Warfarin - Knowledge

2223: 2212: 2559:, and that this was functioning as a potent anticoagulant. Only spoiled hay made from sweet clover (grown in northern states of the US and in Canada since the turn of the century) produced the disease. Schofield separated good clover stalks and damaged clover stalks from the same hay mow, and fed each to a different rabbit. The rabbit that had ingested the good stalks remained well, but the rabbit that had ingested the damaged stalks died from a haemorrhagic illness. A duplicate experiment with a different sample of clover hay produced the same result. In 1929, 742: 2803: 51: 1202: 2409:

degradation of factor Va and factor VIIIa. Although loading doses of warfarin over 5 mg also produce a precipitous decline in factor VII, resulting in an initial prolongation of the INR, full antithrombotic effect does not take place until significant reduction in factor II occurs days later. The haemostasis system becomes temporarily biased towards thrombus formation, leading to a prothrombotic state. Thus, when warfarin is loaded rapidly at greater than 5 mg per day, to co-administering

1871:. Administration of PCCs results in rapid hemostasis, similar to that of FFP, namely, with comparable rates of thromboembolic events, but with reduced rates of volume overload. Blood products should not be routinely used to reverse warfarin overdose, when vitamin K could work alone. While PCC has been found in lab tests to be better than FFP, when rapid reversal is needed, as of 2018, whether a difference in outcomes such as death or disability exists is unclear. 2241: 2137: 1329: 2269:- forms—each of which is cleared by different pathways. S-warfarin is two to five times more potent than the R-isomer in producing an anticoagulant response. Both the enantiomers of warfarin undergo CYP-mediated metabolism by many different CYPs to form 3',4',6,7,8 and 10-hydroxy warfarin metabolites, major being 7-OH warfarin formed from S-warfarin by CYP2C9 and 10-OH warfarin from R-warfarin by CYP3A4. 42: 8816: 2575:

isolating 1.8 g of recrystallized anticoagulant in about 4 months. This was enough material for Stahmann and Charles F. Huebner to check their results against Campbell's, and to thoroughly characterize the compound. Through degradation experiments, they established that the anticoagulant was 3,3'-methylenebis-(4-hydroxycoumarin), which they later named

2128:. Data establishing a causal relationship are still lacking, and a 2006 review found no cases of this interaction reported to the USFDA; nevertheless, several authors have recommended that both doctors and patients be made aware of its possibility. The mechanism behind the interaction is still unclear. 2787:

Warfarin was introduced as a poison for pest control, only later finding medical uses; in both cases it was used as an anticoagulant. The use of warfarin itself as a rat poison is declining, because many rat populations have developed resistance to it, and poisons of considerably greater potency have

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The consensus agrees that patient self-testing and patient self-management are effective methods of monitoring oral anticoagulation therapy, providing outcomes at least as good as, and possibly better than, those achieved with an anticoagulation clinic. All patients must be appropriately selected and

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The name "warfarin" is derived from the acronym for "Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation", plus "-arin", indicating its link with coumarin. Warfarin is a derivative of dicoumarol, an anticoagulant originally discovered in spoiled sweet clover. Dicoumarol, in turn, is from coumarin, a sweet-smelling

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clot formation temporarily, because the level of proteins C and S are also dependent on vitamin K activity. Warfarin causes decline in protein C levels in first 36 hours. In addition, reduced levels of protein S lead to a reduction in activity of protein C (for which it is the co-factor), so reduces

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The only common side effect of warfarin is hemorrhage. The risk of severe bleeding is small but definite (a typical yearly rate of 1–3% has been reported), and any benefit needs to outweigh this risk when warfarin is considered. All types of bleeding occur more commonly, but the most severe ones are

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are also inhibited, but to a lesser degree. Despite being labeled a vitamin K antagonist, warfarin does not antagonize the action of vitamin K1, but rather antagonizes vitamin K1 recycling, depleting active vitamin K1. A few days are required for full effect to occur, and these effects can last for

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Warfarin as a pest control poison is marketed under many brand and generic names, including Cov-R-Tox, Co-Rax, d-Con, Dethmor, Killgerm Sewercide, Mar-Fin, Rattunal, Rax, Rodex, Rodex Blox, Rosex, Sakarat, Sewarin, Solfarin, Sorex Warfarin, Tox-Hid, Warf, warfarin, and Warfarat. Warfarin is called

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levels), which increases the risk for thrombosis. It takes several days for warfarin to reach the therapeutic effect, since the circulating coagulation factors are not affected by the drug (thrombin has a half-life time of days). Warfarin's long half-life means that it remains effective for several

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In patients with supratherapeutic INR but INR less than 10 and no bleeding, it is enough to lower the dose or omit a dose, monitor the INR and resume warfarin at an adjusted lower dose when the target INR is reached. For people who need rapid reversal of warfarin – such as due to serious bleeding –

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INR when on anticoagulation (L), elderly as defined by age over 65 (E), and drugs associated with bleeding (e.g., aspirin) or alcohol misuse (D). While their use is recommended in clinical practice guidelines, they are only moderately effective in predicting bleeding risk and do not perform well in

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set out to isolate and characterize the haemorrhagic agent from the spoiled hay. Five years were needed before Link's student, Harold A. Campbell, recovered 6 mg of crystalline anticoagulant. Next, Link's student, Mark A. Stahmann, took over the project and initiated a large-scale extraction,

1801:-related fracture in men, but no association in women was seen. The mechanism was thought to be a combination of reduced intake of vitamin K (a vitamin necessary for bone health) and inhibition by warfarin of vitamin K-mediated carboxylation of certain bone proteins, rendering them nonfunctional. 1691:. Another score used to assess bleeding risk on anticoagulation, specifically Warfarin or Coumadin, is the ATRIA score, which uses a weighted additive scale of clinical findings to determine bleeding risk stratification. The risks of bleeding are increased further when warfarin is combined with 1081:

for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism; prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic complications associated with atrial fibrillation and/or cardiac valve replacement; and reduction in the risk of death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and

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Warfarin as a drug is marketed under many brand and generic names, including Aldocumar, Anasmol, Anticoag, Befarin, Cavamed, Cicoxil, Circuvit, Cofarin, Coumadin, Coumadine, Cumar, Farin, Foley, Haemofarin, Jantoven, Kovar, Lawarin, Maforan, Marevan, Marfarin, Marivanil, Martefarin, Morfarin,

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residues, and are incapable of binding to the endothelial surface of blood vessels, and are thus biologically inactive. As the body's stores of previously produced active factors degrade (over several days) and are replaced by inactive factors, the anticoagulation effect becomes apparent. The

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Crowther MA, Douketis JD, Schnurr T, Steidl L, Mera V, Ultori C, et al. (August 2002). "Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy. A randomized, controlled trial".

2388:(specifically the VKORC1 subunit), thereby diminishing available vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in the tissues, which decreases the carboxylation activity of the glutamyl carboxylase. When this occurs, the coagulation factors are no longer carboxylated at certain 1621:

Warfarin administration in the second and third trimesters is much less commonly associated with birth defects, and when they do occur, are considerably different from FWS. The most common congenital abnormalities associated with warfarin use in late pregnancy are

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The major side effect of warfarin use is bleeding. Risk of bleeding is increased if the INR is out of range (due to accidental or deliberate overdose or due to interactions). Many drug interactions can increase the effect of warfarin, also causing an overdose.

1208:-warfarin interaction effect: When warfarin levels are high, people have more risk of bleeding. Conversely, lower levels of warfarin lead to increased risk of blood clots. A narrow range exists where the benefits of warfarin are greater than the risks, its 2898:, which is sometimes referred to as "super-warfarin", because it is more potent, longer-acting, and effective even in rat and mouse populations that are resistant to warfarin. Unlike warfarin, which is readily excreted, newer anticoagulant poisons also 1733:

for its activity. Since warfarin initially decreases protein C levels faster than the coagulation factors, it can paradoxically increase the blood's tendency to coagulate when treatment is first begun (many patients when starting on warfarin are given

2946:. Suspected vampire bat roosts may also be coated in the warfarin solution, though this kills other bat species and remains in the environment for years. The efficacy of killing vampire bats to reduce rabies transmission is questionable; a study in 4713:"2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association" 1433:

All anticoagulants are generally contraindicated in situations in which the reduction in clotting that they cause might lead to serious and potentially life-threatening bleeds. This includes people with active bleeding conditions (such as

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After an incident in 1951, in which an army inductee attempted suicide with multiple doses of warfarin in rodenticide, but recovered fully after presenting to a naval hospital and being treated with vitamin K (by then known as a specific

1634:, and eye defects. Because of such later pregnancy birth defects, anticoagulation with warfarin poses a problem in pregnant women requiring warfarin for vital indications, such as stroke prevention in those with artificial heart valves. 2516:

showed that using genotype-based dosing did not confer benefit in terms of time within therapeutic range, excessive anticoagulation (as defined by INR greater than 4), or a reduction in either major bleeding or thromboembolic events.

1438:), or disease states with increased risk of bleeding (e.g., low platelets, severe liver disease, uncontrolled hypertension). For patients undergoing surgery, treatment with anticoagulants is generally suspended. Similarly, spinal and 6255:

Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G (June 2008). "Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)".

2276:, though it has a number of advantages. Heparin must be given by injection, whereas warfarin is available orally. Warfarin has a long half-life and need only be given once a day. Heparin can also cause a prothrombotic condition, 2677:), studies began in the use of warfarin as a therapeutic anticoagulant. It was found to be generally superior to dicoumarol, and in 1954, was approved for medical use in humans. An early recipient of warfarin was US President 5276:

Chai-Adisaksopha C, Hillis C, Siegal DM, Movilla R, Heddle N, Iorio A, et al. (October 2016). "Prothrombin complex concentrates versus fresh frozen plasma for warfarin reversal. A systematic review and meta-analysis".

4200:"Guidelines for implementation of patient self-testing and patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. International consensus guidelines prepared by International Self-Monitoring Association for Oral Anticoagulation" 2393:

coagulation factors are produced, but have decreased functionality due to undercarboxylation; they are collectively referred to as PIVKAs (proteins induced vitamin K absence), and individual coagulation factors as PIVKA-

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Warfarin is best suited for anticoagulation (clot formation inhibition) in areas of slowly running blood (such as in veins and the pooled blood behind artificial and natural valves), and in blood pooled in dysfunctional

2069:(overactive thyroid) boosts the anticoagulant effect. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this effect, including changes in the rate of breakdown of clotting factors and changes in the metabolism of warfarin. 4248: 2634:, which notably contains a high concentration of coumarin. However, coumarins themselves do not influence clotting or warfarin-like action, but must first be metabolized by various fungi into compounds such as 5079:

Gage BF, Birman-Deych E, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Binder EF (January 2006). "Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation 2".

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and helps reduce the risk of thrombosis, is beneficial, with warfarin therapy for four to five days, to have the benefit of anticoagulation from heparin until the full effect of warfarin has been achieved.

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When warfarin (or another 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative) is given during the first trimester—particularly between the sixth and ninth weeks of pregnancy—a constellation of birth defects known variously as

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Shaik AN, Grater R, Lulla M, Williams DA, Gan LL, Bohnert T, et al. (January 2016). "Comparison of enzyme kinetics of warfarin analyzed by LC-MS/MS QTrap and differential mobility spectrometry".

