Warsaw Ghetto - Knowledge

522: 40: 708: 663: 568: 2009: 164: 1310: 1259: 533: 862: 1046: 986: 1318: 655: 620: 695:, which was excluded from it, due to its local importance at that time (as one of Warsaw's east–west thoroughfares). The area south-east of Chłodna was known as the "Small Ghetto", while the area north of it became known as the "Large Ghetto". The two zones were connected at an intersection of Chłodna with Żelazna Street, where a special gate was built. In January 1942, the gate was removed and a wooden footbridge was built over it, which became one of the postwar symbols of 1032: 1483: 1062: 1472: 1414: 1714: 642:, the ghetto wall construction started on April 1, 1940, circling the area of Warsaw inhabited predominantly by Jews. The work was supervised by the Warsaw Judenrat. The Nazi authorities expelled 113,000 ethnic Poles from the neighbourhood, and ordered the relocation of 138,000 Warsaw Jews from the suburbs into the city center. On October 16, 1940, the creation of the ghetto was announced by the German governor-general, 778:: chancellery, welfare, rabbinate, education, cemetery, tax department, accounting, vital statistics... But the Kehilla was an anomalous institution. Throughout its history in czarist Russia, it served also as an instrument of the state, obligated to carry out the regime's policies within the Jewish community, even though these policies were frequently oppressive and specifically anti-Jewish. — 540: 916:

sometimes several times a day, returning with goods that could weigh as much as they did. Unemployment leading to extreme poverty was a major problem in the ghetto, and smuggling was often the only source of subsistence for the ghetto inhabitants, who would have otherwise died of starvation. "Professional" smugglers, in contrast, often became relatively wealthy.

754:" (the Eldest). In Warsaw, this role was relegated to Adam Czerniaków, who chose a policy of collaboration with the Nazis in the hope of saving lives. Adam Czerniaków confided his harrowing experience in nine diaries. In July 1942, when the Germans ordered him to increase the contingent of people to be deported, he took his own life. 799:), formed at the end of September 1940 with 3,000 men, instrumental in enforcing law and order as well as carrying out German ad hoc regulations, especially after 1941, when the number of refugees and expellees in Warsaw reached 150,000 or nearly one third of the entire Jewish population of the capital. 2558:

Likwidacja getta warszawskiego wiosną 1943 r. oznaczała natychmiastową lub chwilowo odwleczoną śmierć ok. 50 tys. osób. Tymczasem Gross Aktion, tzw. Wielka Akcja, zakończyła się wysłaniem do obozu zagłady w Treblince ok. 250 tys. osób. Zatem to lato 1942 r., a nie wiosna 1943, było okresem faktycznej

1365:

are among the best known original residential buildings that in 1940–41 housed Jewish families in the Warsaw Ghetto. They have largely remained empty since the war. The street is a focus of the annual Warsaw Jewish Festival. In 2011–2013 buildings at number 7 and 9 underwent extensive renovations and

1196:

squad that managed the arrival platform, and from there to the gas chambers. The stripped victims were suffocated to death in batches of 200 with the use of monoxide gas. In September 1942, new gas chambers were built, which could kill as many as 3,000 people in just 2 hours. Civilians were forbidden

1010:

police. Some 15,000 Jews were working in the ghetto for Walter C. Többens from Hamburg, a convicted war criminal, including at his factories on Prosta and Leszno Streets among other locations. His Jewish labor exploitation was a source of envy for other ghetto inmates living in fear of deportations.

899:

Poles and 2,613 calories for the Germans. In August, the rations fell to 177 calories per person. This meager food supply by the German authorities usually consisted of dry bread, flour and potatoes of the lowest quality, groats, turnips, and a small monthly supplement of margarine, sugar, and meat.

