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treatments. Many native plants have been known to have poor establishment in soils with high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. This coincides with the observation that fertiliser application immediately after transplant of waratahs in the field often leads to high mortalities. Other studies have reported a strong growth response to high nutrient levels, particularly phosphorus. As yet, the details of this response are not yet clear and suggest a complex nitrogen-phosphorus relationship. Earlier work (1963) on related species, had indicated that fertiliser application may hasten maturation and give early flowering. If fertiliser is applied, drainage properties of the soil mean that nutrients are quickly leached and so the best application method is multiple applications at critical stages in development such as flush periods.
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plant hormone florigen. Florigen is produced in the leaves in reproductively favourable conditions and acts in buds and growing tips to induce a number of different physiological and morphological changes. Once this process begins, in most plants, it cannot be reversed and the stems develop flowers, even if the initial start of the flower formation event was dependent of some environmental cue. Once the process begins, even if that cue is removed the stem will continue to develop a flower. Flower induction and initiation can simply occur when a plant has reached a mature enough age. However, in many plant species floral process occur in response to a number of environmental signals, or alternatively, are repressed by environmental signals.
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exposure. A combination of northerly, easterly and westerly aspects will spread the flowering time with the western slope flowering slightly later on. As the location approaches the equator, flowering time will be earlier. Elevation also has to be considered as it will affect temperature, a major influence on flowering time. More flowers will be produced in full sunlight although better quality flowers are found in the shade. Paul Nixon (1997) in his book ‘The
Waratah’ claims that ‘the ideal situation is to have rich, well drained, deep soil with a north-easterly aspect giving the plants full sun until the flowers buds have initiated and then put shade cloth over the bushes until they have flowered’.
866:
841:'flower' is in fact an inflorescence that comprises from as few as 10 to as many as 240 individual flowers, depending upon the species concerned. The style is thickened at the distal end to form a 'pollen-presenter'. Pollen presenters have an area on the style end that presents the pollen to the pollinator. The stigma is initially trapped within the perianth and as the style grows it becomes bent until it splits the perianth and the pistil is released to spring upright. An open inflorescence usually contains functionally male and female flowers at any one time. Inflorescences range from 6–15 cm in diameter with a basal ring of coloured bracts.
781:). The damage is caused by the larvae and damage generally first shows at a branch fork or leaf. The condition is generally confined to young shrubs or trees. The leaves are skeletonised and the larvae web them together into a shelter that incorporates larval faeces. Larvae can also burrow into the developing flower head, obliterating a crop entirely if left uncontrolled. Biological control methods include encouragement of bird species. The borer is present throughout the year and so pesticide treatments with a strong persistent spray should be carried out monthly. What is used for the borer should also control lesser pests such as
448:
523:
689:
759:. Damping off is a condition that causes the death of seeds or seedlings facilitated by a number of different fungal pathogens. A given seed can become infected with a fungus, often causing it to darken and soften, killing the seedling before it emerges or causing it to emerge in a pre-weakened state. Seedlings can also be infected after emergence resulting in the stem thinning until it eventually rots and the seedling topples over. The problem is often associated with and encouraged by excessively wet conditions.
38:
483:
413:
58:
766:– a discolouration of the showy floral bracts of the floral head occurring prior to harvest. Bract browning has been a major restraint to financial returns due to reduced cut flower quality. Browning is usually a result of sun damage but can also be associated with wind burn. The addition of shade cloths to crop management strategies has been shown to reduce levels of excessive light and has significantly minimised financial losses due to the reduction of occurrence of bract browning.
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slow plant to mature with a flowering period that is short, unpredictable and unreliable. Early issues with cultivation meant that approximately 90% of all waratahs sold at Sydney’s
Flemington markets in the early 90s were bush picked. Some progress has been made in the 20 years since then with several cultivars being commercially grown mostly in areas to the North and South of Sydney and in the Dandenong Ranges in Victoria. Issues with cultivation are still present however.
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and low humidity. Dry seed will last a few years in refrigerated storage but should be treated with a general purpose fungicide prior to storage and at propagation to ensure good germination rates and healthy seedlings. The best time to take cuttings is when the plant is experiencing a flush of growth. The cuttings are taken from firm wood from the last twelve months growth. If plant material is scarce, single nodes can be used for cutting propagation.
