-5 9750:978-1-61423-040-3 9711:978-1-4617-5106-9 9435:Shawcross, Edward 9416:. January 5, 2022 9380:Richard Huzzeym, 9371:, pp. 70–74. 9347:, pp. 69–70. 9137:Civil War History 9113:, pp. 43–44. 8781:978-0-8173-1783-6 8657:Civil War History 8609:978-0-7748-2745-4 8598:. Vancouver, BC: 8480:, pp. 10–11. 8392:(1959), 1:129–36. 8379:(1959), 1:119–29. 8334:Temple Law Review 8030:978-1-4824-5180-1 7639:978-0-8476-9953-7 7565:, pp. 44–45. 7484:978-0-19-521921-0 7400:Civil War History 7231:(June 13, 2001). 7105:on July 25, 2017. 6837:Ex parte Merryman 6824:World War II 6749:978-0-393-97555-0 6394:North & South 6357:John Brown's Body 6290:Gods and Generals 6122:Margaret Mitchell 6111:Sheila Kaye-Smith 6043:(1866) poetry by 5926:ironclad warships 5799:Shiloh, Tennessee 5772:Central Tennessee 5690:Empire of Liberty 5621:Benjamin Harrison 5617:James A. Garfield 5556:Freedmen's Bureau 5530:Norfolk, Virginia 5298:Confederate flags 5210:African Americans 5162: 5161: 5102:Killed in action 5006:E. Merton Coulter 4989: 4988: 4796:21,700,000 (98%) 4780:28,800,000 (90%) 4769:22,100,000 (71%) 4721:causes of the war 4626:Army of Tennessee 4607:John Wilkes Booth 4584:an initial battle 4450:Confederate Gen. 4393:Overland Campaign 4313:Battle of Olustee 4173:guerrilla warfare 4023:William Rosecrans 3938:Andrew Hull Foote 3891:Army of Tennessee 3885:Army of Tennessee 3707:Maryland Campaign 3608:Shenandoah Valley 3578:Thomas J. Jackson 3554:on March 14. The 3394:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3163:General Scott's " 2848:Ex parte Merryman 2599:William H. Seward 2586:than the earlier 2578:inaugural address 2526:, and the end of 2516:National Bank Act 2329:antebellum period 2305:partisan politics 2260:pseudo-historical 2186:. Railroads, the 2104:Mississippi River 2003: 2002: 1925: 1924: 1554:American frontier 1453:Lebanese American 1438:Egyptian American 1368:Estonian American 1358:Albanian American 1352:European American 1329:Japanese American 1319:Filipino American 943: 942: 916:Post-Cold War Era 573:Pre-Columbian Era 535: 519: 518: 506:Trans-Mississippi 437: 436: 156: 155: 18:War of the States 16:(Redirected from 18491: 18419:Ulysses S. Grant 18343:Military history 18302:Yemeni civil war 18235:Somali Civil War 18135:Second Opium War 18004:Homestead strike 17919:Shays' Rebellion 17893: 17886: 17879: 17870: 17869: 17857: 17850: 17843: 17836: 17834:Native Americans 17829: 17827:Foreign soldiers 17814: 17807: 17799: 17792: 17785: 17778: 17771: 17764: 17757: 17750: 17743: 17736: 17729: 17722: 17698: 17691: 17684: 17675: 17674: 17661: 17651: 17650: 17474:Native Americans 17459:German Americans 17252:Partisan rangers 17247:Official Records 17187: 17186: 17170: 17169: 17062:memorials to Lee 17009: 17008: 16570: 16569: 16559: 16558: 16346: 16345: 16143: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16123: 16122: 16096:Washington, D.C. 15890:Indian Territory 15850:Dakota Territory 15808: 15807: 15725:Chancellorsville 15516:Jackson's Valley 15506:Blockade runners 15382: 15381: 15375: 15374: 15346: 15345: 15306:Thaddeus Stevens 15296:Lysander Spooner 15256:Susan B. Anthony 15058: 15057: 15047: 15046: 15032: 15025: 15018: 15009: 15008: 14955:Internet Archive 14929:Civil War photos 14875:Mitchell, Reid. 14863:Manning, Chandra 14797: 14776: 14754: 14733: 14721: 14706: 14685: 14653: 14644: 14613: 14523: 14511: 14497: 14476: 14457: 14418: 14395: 14353: 14334: 14303: 14285: 14266: 14236: 14210: 14189: 14167:Borrow book at: 14166: 14162:978-0-8724-97993 14145: 14120: 14099: 14080: 14059: 14038: 14016: 13992: 13978: 13963: 13954: 13928: 13907: 13895: 13884: 13875: 13854: 13835: 13811: 13790: 13779: 13777: 13762: 13752: 13731: 13710: 13693: 13681: 13670: 13646: 13625: 13604: 13583: 13564: 13545: 13521: 13500: 13481: 13459: 13437: 13418: 13399: 13378: 13357: 13336: 13334: 13332: 13305: 13283: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13235: 13226: 13204: 13181: 13166:Davis, Jefferson 13161: 13140: 13124: 13103: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13072: 13065: 13053: 13016: 13014: 13012: 12991: 12970: 12925: 12924: 12904: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12879: 12873: 12872: 12852: 12846: 12839: 12833: 12832: 12825:Railroad History 12820: 12814: 12813: 12805: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12754: 12748: 12743:Gary Gallagher, 12741: 12735: 12734: 12729:. 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Buckner 4564: 4548: 4499:March to the Sea 4298:Army of the Gulf 4251:Port Royal Sound 4185:Indian Territory 4103:Indian Territory 4015:Don Carlos Buell 3945:Battle of Shiloh 3879:Ulysses S. Grant 3875:Cumberland River 3856:Ulysses S. Grant 3790:Pickett's Charge 3740:Pickett's Charge 3722:Ambrose Burnside 3700:Army of Virginia 3677:James Longstreet 3392:reportedly read 3349:postwar disputes 3317:Cotton diplomacy 3249:commerce raiders 3224:blockade runners 3188:Blockade runners 3175:had devised the 3082:ironclad warship 2858:In Missouri, an 2853:Frank Key Howard 2822:Washington, D.C. 2776: 2770: 2757: Southern 2756: 2750: 2744: 2693:75,000 volunteer 2661:Currier and Ives 2631:in Florida, and 2571:Corwin Amendment 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2390:Secession crisis 2192:ironclad warship 2132:March to the Sea 2116:Ulysses S. Grant 1995: 1988: 1981: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1916: 1915: 1559:Manifest destiny 1549:Historic regions 1531: 1530: 1471:Native Americans 1443:Iranian American 1417:Mexican American 1403:Serbian American 1388:Italian American 1373:Finnish American 1363:English American 1314:Chinese American 1301:African American 1101:Direct democracy 1091:The Constitution 1050:Higher education 959:American Century 861:Civil Rights Era 839:Civil Rights Era 795:Great Depression 784:Roaring Twenties 652:Jeffersonian Era 562: 561: 557: 547: 533: 522: 521: 476: 475: 471:Theaters of the 463: 456: 449: 440: 439: 406:436,658 captured 403:137,000+ wounded 386: 382: 364:181,193 captured 361:282,000+ wounded 341: 337: 279: 270: 269: 261: 252: 251: 229:Ulysses S. Grant 227: 226: 209: 208: 190: 186: 184: 183: 172: 171: 139: 136:§ Aftermath 105: 96: 95: 44: 32: 31: 21: 18499: 18498: 18494: 18493: 18492: 18490: 18489: 18488: 18464:1860s conflicts 18414:Jefferson Davis 18409:Abraham Lincoln 18394: 18393: 18392: 18387: 18306: 18165:Boxer Rebellion 18068: 17949:Bleeding Kansas 17907: 17900: 17897: 17867: 17862: 17855:Seminole Nation 17853: 17846: 17841:Cherokee Nation 17839: 17832: 17825: 17817: 17810: 17802: 17795: 17788: 17781: 17774: 17767: 17760: 17753: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17710: 17702: 17672: 17667: 17631: 17615: 17500: 17464:Irish Americans 17442: 17387: 17296: 17287:U.S. Home Guard 17227:Field artillery 17181: 17180: 17156: 17098: 17073: 17035: 17004: 16998: 16890:Civil War Trust 16857: 16851: 16739:Ethnic violence 16724:Kirk–Holden war 16603: 16564: 16541: 16475: 16333: 16277: 16130: 16105: 16059: 15812: 15799: 15630: 15611:Sherman's March 15591:Bermuda Hundred 15486: 15441: 15413: 15369: 15368: 15332: 15291:J. Sella Martin 15261:James G. Birney 15237: 15155: 15081:Bleeding Kansas 15069: 15052: 15041: 15036: 14947:The short film 14920: 14915: 14879:(Penguin, 1997) 14805: 14800: 14794: 14773: 14751: 14730: 14703: 14674:10.2307/2204926 14633:10.2307/1845246 14610: 14520: 14494: 14473: 14446:10.2307/1840850 14415: 14384: 14364:, eds. (2019). 14350: 14323:10.2307/1844986 14300: 14282: 14263: 14244: 14242:Further reading 14239: 14218: 14213: 14207: 14186: 14163: 14142: 14130:. Baton Rouge: 14117: 14096: 14077: 14056: 14035: 14013: 13925: 13904: 13872: 13851: 13832: 13808: 13775: 13760: 13749: 13728: 13690: 13643: 13622: 13601: 13580: 13561: 13542: 13518: 13497: 13464:Greeley, Horace 13434: 13415: 13396: 13375: 13354: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13280: 13258: 13256: 13223: 13201: 13158: 13121: 13100: 13076: 13074: 13070: 13063: 13010: 13008: 12988: 12967: 12948: 12943: 12935:Main articles: 12933: 12928: 12921: 12905: 12901: 12893: 12889: 12880: 12876: 12869: 12853: 12849: 12840: 12836: 12821: 12817: 12806: 12802: 12792: 12790: 12780: 12776: 12766: 12764: 12756: 12755: 12751: 12742: 12738: 12719: 12715: 12705: 12703: 12694: 12693: 12689: 12684: 12680: 12675: 12671: 12661: 12659: 12644: 12640: 12633: 12617: 12613: 12604: 12600: 12592: 12588: 12580: 12576: 12567: 12563: 12522: 12518: 12511: 12495: 12491: 12483: 12479: 12469:David W. Blight 12467: 12463: 12455:, eds. (2009), 12447: 12443: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12410: 12396: 12392: 12388:(2nd ed. 1991). 