807:

In January 1940 there were 1,540 Catholics and 221 individuals of other Christian faiths imprisoned in the ghetto, including Jewish converts. It is estimated that at the time of closure of the ghetto there were around 2,000 Christians, and number possibly rose eventually to over 5,000. Many of these

412:

had temporarily halted the deportations. The total death toll among the prisoners of the ghetto is estimated to be at least 300,000 killed by bullet or gas, combined with 92,000 victims of starvation and related diseases, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the casualties of the final destruction of the

1274:

On January 18, 1943, after almost four months without deportations, the Germans suddenly entered the Warsaw Ghetto intent upon further roundups. Within hours, some 600 Jews were shot and 5,000 others removed from their residences. The Germans expected no resistance, but the action was brought to a

968:

estimates that around 20,000 prisoners (out of more than 400,000) remained at the top of ghetto society, either because they were wealthy before the war, or because they were able to amass wealth during it (mainly through smuggling). Those families and individuals frequented restaurants, clubs and

1185:

For eight weeks, the deportations of Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka continued on a daily basis via two shuttle trains: each transport carrying about 4,000 to 7,000 people crying for water; 100 people to a cattle truck. The first daily trains rolled into the camp early in the morning often after an

953:

school for girls, a school for elementary Jewish instruction, and three institutions for advanced Jewish studies". These schools, operating under the guise of kindergartens, medical centers and soup kitchens, were a place of refuge for thousands of children and teens, and hundreds of teachers. In

940:

Despite grave hardships, life in the Warsaw Ghetto had educational and cultural activities, both legal and those conducted by its underground organizations. Hospitals, public soup kitchens, orphanages, refugee centers and recreation facilities were formed, as well as a school system. Some schools

678:

used to hold victory parties on the days when a large number of prisoners were shot at the ghetto fence. The borders of the ghetto changed and its overall area was gradually reduced, as the captive population was decreased by outbreaks of infectious diseases, mass hunger, and regular executions.

876: 915:

Men, women and children all took part in smuggling and illegal trade, and private workshops were created to manufacture goods to be sold secretly on the "Aryan" side of the city. Foodstuffs were often smuggled by children alone, who crossed the ghetto wall by the hundreds in any way possible,

927:

and starvation the overall number of inhabitants stayed about the same. Facing an out-of-control famine and meager medical supplies, a group of Jewish doctors imprisoned in the ghetto decided to use the opportunity to study the physiological and psychological effects of hunger. The

445:

lived further away from the commercial center. The Jewish community was the most prominent there, constituting over 88% of the inhabitants of Muranów; with the total of about 32.7% of the population of the left-bank and 14.9% of the right-bank Warsaw, or 332,938 people in total

1190:, a famed educator, went to Treblinka with his orphanage children in August 1942. He was offered a chance to escape by Polish friends and admirers, but he chose instead to share the fate of his life's work. All new arrivals were sent immediately to the undressing area by the 1355:

The ghetto was almost entirely leveled during the Uprising; however, a number of buildings and streets survived, mostly in the "small ghetto" area, which had been included into the Aryan part of the city in August 1942 and was not involved in the fighting. In 2008 and 2010

1337:

systematically burned and blew up the ghetto buildings, block by block, rounding up or murdering anybody they could capture. Significant resistance ended on April 28, and the Nazi operation officially ended in mid-May, symbolically culminating with the demolition of the

1298:: Jewish Military Union) achieved considerable success initially, taking control of the ghetto. They then barricaded themselves in the bunkers and built dozens of fighting posts, stopping the expulsions. Taking further steps, a number of Jewish collaborators from 595:, was responsible for carrying out German orders. On October 26, the Jews were mobilized as forced laborers to clear bomb damage and perform other hard labor. One month later, on November 20, the bank accounts of Polish Jews and any deposits exceeding 2,000 1133:. Upon learning of this plan, Adam Czerniaków, leader of the Judenrat Council, killed himself. He was replaced by Marek Lichtenbaum, tasked with managing roundups with the aid of Jewish Ghetto Police. No-one was informed about the real state of affairs. 2844:... the roads were jammed, and gradually we were completely engulfed in the slow but steady flow of humanity toward the capital. Mile after mile it was the same ... as tens of thousands of provincials entered Warsaw in the hope of finding shelter there. 1360:

were built along the borders of the former Jewish quarter, where from 1940 to 1943 stood the gates to the ghetto, wooden footbridges over Aryan streets, and the buildings important to the ghetto inmates. The four buildings at 7, 9, 12 and 14

1201:

ending on September 21, 1942, some 48,000 Warsaw Jews were deported to their deaths. The last transport with 2,200 victims from the Polish capital included the Jewish police involved with deportations, and their families. In October 1942 the

392:. At its height, as many as 460,000 Jews were imprisoned there, in an area of 3.4 km (1.3 sq mi), with an average of 9.2 persons per room, barely subsisting on meager food rations. Jews were deported from the Warsaw Ghetto to 4795: 4441: 757:

Czerniaków's collaboration with the German occupation policies was a paradigm for attitude of the majority of European Jews vis à vis Nazism. Although his personality as president of the Warsaw Judenrat may not become as infamous as

1011:

In early 1943 Többens gained for himself the appointment of a Jewish deportation commissar of Warsaw in order to keep his own workforce secure, and maximize profits. In May 1943 Többens transferred his businesses, including 10,000

1342:

on May 16. According to the official report, at least 56,065 people were killed on the spot or deported to German Nazi concentration and death camps (Treblinka, Poniatowa, Majdanek and Trawniki). The site of the ghetto became the

894:

Nazi officials, intent on eradicating the ghetto by hunger and disease, limited food and medical supplies. An average daily food ration in 1941 for Jews in Warsaw was limited to 184 calories, compared to 699 calories allowed for

615:

were introduced by the German authorities, and measures were stepped up to liquidate all Jewish communities in the vicinity of Warsaw intensified. The Jewish population of the capital reached 359,827 before the end of the year.

1005:

Division with headquarters at Nowolipie 44 Street had already employed 3,000 workers making shoes, leather products, sweaters and socks for the Wehrmacht. Other divisions were making furs and wool sweaters also, guarded by the

1243:

reported to the Western governments on the situation in the ghetto and on the extermination camps. Many of the remaining Jews decided to resist further deportations, and began to smuggle in weapons, ammunition and supplies.

5229: 5218: 3916: 650:

began the number of Jews imprisoned there was between 375,000 and 400,000 (about 30% of the general population of the capital). The area of the ghetto constituted only about 2.4% of the overall metropolitan area.

1744:

Jack P. Eisner – author of "The Survivor of the Holocaust". The young boy who hung the Jewish flag atop the burning building in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ZZW fighter. Commemorator of the Holocaust. Died in

954:

1941, when the Germans gave official permission to the local Judenrat to open schools, these schools came out of hiding and began receiving financial support from the official Jewish community. Former cinema

733:) in January 1941. Schön had eliminated virtually all food supplies to the ghetto causing an uproar among the SS upper echelon. He was relieved of his duties by Frank himself in March 1941 and replaced by 4380: 343: 64: 2185:

Though he succeeded in convincing a number of historians of the veracity of his story, according to new research by a Polish-Israeli team of historians, Iwanski's unit never entered the ghetto. See:

977:

council leaders, Jewish police officers, profiteering smugglers, nightclub owners high-end prostitutes" who were spending their time at over sixty cafes and nightclubs, "dancing among the corpses."

532: 4786: 2884: 5120: 3182: 1578:– children's author, pediatrician, child pedagogist and orphanage owner. Executed along with his orphans at Treblinka in August, 1942, after refusing an offer to leave his orphans and escape. 7687: 1078:

Approximately 100,000 ghetto inmates had already died of hunger-related diseases and starvation before the mass deportations started in the summer of 1942. Earlier that year, during the

8955: 5531: 1086:

was set in motion. It was a secretive plan to mass-murder Jewish inhabitants of the General Government. The techniques used to deceive victims were based upon experience gained at the

1373:

also survived the war. It was used as a horse stable by the German Wehrmacht. The synagogue has today been restored and is once again used as an active synagogue. The best preserved

5842: 8982: 4957: 4126: 684: 7407: 6651: 5271: 4984:

from around Treblinka, selected testimonies, bibliography, alphabetical indexes, photographs, English language summaries, and forewords by Holocaust scholars. Archived from

2971:

The Jewish police have learned how to hit, to enforce order, and to send people to the labor camps, and they are one of the contributing factors that keep people in line. —

2030: 3924: 8617: 3780: 949:

of Poland, was one of the Torah leaders in the Warsaw Ghetto; he organized an underground network of religious schools, including "a Yesodei HaTorah school for boys, a

7008: 1381:, unveiled in 1946 and 1948, near the place where the German troops entered the ghetto on 19 April 1943. In 1988 a stone monument was built to mark the Umschlagplatz. 1388:

to commemorate the site of the Socialist ŻOB underground headquarters during the Ghetto Uprising. In December 2012, a controversial statue of a kneeling and praying

821: 7043: 6998: 1278:

Preparations to resist had been going on since the previous autumn. The first instance of Jewish armed struggle in Warsaw had begun. The underground fighters from

841: 666:

Corner of Żelazna 70 and Chłodna 23 (looking east). This section of Żelazna street connected the "large ghetto" and "small ghetto" areas of German-occupied Warsaw.