559:
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in a population of 1000 seedlings where the total flowering time was five weeks, the spread was so that 10% flowered in week one and 10% in week five. Much variation was accounted for by varietal differences with plants of the one variety flowering at much the same time. Generally, waratahs flower over a 4–6 week period in spring (September–October) in the Sydney region, but later in cooler areas.
681:
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1–2 weeks earlier than a westerly aspect at the same location. Watering systems must also be carefully considered to coincide with correct drainage. As an
Australian native the waratah is a sturdy plant well adapted to coping with harsh environments and low rainfall. Watering systems are still necessary for cultivation in order to produce a reliable crop and a quality bloom.
248:, which is often very large, brightly coloured and showy, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. Species of waratah boast such inflorescences ranging from 6–15 cm in diameter with a basal ring of coloured bracts. The leaves are spirally arranged, 10–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad with entire or serrated margins. The name
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McConchie R, Delaporte K, Ekman J, Gollnow B, Lidbetter J, Srhoj J, Seaton K, Worral R (2008) Standing out from the bunch: an
Australian update on improving quality. In ‘IX International Protea Research Symposium, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 3–6 Sep 2008’. pp. 191–196 (International Society for
885:
Indigenous
Tharawal peoples from around the Cronulla region of southern Sydney use the waratah medicinally. Placing the flowers into a bowl of water so that the nectar can be soaked out, the flower water is then drunk for pleasure (for its strengthening effect and for curing illnesses in children and
876:
Flowering tends to vary with geographic location and climatic differences, occurring from early August in coastal
Queensland and up to December in Tasmania. Waratahs have a short flowering period in one location, although varieties can be selected to ensure a reasonable spread. It has been shown that
671:
With the correct mix of factors for cultivation it is possible to produce up to sixty blooms per plant per year. This could translate to up to 20,000 to 50,000 blooms per ha. Waratah inflorescences are harvested when 0–50% of flowers are open, although inflorescences with 0–5% of flower open have the
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A primary consideration for cultivation is water drainage. The waratah naturally grows in poor, sandy soils where it thrives due to the soils excellent water draining properties. Drainage properties can be linked to aspect and as a result plants grown on a north easterly aspect will generally flower
646:
plants propagated from seed, the transition from seedling to flower takes about 5 years. Cuttings may take only 2 years. The most common form of propagation is from seed, however, certain varieties and cultivars must be propagated from cuttings if the grower wishes the plants to remain true to form.
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has been observed from mid-December, with floral buds developing more rapidly on older shoots and floral primordia emerging from mid-January to
February. The floral primordia initiate over a 6–8 week period after primary flush growth from November to January. After the primordia initiation there may
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A problem for production that emanates from within the plant is the high amount of genetic and therefore morphological variability present in the flowers produced. The need to lift the quality and consistency of cut flower product has been repeatedly highlighted by industry reviews. Inconsistency of
630:
Other methods of propagation that are successful but not widely used for commercial production include grafting and tissue culture. Stock for grafting is vigorous and as such is labour-intensive in constant control of stock regrowth from the lignotuber. As such, it is not a recommended method but is
609:
For some time the waratah has had a reputation as a difficult plant. It has a complex culture and for many years there have been cases of people trying to establish the plant only to have the attempt fail. This can be the effect of unsuitable soil conditions, aspect or climate. The waratah is also a
853:
becoming competent to develop flowers. It involves biochemical changes at the apex, particularly those caused by cytokinins and the processes can be reversed. Floral initiation is the morphological transformation of an induced growing point from a vegetative to a floral primordium and involves the
626:
The propagation of waratah for commercial production is relatively easy in comparison to other stages of the growth cycle. Plants are usually propagated from cuttings, fresh seed or stored seed. Fresh seed has a good germination rate but deteriorates fairly rapidly unless stored at low temperature
634:
Tissue culture is very labour-intensive and would likely only be used in the case of rapidly increasing the number of plants from limited or valuable material. The process is complex though as different clones require different optimal culture conditions requiring different developmental work for
595:
are all confined to east coast regions from northern New South Wales to
Tasmania. Each of the species has its own distinctive natural distribution with minimal or no overlap. Climatic changes may have restricted the expansion of species distribution or led to its isolation in a particular region.