12380: 12376: 12367: 12363: 12351: 12347: 12326: 12325: 12321: 12311: 12309: 12291: 12287: 12279: 12275: 12267: 12263: 12245: 12241: 12231: 12229: 12218: 12214: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12186: 12184: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12166: 12162: 12153: 12149: 12140: 12136: 12099:Abraham Lincoln 12096: 12092: 12075: 12071: 12058: 12057: 12053: 12045:Stahr, Walter, 12044: 12040: 12028: 12024: 12007: 12003: 11995: 11991: 11983: 11976: 11968: 11964: 11952: 11948: 11938: 11936: 11926: 11922: 11914: 11910: 11902: 11895: 11887: 11883: 11875: 11871: 11863: 11854: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11810: 11806: 11796: 11794: 11793:. June 25, 2013 11789: 11788: 11784: 11775: 11771: 11758: 11757: 11753: 11744: 11740: 11730: 11728: 11714: 11710: 11691: 11687: 11672: 11668: 11660: 11656: 11648: 11644: 11637: 11633: 11594: 11590: 11580: 11578: 11569: 11568: 11564: 11537: 11528: 11509: 11505: 11497: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11454: 11450: 11443: 11424: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11389: 11385: 11374: 11370: 11362: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11338: 11334: 11326: 11322: 11312: 11310: 11297: 11296: 11292: 11276: 11272: 11263: 11249: 11245: 11241:(5 vols), 2006. 11236: 11232: 11224: 11217: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11200: 11196: 11186:Gabor S. Boritt 11184: 11177: 11169: 11165: 11157: 11153: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11114: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11082: 11081: 11077: 11067: 11065: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11034: 11032: 11017: 11013: 11002: 11000: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10957: 10944: 10940: 10923: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10884: 10880: 10867: 10866: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10818: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10767: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10736: 10722: 10718: 10709: 10705: 10694: 10690: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10657: 10656: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10632: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10572: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10502: 10498: 10475: 10471: 10461: 10459: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10424: 10420: 10410: 10408: 10398: 10394: 10384: 10382: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10354: 10340: 10336: 10319: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10287: 10283: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10237: 10233: 10218: 10214: 10195: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10171: 10167: 10163:, p. 1476. 10159: 10155: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10110: 10106: 10098: 10083: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10049: 10042: 10026: 10022: 10012: 10010: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9984:Kennedy, p. 58. 9983: 9979: 9971: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9912: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9879: 9878: 9871: 9856: 9842: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9762: 9758: 9751: 9735: 9731: 9723: 9719: 9712: 9696: 9692: 9680: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9656: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9626: 9624: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9591: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9531: 9527: 9519: 9515: 9505: 9503: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9473: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9447:978-1541-674196 9433: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9395: 9388: 9379: 9375: 9367: 9363: 9355: 9351: 9343: 9339: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9273: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9230: 9226: 9218:The Independent 9209: 9205: 9194: 9190: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9156: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9111:Mendelsohn 2012 9109: 9105: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9037: 9033: 9024: 9020: 9011: 9007: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8970: 8968: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8896: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8797:, p. 1466. 8793: 8789: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8728: 8724: 8715: 8711: 8680: 8676: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8590: 8586: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8544: 8540: 8529: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8503:War Comes Again 8500: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8409:on May 18, 2012 8401: 8400: 8396: 8387: 8383: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8358: 8349: 8345: 8328:(Summer 2007). 8323: 8319: 8308: 8304: 8293: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8267: 8265: 8252: 8251: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8161: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8015: 8011: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7858: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7809: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7561: 7557: 7549:Elizabeth Varon 7534: 7530: 7521: 7517: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7492: 7485: 7469: 7465: 7423: 7419: 7396: 7392: 7359: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7282: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7226: 7219: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7174: 7173: 7162: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7071: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7005:Irish Catholics 6966: 6959: 6949:Jefferson Davis 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6864: 6860: 6847: 6843: 6834: 6830: 6821: 6817: 6804: 6800: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6756: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6694:Stephenson 1919 6644: 6642: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6606: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6466:Darkest of Days 6388: 6383: 6323: 6317: 6312: 6274:The Last Outlaw 6242:North and South 6156: 6128:North and South 6056:Jefferson Davis 6045:Herman Melville 6017: 5974:The Peacemakers 5966: 5906: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5829: 5819: 5743: 5737: 5715: 5709: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5644: 5633: 5548: 5542: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5483: 5482: 5468: 5429: 5423: 5407:Peace Democrats 5400: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5239:Napoleonic Wars 5146: 5141: 5136: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5038: 4906:Arms production 4709: 4615:George Atzerodt 4594:. His men were 4572: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4538: 4532: 4520:Union XXV Corps 4511: 4476:fall of Atlanta 4468: 4441:Philip Sheridan 4434: 4417:Bermuda Hundred 4389: 4361:Benjamin Butler 4335: 4327: 4321: 4315:in early 1864. 4291:Benjamin Butler 4278:David D. Porter 4261:, in which the 4237: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4139: 4105:in present-day 4091: 4086: 4080: 3932:'s invasion of 3907: 3887: 3871:Tennessee River 3849: 3844: 3834:, and parts of 3808: 3802: 3800:Western theater 3662:John C. Fremont 3654:Valley Campaign 3590: 3522: 3492: 3487: 3452: 3446: 3444:Eastern theater 3424:Monroe Doctrine 3390:Lord Palmerston 3286: 3276: 3270: 3237: 3235:Economic impact 3196: 3190: 3157: 3151: 3046: 3019: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2937: 2931: 2918: 2908: 2809:separated from 2778: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2727: 2721: 2672:Robert Anderson 2653: 2647: 2641: 2546:Jefferson Davis 2501:David E. Twiggs 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2398: 2392: 2387: 2348: 2342: 2333:David M. Potter 2284:but not in the 2240:Southern states 2232: 2214: 2208: 2124:fall of Atlanta 2088:Eastern theater 2084:Western theater 2077:Jefferson Davis 2057:Abraham Lincoln 1999: 1927: 1926: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1425:Jewish American 1398:Polish American 1378:German American 1334:Korean American 1324:Indian American 1295: 1287: 1286: 1141:Merchant Marine 1111:Law enforcement 979:Racial violence 953: 945: 944: 751:Progressive Era 559: 555: 536: 534:History of the 520: 515: 477: 470: 469: 467: 433: 414: 399: 398: 372: 357: 356: 320: 314:360,000 at peak 308: 305:2,200,000 total 302:698,000 at peak 289: 264: 254:Jefferson Davis 246: 240: 221: 211:Abraham Lincoln 203: 181: 179: 166: 145: 133: 121: 103: 90: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18497: 18487: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18389: 18388: 18386: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18358:Peace