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182:(June 5, 1885 – March 18, 1955) was an American ecologist. He is recognized to be one of the great pioneers of American ecology. As an accomplished zoologist and ecologist, Allee was best known and recognized for his research on social behavior, aggregations and distributions of animals in aquatic as well as terrestrial environments. Allee attended Earlham College and upon his graduation in 1908, pursued advanced studies at the
314:, head of the Department of Zoology at the University of Chicago and one of the founders of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. Allee gained interest in the interactions and patterns of the distribution of marine mammals during his time as an instructor at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole in Massachusetts from 1914 to 1921. Allee was also influenced by
225:, to Mary Emily Newlin and John Wesley Allee. He is of French Huguenot heritage; the original surname was spelled d'Ailly. He was named after his paternal grandmother, Sarah Ann Warder. His father was orphaned as a child and grew up at the homes of various relatives in the Bloomingdale region. Clyde Allee attended a one-room country school and led his class in scholarship. At
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Marjorie was most interested in
English Literature and Writing and would go on to help her husband in his books and scientific papers. Specifically, she served as a critic, collaborator, and occasional coauthor. Eventually, she established herself as an author, with a notable series of novels for girls.
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However, the research and legacy of Allee is still recognized and discussed today as many scientists remain interested in the principles behind the Allee effect. In 1973, the Animal
Behavior Society began to offer the W.C. Allee Award for the best presentation of an ethological work of research by a
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arrived at a time when the future of world politics and human kind's morality were in question themselves. As a Quaker, Allee was committed to world peace and this commitment anteceded his theory of sociality. Allee's Quaker beliefs led to the development of his dedication to show how cooperation is
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Allee dedicated his life to researching the benefits of organisms acting in a group rather than as individuals. Through observing groups of organisms, Allee discovered that cooperation is both beneficial and essential in nature. The Allee effect describes the positive correlation between population
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A spinal tumor caused paralysis, and Allee used a wheelchair after 1935. He nevertheless maintained a full schedule of teaching, research and writing. Allee continued to spend summers at the Marine
Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, and served as a trustee from 1932 to 1955. Having been on the
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In the 1940s, Allee argued that his research on the social behaviors of animals provided clear evidence against a biological basis for war. Specifically, he believed that his theory on the sociality of organisms based on cooperation among individuals proved that war was not a natural occurrence.
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Family background combined with the Quaker influence at
Earlham College contributed to the Quaker mold in which Allee was cast. In 1912, he married Marjorie Hill, a life-long member of the Society of Friends. Allee met Marjorie when she was a freshman at Earlham College while Allee was a senior.
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In 1923, Allee began to write a series of papers entitled, Animal
Aggregations. Eight years later, he published his findings in a book under the same name. The results of Clyde Allee's research demonstrated the existence of an unconscious drive within species for fellow individuals of the same
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At the age of seventeen, he taught country school for a year and then the fifth and sixth grades in the
Bloomingdale elementary school for another year. Then, at nineteen, he began his first year at Earlham College. He was raised in the
427:. Williams's work, Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation by stressing the importance of individual selection and providing samples that invalidated the idea of group selection.
294:, Massachusetts. He returned to the University of Chicago in 1921 as an assistant professor of zoology and was promoted to professor in 1928. One of the students he mentored in this role would also become famous in ecology;
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and married
Marjorie Hill, whose Quaker ancestry extended back into the seventeenth century. His strong Quaker beliefs would play a large role in his research later in his academic and professional career.
379:, since its founding in 1928, Allee took over as managing editor in 1937 and remained in that position until his death. He also chaired the Committee on the Ecology of Animal Populations of the
298:. In addition, he served as dean in the College of Arts, Literature, and Science (1924–1926) and secretary of the Department of Zoology (1927–1934). After retirement in 1950, he worked at the
326:, where two species interact with one another in a beneficial way that is not essential to the survival of either organism. It should also be noted that Allee's biological basis of
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According to Gregg Mitman, Allee saw ecologists as "social healers" who were able to provide a naturalistic foundation for ethics through their research.
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in 1908, and the S.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Chicago in 1910 and 1912, where he graduated summa cum laude. He was a student of
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species. This research helped to prove that under crowding was detrimental to some animals. Allee's research also helped to describe
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Allee's research on social aggregations and the evolution of cooperation coincided with his social activism, religious beliefs, and
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which was established in 1941 to solicit and administer funds for research projects in the field. He was elected a fellow of the
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The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and
American Social Thought, 1900–1950, Science and Its Conceptual Foundations
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362:. Raised as a Quaker, Allee publicly renounced war, which made him a target of harsh criticism and persecution.