655:
The overall cultivation of the waratah as a single process is a tricky one as flowering time, number and quality are easily affected by changes in the plant environment. These factors must be considered as early as prior to buying land for production. North facing aspect ensures a maximum of sun
600:
has also been grown successfully in areas not on the map. In
Australia these areas include south-west Western Australia, the Queensland coast and also Toowoomba. Overseas, New Zealand, the USA, South Africa, and Israel are all also able to grow waratah with varying degrees of success. It was
663:
In the wild the waratah has become adapted to growing in nutrient-poor soils leading many people to believe that this is what is necessary for the development of the plant. Fertilisers are not necessary for the development of the plant but the waratah has been shown to be receptive to some
667:
Pruning is a very important consideration for the commercial growth of waratahs in the effort to design a shape for the plant that will encourage the maximum production of saleable blooms. The aim is to get as many growing tips as possible as it is on these that the flowers will develop.
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during cultivation has a profound effect on growth, particularly when the waratahs are small. Weeds should be seriously tended to in the early stages of growth. Once plants have reached waist height cases should be analysed individually to determine the best method of weed control.
793:). Leafminer poses no threat to the life of the plant but it is preferred that stems for the market still have leaves attached. Thus damaged leaves lower the value of the crop. Chemicals with zylene or toluene should not be used as the will not be tolerated by the plant.
831:
In many genera of
Proteaceae the inflorescence is very large and showy, often in bright colours, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. The individual flowers within the inflorescence also give Proteaceae species a unique look.
943:
Atwell BJ, Kriedemann PE, Turnbull C (1999) The processes of floral induction and initiation. In ‘Plants in Action: Adaptation in Nature, Performance in Cultivation’. pp. 8.3.2 – 8.4. (Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.: Melbourne,
754:
Issues with cultivation occur throughout the growth cycle of Telopea spp. with the first issues being encountered at the seedling stage. Waratah seedlings are often associated with a common plant condition known as
836:
species are long-lived, perennial plants that re-sprout from lignotubers after fire. After a few years of fire, re-sprouting stems produce the terminal flowers which continue the flowering cycle annually. The
582:
species, meaning that they rely on post-fire flowering followed by production and dispersal of non-dormant seeds to take advantage of favourable growing conditions in the altered environment following a fire.
1026:
Crisp, MD & Weston, PH (1995). "Telopea". In McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 382–390.
862:
be another vegetative flush of growth on the plants. The flower develops in bud form for seven to eight months. The date of flowering is highly variable as waratah flowering is sensitive to its environment.
631:
useful for the fast growth of limited material. Rootstock and scion combinations are used for many woody perennials to provide the necessary mix of floral or fruit characteristics and cultural requirements.
849:
Before a flower can be produced the plant must undergo floral induction and initiation. Floral induction involves physiological processes in the plant that result in the shoot apical
1433:
Rossetto M, Thurlby KAG, Offord CA, Allen CB, Weston PH (2011) The impact of distance and a shifting temperature gradient on genetic connectivity across a heterogeneous landscape.
933:, commissioned a state logo based on the floral emblem. The resultant logo design has been criticised as resembling a lotus rather than the New South Wales waratah.
305:. There are five species of plant within the genus, all of which readily hybridize in cultivation. There are two main branches, with one being the species pair of
769:
In the natural state, the waratah does not compete very well with surrounding shrubs and is at its best after fire when competition is removed. This means that
578:
Species grow as either large shrubs or small trees with spirally arranged leaves with either entire or serrated margins. They prefer sandy loam soils and are a
601:
introduced to England in 1789 but cannot survive English winters out of doors except in the south-west coastal regions, and it rarely flowers in glasshouses.
596:
However, waratahs can also grow outside of these natural distribution areas. Cultivation mostly occurs north of Sydney and in the Dandenong Ranges, Victoria.
1739:
1394:
Nixon P (1997) The Waratah. 2nd ed. (Kangaroo Press, East Roseville, Sydney, Australia). NSW Government, "Symbols & Emblems of New South Wales". URL:
337:
lineage has flowers that open from the centre to the edge of the inflorescence (basitonic) rather than the reverse (acrotonic), which is a feature of the
1359:
spp.). ‘Proceedings of the VIIth International Protea Research Symposium, International Society Horticultural Science’. (Ed A Gerber) pp. 117–126.
2707:
2563:
1685:
Weston, Peter H.; Crisp, Michael D. (1994). "Cladistic biogeography of waratahs (Proteaceae, Embothrieae) and their allies across the pacific".