movement 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18314: 18312: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18298: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18076: 18074: 18070: 18069: 18067: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18009:Pullman Strike 18006: 18001: 17999:Coal Creek War 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17944:Dorr Rebellion 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17915: 17913: 17909: 17908: 17905: 17902: 17901: 17896: 17895: 17888: 17881: 17873: 17864: 17863: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17858: 17851: 17848:Choctaw Nation 17844: 17830: 17822: 17819: 17818: 17816: 17815: 17812:United Kingdom 17808: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17779: 17772: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17701: 17700: 17693: 17686: 17678: 17669: 17668: 17666: 17665: 17655: 17644: 17641: 17640: 17637: 17636: 17633: 17632: 17630: 17629: 17623: 17621: 17617: 17616: 17614: 17613: 17611:Women soldiers 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17568: 17566:Naming the war 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17547: 17546: 17536: 17535: 17534: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17508: 17506: 17502: 17501: 17499: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17450: 17448: 17444: 17443: 17441: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17397: 17395: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17304: 17302: 17298: 17297: 17295: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17202:Campaign Medal 17199: 17193: 17191: 17183: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17177:Related topics 17174: 17166: 17165: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17106: 17104: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17096: 17091: 17085: 17083: 17079: 17078: 17075: 17074: 17072: 17071: 17066: 17065: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17043: 17041: 17037: 17036: 17034: 17033: 17032: 17031: 17026: 17015: 17013: 17006: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16940: 16939: 16934: 16924: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16905:Decoration Day 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16861: 16859: 16858:Reconstruction 16853: 16852: 16850: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16838: 16837: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16816: 16815: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16794: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16768: 16767: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16712:second inquiry 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16684: 16683: 16682: 16676: 16669:Homestead Acts 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16617:Alabama Claims 16613: 16611: 16609:Reconstruction 16605: 16604: 16602: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16597:15th Amendment 16594: 16592:14th Amendment 16589: 16587:13th Amendment 16578: 16576: 16566: 16565: 16555: 16554: 16551: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16483: 16481: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16352: 16350: 16343: 16339: 16338: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16285: 16283: 16279: 16278: 16276: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16218:J. E. Johnston 16215: 16213:A. S. Johnston 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16153:R. H. Anderson 16149: 16147: 16140: 16132: 16131: 16119: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16111: 16110: 16107: 16106: 16104: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16067: 16065: 16061: 16060: 16058: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16015:South Carolina 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15990:North Carolina 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15816: 15814: 15805: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15715:Fredericksburg 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15655:Wilson's Creek 15652: 15647: 15641: 15639: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15497: 15495: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15467:Lower Seaboard 15464: 15459: 15453: 15451: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15423: 15421: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15390: 15388: 15379: 15371: 15370: 15367: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15357: 15354: 15350: 15342: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15330: 15325: 15323:Harriet Tubman 15320: 15319: 15318: 15311:Charles Sumner 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15247: 15245: 15239: 15238: 15236: 15235: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15165: 15163: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15153: 15148: 15146:States' rights 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15061: 15054: 15053: 15043: 15042: 15035: 15034: 15027: 15020: 15012: 15006: 15005: 14999: 14993: 14987: 14978: 14973: 14967: 14958: 14945: 14935: 14926: 14919: 14918:External links 14916: 14914: 14913: 14900:Wiley, Bell I. 14897: 14887: 14880: 14873: 14860: 14850: 14840: 14833: 14826: 14819: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14798: 14792: 14777: 14771: 14755: 14749: 14734: 14728: 14708: 14701: 14686: 14668:(4): 466–486. 14655: 14645: 14627:(4): 924–950. 14614: 14608: 14593: 14592: 14591: 14586: 14580: 14570: 14564: 14558: 14552: 14546: 14524: 14518: 14498: 14492: 14477: 14471: 14458: 14424: 14413: 14396: 14382: 14354: 14348: 14335: 14317:(2): 327–352. 14304: 14298: 14280: 14267: 14261: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14211: 14205: 14190: 14184: 14171: 14161: 14146: 14140: 14121: 14115: 14100: 14094: 14081: 14075: 14060: 14054: 14039: 14033: 14017: 14011: 13993: 13979: 13964: 13955: 13929: 13923: 13908: 13902: 13885: 13876: 13870: 13855: 13849: 13836: 13830: 13816:Neely, Mark E. 13812: 13806: 13791: 13780: 13753: 13747: 13732: 13726: 13711: 13694: 13688: 13671: 13661:(1): 117–145. 13650: 13641: 13626: 13620: 13605: 13599: 13584: 13578: 13565: 13559: 13546: 13540: 13526:Holzer, Harold 13522: 13516: 13501: 13495: 13482: 13460: 13438: 13432: 13419: 13413: 13400: 13394: 13379: 13373: 13358: 13352: 13337: 13324: 13306: 13284: 13278: 13265: 13236: 13227: 13221: 13205: 13199: 13182: 13162: 13156: 13141: 13125: 13119: 13104: 13098: 13083: 13054: 13017: 12997:"Violent City" 12992: 12986: 12971: 12965: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12919: 12899: 12887: 12874: 12867: 12847: 12834: 12815: 12812:. p. 434. 12800: 12774: 12749: 12736: 12713: 12687: 12678: 12669: 12638: 12631: 12611: 12598: 12586: 12574: 12561: 12537:Frederick Merk 12516: 12509: 12489: 12487:, p. 208. 12485:Woodworth 1996 12477: 12461: 12441: 12423: 12408: 12390: 12374: 12361: 12345: 12319: 12285: 12273: 12261: 12250:(March 1990). 12239: 12212: 12194: 12169: 12160: 12147: 12134: 12090: 12082:Holzer, Harold 12069: 12051: 12038: 12036:, p. 106. 12022: 12001: 11989: 11974: 11970:McPherson 1988 11962: 11954:Claudia Goldin 11946: 11920: 11918:, p. 686. 11916:McPherson 1988 11908: 11904:McPherson 1988 11893: 11881: 11869: 11865:McPherson 1988 11852: 11831: 11820:. Vol. 32 11804: 11782: 11769: 11751: 11738: 11708: 11685: 11666: 11662:Vinovskis 1990 11654: 11652:, p. 854. 11650:McPherson 1988 11642: 11631: 11604:(4): 307–348. 11588: 11562: 11526: 11503: 11491: 11487:McPherson 1988 11479: 11448: 11441: 11418: 11414:McPherson 1997 11406: 11397:History Review 11383: 11368: 11366:, p. 566. 11356: 11354:, p. 272. 11344: 11332: 11330:, p. 235. 11320: 11290: 11281:, ed. (1968). 11279:Chauncey Depew 11270: 11261: 11243: 11230: 11206: 11202:McPherson 1988 11194: 11175: 11173:, p. 855. 11171:McPherson 1988 11163: 11161:, p. 851. 11159:McPherson 1988 11151: 11139: 11107: 11075: 11043: 11011: 10979: 10977:, p. 205. 10967: 10938: 10917: 10905: 10898: 10878: 10860: 10858:, p. 692. 10848: 10846:, p. 117. 10836: 10834:, p. 690. 10824: 10812: 10800: 10798:, p. 688. 10788: 10781: 10761: 10759:, p. 685. 10749: 10734: 10716: 10714:, pp. 158–181. 10703: 10688: 10668: 10650: 10646:McPherson 1988 10638: 10634:McPherson 1988 10626: 10622:McPherson 1988 10614: 10610:McPherson 1988 10602: 10598:McPherson 1988 10590: 10586:McPherson 1988 10578: 10576:, p. 728. 10574:McPherson 1988 10566: 10562:McPherson 1988 10554: 10547: 10527: 10520: 10496: 10485:(4): 434–458. 10469: 10444: 10418: 10392: 10367: 10352: 10334: 10312: 10300: 10281: 10262: 10260:, p. 270. 10250: 10231: 10212: 10189: 10185:McPherson 1988 10177: 10175:, p. 100. 10165: 10153: 10139: 10135:McPherson 1988 10127: 10104: 10071: 10067:McPherson 1988 10059: 10055:McPherson 1988 10047: 10040: 10020: 9998: 9986: 9977: 9973:McPherson 1988 9962: 9937: 9935:, p. 170. 