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of warfarin varies greatly between patients. Some foods have also been reported to interact with warfarin. Apart from the metabolic interactions, highly protein bound drugs can displace warfarin from

1185:(INR). During the initial stage of treatment, INR is checked daily; intervals between tests can be lengthened if the patient manages stable therapeutic INR levels on an unchanged warfarin dose. Newer 2710:

Warfarin used for pest control is a hazardous substance harmful to health. People can be exposed to warfarin in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin absorption, and eye contact. The

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and cause an increase in the INR. This makes finding the correct dosage difficult, and accentuates the need of monitoring; when initiating a medication that is known to interact with warfarin (e.g.,

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Rost S, Fregin A, Ivaskevicius V, Conzelmann E, Hörtnagel K, Pelz HJ, et al. (February 2004). "Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2".

2598:; in fact, the plant's high content of coumarin is responsible for the original common name of "sweet clover", which is named for its sweet smell, not its bitter taste. They are present notably in 1421:). Andexanet alfa is suggested for edoxaban, but use of it is considered off label due to limited evidence. A reversal agent for dabigatran, apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban is in development ( 4025:"Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines" 2669:

in the US in 1948, and was immediately popular. Although warfarin was developed by Link, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation financially supported the research and was assigned the patent.

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Orfarin, Panwarfin, Scheme, Simarc, Varfarin, Varfarins, Varfine, Waran, Warcok, Warf, Warfareks, Warfarin, Warfarina, Warfarine, Warfarinum, Warfen, Warfin, Warik, Warin, Warlin, and Zyfarin.

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Levy JH, Ageno W, Chan NC, Crowther M, Verhamme P, Weitz JI (March 2016). "When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH".

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women who wish to breastfeed their infants. Available data does not suggest that warfarin crosses into the breast milk. Similarly, INR levels should be checked to avoid adverse effects.

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will return to the bait and continue to feed over a period of days until a lethal dose is accumulated (considered to be 1 mg/kg/day over about six days). It may also be mixed with

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make VKORC1 less susceptible to suppression by warfarin. There are two main haplotypes that explain 25% of variation: low-dose haplotype group (A) and a high-dose haplotype group (B).

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When warfarin is being given and INR is in therapeutic range, simple discontinuation of the drug for five days is usually enough to reverse the effect and cause INR to drop below 1.5.

273: 5763: 2171:) that possess no ketone group in the 3-substituent to form such a structure, suggests that the hemiketal must tautomerise to the 4-hydroxy form in order for warfarin to be active. 4168:

Solomon I, Maharshak N, Chechik G, Leibovici L, Lubetsky A, Halkin H, et al. (December 2004). "Applying an artificial neural network to warfarin maintenance dose prediction".

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position) were found to have the same anticoagulant properties. The first drug in the class to be widely commercialized was dicoumarol itself, patented in 1941 and later used as a

1667:. Risk of bleeding is increased if the INR is out of range (due to accidental or deliberate overdose or due to interactions). This risk increases greatly once the INR exceeds 4.5. 6697:

Sanderson S, Emery J, Higgins J (February 2005). "CYP2C9 gene variants, drug dose, and bleeding risk in warfarin-treated patients: a HuGEnet systematic review and meta-analysis".

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and other complications are still increased, but heparins do not cross the placental barrier, so do not cause birth defects. Various solutions exist for the time around delivery.

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appears to be around 5%, although higher figures (up to 30%) have been reported in some studies. Depending on when exposure occurs during pregnancy, two distinct combinations of

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fracture found no increased exposure to anticoagulants compared to controls, and neither did stratification of the duration of anticoagulation reveal a trend towards fracture.

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Brown DG, Wilkerson EC, Love WE (March 2015). "A review of traditional and novel oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy for dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons".

4287: 3408:"Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines" 3239: 3896:

Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, McDonald H, Douketis JD, Crowther M, et al. (May 2005). "Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions".

1393:, and are not completely interchangeable with warfarin. Several types of anticoagulant drugs offering the efficacy of warfarin without a need for monitoring, such as 3047: 2297:

Warfarin is one of several drugs often referred to as a "blood thinner"; this is not technically correct, as these drugs reduce coagulation of blood, increasing the

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Caraballo PJ, Heit JA, Atkinson EJ, Silverstein MD, O'Fallon WM, Castro MR, et al. (1999). "Long-term use of oral anticoagulants and the risk of fracture".

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Anticoagulation with warfarin can also be monitored by patients at home. International guidelines on home testing were published in 2005. The guidelines stated:

8856: 7212: 894:. While the drug is described as a "blood thinner", it does not reduce viscosity but rather inhibits coagulation. Accordingly, it is commonly used to prevent 2719: 218: 2811: 6759:

Stergiopoulos K, Brown DL (August 2014). "Genotype-guided vs clinical dosing of warfarin and its analogues: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials".

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A-Z guide to drug-herb-vitamin interactions: how to improve your health and avoid problems when using common medications and natural supplements together

4415: 7139: 3848:"Appropriate doses of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in high-risk subgroups with atrial fibrillation: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 2462:

polymorphisms lead to a more rapid achievement of a therapeutic INR, but also a shorter time to reach an INR over 4, which is associated with bleeding.

2738: 1867:(FFP) Generally, four-factor PCC can be given more quickly than FFP, the amount needed is a smaller volume of fluid than FFP, and does not require ABO 863: 6814: 6564:

Wadelius M, Chen LY, Downes K, Ghori J, Hunt S, Eriksson N, et al. (2005). "Common VKORC1 and GGCX polymorphisms associated with warfarin dose".

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Excessive use of alcohol is also known to affect the metabolism of warfarin and can elevate the INR, and thus increase the risk of bleeding. The U.S.

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become available. However, as of 2023 warfarin continued to be considered a valuable tool for rodent control which minimised risk to other species.

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Kellett HA, Sawers JS, Boulton FE, Cholerton S, Park BK, Toft AD (January 1986). "Problems of anticoagulation with warfarin in hyperthyroidism".

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Elliott MJ, Zimmerman D, Holden RM (September 2007). "Warfarin anticoagulation in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review of bleeding rates".

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trained. Currently available self-testing/self-management devices give INR results that are comparable with those obtained in laboratory testing.

1149:, which act by a different mechanism from warfarin (which normally has no effect on platelet function). It can be used to treat people following 7080: 2289:

days after it is stopped. Furthermore, if given initially without additional anticoagulant cover, it can increase thrombosis risk (see below).

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was increased; other fracture types did not occur more commonly. A 2002 study looking at a randomly selected selection of 1,523 patients with

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Talmadge DB, Spyropoulos AC (May 2003). "Purple toes syndrome associated with warfarin therapy in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome".

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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)

2711: 112: 2741:(42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. 2533:

after minor procedures, and on some occasions spontaneously. For example, 21 of 22 cows died after dehorning, and 12 of 25 bulls died after

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may require adjustments in therapy if the genetic variant that they have is more readily inhibited by warfarin, thus requiring lower doses.

1173:. These interactions may enhance or reduce warfarin's anticoagulation effect. To optimize the therapeutic effect without risking dangerous 819: 5759: 8149: 7552: 7547: 6345:

Whitlon DS, Sadowski JA, Suttie JW (April 1978). "Mechanism of coumarin action: significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition".

6233: 3536: 3472: 4856:"A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: The ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Study" 1823:

breaking loose and causing embolisms in blood vessels in the skin of the feet, which causes a blueish-purple colour and may be painful.

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Li T, Chang CY, Jin DY, Lin PJ, Khvorova A, Stafford DW (February 2004). "Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase".

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and is sold under many brand names. In 2022, it was the 85th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8

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Holford NH (December 1986). "Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Understanding the dose-effect relationship".

2579:. They confirmed their results by synthesizing dicoumarol and proving in 1940 that it was identical to the naturally occurring agent. 8248: 7486: 6733: 5254: 5036:

Pilon D, Castilloux AM, Dorais M, LeLorier J (May 2004). "Oral anticoagulants and the risk of osteoporotic fractures among elderly".

1212:. Certain drugs, herbal medicines, and foods can interact with warfarin, increasing or decreasing a previously stable warfarin level. 1307:

include roots, bulbs, tubers, and most fruits and fruit juices. Cereals, grains, and other milled products are also low in vitamin K

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Schofield FW (1924). "Damaged sweet clover; the cause of a new disease in cattle simulating haemorrhagic septicemia and blackleg".

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in residential, industrial, and agricultural areas. Warfarin is both odorless and tasteless, and is effective when mixed with food

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and warfarin. The bat returns to its roost and other members of the roost become poisoned as well by ingesting the warfarin after

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and used as a tracking powder, which accumulates on the animal's skin and fur, and is subsequently consumed during grooming. The

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in, a later tradename for warfarin). Coumarin is now known to be present in many plants, and produces the notably sweet smell of

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Hu YH, Wu F, Lo CL, Tai CT (September 2012). "Predicting warfarin dosage from clinical data: a supervised learning approach".

1729:, an innate anticoagulant that, like the procoagulant factors whose synthesis warfarin inhibits, requires vitamin K-dependent 8362: 7133: 7034: 6854: 6227: 6166: 5802: 4550: 4495: 4457: 3689: 3665: 3530: 3503: 3466: 1605:(unusually short fingers and toes) or underdeveloped extremities, can also occur. Common nonskeletal features of FWS include 1058: 4556: 4501: 2113:, sometimes recommended to help with mild to moderate depression, reduces the effectiveness of a given dose of warfarin; it 2080:

suggests that when taking warfarin one should not drink more than "one beer, 6 oz of wine, or one shot of alcohol per day".

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can interact with warfarin, either increasing or decreasing its effectiveness. The effects of warfarin may be reversed with

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polymorphisms explain why African Americans are on average relatively resistant to warfarin (higher proportion of group B

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Another rare complication that may occur early during warfarin treatment (usually within 3 to 8 weeks of commencement) is

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Several risk scores exist to predict bleeding in people using warfarin and similar anticoagulants. A commonly used score (

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Rote Liste 2017 – Arzneimittelverzeichnis für Deutschland (einschließlich EU-Zulassungen und bestimmter Medizinprodukte)

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Tornkvist M, Smith JG, Labaf A (February 2018). "Current evidence of oral anticoagulant reversal: A systematic review".

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has improved or normalised. Warfarin is usually best avoided in people with protein C or protein S deficiency, as these

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Chute JP, Ryan CP, Sladek G, Shakir KM (1997). "Exacerbation of warfarin-induced anticoagulation by hyperthyroidism".

7733: 839: 7372:"Ecological and anthropogenic drivers of rabies exposure in vampire bats: implications for transmission and control" 870: 163: 8379: 7529: 2277: 2121: 1450: 8343: 7751: 7724: 5621:

Stephens MA, Self TH, Lancaster D, Nash T (December 1989). "Hypothyroidism: effect on warfarin anticoagulation".

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O'Keeffe ST, Woods BO, Breslin DJ, Tsapatsaris NP (November 1992). "Blue toe syndrome. Causes and management".

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Streicker DG, Recuenco S, Valderrama W, Gomez Benavides J, Vargas I, Pacheco V, et al. (September 2012).

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Garcia D, Crowther MA, Ageno W (April 2010). "Practical management of coagulopathy associated with warfarin".

4400: 2022:. This increased risk is due to the antiplatelet effect of NSAIDs and possible damage to the gastrointestinal 508: 7479: 7114: 6526:

Wittkowsky AK (2005). "Why warfarin and heparin need to overlap when treating acute venous thromboembolism".

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Freedman MD (March 1992). "Oral anticoagulants: pharmacodynamics, clinical indications and adverse effects".