4038:

The Jews of Poland were augmented by around 3,000 Slovakian and Austrian Jews (the camp elite) expelled to Poland beforehand, and housed separately from the rest.

7038: 7033: 7018: 7023: 9007: 8652: 7028: 7003: 6761: 5835: 3722:

sought to inform world Jewry of the initial transports, he sent a telegram stating: 'Mr. Amos kept his promise from the fifth-third.' This is an allusion to

2352:. Vol. 2-B. Bloomington, Washington, D.C.: Indiana University Press; In association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 456–460. 2131:

Though Apfelbaum is listed in many books and articles devoted to the revolt in the Warsaw Ghetto as one of the commanders of the Jewish Military Union (see:

4731: 3726:: 'The city that goes out a thousand strong will have a hundred left, and the one that goes out a hundred strong will have ten left to the House of Israel'. 2016:

Garden and Swiętojerska street. The entire city district was leveled by the German forces according to order from Adolf Hitler after the suppression of the

7261: 4597: 2888: 6972: 5199: 3038: 1012: 941:

were illegal and operated under the guise of soup kitchens. There were secret libraries, classes for the children and even a symphony orchestra. Rabbi

8783: 7659: 5312: 5264: 1396:, entitled "HIM", has received mixed reactions worldwide. Many feel that it is unnecessarily offensive, while others, such as Poland's chief rabbi, 7765: 5828: 5402: 832:

and anti-Jewish actions, now became involved in helping Jews. At the rectory of the parish, the priest sheltered and helped many escape, including

670:

The Germans closed the Warsaw Ghetto to the outside world on November 15, 1940. The wall around it was 3 m (9.8 ft) high and topped with

6967: 3793: 9140: 8368: 2664: 20: 1302:

were also executed. An offensive against the ghetto underground launched by Von Sammern-Frankenegg was unsuccessful. He was relieved of duty by

2515: 462:

Polish government plans put pressure on Jews in the city. In 1938 the Jewish population of the Polish capital was estimated at 270,000 people.

6977: 3300: 8987: 7304: 6982: 4631: 408:

under the guise of "resettlement in the East" over the course of the summer. The ghetto was demolished by the Germans in May 1943 after the

7770: 7682: 7440: 7057: 5257: 1563: 905: 8686: 8510: 7289: 4748: 1852: 5116: 3275: 1377:

are located 55 Sienna Street, 62 Złota Street, and 11 Waliców Street (the last two being walls of the pre-war buildings). There are two

8647: 7574: 6646: 5213: 4358: 3351: 2876: 2004:

politician. In 1943 committed suicide in London in an act of protest against the Allied indifference to the death of the Warsaw Ghetto.

1236: 1229:

By the end of 1942, it was clear that the deportations were to their deaths. The underground activity of ghetto resistors in the group

296: 4985: 4216: 1116:, built in a forest 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Warsaw. The operation was headed by the German Resettlement Commissioner, 1001:

appeared in the capital. At first, they acted as middlemen between the high command and the Jewish-run workshops. By spring 1942, the

7445: 7013: 6754: 3620:

Holocaust and memory : the experience of the Holocaust and its consequences : an investigation based on personal narratives

3426: 7870: 5496: 2167:), and a square was named for him in Warsaw, historians Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Weinbaum have cast doubt about his existence. 8721: 8170: 7254: 5648: 4305: 4132: 4086: 4084: 4082: 2587: 2109: 2100: 1095: 562: 4104: 2916: 2761: 2533: 9069: 8590: 8318: 7713: 7664: 7482: 7379: 6676: 5434: 5141: 4400: 3347: 1374: 4079: 2729: 521: 9155: 7894: 6708: 1156:

death camps. About 254,000 Warsaw Ghetto inmates (or at least 300,000 by different accounts) were sent to Treblinka during the

6601: 1210:. Meanwhile, between October 1942 and March 1943, Treblinka received transports of almost 20,000 foreign Jews from the German 7112: 6606: 5107: 5018: 4975: 4895: 4867: 4394: 4205: 4070: 3663: 3514: 3115: 3088: 2650: 2357: 1990: 1988:– Polish resistance member who smuggled 2,500 Jewish children out of the ghetto and helped to hide them, subject of the film 1329:

of April 19, 1943, when a Nazi force consisting of several thousand troops entered the ghetto. After initial setbacks, 2,000