1441:
Specht RL (1963). "Dark island heath (Ninety-Mile-Plain, South Australia). VII. The effect of fertilizers on composition and growth, 1950–60".
552:
516:
295:
180:
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Burnett J (1993) Will the waratah ever fulfil its potential?. In ‘SGAP 17th Biennial Seminar, Sydney, NSW, 27 Sep – 1 Oct’. Available at URL:
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399:
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species are being brought into cultivation. These exhibit variations in the colour of the flowers and/or the bracts. Some examples include:
333:—distinguishing common characteristics presumed not present in ancestors—leaves with toothed margins, and large red involucral bracts. The
1374:
Nichols DG, Beardsell DV (1981). "The response of phosphorus sensitive plants to slow-release fertilisers in soil-less potting mixtures".
1315:
Martyn AJ, Larkum AW, McConchie R, Offord CA (2008). "Photoinhibition and changes in pigments associated with bract browning in waratahs (
1799:
1101:
Denham AJ, Auld TD (2002). "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters".
418:
It was split off as a separate species from the NSW waratah by Crisp and Weston in 1987 and in overall appearance is very similar to
2511:
2524:
1571:
Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, Barbara G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".
2712:
2702:
1550:
Worrall RJ (1985) Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture. Unpublished, University of Sydney.
1253:
Jarillo JA, del Olmo I, Gomez-Zambrano A, Lazaro A, Lopez-Gonzalez L, Miguel E, Narro-Diego L, Saez D, Pineiro M (2008).
1636:"Genetic structure and bio-climatic modeling support allopatric over parapatric speciation along a latitudinal gradient"
1553:
Worall RJ (1993) Market-focussed plan for the development of the waratah cut flower industry in NSW. (NSW Agriculture).
1032:
240:, which has bright red flowers and is the New South Wales (NSW) state emblem. The waratah is a member of the family
2656:
2581:
1280:
Jarillo JA, Pineiro M (2011). "Timing is everything in plant development. The central role of floral repressors".
2697:
2550:
1792:
1180:
Faragher JD (1986). "Effects of Cold-storage Methods on Vase life and Physiology of Cut Waratah Inflorescences (
2651:
2630:
222:-endemic genus of five species of large shrubs or small trees, native to the southeastern parts of Australia (
512:
176:
909:
is the floral emblem of the state of New South Wales and several organisations in the state, including the
244:, flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The key diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the
903:
used the waratah as a brand for its motor spirit from the late 1910s until being phased out in the 1940s.
2464:
2459:
2446:
865:
2625:
1785:
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Generally a tall shrub to small tree, with red flowerheads. Closely related to (and closely resembles)
2529:
1634:
Rossetto, Maurizio; Allen, Chris B.; Thurlby, Katie A.G.; Weston, Peter H.; Milner, Melita L. (2012).
1426:
QLD Gov. (2003) Macadamia Problem Solver and Bug Identifier, Queensland Government. Available at URL:
1122:
Dupee SA, Goodwin PB (1990a). "Effect of Temperature, Daylength and Growth-regulators on Flowering in
1002:
Crisp MD, Weston PH (1993). "Geographic and Ontogenic Variation in Morphology of Australian Waratahs (
2591:
1633:
1401:
Offord CA (1996) Waratahs. In ‘Horticulture of Australian Plants’. (UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia).
1039:
Cruden RW (2009). "Pollen grain size, stigma depth, and style length: the relationships revisited".
567:
Throughout Tasmania between 600-1200m elevation, and has been brought into cultivation in Tasmania.
57:
2692:
910:
894:
20:
1427:
548:
2617:
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spp.) that can ultimately cause plant death but can usually be controlled by adequate drainage.
2399:
2568:
2612:
958:– Floral Emblem of New South Wales, Australian National Botanic Gardens. Available from URL:
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In New South Wales the most destructive pest to waratah crops is the macadamia twig girdler (
504:
476:
404:
395:
236:
2604:
1600:"A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera"
947:
Ausin I, Alonso-Blanco C, Martinez-Zapater JM (2005) Environmental regulation of flowering.
447:
1523:
1414:
Offord CA, Goodwin PB, Nixon P (1990). "Clonal selection and micropropagation of waratah".
1328:
647:
Fresh seed has a higher viability than cuttings and will germinate 2–3 weeks after sewing.