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Many biologists and historians believe that Allee's reputation was diminished by the work of another ecologist,
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Mitman, Gregg. "From the
Population to Society: The Cooperative Metaphors of W.C. Allee and A.E. Emerson."
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Allee's most significant research occurred during his time at the University of Chicago and at the
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Allee's dedication to research resulted in more than 200 papers and over a dozen books, including
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411:, co-authored by Alfred E. Emerson, Orlando Park, Thomas Park, and Karl P. Schmidt (1949), and
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in Massachusetts. His research findings led to many publications, with the most notable being
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The Anarchist Imagination: Anarchism Encounters the Humanities and the Social Sciences
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and remained active in the field of biology until his death in 1955 at the age of 69.
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Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists
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Emerson, Alfred E. Thomas Park: "Warder Clyde Allee: Ecologist and Ethologist".
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The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for the Origins of Goodness.
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786:"Garrett Hardin, 88; Ecologist Sparked Debate With Controversial Theories"
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Allee was born in Bloomingdale, Indiana. He received the S.B. degree from
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267:. Allee worked as an assistant professor in Zoology from 1910 to 1912.
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editorial board of Physiological Zoology, a journal published by the
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essential in the natural world. This led to the development of the
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Biopsychological Research Building at the University of Chicago
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Warder Clyde Allee Papers at the University of Chicago Library
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student in a juried competition held at their annual meeting.
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vol. 121, No. 3150 (May 13, 1955), p. 686-687 (obituary)
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Courchamp, Franck. Luděk Berec and Joanna Gascoigne. (2008).
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Ecological Animal Geography: An Authorized, Rewritten edition
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density and individual fitness of a population or species.
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Warder Clyde Allee was born on June 5, 1885, on a farm in
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
839:. Oklahoma, 6 January 1988. Retrieved on 2014-03-20.
674:. Washington D.C., 27 1957. Retrieved on 2014-03-20.
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449:Animal Aggregations. A study in General Sociology.
413:Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications
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397:Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology
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931:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
1030:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
540:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
768:Allee, Warder Clyde (United States 1885–1955)
856:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
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500:Allee Effects in Ecology and Conservation.
489:Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage
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670:. "Warder Allee: A Biographical Memoir",
736:The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
186:where he received his PhD and graduated
875:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
870:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"
809:Levy, Carl; Newman, Saul, eds. (2019).
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526:Princeton University Press, Princeton.
270:Between 1912 and 1921 he taught at the
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913:WC Allee Laboratory of Animal Behavior
451:University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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774:website. Retrieved on April 11, 2011.
385:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
936:Works by or about Warder Clyde Allee
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370:Involvement in other scientific work
300:University of Florida at Gainesville
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502:Oxford University Press, New York.
467:. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
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495:. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
84:University of Chicago (S.M., Ph.D)
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836:Journal of the History of Biology
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310:Allee was strongly influenced by
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965:20th-century American zoologists
859:. 2008. Retrieved on 2014-04-20.
744:. 2010. Retrieved on 2014-03-20.
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401:Animal Life and Social Growth
227:Friends' Bloomingdale Academy
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970:American Christian pacifists
672:National Academy of Sciences
522:Dugatkin, Lee Alan. (2006).
464:Principles of Animal Ecology
409:Principles of Animal Ecology
288:Marine Biological Laboratory
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772:Western Kentucky University
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377:University of Chicago Press
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813:. Routledge. p. 253.
784:Woo, Elaine (2003-09-20).
705:Greenwood Publishing Group
405:The Social Life of Animals
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100:, and for identifying the
602:. Encyclopædia Britannica
381:National Research Council
318:'s theory of mutual aid.
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280:University of Oklahoma
272:University of Illinois
261:Victor Ernest Shelford
154:University of Illinois
853:"Warder Clyde Allee"
697:"Allee, Warder Clyde"
461:Allee, W. C. (1949).
447:Allee, W. C. (1931).
265:ecological succession
223:Bloomingdale, Indiana
184:University of Chicago
158:University of Chicago
150:University of Florida
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596:"Warder Clyde Allee"
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975:American ecologists
908:Biographical sketch
354:Social Implications
284:Lake Forest College
211:Marjorie Hill Allee
207:Animal Aggregations
137:Behavioral sciences
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568:Population density
558:Animal geographies
425:George C. Williams
235:Society of Friends
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16:American ecologist
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286:, and the
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