2101:). All may increase bleeding and bruising in people taking warfarin; similar effects have been reported with 847:

InChI=1S/C19H16O4/c1-12(20)11-15(13-7-3-2-4-8-13)17-18(21)14-9-5-6-10-16(14)23-19(17)22/h2-10,15,21H,11H2,1H3

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The identity of the anticoagulant substance in spoiled sweet clover remained a mystery until 1940. In 1933,

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in the 3-position substituent. However, the existence of many 4-hydroxycoumadin anticoagulants (for example

1500: 7962: 6918:"Studies on the hemorrhagic sweet clover disease. V. Identification and synthesis of the hemorrhagic agent" 6802: 4409: 2563:

veterinarian Lee M. Roderick demonstrated that the condition was due to a lack of functioning prothrombin.

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Dosing of warfarin is complicated because it is known to interact with many commonly used medications and

676: 8836: 8053: 7773: 3100:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)" 2931: 2458:), while Asian Americans are generally more sensitive (higher proportion of group A haplotypes). Group A 2377: 2053:, thus potentiating the effect of warfarin. In addition, food that contains large quantities of vitamin K 1409:, have been approved in a number of countries for classical warfarin uses. Complementing these drugs are 989: 3128: 8806: 8411: 7213:"Warfarin - A valuable tool for successful rodent control whilst minimising risk to non-target species" 6889:

Roderick LM (1931). "A problem in the coagulation of the blood; "sweet clover disease of the cattle"".

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Aston JL, Lodolce AE, Shapiro NL (September 2006). "Interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice".

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barrier and may cause bleeding in the fetus; warfarin use during pregnancy is commonly associated with

668: 2702:. Warfarin is tasteless and colourless, and produces symptoms similar to those that Stalin exhibited. 1332:

INR self monitoring with one blood drop. the INR is too high and the warfarine dose must be decreased.

8101: 5861:"Herb-medicine interactions: St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Useful information for pharmacist" 4905:"Drug drug interactions between antithrombotic medications and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding" 3629: 3099: 2042: 2019: 1158: 1134: 2041:, greatly increase the effect of warfarin by reducing the metabolism of warfarin in the body. Other 1314:

Several studies reported that the maintenance dose can be predicted based on various clinical data.

7472: 7274: 2665:+ the ending "-arin" indicating its link with coumarin. Warfarin was first registered for use as a 2509: 1797:

recipients showed that warfarin use for more than one year was linked with a 60% increased risk of

1794: 1725:, which occurs more frequently shortly after commencing treatment in patients with a deficiency of 1656: 1610: 1097:). Warfarin treatment can help prevent formation of future blood clots and help reduce the risk of 7237: 2645:

Over the next few years, numerous similar chemicals (specifically 4-hydroxycoumarins with a large

8846: 8773: 8367: 2835: 2657:. Karl Link continued working on developing more potent coumarin-based anticoagulants for use as 1554: 1474: 1042: 923: 200: 102: 7494: 5794: 5787: 4711:

Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, et al. (November 2012).

3807:"American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy" 2124:

received several reports of increased INR and risk of haemorrhage in people taking warfarin and

1942:

Considering vitamin K1 (phytonadione) 2.5–5 mg PO once, and may repeat if needed after 24 h

8753: 7716: 7640: 6646:

Schwarz UI, Ritchie MD, Bradford Y, Li C, Dudek SM, Frye-Anderson A, et al. (March 2008).

6078: 4449: 4247:

Heneghan C, Alonso-Coello P, Garcia-Alamino JM, Perera R, Meats E, Glasziou P (February 2006).

2526: 2493:

testing in warfarin dosing, its use in clinical practice is controversial. In August 2009, the

2427: 1623: 1557:(FWS), warfarin embryopathy, or coumarin embryopathy can occur. FWS is characterized mainly by 1435: 1260: 1189:

is available and has increased the ease of INR testing in the outpatient setting. Instead of a

1126: 1122: 919: 712: 697: 341: 6217: 3520: 3456: 2372:

at the same time. The vitamin K epoxide is, in turn, recycled back to vitamin K and vitamin K

648: 640: 564: 556: 8597: 8404: 8244: 6033:

Pham DQ, Pham AQ (March 2007). "Interaction potential between cranberry juice and warfarin".

4023:

Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, Vandvik PO, Fish J, Kovacs MJ, et al. (February 2012).

2365: 1236: 1186: 1138: 499: 7427:. In Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, Scott SA, Dean LC, Kattman BL, et al. (eds.). 7244:"Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs): Warfarin" 5574:"Complex drug-drug-disease interactions between amiodarone, warfarin, and the thyroid gland" 5435: 5369: 4441: 2698:

and I. V. Khrustalyov are thought to have conspired to use warfarin to poison Soviet leader

2525:

In the early 1920s, an outbreak occurred of a previously unrecognized cattle disease in the

1961:

May also consider supplementation with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or recombinant factor VIIa

1093:(prevention of further episodes) in those individuals who have already formed a blood clot ( 8793: 8444: 8306: 7885: 7840: 6443: 6389: 6087: 5478: 4854:

Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, Borowsky LH, Pomernacki NK, Udaltsova N, et al. (July 2011).

4304:

Cuker A, Burnett A, Triller D, Crowther M, Ansell J, Van Cott EM, et al. (June 2019).

3802: 3773:. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 2887: 1816: 1775: 1763: 1546: 1390: 1082:

thromboembolic events such as stroke or systemic embolization after myocardial infarction.

1054: 1027: 954: 903: 741: 592: 584: 379: 5246: 2474:

patients as these variants are rare in African American and most Asian populations. These

2364:. The carboxylation reaction proceeds only if the carboxylase enzyme is able to convert a 2117:

the enzymes that break down warfarin in the body, causing a reduced anticoagulant effect.

1011:

II, VII, IX, and X are reduced and thus have decreased clotting ability. The anticlotting

241: 8: 8851: 8668: 8643: 7696: 6602:

Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, Nickerson DA, Eby CS, McLeod HL, et al. (June 2005).

6184:

Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences

5128: 2943: 2879: 2685: 1975: 1864: 1834:

surface). The occurrence of purple toe syndrome may require discontinuation of warfarin.

1594: 1323: 1201: 1154: 1118: 978: 915: 455: 438: 211: 207: 7457: 7165:

Endepols S, Buckle A, Eason C, Pelz HJ, Meyer A, Berny P, et al. (September 2015).

6447: 6393: 6091: 5399:

Gage BF, Fihn SD, White RH (October 2000). "Management and dosing of warfarin therapy".

4581:

Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO (February 2012).

4390:

Brayfield A (ed), Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference London: Pharmaceutical Press

3767:

Sanders GD, Lowenstern A, Borre E, Chatterjee R, Goode A, Sharan L, et al. (2018).

2776: 2692:

the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, and hence interferes with vitamin K metabolism.

2497:

concluded, "the available evidence does not demonstrate that pharmacogenomic testing of

2308:

Warfarin inhibits the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of biologically active forms of the

447: 8635: 8458: 7987: 7396: 7371: 7347: 6843: 6710: 6674: 6467: 6413: 6324: 6312: 6281: 6005: 5871: 5736: 5719: 5603: 5546: 5521: 5381: 5302: 5219: 5194: 5175: 5061: 4978: 4953: 4929: 4904: 4880: 4855: 4796: 4771: 4658: 4607: 4582: 4515: 4370: 4279: 4049: 4024: 3962: 3495: 3432: 3407: 3367: 3286: 2963:

coumafene in France, zoocoumarin in the Netherlands and Russia, and coumarin in Japan.

2858: 2847: 2797: 2595: 2337: 2110: 2065:(decreased thyroid function) makes people less responsive to warfarin treatment, while 1859:

or who need emergency surgery, the effects of warfarin can be reversed with vitamin K,

1660: 1209: 1130: 1062: 931: 907: 899: 174: 122: 6934: 6917: 6123:(September 2007). "The spectrophysics of warfarin: implications for protein binding". 5952: 5927: 5590: 5573: 5412: 4267: 3991: 3823: 3806: 3798: 2890:

several times around the world. Other 4-hydroxycoumarins used as rodenticides include

2718:) for warfarin exposure in the workplace as 0.1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. The 2661:, resulting in warfarin in 1948. The name "warfarin" stems from the acronym WARF, for 2244:

3 mg (blue), 5 mg (pink) and 1 mg (brown) warfarin tablets (UK colours)

1037:. It was formally approved as a medication to treat blood clots in humans by the U.S. 8658: 8231: 8002: 7992: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7947: 7520: 7507: 7499: 7438: 7401: 7352: 7129: 7030: 7007: 6850: 6776: 6714: 6679: 6625: 6581: 6543: 6508: 6459: 6405: 6362: 6316: 6273: 6223: 6199: 6162: 6140: 6050: 5997: 5957: 5841: 5798: 5741: 5700: 5673: 5638: 5634: 5595: 5551: 5490: 5447: 5416: 5373: 5337: 5294: 5224: 5167: 5132: 5097: 5053: 5018: 4983: 4969: 4934: 4885: 4836: 4801: 4737: 4693: 4650: 4612: 4546: 4491: 4453: 4442: 4362: 4327: 4271: 4222: 4177: 4150: 4085: 4054: 3954: 3949: 3932: 3913: 3869: 3828: 3774: 3661: 3611: 3574: 3526: 3499: 3462: 3437: 3278: 3274: 3192: 2678: 2635: 2222: 2211: 1830:, but it affects other parts of the feet, as well, including the bottom of the foot ( 1810: 1747: 1722: 1716: 1692: 1366: 1346: 1177:

such as bleeding, close monitoring of the degree of anticoagulation is required by a

1146: 1142: 687: 488: 480: 297: 285: 136: 6902: 6772: 6539: 6328: 6285: 6009: 5607: 5385: 5179: 5065: 4662: 4374: 3966: 3406:

Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G (February 2012).

3290: 2985: 8706: 8653: 8205: 8036: 7997: 7967: 7391: 7383: 7342: 7332: 7284: 7279: 6997: 6929: 6898: 6768: 6706: 6669: 6659: 6615: 6573: 6535: 6498: 6471: 6451: 6417: 6397: 6354: 6308: 6265: 6191: 6132: 6095: 6042: 5989: 5947: 5939: 5831: 5731: 5665: 5630: 5585: 5541: 5533: 5408: 5365: 5333: 5329: 5306: 5286: 5214: 5206: 5159: 5124: 5089: 5045: 5010: 4973: 4965: 4924: 4916: 4875: 4867: 4828: 4791: 4783: 4727: 4685: 4642: 4602: 4594: 4354: 4317: 4283: 4263: 4214: 4142: 4044: 4036: 3981:"important information to know when you are taking : Coumadine and vitamine K" 3944: 3905: 3859: 3818: 3637: 3601: 3564: 3491: 3427: 3419: 3270: 2875:

Resistance to warfarin as a poison has developed in many rat populations due to an

2751: 2689: 2631: 2152: 2077: 1992: 1846:. No specific treatment is available, but some modalities are under investigation. 1606: 1578: 1484: 1446:, etc.) carry increased risk, so treatment is suspended prior to these procedures. 1354: 1224: 1182: 1057:

was treated with warfarin following a highly publicized heart attack. It is on the

1050: 1046: 1008: 966: 962: 754: 323: 231: 68: 6195: 3770:

Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review Update

3681: 1170: 8820: 8763: 8620: 8582: 8545: 8009: 6732:

Jensen TS, Jacques LB, Ciccanti M, Long K, Eggleston L, Roche J (3 August 2009).