227:
1367:
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each clone. There also exists problems with hardening off, with roots and leaves produced
290:, a group of generally terminal red-flowering plants that skirt the southern edges of the
8:
1925:
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1527:
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52:
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1387:
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Martyn A, McConchie R, Offord C (2006) Effect of Shade on Bract Browning of Waratahs(
1297:
1197:
1028:
453:
Lignotuberous shrub with red flowerheads. Closely related to (and closely resembles)
1348:
1060:
688:
294:. Together they make up the subtribe Embothriinae. The genus was first described by
2669:
2101:
1694:
1657:
1647:
1611:
1580:
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1488:
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990:
540:
2477:
2451:
2276:
959:
872:"Waratah" pattern, after 1922, a local flower to appeal to the Australian market.
469:
223:
95:
1271:
1254:
973:
Collins BG, Walsh M, Grey J (2008). "Floral development and breeding systems of
482:
37:
1863:
1068:
Denham AJ (2008). "Seed predation limits post-fire recruitment in the waratah (
412:
388:
138:
82:
1240:
Goodwin PB (1983). "Australian Natives – Fertilizing Container-Grown Plants".
1231:
1206:
1085:
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1912:
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1502:
1366:
Mercure PS (1998) Damping off, University of Connecticut. Available at URL:
1301:
330:
299:
158:
1716:
966:
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2431:
2367:
2325:
2304:
2157:
2066:
2024:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1493:
1476:
1462:
Specht RL (1978). "Conditions for the cultivation of Australian plants".
930:
756:
441:
291:
272:. Within the Proteaceae, their closest relatives appear to be the genera
148:
820:
618:
528:
It is the best-known waratah with its large, bright red inflorescences.
2516:
2311:
2241:
2213:
2199:
2185:
2094:
2080:
1982:
1919:
1898:
1891:
1849:
1835:
1828:
1809:
1777:
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914:
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longest vase life and least opportunity for bract damage in the field.
286:
280:
269:
241:
128:
2542:
1698:
1454:
2485:
2381:
2360:
2297:
2234:
2227:
2171:
2150:
2143:
2108:
2045:
2031:
1961:
1954:
1842:
274:
219:
118:
2393:
1535:
1114:
994:
256:
Aboriginal people, the pre-European inhabitants of the Sydney area.
16:
Genus of plants in the family Proteaceae from southeastern Australia
2638:
2416:
2332:
2318:
2290:
2269:
2220:
2178:
2087:
2010:
1996:
1989:
1975:
1968:
1905:
1877:
1821:
1570:
1405:
Offord CA, Campbell LC (1994). "The Waratah: Taming of an Emblem".
1252:
850:
558:
231:
108:
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2490:
2374:
2353:
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2262:
2164:
2136:
2059:
2038:
2017:
1870:
495:
East Gippsland in Victoria and into far southern New South Wales
1597:
1510:
Whelan RJ, Goldingay RL (1989). "Factors affecting fruit-set in
2255:
2206:
2115:
2003:
1477:"Mechanisms and function of flower and inflorescence reversion"
1428:
http://era.deedi.qld.gov.au/1964/10/mac-problemsolver_Part2.pdf
2052:
1856:
893:
is named after the genus, as is the western Sydney suburb of
69:
1474:
1314:
918:
680:
253:
812:
product is a key impediment to further industry growth.
1684:
1368:
http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/greenhs/htms/dampofgh.htm
925:, a class of electric multiple unit trains operated by
1740:"NSW Premier accidentally replaces waratah with lotus"
1514:(Proteaceae) – The importance of pollen limitation".
1321:
Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology
1151:
Dupee SA, Goodwin PB (1990b). "Flower Initiation in
929:
in Sydney. In 2009, the Premier of New South Wales,
1204:
1768:Australian National Botanic Gardens – Waratah page
1475:Tooke F, Ordidge M, Chiurugwi T, Battey N (2005).
1413:
1308:Lyne A (2011) Growing Waratahs. Available at URL:
714:'Dreaming' – styles open white and mature to pink
591:The natural distributions of the five species of
2684:
1373:
972:
1509:
622:Waratah seed pods, Blue Mountains, Sydney, 2022
1416:Second International Protea Research Symposium
1404:
1279:
1207:"Manipulation of flowering time by pruning of
960:http://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/nsw.emblem.html
384:Gibraltar Range waratah or New England waratah
1793:
1719:. Australian native plant society (Australia)
1717:"Will the waratah ever fulfil its potential?"