1099: 3698: 607:, and on December 11, they were forbidden from using public transit. On January 26, 1940, the Jews were banned from holding 8274: 7692: 7532: 7309: 6792: 6747: 5395: 5179: 3895: 2374: 389: 86: 39: 5235: 9079: 8912: 8557: 8020: 7760: 7247: 1211: 817: 5807: 5556: 4582: 4269: 707: 662: 8108: 7430: 6787: 5486: 5190: 5061: 4981: 4474: 3957: 2954: 2834: 2384: 2320: 2223: 1494:– ghetto resistance fighter, escaped the ghetto in 1943 uprising through the sewers. Died after she was caught by the 7889: 7634: 5085: 5037: 4943: 4921: 4818: 4715: 4341: 4279: 3867: 3712: 3627: 3622:. London: Leicester University Press, in association with the European Jewish Publication Society. pp. 110–111. 3605: 3382: 3004: 2770: 2574: 2541: 2474: 2199: 1453: 837: 474: 7904: 7840: 6848: 5146: 8675: 8132: 7909: 7850: 7825: 7614: 7542: 6338: 1130: 696: 4661: 3947: 2996: 2866: 9160: 9150: 7753: 7748: 7392: 5388: 1784: 812:

they were classified by German authorities as Jewish. Within the ghetto there were three Christian churches, the

774:

Czerniakow's first draft of October, 1939; for organizing the Warsaw Judenrat, was just a rehash of conventional

5586: 5171: 1741:– Polish political and social activist, cardiologist. He was the last surviving leader of the ŻOB. Died in 2009. 1650:– neurologist and research scientist. Practiced as a doctor within the ghetto. Thought to have been executed at 1530:

Adam Czerniaków – engineer and senator, head of the Warsaw Judenrat (Jewish council). Committed suicide in 1942.

689: 510: 8570: 8383: 7845: 7365: 6720: 6696: 5491: 5226:(documentary film) by André Bossuroy, 2014, programme 'Active European Remembrance' of the European Commission. 4521: 4031: 4004: 3834: 3752: 3742: 3608:. Note: Chariton and Lazar are not co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the single author. 3553: 3479: 3244: 3142: 2964: 2712: 2441: 2310: 1936: 1435: 1431: 1357: 1289: 1145: 824:. All Saints Church served Jewish Christians who were detained in the ghetto. At that time, the parish priest, 481:. In total, some 30,000 people were killed, and 10 percent of the city was destroyed. Along with the advancing 326: 8545: 6843: 5196: 4605: 3543: 1536:– First Secretary of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) from 1943 to 1944; killed by Germans in Warsaw Ruins 1944 1279: 9042: 8882: 8045: 7899: 7880: 7860: 7830: 7723: 7387: 7197: 3132: 1378: 312: 7952: 5716: 5439: 4331: 3860:

Irena's children : the extraordinary story of the woman who saved 2,500 children from the Warsaw ghetto

3052: 1153: 1087: 8907: 8470: 8098: 7967: 7942: 7820: 6853: 5466: 4425:" and correlates scenes from the film with descriptions of them that Czerniakow mentioned in his own diary. 3020: 2280: 1620:– journalist and translator, killed at Treblinka in 1942 or at Trawniki in 1943 together with her daughter. 1016: 646:. The initial population of the ghetto was 450,000 confined to an area of 307 hectares (760 acres). Before 587:

was established by Adolf Hitler in the occupied area of central Poland. The Nazi-appointed Jewish Council (

397: 251: 8540: 6838: 4602:

Rafał Chwiszczuk, Ulica Próżna i dzielnica żydowska w Warszawie, Warszawa: Austriackie Forum Kultury, 2013

3442:

Karol Madaj – Duszpasterstwo Żydów-katolików w getcie warszawskim Biuletyn IPN nr 98 (3) / 2009 page 23–39

2176:

Eisner's memoir, 'The Survivor' (published in 1980) is challenged as not a reliable source of information.