6120: 6021: 5014: 4545:. Park Ridge, Ill: American Association of Neurological Surgeons. pp. 11–3. 4538: 4483: 4306:"Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: Guidance from the Anticoagulation Forum" 4218: 4146: 3909: 2939: 2899: 2726:

of 0.1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 mg/m, warfarin is

2599: 2541: 2490: 2125: 2066: 1996: 1534: 1439: 1150: 950: 351: 331: 6014: 5896: 5195:"Association of warfarin use with valvular and vascular calcification: a review" 5163: 4249:"Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4073: 3768: 3741: 3711: 3069: 2802: 50: 19:"Coumadin" redirects here. For the class of compounds known as "coumadins", see 8683: 8673: 8625: 8537: 8373: 7900: 7586: 7495: 7428: 7424: 5093: 4871: 4832: 4732: 4689: 3864: 3847: 2695: 2654: 2567: 2471: 2470:

polymorphisms explain 10% of the dose variation between patients, mainly among

2083:

Warfarin also interacts with many herbs and spices, some used in food (such as

2062: 1679: 1675: 1454: 1418: 1410: 1114: 1041:

in 1954. In 1955, warfarin's reputation as a safe and acceptable treatment for

970: 7288: 7050: 6734:"Decision Memo for Pharmacogenomic Testing for Warfarin Response (CAG-00400N)" 6099: 5943: 5836: 5819: 4787: 3606: 3593: 3569: 3556: 1957:

Prothrombin complex concentrate plus vitamin K1 (phytonadione) 5–10 mg IV

8830: 8494: 8478: 8439: 8396: 8330: 8300: 7890: 7875: 7870: 7831: 7503: 6849:. Edinburgh, London and New York: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 23.4–23.5. 6648:"Genetic determinants of response to warfarin during initial anticoagulation" 6604:"Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose" 5858: 5572:

Kurnik D, Loebstein R, Farfel Z, Ezra D, Halkin H, Olchovsky D (March 2004).

3846:

Kim IS, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Uhm JS, Joung B, Lee MH, et al. (October 2018).

3165: 3133: 3006: 2911: 2891: 2699: 2627: 2530: 2513: 2446:

polymorphisms explain 30% of the dose variation between patients: particular

2389: 2345: 2298: 2168: 2097: 2034: 2000: 1843: 1771: 1730: 1602: 1574: 1504: 1458: 1386: 1382: 1350: 1296: 888: 730: 536: 310: 7243: 6949: 4712: 3931:

Perry DJ, Fitzmaurice DA, Kitchen S, Mackie IJ, Mallett S (September 2010).

2076:(FDA) product insert on warfarin states that alcohol should be avoided. The 2011:

checks are increased or dosages adjusted until a new ideal dosage is found.

1674:) includes known predictors of warfarin-related bleeding: uncontrolled high 1227:

of warfarin can fluctuate significantly depending on the amount of vitamin K

8788: 8768: 8518: 8508: 8427: 8320: 8290: 8268: 8263: 8236: 8185: 8164: 8014: 7953: 7909: 7786: 7729: 7668: 7663: 7644: 7542: 7511: 7442: 7405: 7387: 7356: 7011: 7002: 6985: 6780: 6718: 6683: 6629: 6585: 6577: 6547: 6463: 6409: 6277: 6203: 6144: 6054: 6001: 5993: 5961: 5845: 5745: 5677: 5599: 5555: 5494: 5451: 5420: 5377: 5341: 5298: 5228: 5171: 5101: 5057: 5022: 4987: 4938: 4889: 4840: 4805: 4741: 4697: 4654: 4616: 4366: 4331: 4275: 4226: 4181: 4154: 4089: 4058: 3958: 3917: 3873: 3832: 3778: 3615: 3578: 3522:

The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs

3441: 2815: 2639: 2560: 2556: 2414: 2373: 2349: 2180: 1868: 1842:

Several studies have also implicated warfarin use in valvular and vascular

1798: 1787: 1783: 1767: 1688: 1687:

predicting hemorrhagic stroke. Bleeding risk may be increased in people on

1566: 1512: 1422: 1414: 1102: 236: 226: 7369: 6664: 6647: 6512: 6320: 6269: 5704: 5642: 5193:

Palaniswamy C, Sekhri A, Aronow WS, Kalra A, Peterson SJ (February 2011).

5136: 4598: 4040: 3423: 3282: 1721:

A rare but serious complication resulting from treatment with warfarin is

1682:(A), previous stroke (S), known previous bleeding condition (B), previous 1133:(where the embolized clots first form in veins). Warfarin is also used in 8758: 8555: 8523: 8503: 8431: 8190: 8118: 8087: 8019: 7920: 7914: 7904: 7807: 7601: 7591: 6620: 6603: 6366: 6219:

X-Ray Vision: The Evolution of Medical Imaging and Its Human Significance

5290: 4246: 2950:

showed that culling programs did not lead to lower transmission rates of

2923: 2895: 2823: 2666: 2658: 2548: 2353: 2333: 2004: 1820: 1696: 1664: 1492: 1406: 1288: 1276: 1174: 1106: 1090: 942: 935: 895: 130: 33: 6455: 6401: 6358: 6070:"The crystal and molecular structure and absolute configuration of (−)-( 5537: 4920: 3642: 528: 8778: 8714: 8691: 8587: 8569: 8513: 8295: 8212: 8195: 8180: 8159: 8144: 8139: 8082: 8067: 8041: 8031: 8026: 7880: 7849: 7781: 7761: 7739: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7557: 6046: 2576: 2545: 2534: 2317: 2258: 2240: 2184: 2102: 2030: 1751: 1627: 1562: 1542: 1522: 1496: 1394: 1358: 1205: 1190: 1178: 1086: 1034: 997: 891: 781: 547: 7318: 6136: 5669: 5210: 4646: 4358: 4322: 4305: 3370:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 13 October 2022. 8783: 8724: 8612: 8577: 8283: 8278: 8258: 8253: 8200: 8154: 8128: 8123: 8072: 7930: 7853: 7817: 7791: 7756: 7744: 7706: 7701: 7691: 7653: 7623: 7618: 7596: 7562: 7537: 7337: 7320: 6503: 6486: 2883: 2876: 2607: 2455: 2329: 2321: 2302: 2160: 2136: 2046: 2038: 1738:

in parallel to combat this), leading to massive thrombosis with skin

1726: 1638: 1586: 1570: 1508: 1078: 1016: 1012: 958: 466: 392: 116: 20: 7167:"RRAC guidelines on Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance Management" 5859:

Barnes J, Working Group on Complementary Medicine (September 2002).

5049: 3660:(69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 154–155. 2618:, and various other species. The name coumarin comes via the French 1465:, which is a rare but serious side effect associated with warfarin. 8732: 8453: 8077: 8062: 7866: 7857: 7845: 7812: 7658: 7183: 7179: 7027:

Stalin's last crime: the plot against the Jewish doctors, 1948–1953

5820:"Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin" 5275: 5114: 2935: 2910:

after ingestion. However, such rodenticides may also accumulate in

2688:

remained unknown until it was demonstrated, in 1978, that warfarin

2681:, who was prescribed the drug after having a heart attack in 1955. 2674: 2646: 2615: 2611: 2583: 2447: 2325: 2313: 2309: 2285: 2281: 2188: 2156: 1743: 1739: 1671: 1598: 1558: 1488: 1462: 1443: 1402: 1398: 1378: 1362: 1268: 1252: 1244: 1098: 1094: 946: 620: 612: 519: 158: 24: 6950:"Warfarin, Molecule of the Month for February 2011, by John Maher" 6118: 4198:

Ansell J, Jacobson A, Levy J, Völler H, Hasenkam JM (March 2005).

2478:

polymorphisms do not influence time to effective INR as opposed to

1894:

Resuming at an adjusted lower dose when the target INR is reached.

804: 718: 703: 8663: 8648: 8550: 8483: 8348: 8338: 8315: 8113: 7942: 7686: 2807: 2410: 2369: 2273: 2254: 2092: 2061:

activity also appears to influence warfarin dosing requirements;

2058: 1831: 1827: 1735: 1700: 1631: 1590: 1389:. These have a shorter (acenocoumarol) or longer (phenprocoumon) 1357:

showed home testing led to a reduced incidence of complications (

1272: 1264: 1248: 1033:

Warfarin first came into large-scale commercial use in 1948 as a

364: 6433: 5000: 4167: 3766: 3458:

Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach

2340:, may also be affected. The precursors of these factors require 1515:; the incidence of birth defects in infants exposed to warfarin 1328: 1145:. Prevention of clotting in arteries is usually undertaken with 1020:

up to five days. Because the mechanism involves enzymes such as

8737: 8696: 8310: 7319:

Johnson N, Aréchiga-Ceballos N, Aguilar-Setien A (April 2014).

5522:"Drug interactions with warfarin: what clinicians need to know" 5078: 2951: 2927: 2907: 2868:

mg/kg for repeated daily doses for 5 days, after 5–8 days. The

2839: 2552: 2508:

to predict warfarin responsiveness improves health outcomes in

2505: 2466: 2442: 2357: 2164: 2106: 2088: 2084: 2023: 1766:, several studies demonstrated a link between warfarin use and 1683: 1517: 1022: 993: 911: 659: 397: 372: 368: 360: 6161:. Frankfurt/Main: Rote Liste Service GmbH. 2017. p. 226. 3895: 2750:

but coagulation-inactive chemical found in "sweet" clover and

2426:

Warfarin activity is determined partially by genetic factors.

2328:, as well as the regulatory factors protein C, protein S, and 1927:

Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) 2-2.5 mg PO or 0.5–1 mg IV

961:. The effects of warfarin are typically monitored by checking 83: 7572: 5690: 5354: 5035: 3930: 3488:

Clinical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Quality Control

3405: 2903: 2831: 2341: 1819:. This condition is thought to result from small deposits of 1582: 1141:), but is far less effective at preventing new thromboses in 934:. It is usually taken by mouth, but may also be administered 795: 631: 356: 5479:"Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions in Primary Care" 5192: 4580: 3712:"Warfarin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022" 2806:

Warning label on a tube of rat poison laid on a dike of the

77: 8217: 7174: 5928:"Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice" 4951: 4772:"Assessing bleeding risk in patients taking anticoagulants" 4710: 4303: 4022: 2947: 2869: 2843: 2737:

in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S.

2727: 1284: 1256: 603: 41: 7215:. National Pest Technicians Association. 21 October 2019. 6836: 6834: 6832: 5925: 4952:

Chan YC, Valenti D, Mansfield AO, Stansby G (March 2000).

4903:

Delaney JA, Opatrny L, Brophy JM, Suissa S (August 2007).

4902: 2914:

and other animals that eat the poisoned rodents or baits.

2438:) play a particularly large role in response to warfarin. 965:(INR) every one to four weeks. Many other medications and 8602: 7051:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Warfarin" 6731: 6601: 5620: 5571: 4448:(2nd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 3796: 3628: 3107: 2827: 2642:) into dicoumarol, to have any anticoagulant properties. 2332:. Other proteins not involved in blood clotting, such as 2091:) and others used purely for medicinal purposes (such as 1235:

intake at a stable level can prevent these fluctuations.

1193:, the point-of-care test involves a simple finger prick. 1117:. Thus, common clinical indications for warfarin use are 86: 6645: 6254: 6181: 4490:. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. pp. 193–4. 4197: 4074:"Evidence-based adjustment of warfarin (Coumadin) doses" 3594:"Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use" 3557:"Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use" 2368:

form of vitamin K (vitamin K hydroquinone) to vitamin K

2272:

Warfarin is slower-acting than the common anticoagulant

7321:"Vampire bat rabies: ecology, epidemiology and control" 7164: 6829: 6563: 5476: 5433: 2818:, a second-generation ("super-warfarin") anticoagulant. 2638:, then further (in the presence of naturally occurring 2360:

that carries out the carboxylation of glutamic acid is

1220:, have been distilled to help manage dose adjustments. 1216:

Recommendations by many national bodies, including the

1059:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

5926:

Suvarna R, Pirmohamed M, Henderson L (December 2003).