9925: 9906: 9902:McPherson 1988 9894: 9869: 9855:978-0160923166 9854: 9833: 9831:, p. 664. 9829:McPherson 1988 9821: 9817:McPherson 1988 9809: 9792:"Salem Church" 9783: 9776: 9756: 9749: 9729: 9725:McPherson 1988 9717: 9710: 9690: 9682:Matteson, John 9674: 9670:McPherson 1988 9662: 9658:McPherson 1988 9650: 9646:McPherson 1988 9638: 9609: 9605:McPherson 1988 9597: 9593:McPherson 1988 9582: 9578:McPherson 1988 9570: 9568:, pp. 263–296. 9554: 9542: 9525: 9513: 9488: 9484:978-0826210975 9467: 9465:, p. 261. 9455: 9449:. Also titled 9427: 9405: 9403:, p. 125. 9386: 9373: 9361: 9349: 9337: 9335:, pp. 263–264. 9318: 9316:, p. 386. 9314:McPherson 1988 9303: 9301:, p. 237. 9291: 9287:McPherson 1988 9279: 9275:Dinçaslan 2022 9267: 9265:, p. 225. 9255: 9248: 9242:. p. 87. 9224: 9203: 9188: 9169: 9154: 9143:(2): 101–118. 9127: 9115: 9103: 9091: 9079: 9077:, p. 228. 9067: 9055: 9043: 9041:, p. 345. 9031: 9018: 9005: 9003:, p. 300. 8990: 8978: 8952: 8940: 8938:, p. 462. 8928: 8915:Welles, Gideon 8906: 8895:. June 4, 1977 8878: 8871: 8853: 8823: 8821:, p. 240. 8811: 8799: 8787: 8780: 8760: 8748: 8722: 8709: 8690:(2): 321–342. 8674: 8663:(2): 123–134. 8640: 8627: 8615: 8608: 8584: 8567: 8565:, p. 308. 8555: 8538: 8507: 8494: 8482: 8470: 8457: 8445: 8443:, p. 303. 8441:McPherson 1988 8433: 8420: 8394: 8381: 8368: 8343: 8317: 8302: 8287: 8283:McPherson 1988 8275: 8242: 8217: 8205: 8193: 8189:McPherson 1988 8181: 8179:, p. 278. 8177:McPherson 1988 8169: 8147: 8145:, p. 274. 8143:McPherson 1988 8135: 8131:McPherson 1988 8123: 8121:, p. 273. 8119:McPherson 1988 8111: 8109:, p. 272. 8107:McPherson 1988 8099: 8097:, p. 268. 8095:McPherson 1988 8087: 8085:, p. 267. 8083:McPherson 1988 8072: 8070:, p. 266. 8068:McPherson 1988 8060: 8058:, p. 265. 8056:McPherson 1988 8048: 8046:, p. 264. 8044:McPherson 1988 8036: 8029: 8009: 7970: 7955: 7953:, p. 262. 7951:McPherson 1988 7943: 7929: 7925:McPherson 1988 7917: 7915:, p. 253. 7913:McPherson 1988 7905: 7901:McPherson 1988 7893: 7868: 7842: 7830: 7803: 7799:McPherson 1988 7791: 7761: 7731: 7701: 7671: 7645: 7638: 7620: 7591: 7587:McPherson 1988 7579: 7577:, p. 485. 7567: 7555: 7528: 7515: 7502: 7483: 7463: 7417: 7406:(3): 317–324. 7390: 7371:(2): 415–439. 7350: 7325: 7313: 7271: 7262: 7250: 7217: 7197: 7195:, p. 849. 7185: 7160: 7120: 7118:, p. 705. 7108: 7090: 7069: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7019:Fredericksburg 7012: 6998: 6991: 6985: 6982:Forty-Eighters 6971: 6967: 6957: 6928: 6919: 6910: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6891: 6881: 6875: 6865: 6858: 6841: 6828: 6815: 6807:end of the war 6798: 6785: 6776: 6767: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6700:Robertson 1963 6697: 6691: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6618: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6535: 6534: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6478: 6470: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6262: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6144:E. L. Doctorow 6135: 6124: 6113: 6102: 6091: 6089:Ambrose Bierce 6080: 6069: 6058: 6047: 6036: 6016: 6013: 5965: 5962: 5942:muzzle-loading 5910:industrial war 5905: 5902: 5855: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5818: 5815: 5739:Main article: 5736: 5733: 5711:Main article: 5708: 5705: 5668: 5661: 5660: 5645: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5597:Horace Greeley 5544:Main article: 5541: 5540:Reconstruction 5538: 5510:Horace Greeley 5492: 5485: 5484: 5469: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5425:Main article: 5422: 5419: 5415:1862 elections 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5306: 5302:War Department 5197: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5074: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5011:Gary Gallagher 4987: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4850:Railroad miles 4846: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4708: 4705: 4668:Gordon Granger 4634:Richard Taylor 4628:to Sherman at 4622:Boston Corbett 4611:Andrew Johnson 4566: 4559: 4558: 4553:New York Times 4550: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534:Main article: 4531: 4530:End of the war 4528: 4524:Sayler's Creek 4510: 4507: 4484:John Schofield 4472:John Bell Hood 4467: 4464: 4456:Jubal A. Early 4433: 4430: 4426:trench warfare 4388: 4385: 4334: 4331: 4320: 4317: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4216: 4213: 4146:Nathaniel Lyon 4138: 4135: 4123:Sterling Price 4090: 4087: 4079: 4076: 3906: 3903: 3886: 3883: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3828:South Carolina 3801: 3798: 3597:Irvin McDowell 3589: 3586: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3479:North Carolina 3445: 3442: 3355:was powerful. 3272:Main article: 3269: 3266: 3236: 3233: 3192:Main article: 3189: 3186: 3173:Winfield Scott 3155:Union blockade 3153:Main article: 3150: 3149:Union blockade 3147: 3127:Chesapeake Bay 3045: 3042: 3038:Medal of Honor 3008: 3005: 2996:Main article: 2993: 2990: 2982:bounty jumpers 2930: 2927: 2907: 2904: 2900:East Tennessee 2868:Nathaniel Lyon 2773: 2767: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2723:Main article: 2720: 2717: 2709:North Carolina 2643:Main article: 2640: 2637: 2625:Fort Jefferson 2613:prime minister 2508:Morrill Tariff 2492:James Buchanan 2444:South Carolina 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2404: 2394:Main article: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2344:Main article: 2341: 2338: 2294:white Southern 2210:Main article: 2207: 2204: 2148:end of the war 2120:naval blockade 2069:South Carolina 2001: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1959: 1948: 1947: 1945:Historiography 1942: 1937: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1590:The West Coast 1587: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1564:Indian removal 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1493: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1463:Saudi American 1460: 1455: 1450: 1448:Iraqi American 1445: 1440: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1383:Irish American 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1308:Asian American 1304: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1246:Sexual slavery 1236: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1116:Postal service 1113: 1108: 1106:Foreign policy 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1061: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 983: 982: 981: 969: 962: 954: 951: 950: 947: 946: 941: 940: 937: 933: 932: 930: 922: 921: 918: 911: 910: 908: 900: 899: 896: 889: 888: 886: 878: 877: 874: 867: 866: 863: 856: 855: 853: 845: 844: 841: 834: 833: 830: 823: 822: 820: 812: 811: 808: 801: 800: 797: 790: 789: 786: 779: 778: 775: 768: 767: 765: 757: 756: 753: 746: 745: 742: 735: 734: 731: 724: 723: 721: 713: 712: 709: 702: 701: 699: 691: 690: 687: 685:Jacksonian Era 680: 679: 676: 669: 668: 666: 658: 657: 654: 647: 646: 643: 641:Federalist Era 636: 635: 633: 625: 624: 621: 614: 613: 610: 603: 602: 600: 592: 591: 588: 580: 579: 576: 560: 553: 552: 549: 548: 540: 539: 529: 528: 517: 516: 514: 513: 508: 503: 501:Lower seaboard 498: 493: 488: 486:Union blockade 482: 479: 478: 466: 465: 458: 451: 443: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 423: 419: 416: 415: 413: 412: 407: 404: 400: 397: 396: 391: 388: 375: 373: 371: 370: 365: 362: 358: 355: 354: 349: 346: 343: 330: 327: 326: 322: 321: 319: 318: 315: 311: 309: 307: 306: 303: 299: 296: 295: 291: 290: 288: 287: 280: 262: 243: 241: 239: 238: 231: 219: 200: 197: 196: 192: 191: 176: 163: 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 147: 141: 140: 127: 123: 122: 119:Atlantic Ocean 113: 111: 107: 106: 100: 92: 91: 89: 88: 83: 77: 68: 62: 53: 47: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18496: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18424:Robert E. Lee 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18399: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18378:War on terror 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18313: 18309: 18303: 18300: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18277: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18077: 18075: 18071: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17916: 17914: 17910: 17903: 17894: 17889: 17887: 17882: 17880: 17875: 17874: 17871: 17856: 17852: 17849: 17845: 17842: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17831: 17828: 17824: 17823: 17820: 17813: 17809: 17805: 17801: 17798: 17794: 17791: 17787: 17784: 17780: 17777: 17773: 17770: 17766: 17763: 17759: 17756: 17752: 17749: 17745: 17742: 17738: 17735: 17731: 17728: 