1150:
1121:
785:, which is common in the natural state, and
711:'Songlines' – pink in bud, opening flame red
1598:Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006).
1179:
1001:
234:). The best-known species in this genus is
1800:
1786:
1629:
1627:
1591:
1239:
1100:
36:
1710:
1708:
1661:
1651:
1615:
1492:
1461:
1440:
1396:http://www.nsw.gov.au/symbols-emblems-nsw
1310:http://www.anbg.gov.au/telopea/index.html
1270:
1255:"Photoperiodic control of flowering time"
1230:
1067:
1038:
720:'Brimstone Blush' – red with a pink blush
650:
1807:
1573:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1259:Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research
1205:Gerber AI, Theron KI, Jacobs G (2001b).
864:
819:
749:
717:'Shade of Pale' – cream tinged with pink
687:
679:
617:
564:Generally a shrub with red flowerheads.
358:
313:, with the other lineage giving rise to
2708:Australian Aboriginal words and phrases
1624:
967:http://anpsa.org.au/APOL14/jun99-5.html
734:'Wirrimbirra White' – almost pure white
2685:
1737:
1705:
880:
844:
762:Another major issue for production is
465:Gippsland waratah or Victorian waratah
2398:
2397:
1781:
1773:Aboriginal legend – The First Waratah
2657:e7ce68b9-5b56-40c9-84aa-ac7a3c590aea
2592:1deb2410-d818-432c-a33b-b6de8d63aa66
815:
708:'Fire 'n' Ice' – red with white tips
921:). Waratah is also the name of the
13:
1585:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x
936:
430:Braidwood Waratah or Monga waratah
341:clade and more distant relatives.
14:
2724:
1761:
1714:
800:. Fungal species cause stem rot (
2631:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332002-2
557:
521:
481:
446:
411:
56:
1041:Plant Systematics and Evolution
586:
1738:Benson, Simon (16 July 2009).
1731:
1678:
1564:
1481:Journal of Experimental Botany
1363:Horticultural Science (ISHS)).
1341:10.1080/14620316.2008.11512393
1294:10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.06.011
1173:10.17660/ActaHortic.1990.264.8
1144:10.17660/actahortic.1990.264.9
696:A number of selected forms of
692:Cultivar 'Braidwood Brilliant'
613:
604:
1:
1558:
723:'Braidwood Brilliant' – red (
460:Southeastern New South Wales
1687:Australian Systematic Botany
1443:Australian Journal of Botany
1388:10.1016/0304-4238(81)90084-4
1198:10.1016/0304-4238(86)90043-9
1103:Australian Journal of Botany
983:Australian Journal of Botany
684:Cultivar 'Wirrimbirra White'
675:
268:belongs to the plant family
7:
639:dying off on planting out.
335:truncata-oreades-mongaensis
259:
10:
2729:
2713:Endemic flora of Australia
2703:Garden plants of Australia
737:'Shady Lady' – blood red (
573:
425:Northeast New South Wales
367:Common and binomial names
344:
18:
2406:
1816:
1272:10.5424/sjar/200806s1-391
1232:10.21273/HORTSCI.36.5.909
1086:10.1007/s11258-008-9407-0
1053:10.1007/s00606-008-0142-8
954:Boden A (1985) Waratah –
796:There are also issues of
194:
187:
53:Scientific classification
51:
44:
35:
30:
1653:10.1186/1471-2148-12-149
1640:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1435:Bmc Evolutionary Biology
911:New South Wales Waratahs
895:Telopea, New South Wales
329:lineage (clade) has two
21:Waratah (disambiguation)
1617:10.7751/telopea20065733
1407:Australian Horticulture
1242:Australian Horticulture
779:Neodrepta luteotactella
700:and hybrids with other
500:New South Wales waratah
353:contains five species:
2698:Proteales of Australia
1376:Scientia Horticulturae
1186:Scientia Horticulturae
1020:10.1093/sysbio/42.1.49
889:The botanical journal
873:
828:
693:
685:
651:Commercial cultivation
623:
2613:Paleobiology Database
1512:Telopea speciosissima
1213:P-eximia x P-susannae
1182:Telopea speciosissima
1070:Telopea speciosissima
956:Telopea speciosissima
907:Telopea speciosissima
868:
857:Floral initiation in
825:Telopea speciosissima
823:
791:Acocercops chionosema
750:Issues of cultivation
691:
683:
621:
531:East New South Wales
505:Telopea speciosissima
303:Telopea speciosissima
237:Telopea speciosissima
46:Telopea speciosissima
1319:spp., Proteaceae)".