4818: 2822:

Coumarins (4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives) are used as

1954:

Holding warfarin, monitoring INR, and readjusting dose

1939:

Holding warfarin, monitoring INR, and readjusting dose

1924:

Holding warfarin, monitoring INR, and readjusting dose

8804: 6696: 6344: 5655: 4439: 4344: 3744:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2720:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2348:

residues to allow the coagulation factors to bind to

2163:, which is formed from the 4-hydroxycoumarin and the 1137:. It has been used occasionally after heart attacks ( 89: 80: 74: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 2872:

value is 100 mg/m (warfarin; various species).

6915: 6067: 5979: 5434:Ament PW, Bertolino JG, Liszewski JL (March 2000). 5319: 5149: 4853: 4632: 3092: 1883:Supratherapeutic INR but INR < 4.5, no bleeding 1101:(migration of a thrombus to a spot where it blocks 507: 71: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 6842: 6758: 6103: 5786: 4675: 3461:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 774. 3062: 2739:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 2551:, determined that the cattle were ingesting moldy 6916:Stahmann MA, Huebner CF, Link KP (1 April 1941). 3454: 3215: 1762:After initial reports that warfarin could reduce 8828: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7122:Vertebrate pesticide toxicology manual (poisons) 6979: 6977: 6975: 6840: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 5244: 3486:Dasgupta A, Wahed A (2014). "Pharmacogenomics". 2049:, which make significant quantities of vitamin K 1774:. A 1999 study in 572 women taking warfarin for 949:. Less common side effects may include areas of 945:, a natural consequence of reduced clotting, is 487: 479: 7363: 7149: 7073: 6641: 6639: 6597: 6595: 6559: 6557: 6429: 6427: 5817: 5717: 5477:Carpenter M, Berry H, Pelletier AL (May 2019). 4481: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 2582:Dicoumarol was a product of the plant molecule 2352:surfaces inside blood vessels, on the vascular 1528: 454: 446: 8426: 7425:"Warfarin Therapy and VKORC1 and CYP Genotype" 7112: 6736:. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 6484: 5240: 5238: 4678:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4539:"Fetal toxicity of common neurosurgical drugs" 2570:and his laboratory of chemists working at the 1085:Warfarin is used to decrease the tendency for 988:Warfarin decreases blood clotting by blocking 8857:World Health Organization essential medicines 8412: 7480: 7435:National Center for Biotechnology Information 7307: 7240:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 6972: 6787: 6752: 6379: 6222:. Oxford University Press. 28 November 2012. 5868:Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 5398: 4860:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 4628: 4626: 4576: 4574: 4386: 4384: 4193: 4191: 3811:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 3792: 3790: 3788: 3485: 2934:is a concern. Vampire bats are captured with 2712:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1616: 1372: 7108: 7106: 6986:"The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels" 6869: 6690: 6636: 6592: 6554: 6424: 6112: 6015:Free full text with registration at Medscape 5785:Austin S, Batz F (1999). Lininger SW (ed.). 5348: 4994: 4945: 4896: 4812: 4065: 4009: 3880: 3845: 3362: 1978:and vitamin K 10 mg by slow IV infusion 1967:Life-threatening bleeding and elevated INR: 1449:Warfarin should not be given to people with 162: 7461:in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) 7024: 6888: 6800: 6487:"Current concepts in anticoagulant therapy" 5235: 4440:Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP (2008). 4108:"Warfarin diet: What foods should I avoid?" 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3193:"Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)" 2155:studies of warfarin show that it exists in 1239:tend to contain higher amounts of vitamin K 240: 8419: 8405: 7487: 7473: 7248:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6525: 6340: 6338: 6151: 6035:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 5824:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 5818:Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL (July 2000). 5793:. Roseville, Calif: Prima Health. p. 5784: 5436:"Clinically significant drug interactions" 4623: 4571: 4381: 4188: 3924: 3785: 3007:"Pesticide Information Profiles: WARFARIN" 2537:. All of these animals had bled to death. 2495:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2018:(NSAIDs), warfarin increases the risk for 1291:do not have such high amounts of vitamin K 928:ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 740: 563: 555: 7395: 7346: 7336: 7103: 7001: 6933: 6673: 6663: 6619: 6502: 6119:Karlsson BC, Rosengren AM, Andersson PO, 5951: 5835: 5778: 5735: 5589: 5567: 5565: 5545: 5218: 4977: 4928: 4879: 4795: 4769: 4731: 4669: 4606: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4321: 4132: 4048: 3948: 3863: 3822: 3641: 3605: 3568: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3431: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3323:. Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd. 19 January 2010. 3034: 3032: 3001: 2999: 2857:mg/kg for a single dose, after 5–7 days. 1259:are extremely rich sources of vitamin K; 827:CC(=O)CC(C\1=C(/O)c2ccccc2OC/1=O)c3ccccc3 591: 583: 6298: 6032: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5519: 5513: 5269: 4704: 3339: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2922:Warfarin is used to cull populations of 2801: 2728:immediately dangerous to life and health 2239: 2135: 1507:. Coumarins (such as warfarin) are also 1327: 1200: 387:1 week (active half-life is 20-60 hours) 6335: 5919: 5370:10.7326/0003-4819-137-4-200208200-00009 4393: 3622: 3539:from the original on 18 September 2017. 3475:from the original on 18 September 2017. 3260: 2404:When warfarin is newly started, it may 1995:with many commonly used drugs, and the 1545:is substituted. With heparin, risks of 1487:in pregnancy, as it passes through the 1279:, are also relatively high in vitamin K 1243:. Green parts of members of the family 535: 527: 135: 8829: 7272: 7126:New Zealand Department of Conservation 6960:from the original on 27 September 2023 6248: 6068:Valente EJ, Trager, Jensen LH (1975). 5562: 4776:Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 4536: 4521: 4514:Retrieved on 15 December 2008 through 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4433: 4170:The Israel Medical Association Journal 3933:"Point-of-care testing in haemostasis" 3543: 3525:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 148. 3518: 3386: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3173:from the original on 23 September 2024 3141:from the original on 23 September 2024 3029: 2996: 2744: 2705: 2292: 1826:It is typically thought to affect the 1804: 1417:), and for apixaban, and rivaroxaban ( 1381:are used instead of warfarin, such as 926:. Less commonly, it is used following 731: 425:)-4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)- 2 291: 8400: 7468: 7219:from the original on 17 February 2023 7145:from the original on 17 October 2008. 6485:Litin SC, Gastineau DA (March 1995). 5968: 5720:"Alcohol and medication interactions" 4347:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 4096:from the original on 1 February 2018. 4071: 3650: 3636:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 3242:from the original on 26 December 2021 3050:from the original on 18 February 2023 3011:EXTOXNET Extension Toxicology Network 2973: 2888:arisen independently and become fixed 2758:from which coumarin's name derives). 1793:A 2006 retrospective study of 14,564 1461:conditions increase the risk of skin 1271:, as well as the darker varieties of 1003:. Without sufficient active vitamin K 711: 696: 675: 667: 647: 639: 304: 153: 121: 7422: 7193:from the original on 4 November 2021 7061:from the original on 8 December 2015 6983: 6026: 5907:from the original on 9 February 2008 5129:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400230023004 5038:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 4751:from the original on 27 January 2024 3748:from the original on 3 February 2011 3734: 3327:from the original on 17 October 2015 3080:from the original on 9 February 2018 2663:Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation 2045:can reduce the amount of the normal 2016:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1710: 1705:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1533:Usually, warfarin is avoided in the 1428: 1218:American College of Chest Physicians 1161:(DOACs) may offer greater benefits. 717: 702: 230: 7091:from the original on 9 January 2023 6652:The New England Journal of Medicine 6608:The New England Journal of Medicine 6125:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 5897:"Cranberry juice clot drug warning" 5760:"Warfarin Anticoagulant Medication" 5501:from the original on 23 August 2023 5257:from the original on 19 August 2022 4821:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 4466: 4207:International Journal of Cardiology 4135:Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 4114:from the original on 24 August 2011 3692:from the original on 30 August 2024 3591: 3554: 3297: 3254: 3203:from the original on 18 August 2022 2930:is often prevalent, in areas where 2421: 2248: 1746:of limbs. Its natural counterpart, 1561:abnormalities, which include nasal 1196: 619: 611: 470: 13: 7416: 7295:from the original on 26 April 2015 6740:from the original on 14 April 2018 6711:10.1097/01.GIM.0000153664.65759.CF 6313:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03827.x 5245:Abimbola Farinde (18 April 2019). 4543:Neurosurgical Aspects of Pregnancy 3988:U.S. National Institutes of Health 3722:from the original on 13 April 2020 3496:10.1016/B978-0-12-407821-5.00020-6 3455:Arcangelo VP, Peterson AM (2006). 3232:"Coumadin- warfarin sodium tablet" 2992:from the original on 5 April 2017. 2413:, an anticoagulant that acts upon 2174: 1934:Minor bleeding, any elevated INR: 1878:Warfarin overdose recommendations 1644: 14: 8868: 8774:1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol (Gliftor) 7450: 7254:from the original on 26 July 2008 6817:from the original on 23 June 2019 6236:from the original on 30 June 2023 5830:(13): 1221–1227, quiz 1228–1230. 5693:The Quarterly Journal of Medicine 5591:10.1097/01.md.0000123095.65294.34 4559:from the original on 5 March 2024 4504:from the original on 5 March 2024 4421:from the original on 23 June 2017 3374:from the original on 12 June 2018 3017:from the original on 10 June 2023 2938:and coated with a combination of 2770: 2057:will reduce the warfarin effect. 1949:Major bleeding, any elevated INR 1754:for certain protein C mutations. 267: 185: 8814: 8102:Direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitors 7530:Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors 7376:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 7266: 7231: 7205: 7043: 7018: 6942: 6909: 6882: 6863: 6841:Laurence DR, Kneebone P (1973). 6301:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 5766:from the original on 1 July 2020 5635:10.1097/00007611-198912000-00035 5401:The American Journal of Medicine 4970:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01352.x 4954:"Warfarin induced skin necrosis" 4482:Macina OT, Schardein JL (2007). 3950:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08223.x 3275:10.2165/00003088-198611060-00005 2957: 2305:("thickness") as such of blood. 2278:heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 2221: 2210: 2122:Committee on Safety of Medicines 1888:Lowering the dose or omit a dose 1837: 1451:heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 1365:), and improved the time in the 957:. Use is not recommended during 938:. It is a vitamin K antagonist. 