17724: 17721: 17717: 17716: 17713: 17709: 17706: 17699: 17694: 17692: 17687: 17685: 17680: 17679: 17676: 17664: 17660: 17656: 17654: 17646: 17645: 17642: 17628: 17625: 17624: 17622: 17618: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17581:Photographers 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17556:Gender issues 17554: 17552: 17549: 17545: 17542: 17541: 17540: 17537: 17533: 17530: 17529: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17509: 17507: 17503: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17476: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17445: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17418: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17394: 17390: 17384: 17383:War Democrats 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17373:Union Leagues 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17305: 17303: 17299: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17272:Turning point 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17242:Naval battles 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17176: 17175: 17171: 17167: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17127: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17107: 17105: 17101: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17086: 17084: 17080: 17070: 17067: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17049: 17048: 17045: 17044: 17042: 17038: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17021: 17020: 17017: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17007: 17005:and memorials 17001: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16929: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16867: 16866: 16865:Commemoration 16863: 16862: 16860: 16854: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16836: 16833: 16832: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16814: 16811: 16810: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16773: 16772: 16769: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16707:first inquiry 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16689: 16688: 16685: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16627:Carpetbaggers 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16610: 16606: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16584: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16577: 16575: 16571: 16567: 16560: 16556: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16478: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16344: 16340: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16280: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16144: 16141: 16137: 16133: 16129: 16124: 16120: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16066: 16062: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16050:West Virginia 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15970:New Hampshire 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15930:Massachusetts 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15809: 15806: 15802: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15670:Hampton Roads 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15660:Fort Donelson 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15633: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15556:Morgan's Raid 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15501:Anaconda Plan 15499: 15498: 15496: 15494: 15489: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15477:Pacific Coast 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15448: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15387: 15383: 15380: 15376: 15372: 15364: 15361: 15358: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15244: 15240: 15234: 15233: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15211:Positive good 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15186: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15162: 15158: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15126:Panic of 1857 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15086:Border states 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15059: 15055: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15033: 15028: 15026: 15021: 15019: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15003: 15002:The Civil War 15000: 14997: 14994: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14962: 14959: 14956: 14952: 14951: 14946: 14943: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14921: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14885: 14881: 14878: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14855: 14851: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14834: 14831: 14827: 14824: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14795: 14789: 14785: 14784: 14778: 14774: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14746: 14742: 14741: 14735: 14731: 14725: 14720: 14719: 14713: 14709: 14704: 14698: 14694: 14693: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14662: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14621: 14615: 14611: 14605: 14601: 14600: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14584: 14581: 14578: 14574: 14571: 14568: 14565: 14562: 14559: 14556: 14553: 14550: 14547: 14544: 14540: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14533: 14528: 14527:Nevins, Allan 14525: 14521: 14515: 14510: 14509: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14489: 14485: 14484: 14478: 14474: 14468: 14464: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14434: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14416: 14414:9780030796401 14410: 14406: 14402: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14383:9780823284566 14379: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14345: 14341: 14340:The Union War 14336: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14311: 14305: 14301: 14299:9780820310770 14295: 14291: 14283: 14281:9780820308159 14277: 14273: 14268: 14264: 14258: 14254: 14253: 14247: 14246: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14221: 14220: 14208: 14202: 14198: 14197: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14177: 14172: 14170: 14164: 14158: 14154: 14153: 14147: 14143: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14122: 14118: 14112: 14108: 14107: 14101: 14097: 14091: 14087: 14082: 14078: 14072: 14068: 14067: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14047: 14046: 14040: 14036: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14004: 14003: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13989: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13975: 13971: 13965: 13961: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13939: 13938:The Civil War 13934: 13930: 13926: 13920: 13916: 13915: 13909: 13905: 13899: 13894: 13893: 13886: 13882: 13877: 13873: 13867: 13863: 13862: 13856: 13852: 13846: 13842: 13837: 13833: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13803: 13799: 13798: 13792: 13788: 13787: 13781: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13759: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13740: 13739: 13733: 13729: 13723: 13719: 13718: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13695: 13691: 13689:0-3930-4712-1 13685: 13680: 13679: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13651: 13649: 13644: 13638: 13634: 13633: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13592: 13591: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13571: 13566: 13562: 13556: 13552: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13523: 13519: 13513: 13509: 13508: 13502: 13498: 13492: 13488: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13470: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13429: 13425: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13406: 13401: 13397: 13391: 13387: 13386: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13366: 13365: 13359: 13355: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13338: 13327: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13294: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13275: 13271: 13266: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13246: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13224: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13153: 13150:. LSU Press. 13149: 13148: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13129:Catton, Bruce 13126: 13122: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13105: 13101: 13095: 13091: 13090: 13084: 13069: 13062: 13061: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13018: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12993: 12989: 12983: 12979: 12978: 12972: 12968: 12962: 12958: 12957: 12951: 12950: 12942: 12938: 12922: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12903: 12897:, p. 75. 