804:spp.) and root rot (
339:speciosissima-aspera
327:speciosissima-aspera
19:For other uses, see
1528:1989JEcol..77.1123W
1333:2008JHSB...83..367M
951:. Biol. 49:689–705.
923:Sydney Trains A set
901:Neptune Oil Company
881:Cultural references
845:Flowering processes
787:Macadamia leafminer
580:pyrogenic flowering
1516:Journal of Ecology
1494:10.1093/jxb/eri254
1487:(420): 2587–2599.
1161:Acta Horticulturae
1132:Acta Horticulturae
1008:Systematic Biology
979:Grevillea wilsonii
874:
829:
694:
686:
624:
435:Telopea mongaensis
2680:
2679:
2600:Open Tree of Life
2400:Taxon identifiers
2391:
2390:
1699:10.1071/SB9940225
1464:Australian Plants
1455:10.1071/bt9630067
975:Dryandra sessilis
827:floral morphology
816:Floral morphology
571:
570:
536:Tasmanian waratah
298:in 1810 from the
278:(tree waratahs),
208:
207:
202:
183:
2720:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
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2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
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1755:
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1715:Joyce, Burnett.
1712:
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1665:
1655:
1631:
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1619:
1595:
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1522:(4): 1123–1134.
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1471:
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1410:
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1352:
1305:
1276:
1274:
1249:
1236:
1234:
1201:
1192:(1–2): 163–171.
1184:, Proteaceae)".
1176:
1147:
1118:
1097:
1064:
1047:(3–4): 223–238.
1023:
1006:, Proteaceae)".
998:
859:T. speciosissima
798:fungal infection
739:T. speciosissima
725:T. speciosissima
698:T. speciosissima
598:T. speciosissima
561:
541:Telopea truncata
525:
485:
450:
420:T. speciosissima
415:
408:
356:
355:
307:T. speciosissima
200:
174:
61:
60:
40:
28:
27:
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2693:Telopea (plant)
2683:
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2668:
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2277:Sleumerodendron
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1565:
1561:
1556:
1536:10.2307/2260827
1124:Protea, Telopea
1115:10.1071/bt02009
995:10.1071/bt07147
981:(Proteaceae)".
939:
937:Further reading
913:rugby team and
883:
847:
818:
752:
678:
653:
616:
607:
589:
576:
537:
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470:Telopea oreades
466:
431:
402:
385:
347:
262:
252:comes from the
224:New South Wales
173:
55:
24:
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5:
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2670:wfo-4000037729
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1762:External links
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1382:(4): 301–309.
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1312:
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1288:(4): 364–378.
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1167:(264): 71–77.
1148:
1138:(264): 79–86.
1119:
1109:(5): 545–557.
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989:(2): 119–130.
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2249:Placospermum
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2240:
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2205:
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2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
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2130:Leucospermum
2128:
2123:Leucadendron
2121:
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2100:
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2074:Hicksbeachia
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1911:
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1211:cv. Sylvia (
1208:
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1131:
1128:Leucospermum
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802:Phytophthora
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587:Distribution
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376:Description
360:
350:
348:
338:
334:
326:
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318:
317:first, then
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:type species
296:Robert Brown
285:
279:
273:
265:
263:
249:
235:
215:
211:
209:
197:
169:
168:
159:Embothriinae
102:
89:
76:
45:
25:
2538:iNaturalist
2432:Wikispecies
2368:Vexatorella
2326:Symphionema
2305:Stenocarpus
2158:Megahertzia
2067:Heliciopsis
2025:Franklandia
1948:Conospermum
1941:Cenarrhenes
1934:Catalepidia
1927:Carnarvonia
1750:27 February
1265:: 221–244.
1225:: 909–912.
1219:HortScience
949:Int. J. Dev
944:Australia).