9145: 9089: 9074: 8975: 8821: 8745: 7957: 7914: 7875: 7775: 7609: 7475: 7422: 6688: 5566: 5521: 5511: 5501: 5444: 4464: 4386: 3203: 1953: 1149: 1020: 845: 829: 291: 255: 150: 8067: 6433: 5935: 5551: 4180: 1235:

increased after learning that the transports for "resettlement" led to the mass killings. Also in 1942,

579:

the number of Jews in and around the capital increased dramatically with thousands of refugees escaping

8947: 8826: 8796: 8715: 8632: 8465: 8103: 8001: 7962: 7919: 7855: 7728: 7604: 7334: 7276: 7217: 7158: 6812: 6716: 6656: 6239: 5802: 5516: 5461: 5342: 4836: 3797: 3065:

Nie masz bóżnicy powszechnej. Synagogi i domy modlitwy w Warszawie od końca XVIII do początku XXI wieku

2642: 2628: 1661: 1203: 958:

became a theater in this period. The Jewish Symphonic Orchestra performed in several venues, including

932:, as it is now known, remains one of the most thorough investigations of semi-starvation done to date. 929: 241: 5158: 631: 8585: 8400: 7947: 7924: 7835: 7697: 7549: 7537: 7524: 7319: 7107: 6692: 6383: 6328: 5797: 5526: 5506: 5456: 5362: 5317: 4828: 3781:

Theater as Imperative in the Warsaw Ghetto: Artists and Audience in Jerzy Jurandot's FEMINA 1940–1942

3422: 2500: 1839: 1344: 1158: 1067: 1037: 813: 442: 49: 5240: 4543: 4511: 4496: 4152: 3979: 3654:

Winick, Myron (2014). "Jewish medical resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto". In Michael A. Grodin (ed.).

3324: 3293: 2797: 2687: 2431: 2406: 396:

and mass-killing centers. In the summer of 1942, at least 254,000 ghetto residents were sent to the

9064: 9019: 8565: 8345: 7884: 7865: 7812: 7796: 7743: 7738: 7649: 7639: 7629: 7581: 7564: 7554: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7434: 7138: 6700: 5581: 5478: 5417: 5367: 5352: 5332: 5322: 5307: 5302: 3738: 3719: 3466:"Antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, and the Polish Catholic Clergy during the Second World War, 1939–1945" 1932: 1597: 1339: 942: 784: 567: 393: 8490: 6530: 4639: 583:. In less than a year, the number of refugees in Warsaw exceeded 90,000. On October 12, 1939, the 9057: 9047: 8773: 8327: 8055: 7733: 7718: 7644: 7624: 7619: 7599: 7569: 7559: 7148: 7077: 6802: 6636: 5761: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5280: 5071: 4131:. Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince. Oddział Muzeum Regionalnego w Siedlcach . Archived from 2990: 1878: 1874: 1623: 1518:– ghetto resistance leader and commander of the ŻZW. Killed in action during the ghetto uprising. 1424: 748:, the Germans ascribed the internal administration to a Judenrat Council of the Jews, led by an " 675: 627: 192: 8124: 3234: 2773:

Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. pp. 46, 51–55, 88–89. Archived from

9135: 8768: 8535: 8014: 7592: 7586: 7468: 6858: 6408: 6323: 4885: 4385:. Introduction by Samuel D. Kassow. Indiana University Press in association with USHMM and the 3506: 3500: 2133:

Arens, Moshe (January 2008). "The Development of the Narrative of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising".

2017: 1918: 1263: 1253: 477:; three days later, 50 German planes attacked the city center, targeting specifically Wola and 466: 409: 8279: 3465: 3264: 2702: 2213: 998: 9002: 8627: 8580: 8244: 7995: 7397: 6817: 3826: 3820: 3569: 3336: 3311: 3199: 2466: 1975: 1543: 1515: 447: 5671: 4362: 2826: 2820: 1309: 1258: 8965: 8902: 8485: 8269: 8160: 8138: 8033: 8028: 8009: 6874: 6585: 6470: 6106: 6031: 5975: 5134: 5075: 4782: 4224: 3332: 3260: 3217: 2345: 2254: 2008: 1898: 1892: 1846: 1767: 1732: 1501: 1207: 1113: 946: 923:

from smaller towns and the countryside were brought into the ghetto, but as many died from

792: 711: 603:

on doors and windows. Beginning December 1, all Jews older than ten were compelled to wear