12896: 12891: 12884: 12878: 12870: 12864: 12860: 12859: 12851: 12844: 12838: 12830: 12826: 12819: 12811: 12804: 12789: 12785: 12778: 12763: 12759: 12753: 12746: 12740: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12717: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12682: 12673: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12642: 12634: 12628: 12624: 12623: 12615: 12609:(1927), 2:54. 12608: 12602: 12595: 12590: 12583: 12578: 12571: 12565: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12525:Oscar Handlin 12520: 12512: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12493: 12486: 12481: 12474: 12470: 12465: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12445: 12437: 12433: 12427: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12401: 12394: 12387: 12383: 12378: 12371: 12368:Eric Foner's 12365: 12358: 12354: 12349: 12340: 12335: 12334: 12333:The Economist 12329: 12323: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12289: 12282: 12277: 12271:, p. 82. 12270: 12265: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12243: 12227: 12223: 12216: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12164: 12157: 12151: 12144: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12073: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12048: 12042: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12005: 11998: 11993: 11986: 11981: 11979: 11971: 11966: 11959: 11955: 11950: 11935: 11931: 11924: 11917: 11912: 11905: 11900: 11898: 11890: 11885: 11879:, p. 74. 11878: 11873: 11866: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11841: 11835: 11819: 11815: 11808: 11792: 11786: 11779: 11773: 11765: 11764:United States 11761: 11755: 11748: 11742: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11689: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11670: 11663: 11658: 11651: 11646: 11640: 11635: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11592: 11581:September 22, 11576: 11575:Science Daily 11572: 11566: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11495: 11488: 11483: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11452: 11444: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11428: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11387: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11360: 11353: 11348: 11341: 11336: 11329: 11324: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11274: 11264: 11258: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11234: 11223: 11216: 11210: 11203: 11198: 11191: 11187: 11182: 11180: 11172: 11167: 11160: 11155: 11148: 11143: 11127: 11123: 11122: 11117: 11111: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11047: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10971: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10942: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10921: 10914: 10909: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10857: 10852: 10845: 10844:Dunkerly 2015 10840: 10833: 10828: 10821: 10816: 10810:, p. 68. 10809: 10804: 10797: 10792: 10784: 10778: 10774: 10773: 10765: 10758: 10753: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10735:0-06-018723-9 10731: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10707: 10699: 10692: 10684: 10679: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10654: 10647: 10642: 10635: 10630: 10623: 10618: 10611: 10606: 10599: 10594: 10587: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10563: 10558: 10550: 10544: 10540: 10539: 10531: 10523: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10508: 10500: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10473: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10309: 10304: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10223: 10216: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10181: 10174: 10169: 10162: 10157: 10149: 10143: 10136: 10131: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10108: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10063: 10056: 10051: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10024: 10013:September 13, 10008: 10002: 9996:, p. 92. 9995: 9990: 9981: 9974: 9969: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9934: 9929: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9898: 9887:September 27, 9882: 9876: 9874: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9840: 9838: 9830: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9779: 9773: 9769: 9768: 9760: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9741: 9733: 9726: 9721: 9713: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9694: 9687: 9683: 9678: 9671: 9666: 9659: 9654: 9647: 9642: 9635: 9627:September 13, 9623: 9619: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9587: 9579: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9538: 9537: 9529: 9523:, p. 91. 9522: 9521:Anderson 1989 9517: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9464: 9459: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9415: 9409: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9391: 9383: 9377: 9370: 9365: 9358: 9353: 9346: 9341: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9323: 9315: 9310: 9308: 9300: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9277:, p. 73. 9276: 9271: 9264: 9259: 9251: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9228: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9199: 9192: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9159: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9119: 9112: 9107: 9101:, p. 49. 9100: 9095: 9088: 9087:Anderson 1989 9083: 9076: 9071: 9065:, p. 49. 9064: 9059: 9053:, p. 36. 9052: 9047: 9040: 9035: 9028: 9022: 9015: 9009: 9002: 9001:Anderson 1989 8997: 8995: 8988:, p. 92. 8987: 8982: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8874: 8872:0-313-32708-4 8868: 8864: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8820: 8815: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8791: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8764: 8758:, p. 57. 8757: 8752: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8684:Social Forces 8678: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8631: 8624: 8623:Schecter 2007 8619: 8611: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8588: 8580: 8579: 8571: 8564: 8559: 8551: 8550: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8511: 8504: 8498: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8474: 8467: 8461: 8455:, p. 55. 8454: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8430: 8424: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8391: 8385: 8378: 8372: 8356: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8313: 8306: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8279: 8263: 8259: 8257: 8249: 8247: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8215:, p. 21. 8214: 8209: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8157: 8151: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8108: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8045: 8040: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8013: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7960: 7952: 7947: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7926: 7921: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7897: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7840:, p. 28. 7839: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7801:, p. 24. 