765: 67: 49: 40: 23:. For the natural compound, see 7725:Thromboxane synthase inhibitors 7275:"Killing rats is killing birds" 6903:10.1152/ajplegacy.1931.96.2.413 6773:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2368 6725: 6540:10.1016/j.disamonth.2005.03.005 6519: 6478: 6373: 6292: 6210: 6175: 6061: 5889: 5852: 5811: 5752: 5718:Weathermon R, Crabb DW (1999). 5711: 5684: 5649: 5614: 5470: 5458:from the original on 7 May 2016 5427: 5392: 5313: 5186: 5143: 5108: 5072: 5029: 4847: 4770:Shoeb M, Fang MC (April 2013). 4763: 4338: 4297: 4240: 4161: 4126: 4100: 3973: 3839: 3760: 3704: 3674: 3585: 3512: 3479: 3448: 3070:"Warfarin Use During Pregnancy" 2988:. Drugs.com. 12 February 2023. 2986:"Warfarin international brands" 2917: 2782: 2482:, but does shorten the time to 2235: 1986: 1861:prothrombin complex concentrate 1757: 1317: 1072: 1007:, the plasma concentrations of 983:prothrombin complex concentrate 852:Key:PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8593:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine 7273:Lovett RA (14 November 2012). 7113:Eason CT, Wickstrom M (2001). 5334:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.003 5247:"Warfarin Overanticoagulation" 4958:The British Journal of Surgery 4310:American Journal of Hematology 3937:British Journal of Haematology 3314:"PRODUCT INFORMATION COUMADIN" 3185: 3153: 3121: 2761: 2586:(not to be confused with Couma 2144:and cyclic hemiketal tautomer 2120:Between 2003 and 2004, the UK 1299:have high amounts of vitamin K 1231:in the diet. Keeping vitamin K 771: 759: 280: 1: 6935:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51377-6 6196:10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.036 5724:Alcohol Research & Health 5413:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00545-3 5117:Archives of Internal Medicine 5082:Archives of Internal Medicine 5003:Archives of Internal Medicine 4488:Human Developmental Toxicants 4268:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68139-7 3898:Archives of Internal Medicine 3824:10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00416-9 2966: 2735:extremely hazardous substance 1750:, occurs in children who are 1061:. Warfarin is available as a 1053:was bolstered when President 7963:Low-molecular-weight heparin 7774:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors 7687:Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin 6566:The Pharmacogenomics Journal 5015:10.1001/archinte.159.15.1750 4410:Food and Drug Administration 4219:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.008 4147:10.1016/j.artmed.2012.04.001 3910:10.1001/archinte.165.10.1095 2131: 2074:Food and Drug Administration 2047:bacterial flora in the bowel 1539:low-molecular-weight heparin 1529:First trimester of pregnancy 1479:Anticoagulation in pregnancy 1468: 1039:Food and Drug Administration 1028:polymorphisms of the enzymes 1026:, patients on warfarin with 883:, sold under the brand name 7: 7083:(21 August 2023 ed.). 7025:Naumov VP, Brent J (2003). 5870:. p. 5. Archived from 5520:Juurlink DN (August 2007). 5358:Annals of Internal Medicine 5164:10.1592/phco.23.5.674.32200 2378:vitamin K epoxide reductase 2191:, i.e., a 1: 1 mixture of ( 1849: 1655:those involving the brain ( 1649: 1283:. Green vegetables such as 990:vitamin K epoxide reductase 10: 8873: 8842:Anticoagulant rodenticides 7430:Medical Genetics Summaries 7115:"2. Anticoagulant poisons" 7085:Government Printing Office 5279:Thrombosis and Haemostasis 5094:10.1001/archinte.166.2.241 4872:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.031 4833:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.06.017 4690:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.10.027 3865:10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.03.009 3658:British national formulary 3646:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. 3598:Nature Reviews. Cardiology 3561:Nature Reviews. Cardiology 2795: 2791: 2724:recommended exposure limit 2716:permissible exposure limit 2610:), and at lower levels in 2594:or hay and plants such as 2520: 2362:gamma-glutamyl carboxylase 2043:broad-spectrum antibiotics 1919:INR >10.0, no bleeding 1808: 1714: 1617:Second trimester and later 1611:developmental disabilities 1565:, a depressed or narrowed 1472: 1442:(e.g., spinal injections, 1413:available for dabigatran ( 1373:Alternative anticoagulants 1321: 1159:direct oral anticoagulants 749:Chemical and physical data 18: 8746: 8723: 8705: 8682: 8634: 8611: 8568: 8536: 8492: 8466: 8452: 8438: 8357: 8329: 8230: 8173: 8100: 8052: 7941: 7935:(with some II inhibition) 7929: 7839: 7830: 7800: 7772: 7715: 7677: 7639: 7571: 7528: 7519: 7445:. Bookshelf ID: NBK84174. 7289:10.1038/nature.2012.11824 7242:(OSHA) (16 August 1996). 7029:. London: HarperCollins. 6100:10.1107/S056774087500427X 5944:10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1454 5483:American Family Physician 5440:American Family Physician 4788:10.1007/s11239-013-0899-7 4078:American Family Physician 3630:World Health Organization 3607:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172 3570:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172 3263:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3040:"Rat poison product list" 2954:to livestock and humans. 2714:has set the legal limit ( 2630:name for the tree of the 2204: 2020:gastrointestinal bleeding 1525:abnormalities can arise. 1377:In some countries, other 1295:as leafy greens. Certain 1164: 1135:antiphospholipid syndrome 910:, and to protect against 860: 835: 815: 793: 780: 753: 748: 729: 686: 658: 630: 602: 574: 546: 518: 498: 465: 437: 409: 404: 391: 378: 350: 340: 330: 322: 257: 252: 217: 199: 173: 143: 129: 111: 101: 62: 57: 48: 39: 6984:Link KP (January 1959). 5623:Southern Medical Journal 4733:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs253 4593:(2 Suppl): e691S–e736S. 4035:(2 Suppl): e152S–e184S. 3592:Lim GB (December 2017). 3555:Lim GB (December 2017). 2529:and Canada. Cattle were 2301:, without affecting the 2205:Enantiomers of warfarin 1972:Holding warfarin therapy 1901:INR 4.5-10, no bleeding 1657:intracerebral hemorrhage 1637:Warfarin may be used in 1589:, which show a peculiar 1303:. Foods low in vitamin K 16:Anticoagulant medication 6491:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 6020:9 November 2010 at the 5837:10.1093/ajhp/57.13.1221 2932:human–wildlife conflict 2733:It is classified as an 2572:University of Wisconsin 2512:beneficiaries." A 2014 2489:Despite the promise of 2376:by another enzyme, the 2344:carboxylation of their 2253:Warfarin consists of a 1555:fetal warfarin syndrome 1475:Fetal warfarin syndrome 1436:gastrointestinal ulcers 1123:artificial heart valves 1069:million prescriptions. 1043:coronary artery disease 924:artificial heart valves 8245:Plasminogen activators 7717:Thromboxane inhibitors 7641:Prostaglandin analogue 7388:10.1098/rspb.2012.0538 7003:10.1161/01.CIR.19.1.97 6801:Rajagopalan R (2018). 6761:JAMA Internal Medicine 6578:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500313 6264:(6 Suppl): 160S–198S. 5994:10.1592/phco.26.9.1314 4720:European Heart Journal 3418:(2 Suppl): e44S–e88S. 3321:TGA eBusiness Services 2853:for warfarin is 50–100 2819: 2775:Warfarin is used as a 2527:northern United States 2284:-mediated decrease in 2257:mixture of two active 2245: 2148: 1776:deep venous thrombosis 1624:central nervous system 1511:, that is, they cause 1343: 1333: 1261:cruciferous vegetables 1237:Leafy green vegetables 1213: 1139:myocardial infarctions 1127:deep venous thrombosis 920:valvular heart disease 8598:Chlorophenylsilatrane 8445:Vitamin K antagonists 8307:serine endopeptidases 7841:Vitamin K antagonists 6845:Clinical Pharmacology 6665:10.1056/NEJMoa0708078 6270:10.1378/chest.08-0670 5903:. 18 September 2003. 4599:10.1378/chest.11-2300 4072:Ebell MH (May 2005). 4041:10.1378/chest.11-2295 3852:Journal of Cardiology 3682:"The Top 300 of 2022" 3424:10.1378/chest.11-2292 3161:"Product information" 3129:"Product information" 3046:. 22 September 2021. 2805: 2384:). Warfarin inhibits 2243: 2228:CAS Number: 5543-57-7 2217:CAS Number: 5543-58-8 2139: 1626:disorders, including 1473:Further information: 1338: 1331: 1204: 1187:point-of-care testing 8794:Sodium fluoroacetate 8054:Direct Xa inhibitors 7886:Ethyl biscoumacetate 7752:Receptor antagonists 6803:"A Study in Scarlet" 6699:Genetics in Medicine 6621:10.1056/NEJMoa044503 5877:on 24 September 2006 5291:10.1160/TH16-04-0266 3490:. pp. 353–362. 3076:. 4 September 2019. 2814:: The tube contains 2183:and consists of two 2179:Warfarin contains a 2159:form, as the cyclic 1764:bone mineral density 1547:maternal haemorrhage 1493:spontaneous abortion 1055:Dwight D. Eisenhower 955:purple toes syndrome 904:deep vein thrombosis 887:among others, is an 8644:Aluminium phosphide 8636:Inorganic compounds 7697:Carbasalate calcium 7382:(1742): 3384–3392. 6456:10.1038/nature02214 6448:2004Natur.427..537R 6402:10.1038/nature02254 6394:2004Natur.427..541L 6359:10.1021/bi00601a003 6131:(35): 10520–10528. 6108:on 20 October 2015. 6092:1975AcCrB..31..954V 6079:Acta Crystallogr. B 5538:10.1503/cmaj.070946 5322:Thrombosis Research 5199:Clinical Cardiology 4921:10.1503/cmaj.070186 4110:. Mayo Foundation. 3199:. 7 November 2023. 2944:reciprocal grooming 2882:on chromosome 1 in 2745:Society and culture 2706:Occupational safety 2686:mechanism of action 2649:substituent at the 2293:Mechanism of action 2029:Many commonly used 1976:Fresh frozen plasma 1879: 1865:fresh frozen plasma 1817:purple toe syndrome 1805:Purple toe syndrome 1324:INR self-monitoring 1155:atrial fibrillation 1119:atrial fibrillation 979:fresh frozen plasma 916:atrial fibrillation 914:in people who have 710:as salt: SWF ( 300:(Prescription only) 276:(Prescription only) 36: 8837:4-Hydroxycoumarins 8754:α-Naphthylthiourea 8459:4-Hydroxycoumarins 8384:Never to phase III 8232:Thrombolytic drugs 7948:glycosaminoglycans 7521:Antiplatelet drugs 7508:antiplatelet drugs 7128:. pp. 41–74. 6954:www.chm.bris.ac.uk 6872:J Am Vet Med Assoc 6047:10.2146/ajhp060370 5658:Endocrine Practice 4537:Loftus CM (1995). 4516:Google Book Search 3997:on 20 October 2013 3044:The Barn Owl Trust 3013:. September 1995. 2820: 2812:Steendorp, Belgium 2798:4-hydroxycoumarins 2338:matrix Gla protein 2246: 2149: 1906:Omitting 1-2 doses 1877: 1780:vertebral fracture 1693:antiplatelet drugs 1661:hemorrhagic stroke 1599:Limb abnormalities 1334: 1214: 1210:therapeutic window 1147:antiplatelet drugs 1131:pulmonary embolism 1121:, the presence of 1089:, or as secondary 1063:generic medication 932:orthopedic surgery 908:pulmonary embolism 900:circulatory system 336:79–100% (by mouth) 32: 8802: 8801: 8659:Calcium phosphide 8564: 8563: 8532: 8531: 8394: 8393: 8226: 8225: 8096: 8095: 7826: 7825: 7186:. pp. 1–29. 7135:978-0-478-22035-3 7036:978-0-06-019524-3 6856:978-0-443-04990-3 6614:(22): 2285–2293. 6442:(6974): 537–541. 6388:(6974): 541–544. 6229:978-0-19-997624-9 6168:978-3-946057-10-9 6137:10.1021/jp072505i 5804:978-0-7615-1599-9 5670:10.4158/EP.3.2.77 5629:(12): 1585–1586. 5211:10.1002/clc.20865 5123:(11): 2197–2202. 5009:(15): 1750–1756. 4726:(21): 2719–2747. 4647:10.1136/bmj.c1813 4552:978-1-879284-36-4 4497:978-0-8493-7229-2 4459:978-1-4160-2999-1 4359:10.1111/jth.13227 4323:10.1002/ajh.25475 4293:on 19 March 2012. 4262:(9508): 404–411. 4084:(10): 1979–1982. 3904:(10): 1095–1106. 3667:978-0-85711-156-2 3532:978-3-527-32669-3 3519:Ravina E (2011). 3505:978-0-12-407821-5 3468:978-0-7817-5784-3 3368:"Warfarin sodium" 3137:. 3 August 2000. 2779:and other pests. 2679:Dwight Eisenhower 2636:4-hydroxycoumarin 2592:freshly cut grass 2233: 2232: 2229: 2218: 2140:Acyclic tautomer 1984: 1983: 1811:Blue toe syndrome 1748:purpura fulminans 1723:warfarin necrosis 1717:Warfarin necrosis 1711:Warfarin necrosis 1429:Contraindications 1367:therapeutic range 1355:randomized trials 1347:systematic review 1143:coronary arteries 996:that reactivates 878: 877: 806:Interactive image 308: 295: 283: 271: 189: 156: 8864: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8810: 8707:Organophosphorus 8669:Thallium sulfate 8654:Barium carbonate 8493:2nd generation ( 8464: 8463: 8450: 8449: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8398: 8397: 8206:Drotrecogin alfa 8186:Antithrombin III 8037:Dermatan sulfate 8010:Oligosaccharides 7939: 7938: 7837: 7836: 7573:ADP receptor/P2Y 7526: 7525: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7466: 7465: 7446: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7350: 7340: 7338:10.3390/v6051911 7331:(5): 1911–1928. 