931:Nathan Rees
806:Rhizoctonia
783:white scale
757:damping off
614:Propagation
605:Cultivation
403: [
400:P.H. Weston
359:Species of
315:T. truncata
292:Pacific Rim
149:Embothrieae
135:Subfamily:
96:Angiosperms
2687:Categories
2312:Stirlingia
2242:Petrophile
2214:Orothamnus
2200:Oreocallis
2186:Nothorites
2095:Kermadecia
2081:Hollandaea
1983:Embothrium
1920:Cardwellia
1899:Bleasdalea
1892:Bellendena
1850:Athertonia
1836:Agastachys
1829:Adenanthos
1810:Proteaceae
1808:Genera of
1746:. News Ltd
1744:Herald-Sun
1559:References
1470:: 312–313.
915:Grace Bros
743:T. oreades
455:T, oreades
370:Authority
349:The genus
319:T. oreades
287:Embothrium
281:Oreocallis
270:Proteaceae
264:The genus
242:Proteaceae
220:Australian
155:Subtribe:
129:Proteaceae
2382:Xylomelum
2361:Turrillia
2298:Sphalmium
2235:Persoonia
2228:Paranomus
2172:Musgravea
2151:Malagasia
2144:Macadamia
2109:Lambertia
2046:Grevillea
2032:Garnieria
1962:Diastella
1955:Darlingia
1843:Alloxylon
1449:: 67–94.
1014:: 49–76.
676:Cultivars
311:T. aspera
275:Alloxylon
119:Proteales
66:Kingdom:
2652:VicFlora
2644:40010912
2639:Tropicos
2556:332002-2
2417:Wikidata
2333:Synaphea
2319:Strangea
2291:Spatalla
2270:Serruria
2221:Panopsis
2179:Neorites
2102:Knightia
2088:Isopogon
2011:Finschia
1997:Euplassa
1990:Eucarpha
1976:Eidothea
1969:Dilobeia
1906:Brabejum
1878:Beauprea
1822:Acidonia
1672:22906180
1503:16131510
1422:: 49–52.
1409:: 52–57.
1349:88004468
1302:21889042
1248:: 57–65.
1080:: 9–19.
1061:22688500
851:meristem
477:F.Muell.
260:Taxonomy
232:Tasmania
228:Victoria
218:) is an
198:Hylogyne
189:Synonyms
125:Family:
109:Eudicots
31:Waratah
2569:1354921
2517:3054836
2504:Telopea
2438:Telopea
2423:Q136760
2408:Telopea
2375:Virotia
2354:Triunia
2347:Toronia
2340:Telopea
2263:Roupala
2165:Mimetes
2137:Lomatia
2060:Helicia
2039:Gevuina
2018:Floydia
1871:Banksia
1723:7 March
1663:3495659
1646:. 149.
1604:Telopea
1544:2260827
1524:Bibcode
1357:Telopea
1329:Bibcode
1317:Telopea
1157:Telopea
1094:9479180
1004:Telopea
891:Telopea
839:Telopea
834:Telopea
702:Telopea
644:Telopea
637:in vivo
593:Telopea
574:Habitat
549:Labill.
361:Waratah
351:Telopea
345:Species
266:Telopea
250:waratah
216:Telopea
212:waratah
201:Salisb.
170:Telopea
165:Genus:
145:Tribe:
115:Order:
70:Plantae
2618:317967
2605:550717
2589:NZOR:
2543:122362
2465:550152
2256:Protea
2207:Orites
2116:Lasjia
2004:Faurea
1670:
1660:
1542:
1501:
1347:
1300:
1209:Protea
1153:Protea
1092:
1059:
1031:
398:&
379:Range
373:Image
325:. The
230:, and
2582:54954
2564:IRMNG
2530:11927
2499:FoAO2
2491:1TLPG
2452:83527
2053:Hakea
1857:Aulax
1540:JSTOR
1345:S2CID
1090:S2CID
1057:S2CID
917:(now
553:R.Br.
517:R.Br.
442:Cheel
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396:Crisp
181:R.Br.
103:Clade
90:Clade
77:Clade
2626:POWO
2577:NCBI
2551:IPNI
2525:GRIN
2512:GBIF
2486:EPPO
2478:7TL4
2460:BOLD
2447:APNI
1752:2015
1725:2015
1668:PMID
1499:PMID
1298:PMID
1155:and
1126:and
1072:)".
1029:ISBN
977:and
919:Myer
642:For
321:and
309:and
284:and
254:Eora
210:The
2665:WFO
2473:CoL
1695:doi
1658:PMC
1648:doi
1612:doi
1581:doi
1532:doi
1489:doi
1451:doi
1437:11.
1420:264
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177:Sm.
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