7800: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7641: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7571: 7564: 7559: 7552: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7512: 7506: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7357: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7306:September 22, 7301: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7213: 7212: 7204: 7202: 7194: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156: 7150: 7142: 7141: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7036: 7030: 7020: 7016: 7015:Schecter 2007 7013: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6945:Robert E. Lee 6942: 6938: 6932: 6923: 6914: 6905: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6880:, p. 207 6879: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6838: 6832: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6795: 6794:border states 6789: 6780: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6613: 6608: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6521: 6508: 6507: 6506:War of Rights 6503: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6485:(2013, US/FR) 6484: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6445:(2007, US/FR) 6444: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6282:Cold Mountain 6279: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258:The Civil War 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6100:Stephen Crane 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897:The Civil War 5893: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5852: 5838: 5828: 5824: 5817:Commemoration 5814: 5812: 5808: 5805:in 1895, and 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5720:Alan T. Nolan 5714: 5704: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5500: 5496: 5493:In 1863, the 5489: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5445:Simon Cameron 5441: 5437: 5435: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5411:War Democrats 5408: 5314: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5089: 5077: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4868:29,100 (98%) 4867: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4857:21,800 (71%) 4856: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4812:490,000 (2%) 4811: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4747: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630:Bennett Place 4627: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4563: 4554: 4547: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119:Ben McCulloch 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969:Island No. 10 3961: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930:Leonidas Polk 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3895:Braxton Bragg 3892: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786:turning point 3783: 3779: 3776:during Lee's 3775: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3755:John Sedgwick 3751: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3730:Joseph Hooker 3727: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3711:Potomac River 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563:Robert E. Lee 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3529:Robert E. Lee 3526: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373:Prince Albert 3370: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3177:Anaconda Plan 3174: 3166: 3165:Anaconda Plan 3161: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3143:Great Britain 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3044:Naval tactics 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3004: 2999: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:habeas corpus 2832: 2829:establishing 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:West Virginia 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795:West Virginia 2792: 2788: 2784: 2765: 2764:West Virginia 2760: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2676:Fort Moultrie 2673: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619:in Virginia, 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:Homestead Act 2509: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375:administering 2372: 2367: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:nullification 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:written about 2165: 2161: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:Robert E. Lee 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:United States 2016: 2012: 2008: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1940:List of years 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1919: 1911: 1909: 1908:Urban history 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339:Thai American 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187:Party Systems 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:Voting rights 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 990: 989: 988: 984: 980: 977: 976: 975: 974: 970: 968: 967: 963: 961: 960: 956: 955: 949: 948: 938: 935: 934: 931: 929: 928: 924: 923: 919: 917: 913: 912: 909: 907: 906: 902: 901: 897: 895: 891: 890: 887: 885: 884: 880: 879: 875: 873: 869: 868: 864: 862: 858: 857: 854: 852: 851: 847: 846: 842: 840: 836: 835: 831: 829: 825: 824: 821: 819: 818: 814: 813: 809: 807: 803: 802: 798: 796: 792: 791: 787: 785: 781: 780: 776: 774: 770: 769: 766: 764: 763: 759: 758: 754: 752: 748: 747: 743: 741: 737: 736: 732: 730: 726: 725: 722: 720: 719: 715: 714: 710: 708: 707:Civil War Era 704: 703: 700: 698: 697: 693: 692: 688: 686: 682: 681: 677: 675: 671: 670: 667: 665: 664: 660: 659: 655: 653: 649: 648: 644: 642: 638: 637: 634: 632: 631: 627: 626: 622: 620: 616: 615: 611: 609: 605: 604: 601: 599: 598: 594: 593: 589: 587: 586: 582: 581: 577: 575: 574: 569: 568: 564: 563: 558: 551: 550: 546: 542: 541: 538: 537:United States 531: 530: 527: 524: 523: 512: 511:Pacific coast 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 480: 474: 464: 459: 457: 452: 450: 445: 444: 441: 430: 427: 424: 421: 420: 417: 411: 408: 405: 402: 401: 395: 392: 389: 387: 377: 376: 374: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359: 353: 350: 347: 344: 342: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 316: 313: 312: 310: 304: 301: 300: 298: 297: 292: 286: 285: 284:and others... 281: 278: 273: 272:Robert E. Lee 268: 263: 260: 255: 250: 245: 244: 242: 237: 236: 235:and others... 232: 230: 225: 220: 218: 217: 212: 207: 202: 201: 199: 198: 193: 189: 177: 175: 174:United States 170: 165: 164: 159: 152: 148: 143: 142: 137: 131: 128: 125: 124: 120: 116: 115:United States 112: 109: 108: 101: 98: 97: 93: 87: 84: 82: 78: 76: 75: 69: 66: 63: 61: 57: 54: 52: 49: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 18190:World War II 17984:Hamburg riot 17963: 17707: 17522:Bibliography 17505:Other topics 17447:By ethnicity 17415: 17368:Trent Affair 17267:Signal Corps 17124: 16847:White League 16734:Ku Klux Klan 16647:Confederados 16574:Constitution 16446:D. D. Porter 16299:Breckinridge 16010:Rhode Island 16005:Pennsylvania 15760:Spotsylvania 15720:Stones River 15700:2nd Bull Run 15650:1st Bull Run 15536:Stones River 15437:Marine Corps 15404:Marine Corps 15243:Abolitionism 15230: 15183: 15038: 14949: 14906: 14902: 14890: 14883: 14876: 14866: 14853: 14843: 14836: 14829: 14822: 14812: 14782: 14762: 14739: 14717: 14691: 14665: 14659: 14649: 14624: 14618: 14598: 14588: 14582: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14538: 14530: 14507: 14482: 14462: 14440:(1): 50–55. 14437: 14431: 14420: 14404: 14401:Unger, Irwin 14365: 14339: 14314: 14308: 14289: 14271: 14251: 14228: 14195: 14175: 14151: 14126: 14105: 14085: 14065: 14044: 14024: 14001: 13987: 13973: 13969: 13959: 13937: 13913: 13891: 13880: 13860: 13840: 13820: 13796: 13785: 13768: 13764: 13737: 13716: 13698: 13677: 13658: 13654: 13648:Google Books 13631: 13610: 13589: 13569: 13550: 13530: 13506: 13486: 13468: 13446: 13423: 13404: 13384: 13363: 13342: 13329:. Retrieved 13314: 13292: 13269: 13257:. 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Retrieved 8735: 8725: 8717: 8712: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8660: 8656: 8643: 8635: 8630: 8618: 8594: 8587: 8577: 8570: 8563:Coulter 1950 8558: 8548: 8541: 8533: 8522: 8510: 8502: 8497: 8485: 8473: 8465: 8460: 8453:Weigley 2004 8448: 8436: 8428: 8423: 8411:. Retrieved 8407:the original 8397: 8389: 8384: 8376: 8371: 8359:. Retrieved 8353: 8346: 8333: 8320: 8311: 8305: 8296: 8290: 8278: 8266:. Retrieved 8262:the original 8255: 8233:. Retrieved 8229: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8160:. Retrieved 8150: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8102: 8090: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8019: 8012: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7946: 7920: 7908: 7896: 7884:. Retrieved 7880: 7871: 7859:. Retrieved 7845: 7838:Winters 1963 7833: 7823:November 28, 7821:. Retrieved 7806: 7794: 7784:November 28, 7782:. Retrieved 7773: 7764: 7754:November 28, 7752:. Retrieved 7743: 7734: 7724:November 28, 7722:. Retrieved 7713: 7704: 7694:November 28, 7692:. Retrieved 7683: 7674: 7664:November 28, 7662:. Retrieved 7658:the original 7648: 7629: 7623: 7611:. 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K. Smith 16139:Confederate 16086:New Orleans 16081:Chattanooga 15945:Mississippi 15845:Connecticut 15813:territories 15804:Involvement 15765:Cold Harbor 15755:Fort Pillow 15745:Chattanooga 15740:Chickamauga 15690:Seven Pines 15680:New Orleans 15645:Fort Sumter 15586:Valley 1864 15419:Confederacy 15216:Slave Power 15196:Fire-Eaters 14938:View images 14392:j.ctvh1dnpx 14216:Web sources 14169:archive.org 13972:. Vol. 30, 13310:Foner, Eric 12895:Keegan 2009 12418:j.ctt46nc9q 12232:October 16, 12207:www.nps.gov 12187:January 20, 11985:Donald 1995 11891:, p. . 11776:Jim Downs, 11551:: 119–131. 11472:October 16, 10406:www.nps.gov 10385:January 25, 10308:Keegan 2009 10297:(1): 36–51. 