7316: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7192: 7171: 7162: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7119: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7005: 6981: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6848: 6838: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6798: 6785: 6784: 6767:(8): 1330–1338. 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6667: 6658:(10): 999–1008. 6643: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6534:(2–3): 112–115. 6523: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6504:10.4065/70.3.266 6482: 6476: 6475: 6431: 6422: 6421: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6353:(8): 1371–1377. 6342: 6333: 6332: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6102:. Archived from 6065: 6059: 6058: 6030: 6024: 6013: 5988:(9): 1314–1319. 5977: 5966: 5965: 5955: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5792: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5593: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5446:(6): 1745–1754. 5431: 5425: 5424: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5033: 5027: 5026: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4735: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4610: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4479: 4464: 4463: 4447: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4414:. October 2015. 4405: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4325: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4286:. Archived from 4253: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4236:on 3 March 2016. 4235: 4229:. Archived from 4204: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4020: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3990:. Archived from 3985: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3952: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3893: 3878: 3877: 3867: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3826: 3817:(9): 1633–1652. 3794: 3783: 3782: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3552: 3541: 3540: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3403: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3364: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3318: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3228: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3169:. 30 June 2020. 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3104:nctr-crs.fda.gov 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3003: 2994: 2993: 2982: 2867: 2856: 2826:for controlling 2422:Pharmacogenomics 2249:Pharmacokinetics 2227: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2202: 2201: 2153:crystallographic 2078:Cleveland Clinic 2014:When taken with 1912:Readjusting dose 1891:Monitoring daily 1880: 1876: 1607:low birth weight 1579:vertebral column 1225:maintenance dose 1197:Maintenance dose 1183:prothrombin time 1151:ischemic strokes 1068: 1051:ischemic strokes 1047:arterial plaques 1009:clotting factors 963:prothrombin time 874: 873: 866: 808: 788: 773: 767: 761: 744: 733: 721: 715: 706: 700: 679: 671: 651: 643: 623: 615: 595: 587: 567: 559: 539: 531: 511: 491: 483: 473: 472: 458: 450: 383: 313: 306: 303: 293: 290: 282: 279: 269: 266: 244: 234: 187: 184: 166: 155: 152: 139: 125: 107:Coumadin, others 96: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 76: 73: 53: 44: 37: 35: 31: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8803: 8798: 8764:Fluoroacetamide 8742: 8719: 8701: 8678: 8630: 8621:Cholecalciferol 8607: 8583:Phenylsilatrane 8560: 8546:Chlorophacinone 8538:1,3-Indandiones 8528: 8488: 8457: 8443: 8434: 8425: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8374:Clinical trials 8353: 8325: 8235: 8222: 8169: 8092: 8048: 7951: 7946: 7934: 7925: 7901:1,3-Indandiones 7843: 7822: 7796: 7768: 7711: 7673: 7635: 7587:Thienopyridines 7576: 7567: 7515: 7496:Antithrombotics 7493: 7453: 7423:Dean L (2012). 7419: 7417:Further reading 7414: 7413: 7368: 7364: 7317: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7169: 7163: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7023: 7019: 6982: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6914: 6910: 6887: 6883: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6839: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6799: 6788: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6730: 6726: 6695: 6691: 6644: 6637: 6600: 6593: 6562: 6555: 6528:Disease-a-Month 6524: 6520: 6483: 6479: 6432: 6425: 6378: 6374: 6343: 6336: 6297: 6293: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6230: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6117: 6113: 6066: 6062: 6031: 6027: 6022:Wayback Machine 5982:Pharmacotherapy 5978: 5969: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5716: 5712: 5689: 5685: 5654: 5650: 5619: 5615: 5570: 5563: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5432: 5428: 5397: 5393: 5353: 5349: 5318: 5314: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5236: 5191: 5187: 5152:Pharmacotherapy 5148: 5144: 5113: 5109: 5077: 5073: 5050:10.1002/pds.888 5034: 5030: 4999: 4995: 4950: 4946: 4901: 4897: 4852: 4848: 4817: 4813: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4674: 4670: 4631: 4624: 4579: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4553: 4535: 4522: 4507: 4505: 4498: 4480: 4467: 4460: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4343: 4339: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4176:(12): 732–735. 4166: 4162: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4070: 4066: 4021: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3929: 3925: 3894: 3881: 3844: 3840: 3795: 3786: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3627: 3623: 3590: 3586: 3553: 3544: 3533: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3484: 3480: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3404: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3298: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2984: 2983: 2974: 2969: 2960: 2940:petroleum jelly 2920: 2865: 2862: 2854: 2851: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2777:poison for rats 2773: 2764: 2754:(also known as 2747: 2708: 2604:Galium odoratum 2542:Frank Schofield 2523: 2491:pharmacogenomic 2424: 2295: 2251: 2238: 2226: 2215: 2177: 2175:Stereochemistry 2134: 2126:cranberry juice 2111:St. John's wort 2067:hyperthyroidism 2056: 2052: 1989: 1852: 1840: 1813: 1807: 1760: 1719: 1713: 1680:kidney function 1652: 1647: 1645:Adverse effects 1619: 1535:first trimester 1531: 1485:contraindicated 1481: 1471: 1440:lumbar puncture 1431: 1411:reversal agents 1375: 1326: 1320: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1282: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1199: 1167: 1075: 1066: 1006: 1001: 976: 967:dietary factors 869: 867: 864:(what is this?) 861: 856: 853: 848: 843: 842: 831: 828: 823: 822: 811: 786: 776: 770: 764: 725: 682: 654: 626: 598: 570: 542: 514: 494: 469: 461: 433: 430: 417: 416: 381: 342:Protein binding 332:Bioavailability 324:Pharmacokinetic 318: 311: 248: 202: 195: 176: 169: 70: 66: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8870: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8847:Coumarin drugs 8844: 8839: 8824: 8823: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8711: 8709: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8684:Organochlorine 8680: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8674:Zinc phosphide 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8626:Ergocalciferol 8623: 8617: 8615: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8542: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8495:Superwarfarins 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8467:1st generation 8461: 8447: 8440:Anticoagulants 8436: 8435: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8401: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8335: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8241: 8239: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7959: 7957: 7936: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7834: 7832:Anticoagulants 7828: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7721: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7679:COX inhibitors 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7583: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7534: 7532: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7504:anticoagulants 7492: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7451:External links 7449: 7448: 7447: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7362: 7306: 7265: 7238:United States 7230: 7204: 7148: 7134: 7102: 7072: 7042: 7035: 7017: 6971: 6941: 6908: 6897:(2): 413–425. 6881: 6862: 6855: 6828: 6786: 6751: 6724: 6689: 6635: 6591: 6572:(4): 262–270. 6553: 6518: 6497:(3): 266–272. 6477: 6423: 6372: 6334: 6307:(3): 196–209. 6291: 6247: 6228: 6209: 6190:(1): 164–173. 6174: 6167: 6150: 6111: 6086:(4): 954–960. 6060: 6041:(5): 490–494. 6025: 5967: 5938:(7429): 1454. 5918: 5888: 5851: 5810: 5803: 5777: 5751: 5710: 5699:(225): 43–51. 5683: 5648: 5613: 5584:(2): 107–113. 5561: 5532:(4): 369–371. 5512: 5489:(9): 558–564. 5469: 5426: 5407:(6): 481–488. 5391: 5364:(4): 251–254. 5347: 5312: 5285:(5): 879–890. 5268: 5234: 5185: 5158:(5): 674–677. 5142: 5107: 5088:(2): 241–246. 5071: 5044:(5): 289–294. 5028: 4993: 4964:(3): 266–272. 4944: 4915:(4): 347–351. 4895: 4866:(4): 395–401. 4846: 4827:(3): 433–440. 4811: 4782:(3): 312–319. 4762: 4703: 4684:(3): 524–534. 4668: 4622: 4570: 4551: 4520: 4496: 4465: 4458: 4432: 4392: 4380: 4353:(3): 623–627. 4337: 4316:(6): 697–709. 4296: 4239: 4187: 4160: 4125: 4099: 4064: 4008: 3972: 3943:(5): 501–514. 3923: 3879: 3858:(4): 284–291. 3838: 3784: 3759: 3733: 3703: 3673: 3666: 3649: 3621: 3584: 3542: 3531: 3511: 3504: 3478: 3467: 3447: 3385: 3338: 3296: 3269:(6): 483–504. 3253: 3214: 3184: 3152: 3120: 3091: 3061: 3028: 2995: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2919: 2916: 2860: 2849: 2838:, because the 2796:Main article: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2772: 2771:Veterinary use 2769: 2763: 2760: 2746: 2743: 2707: 2704: 2696:Lavrenty Beria 2659:rodent poisons 2655:pharmaceutical 2568:Karl Paul Link 2522: 2519: 2430:in two genes ( 2423: 2420: 2294: 2291: 2250: 2247: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2219: 2207: 2206: 2176: 2173: 2133: 2130: 2063:hypothyroidism 2054: 2050: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909:Monitoring INR 1907: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1851: 1848: 1839: 1836: 1806: 1803: 1759: 1756: 1715:Main article: 1712: 1709: 1678:(H), abnormal 1676:blood pressure 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1618: 1615: 1593:appearance on 1575:calcifications 1530: 1527: 1501:neonatal death 1470: 1467: 1455:platelet count 1430: 1427: 1419:andexanet alfa 1374: 1371: 1363:major bleeding 1322:Main article: 1319: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297:vegetable oils 1292: 1280: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1198: 1195: 1166: 1163: 1074: 1071: 1004: 999: 974: 971:phytomenadione 876: 875: 858: 857: 855: 854: 851: 849: 846: 838: 837: 836: 833: 832: 830: 829: 826: 818: 817: 816: 813: 812: 810: 809: 801: 799: 791: 790: 784: 778: 777: 774: 768: 762: 757: 751: 750: 746: 745: 735: 727: 726: 724: 723: 708: 692: 690: 684: 683: 681: 680: 674:as salt: 672: 664: 662: 656: 655: 653: 652: 646:as salt: 644: 636: 634: 628: 627: 625: 624: 618:as salt: 616: 608: 606: 600: 599: 597: 596: 590:as salt: 588: 580: 578: 572: 571: 569: 568: 562:as salt: 560: 552: 550: 544: 543: 541: 540: 534:as salt: 532: 524: 522: 516: 515: 513: 512: 504: 502: 496: 495: 493: 492: 486:as salt: 484: 476: 474: 463: 462: 460: 459: 453:as salt: 451: 443: 441: 435: 434: 432: 431: 429:-chromen-2-one 420: 412: 411: 410: 407: 406: 402: 401: 395: 389: 388: 385: 376: 375: 354: 348: 347: 344: 338: 337: 334: 328: 327: 320: 319: 317: 316: 301: 288: 277: 263: 261: 255: 254: 250: 249: 247: 246: 223: 221: 215: 214: 205: 203:administration 197: 196: 194: 193: 191: 181: 179: 171: 170: 168: 167: 149: 147: 141: 140: 133: 127: 126: 119: 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8869: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8822: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8479:Coumatetralyl 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8331:Non-medicinal 8328: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8302: 8301:Streptokinase 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8237:fibrinolytics 8233: 8229: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7891:Phenprocoumon 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7876:Coumatetralyl 7874: 7872: 7871:Acenocoumarol 7868: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7500:thrombolytics 7497: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7107: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6996:(1): 97–107. 