10258:Keegan 2009 10247:(1): 44–51. 10173:Keegan 2009 9950:www.nps.gov 9881:"Vicksburg" 9420:January 18, 9167:, p. . 9051:Fuller 2008 9039:Nelson 2005 8986:Nelson 2005 8971:January 24, 8950:, p. . 8948:Canney 1998 8756:Keegan 2009 8625:, p. . 8490:Keegan 2009 8268:February 6, 8162:November 3, 7881:History.com 7613:January 22, 7495:October 25, 7243:October 14, 6988:Keller 2009 6974:Wittke 1952 6937:Howell Cobb 6869:Murray 1967 6706:Catton 1965 6660:Draper 1870 6501:(2016, UKR) 6493:(2014, UKR) 6386:Video games 6178:Operator 13 6170:The General 6078:Jules Verne 6005:Oval Office 6000:River Queen 5958:Gatling gun 5946:single-shot 5674:New Orleans 5672:reunion in 5471:Contrabands 5259:World War I 5247:Minié balls 4737:Copperheads 4661:Stand Watie 4640:on May 10. 4406:Cold Harbor 4383:, Alabama. 4365:Franz Sigel 4286:New Orleans 4266:advantage. 4201:Stand Watie 4064:Chattanooga 4007:Kirby Smith 3824:Mississippi 3696:John Pope's 3631:James River 3383:during the 3336:to Britain 3329:diplomacy. 3326:Carl Schurz 3262:Stone Fleet 3182:King Cotton 2923:John Keegan 2843:Roger Taney 2831:martial law 2633:Fort Sumter 2629:Fort Taylor 2617:Fort Monroe 2552:(1861–1865) 2534:introduced 2456:Mississippi 2379:maintaining 2065:Fort Sumter 2027:Confederacy 2011:other names 1859:Territories 1580:New England 1260:Agriculture 1179:Coast Guard 1174:Space Force 1022:Immigration 872:Vietnam War 773:World War I 567:Prehistoric 144:Territorial 65:Confederate 18398:Categories 18383:War crimes 18250:Kosovo War 18195:Korean War 18175:Border War 18034:Bonus Army 18029:Tulsa riot 18019:Red Summer 17939:Mormon War 17797:San Marino 17561:Juneteenth 17082:Cemeteries 16959:Red Shirts 16870:Centennial 16820:Red Shirts 16228:Longstreet 16158:Beauregard 16101:Winchester 16076:Charleston 16045:Washington 15980:New Mexico 15975:New Jersey 15835:California 15811:States and 15795:Five Forks 15780:Mobile Bay 15750:Wilderness 15730:Gettysburg 15710:Perryville 15695:Seven Days 15626:Appomattox 15551:Gettysburg 15511:New Mexico 15378:Combatants 15353:Combatants 15266:John Brown 13178:1249017603 13135:. Vol. 3, 12881:Sondhaus, 12594:Nolan 2000 12582:Nolan 2000 12557:Q118746838 12449:Joan Waugh 12129:Q116965145 11997:Baker 2003 11889:Foner 1981 11877:Foner 2010 11845:January 9, 11824:January 9, 11797:January 2, 11499:Doyle 2015 11313:August 21, 10207:1029877004 10161:Jones 2011 9550:Foote 1974 9369:Doyle 2015 9357:Doyle 2015 9345:Doyle 2015 9263:Jones 2002 9123:Stern 1962 8965:Britannica 8899:January 6, 8741:January 6, 8478:Neely 1993 8361:August 18, 8213:Jones 2011 8201:Jones 2011 7321:Downs 2012 7258:Downs 2012 7044:References 7001:Baker 2003 6953:Appomattox 6871:, p. 6852:, and the 6718:Blair 2015 6686:, p. 6678:Grant 1886 6672:Davis 1881 6666:Davis 1881 6477:(2011, US) 6469:(2009, US) 6461:(2009, US) 6453:(2008, US) 6437:(2006, US) 6429:(2006, US) 6421:(2006, US) 6413:(1999, US) 6405:(1997, US) 6397:(1989, FR) 6319:See also: 6309:(2016, US) 6301:(2012, US) 6293:(2003, US) 6285:(2003, US) 6277:(1993, US) 6269:(1993, US) 6266:Gettysburg 6261:(1990, US) 6253:(1989, US) 6237:(1976, US) 6229:(1971, US) 6213:(1965, US) 6210:Shenandoah 6205:(1959, US) 6197:(1951, US) 6189:(1939, US) 6181:(1934, US) 6173:(1926, US) 6165:(1915, US) 6142:(2005) by 6133:John Jakes 6131:(1982) by 6120:(1936) by 6109:(1917) by 6098:(1895) by 6087:(1890) by 6076:(1887) by 6067:Mark Twain 6065:(1885) by 6054:(1881) by 6031:(1865) by 6015:Literature 5789:, and the 5707:Lost Cause 5495:Union Army 5475:Union Army 5241:, such as 5036:Casualties 4957:negligible 4945:4,500,000 4941:negligible 4872:negligible 4828:1,900,000 4824:negligible 4762:Population 4697:Shenandoah 4676:Juneteenth 4670:announced 4398:Wilderness 4255:Charleston 4226:Background 4171:Extensive 4154:Union Army 4152:, leading 4089:Background 3973:New Madrid 3842:Background 3715:Sharpsburg 3627:York River 3582:Jeb Stuart 3494:Maj. Gen. 3485:Background 3381:Lord Lyons 3086:steamboats 3075:Royal Navy 3068:The small 3021:Historian 3011:See also: 2958:immigrants 2933:See also: 2910:See also: 2803:Union Army 2668:Charleston 2649:See also: 2603:nomination 2536:income tax 2263:Lost Cause 2200:World Wars 1134:Journalism 1086:Corruption 1065:Government 1016:Demography 1003:Newspapers 894:Reagan Era 740:Gilded Age 578:until 1607 18090:Quasi-War 17979:Range War 17806:(as Siam) 17720:Australia 17539:Espionage 17333:Diplomacy 17301:Political 17257:POW camps 17003:Monuments 16830:Scalawags 16825:Redeemers 16563:Aftermath 16512:Pinkerton 16451:Rosecrans 16416:McClellan 16319:Memminger 16055:Wisconsin 16020:Tennessee 15940:Minnesota 15915:Louisiana 15790:Nashville 15735:Vicksburg 15665:Pea Ridge 15616:Carolinas 15571:Red River 15566:Knoxville 15546:Tullahoma 15541:Vicksburg 15521:Peninsula 15493:campaigns 15359:Campaigns 15136:Secession 14983:from the 14940:from the 13951:299955768 13478:936872302 13456:255136538 13331:April 20, 13254:830251756 13042:0002-8762 12307:0362-4331 12121:0362-4331 11352:Ward 1990 10975:Neff 2010 10936:. p. 177. 10856:Long 1971 10832:Long 1971 10820:Hunt 2015 10796:Long 1971 10757:Long 1971 10411:April 20, 10362:777948477 10227:counties. 9955:March 12, 9864:880934087 9802:March 30, 9506:April 22, 9165:Wise 1991 9099:Wise 1991 8600:UBC Press 8413:April 20, 8004:1945-7987 7447:0882-228X 7385:0021-8723 7149:cite book 7116:Long 1971 6878:Neff 2010 6684:Dyer 1908 6509:(TBD, US) 5918:telegraph 5888:Ken Burns 5866:Hollywood 5753:released 5589:impeached 5497:accepted 5267:Jim Downs 5147:(31,000) 5142:(30,192) 5135:Captured 5091:Category 5078:, Georgia 4688:Admiralty 4592:Traveller 4353:total war 4280:attacked 4150:St. Louis 3996:Vicksburg 3923:Nashville 3836:Louisiana 3832:Tennessee 3623:peninsula 3594:Maj. Gen. 3580:assigned 3415:Austrian 3342:CSS 3306:Uncle Sam 3302:John Bull 3268:Diplomacy 3120:USS 3111:Merrimack 3103:CSS 3096:CSS 3093:submarine 3070:U.S. Navy 3062:Merrimack 3054:USS 3029:Red Rover 2992:Prisoners 2963:When the 2701:Tennessee 2472:Louisiana 2325:economics 2317:secession 2290:abolition 2033:that had 2015:civil war 1585:The South 1169:Air Force 1044:Education 920:1991–2008 905:1991–2008 898:1981–1991 883:1980–1991 876:1964–1975 865:1954–1968 850:1964–1980 843:1954–1968 832:1945–1964 817:1945–1964 810:1941–1945 799:1929–1941 788:1918–1929 777:1917–1918 762:1917–1945 755:1896–1917 744:1877–1896 733:1865–1877 718:1865–1917 711:1849–1865 696:1849–1865 689:1825–1849 678:1817–1825 663:1815–1849 656:1801–1817 645:1788–1801 630:1789–1815 623:1783–1788 612:1765–1783 597:1776–1789 590:1607–1765 333:110,000+ 79:Ruins of 72:USS 70:Ironclad 67:prisoners 18373:Cold War 18290:Cameroon 18260:Iraq War 18230:Gulf War 17954:Utah War 17912:Domestic 17804:Thailand 17653:Category 17494:Seminole 17484:Cherokee 17237:Medicine 17190:Military 17103:Veterans 16937:Jim Crow 16702:timeline 16497:Ericsson 16480:Civilian 16461:Sheridan 16421:McDowell 16381:Farragut 16366:Burnside 16356:Anderson 16349:Military 16329:Stephens 16289:Benjamin 16282:Civilian 16168:Buchanan 16146:Military 16091:Richmond 16040:Virginia 15985:New York 15960:Nebraska 15950:Missouri 15935:Michigan 15925:Maryland 15910:Kentucky 15885:Illinois 15860:Delaware 15840:Colorado 15825:Arkansas 15785:Franklin 15705:Antietam 15576:Overland 15531:Maryland 15450:Theaters 15356:Theaters 14761:(2008). 14714:(1990). 14504:(2007). 14233:Archived 14023:(1994). 13985:(1962). 13935:(1963). 13818:(1993). 13773:Archived 13707:68283123 13466:(1866). 13444:(1886). 13312:(1981). 13290:(1908). 13259:July 28, 13242:(1870). 13211:(1995). 13168:(1881). 13131:(1965). 13068:Archived 13050:43697075 13011:July 29, 12553:Wikidata 12547:(1954), 12226:Archived 12125:Wikidata 11939:June 17, 11934:ABC News 11626:30195230 11618:22512048 11521:Archived 11429:(1999). 11380:. ch. 1. 11307:Archived 11132:July 25, 11100:July 25, 11068:July 25, 11035:July 25, 11029:Archived 11003:July 25, 10997:Archived 10960:June 12, 10744:46543709 10462:March 7, 10429:(1957). 10329:Archived 10241:Prologue 9437:(2021). 8846:June 22, 8527:Archived 8388:Nevins, 8375:Nevins, 8338:Archived 7886:June 12, 7861:July 16, 7817:Archived 7778:Archived 7748:Archived 7718:Archived 7688:Archived 7544:Archived 7489:Archived 7455:23210244 7300:Archived 7229:Nofi, Al 7061:Archived 6762:Archived 6645:July 29, 6581:Cherokee 6515:See also 5954:Agar gun 5922:balloons 5886:(2012). 5874:(1915), 5647:Monument 5499:Freedmen 5253:and the 5243:charging 5158:914,660 5155:821,245 5145:462,634 5140:211,411 5130:194,026 5127:275,154 5119:164,000 5116:224,580 5113:Disease 5105:110,100 4953:300,000 4838:1860–64 4834:Soldiers 4725:its name 4657:Cherokee 4603:was shot 4503:Savannah 4107:Oklahoma 4099:Arkansas 3988:Farragut 3934:Columbus 3915:Donelson 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