6995: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6936: 6931: 6928:(2): 513–27. 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6807:Distillations 6804: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6705:(2): 97–104. 6704: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6640: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6428: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6339: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4517: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4436: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3166:Health Canada 3162: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3134:Health Canada 3130: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2912:birds of prey 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:coumatetralyl 2889: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2700:Joseph Stalin 2697: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544:, a Canadian 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531:haemorrhaging 2528: 2518: 2515: 2514:meta-analysis 2511: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:Polymorphisms 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2390:glutamic acid 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:glutamic acid 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2299:clotting time 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2242: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195:) – and the ( 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2169:phenprocoumon 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2098:Ginkgo biloba 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035:metronidazole 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:serum albumin 1998: 1994: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1845: 1844:calcification 1838:Calcification 1835: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1731:carboxylation 1728: 1724: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603:brachydactyly 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1513:birth defects 1510: 1506: 1505:preterm birth 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459:thrombophilic 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:phenprocoumon 1384: 1383:acenocoumarol 1380: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:meta-analysis 1348: 1342: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1315: 1312: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181:measuring an 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:certain foods 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:cardiac atria 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:tissue damage 948: 944: 939: 937: 936:intravenously 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 890: 889:anticoagulant 886: 882: 872: 865: 859: 850: 845: 844: 841: 834: 825: 824: 821: 814: 807: 803: 802: 800: 797: 792: 785: 783: 779: 758: 756: 752: 747: 743: 739: 736: 734: 732:ECHA InfoCard 728: 720: 719:RCSB PDB 714: 709: 705: 704:RCSB PDB 699: 694: 693: 691: 689: 685: 678: 677:ChEMBL1200879 673: 670: 666: 665: 663: 661: 657: 650: 645: 642: 638: 637: 635: 633: 629: 622: 617: 614: 610: 609: 607: 605: 601: 594: 589: 586: 582: 581: 579: 577: 573: 566: 561: 558: 554: 553: 551: 549: 545: 538: 533: 530: 526: 525: 523: 521: 517: 510: 506: 505: 503: 501: 497: 490: 485: 482: 478: 477: 475: 468: 464: 457: 452: 449: 445: 444: 442: 440: 436: 428: 424: 419: 418: 415: 408: 403: 399: 396: 394: 390: 386: 384: 377: 374: 370: 367:, 2C8, 2C18, 366: 362: 358: 355: 353: 349: 345: 343: 339: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 314: 302: 299: 289: 287: 278: 275: 265: 264: 262: 260: 256: 251: 243: 238: 233: 228: 225: 224: 222: 220: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 198: 192: 183: 182: 180: 178: 172: 165: 160: 151: 150: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 94: 65: 63:Pronunciation 61: 58:Clinical data 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 30: 26: 22: 8789:Scilliroside 8769:Flupropadine 8519:Difethialone 8509:Bromadiolone 8473: 8432:Rodenticides 8428:Pest control 8321:Fibrinolysin 8291:Anistreplase 8269:Desmoteplase 8264:Tenecteplase 8165:Ximelagatran 8015:Fondaparinux 7954:antithrombin 7910:Diphenadione 7895: 7787:Dipyridamole 7730:Dipyridamole 7669:Treprostinil 7664:Prostacyclin 7543:Eptifibatide 7456: 7429: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7328: 7324: 7297:. Retrieved 7278: 7268: 7256:. Retrieved 7233: 7221:. Retrieved 7207: 7195:. Retrieved 7173: 7121: 7093:. Retrieved 7075: 7063:. Retrieved 7054: 7045: 7026: 7020: 6993: 6989: 6962:. Retrieved 6953: 6944: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6894: 6891:Am J Physiol 6890: 6884: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6844: 6819:. Retrieved 6813:(1): 26–35. 6810: 6806: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6742:. Retrieved 6727: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6655: 6651: 6611: 6607: 6569: 6565: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6439: 6435: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6350: 6347:Biochemistry 6346: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6238:. Retrieved 6218: 6212: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6158: 6153: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6105:the original 6083: 6077: 6071: 6063: 6038: 6034: 6028: 5985: 5981: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5909:. Retrieved 5900: 5891: 5879:. Retrieved 5872:the original 5854: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5788: 5780: 5768:. Retrieved 5754: 5730:(1): 40–54. 5727: 5723: 5713: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5664:(2): 77–79. 5661: 5657: 5651: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5581: 5577: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5503:. Retrieved 5486: 5482: 5472: 5460:. Retrieved 5443: 5439: 5429: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5250: 5205:(2): 74–81. 5202: 5198: 5188: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4753:. Retrieved 4723: 4719: 4706: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4638: 4634: 4590: 4586: 4561:. Retrieved 4542: 4506:. Retrieved 4487: 4443: 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4407: 4395: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4288:the original 4259: 4255: 4242: 4231:the original 4213:(1): 37–45. 4210: 4206: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4141:(1): 27–34. 4138: 4134: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4102: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4032: 4028: 3999:. Retrieved 3992:the original 3987: 3975: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3901: 3897: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3814: 3810: 3805:(May 2003). 3801:, Ansell J, 3769: 3762: 3750:. Retrieved 3736: 3724:. Retrieved 3715: 3706: 3694:. Retrieved 3685: 3676: 3657: 3652: 3643:10665/371090 3633: 3624: 3597: 3587: 3560: 3521: 3514: 3487: 3481: 3457: 3450: 3415: 3411: 3376:. Retrieved 3329:. Retrieved 3320: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3244:. Retrieved 3235: 3207:23 September 3205:. Retrieved 3196: 3187: 3177:23 September 3175:. Retrieved 3164: 3155: 3145:23 September 3143:. Retrieved 3132: 3123: 3111:. Retrieved 3103: 3094: 3082:. Retrieved 3073: 3064: 3052:. Retrieved 3043: 3019:. Retrieved 3010: 2961: 2924:vampire bats 2921: 2918:Vampire bats 2874: 2824:rodenticides 2821: 2816:bromadiolone 2786: 2783:Pest control 2774: 2765: 2755: 2748: 2732: 2709: 2694: 2683: 2671: 2650: 2644: 2640:formaldehyde 2623: 2619: 2603: 2587: 2581: 2565: 2561:North Dakota 2557:sweet clover 2539: 2524: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2451: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2415:antithrombin 2405: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2374:hydroquinone 2350:phospholipid 2307: 2296: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2236:Pharmacology 2196: 2192: 2187:. This is a 2181:stereocenter 2178: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2119: 2096: 2082: 2071: 2028: 2013: 1990: 1987:Interactions 1960: 1873: 1869:blood typing 1857: 1853: 1841: 1825: 1814: 1799:osteoporosis 1792: 1788:osteoporotic 1784:rib fracture 1768:osteoporosis 1761: 1758:Osteoporosis 1720: 1689:hemodialysis 1669: 1653: 1636: 1620: 1567:nasal bridge 1551: 1532: 1516: 1483:Warfarin is 1482: 1448: 1432: 1423:ciraparantag 1415:idarucizumab 1376: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1318:Self-testing 1313: 1277:leafy greens 1222: 1215: 1175:side effects 1168: 1111: 1103:blood supply 1084: 1077:Warfarin is 1076: 1073:Medical uses 1032: 1021: 987: 940: 930:(STEMI) and 884: 880: 879: 868: 862: 537:DBSALT000278 426: 422: 380:Elimination 259:Legal status 253:Legal status 145:License data 29: 8759:Bromethalin 8613:Calciferols 8570:Convulsants 8556:Diphacinone 8524:Flocoumafen 8504:Brodifacoum 8370:from market 8191:Defibrotide 8119:Bivalirudin 8088:Rivaroxaban 8027:Heparinoids 8020:Idraparinux 7921:Tioclomarol 7915:Phenindione 7905:Clorindione 7808:Cloricromen 7602:Ticlopidine 7592:Clopidogrel 7223:18 February 7065:27 November 7055:www.cdc.gov 6990:Circulation 6964:20 December 6922:J Biol Chem 6121:Nicholls IA 6074:)-warfarin" 4444:Dermatology 3803:Halperin JL 3378:16 February 3331:11 December 3246:25 December 3054:18 February 3021:18 February 2958:Brand names 2926:, in which 2896:brodifacoum 2886:. This has 2762:Brand names 2752:tonka beans 2667:rodenticide 2596:sweet grass 2549:pathologist 2354:endothelium 2334:osteocalcin 2259:enantiomers 2185:enantiomers 2031:antibiotics 2005:simvastatin 1821:cholesterol 1697:clopidogrel 1665:spinal cord 1407:rivaroxaban 1289:green beans 1107:vital organ 1091:prophylaxis 943:side effect 941:The common 896:blood clots 789: g·mol 738:100.001.253 649:CHEBI:10034 641:CHEBI:10033 405:Identifiers 212:intravenous 131:MedlinePlus 103:Trade names 8852:Teratogens 8831:Categories 8779:Norbormide 8725:Carbamates 8715:Phosacetim 8692:Chloralose 8588:Strychnine 8514:Difenacoum 8296:Monteplase 8213:Ramatroban 8196:Nafamostat 8181:Abelacimab 8160:Melagatran 8145:Dabigatran 8140:Argatroban 8083:Otamixaban 8068:Betrixaban 8056:("xabans") 8042:Sulodexide 8032:Danaparoid 8003:Tinzaparin 7993:Parnaparin 7988:Nadroparin 7983:Enoxaparin 7978:Dalteparin 7973:Certoparin 7933:inhibitors 7881:Dicoumarol 7782:Cilostazol 7762:Terutroban 7740:Picotamide 7629:Ticagrelor 7613:nucleoside 7609:Nucleotide 7579:inhibitors 7558:Sibrafiban 7197:23 October 5881:14 January 5866:. 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