580: 8831: 6712: 6550: 5571: 3414: 3337:"Ghettos 1939–1945. New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival" 1761: 1633: 1617: 1572:– teacher, poet, dramatist and resistance fighter. Executed at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1944. 1206:(ŻOB) was formed and tasked with opposing further deportations. It was led by 24 year–old 8: 9052: 8960: 8806: 8393: 7412: 7284: 6924: 6884: 6333: 6156: 5695: 5596: 5047: 3704: 2209: 2105: 571:

Aerial photograph of the northern Warsaw Ghetto area after its destruction, probably 1944

8188: 8178: 6934: 5726: 5701: 5661: 4301: 3862:(First Gallery books hardcover ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 66–67. 3272:

Ghettos 1939–1945. New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival

2825:. New York: L. B. Fischer Publishing / Oxford: Oneworld Publications (2nd ed). pp. 2595: 2350:

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum encyclopedia of camps and ghettos, 1933–1945

2013: 767: 8432: 8427: 7934: 7153: 7122: 6909: 6661: 6209: 6146: 6076: 6066: 5985: 5666: 5450: 5426: 4710:(in Polish). Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. pp. 534–535. 4531: 4484: 4140: 3967: 3014: 2972: 2930: 2785: 2675: 2545: 2394: 2158: 2062: 1678: 1591: 1587: 1569: 1362: 1231: 1179: 1141: 1079: 584: 576: 547:

Anachronistic map with borders of the Warsaw Ghetto in November 1940, with location of

403: 385: 7202: 6914: 6485: 6423: 5706: 5249: 5095: 4450:

Heroes, Hucksters and Story-Tellers: On the Jewish Military Union in the Warsaw Ghetto

3700:

Hidden in Thunder: Perspectives on faith, halachah and leadership during the Holocaust

2986: 2774: 2607: 1908: 1370: 1122: 592: 497: 9037: 8897: 8728: 8642: 8609: 8523: 8340: 8306: 7177: 6879: 6555: 6282: 6247: 6199: 6041: 5980: 5223: 5103: 5081: 5057: 5033: 5014: 4971: 4939: 4917: 4910: 4891: 4877: 4863: 4851: 4814: 4756: 4711: 4517: 4470: 4418: 4390: 4337: 4275: 4201: 4066: 4027: 4000: 3953: 3873: 3863: 3840: 3830: 3748: 3708: 3659: 3633: 3623: 3601: 3549: 3510: 3475: 3378: 3240: 3138: 3111: 3084: 3000: 2960: 2830: 2733: 2708: 2656: 2646: 2643:

Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego

2470: 2459: 2437: 2380: 2353: 2316: 2219: 2195: 2162: 2150: 2066: 2047: 1751: 1728: 1717: 1559: 1521: 1397: 1393: 825: 623: 502: 7402: 7087: 6904: 6899: 5905: 5077:

The Pianist: The Extraordinary True Story of One Man's Survival in Warsaw, 1939–1945

4953: 4122: 3410: 1972:– Polish resistance courier who reported on the ghetto for the Allies. Died in 2000. 1963: 1539: 993:

Not long after the ghetto was closed off from the outside world, a number of German

722: 9014: 8992: 8811: 8801: 8530: 8518: 8500: 8437: 7339: 6944: 6894: 6684: 6505: 6363: 6151: 6141: 6116: 6000: 5990: 5965: 5915: 5756: 5628: 5591: 5576: 4051: 3694: 2187: 2142: 2089: 2084: 1997: 1806: 1706: 1677:– Polish Jewish writer and essayist; member of the ghetto chroniclers group led by 1605: 1584:– conductor of the Warsaw Ghetto symphony orchestra. Executed at Treblinka in 1942. 1303: 994: 833: 775: 451: 45: 8183: 8145: 6343: 6313: 6091: 5920: 5751: 5686: 5656: 5638: 5191:

Detailed, interactive map of the Warsaw Ghetto plotted on pre-war plan of the city

4570: 4193: 3157: 1966:– Polish resistance officer in the charge of support for the ghetto. Died in 1978. 1888: 1334: 1126: 861: 599:

were blocked. On November 23, all Jewish establishments were ordered to display a

123: 9084: 8924: 8917: 8734: 8637: 8495: 8475: 8388: 8224: 7360: 7355: 7212: 7143: 7092: 7072: 6833: 6640: 6570: 6500: 6438: 6428: 6368: 6303: 6171: 6081: 5970: 5955: 5940: 5900: 5766: 5618: 5236:

Rokhl Auerbakh: Literature as Social Service & the Warsaw Ghetto Soup Kitchen

5203: 5175: 5051: 5008: 4021: 3994: 3469: 3372: 3105: 3078: 2578: 2052: 1175: 1109: 1072: 1045: 1019:

barracks. Fritz Schultz took his manufacture along with 6,000 Jews to the nearby

970: 904:

economy thrived, supplying as much as 80% of the ghetto's food. In addition, the

809: 779: 759: 745: 737: 554: 506: 492: 361: 347: 68: 7082: 6413: 5995: 5875: 5850: 5731: 4198:"Aktion Reinhardt": der Völkermord an den Juden im Generalgouvernement 1941–1944 3496: 1533: 985: 596: 8997: 8892: 8791: 8762: 8454: 8418: 8373: 8083: 7990: 7102: 7097: 6929: 6797: 6704: 6626: 6580: 6495: 6393: 6354: 6277: 6136: 6121: 6096: 6036: 5925: 5910: 5890: 5880: 5741: 5633: 5152: 5004: 4367:

Deportations from Theresienstadt and Bulgarian-occupied territory among others.

3134:

Walls Around: The Plunder of Warsaw Jewry During World War II and Its Aftermath

3048: 2871: 2583: 1884: 1818: 1777: 1721: 1674: 1657: 1641: 1629: 1611: 1575: 1215: 1192: 1187: 1083: 639: 454:. Antisemitic legislation, boycotts of Jewish businesses, and the nationalist " 199: 8378: 8198: 6318: 6126: 6086: 5691: 5561: 4417:" which was never completed. Footage is shown in the 2010 documentary called " 3265:"Before the "Final Solution": Nazi Ghettoization Policy in Poland (1940–1941)" 2146: 1317: 654: 509:(the "Butcher of Warsaw"), was appointed chief of police for the newly formed 9129: 8887: 8816: 8707: 8575: 8405: 8362: 8193: 7491: 7299: 7117: 6889: 6630: 6565: 6560: 6545: 6515: 6510: 6480: 6418: 6373: 6287: 6272: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6224: 6214: 6194: 6166: 6056: 6026: 5945: 5930: 5885: 5746: 5721: 5711: 5681: 5676: 5612: 5294: 4905: 4881: 4855: 4806: 4708:

Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego

4574: 4444:

Bohaterowie, Hochsztaplerzy, Opisywacze, Wokol Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego

4437: 4285: 4169: 3877: 3637: 3230: 2660: 2427: 2192:

Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego

2154: 2094: 2039: 1985: 1868: 1812: 1748:

Ruben Feldschu (Ben Shem) (1900–1980) – Zionist author and political activist

1738: 1647: 1581: 1475: 1164: 1104: 1050: 965: 920: 647: 608: 549: 487: 319: 235: 145:

Imprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor, starvation, mass deportations to

6520: 4732:"Shaking the Dust Off" The Story of the Warsaw Ghetto's Forgotten Chronicler 3844: 3771:, Vol. 1. Nison L. Alpert, ed. The Judaica Press, Inc., 1974, pp. xii–xxiii. 2670:

from the original on October 9, 2022 – via direct download, 425 pages.

1921:– writer and the author of the most renowned novel about the Warsaw Ghetto, 9099: 8249: 8234: 8229: 8203: 8156: 8088: 8050: 7800: 7207: 6919: 6726: 6666: 6575: 6540: 6535: 6403: 6388: 6229: 6161: 6131: 6101: 6051: 6021: 6016: 5870: 5771: 5736: 5623: 4931: 4788:

Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland

4410: 4327: 3723: 2950: 2732:. Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. Archived from 2112: 1858: 1698: 1566:

in Poland, resistance fighter. Killed in action during the ghetto uprising.

1549: 1491: 1392:

was installed in a courtyard of the ghetto. The artwork by Italian artist,

1389: 1137: 969:

cafes, showing in stark contrast the economic inequalities of ghetto life.

919:

During the first year and a half, thousands of Polish Jews as well as some

909: 901: 619: 612: 604: 422: 381: 373: 369: 208: 169: 6061: 2571: 2097:– official Nazi record of the Ghetto Uprising, 19 April 1943 – 24 May 1943 1915:

in Poland, resistance leader of the ŻZW, American memoirist. Died in 1970.

1688: 1552:– ghetto resistance fighter in the ZOB. Died with many of her comrades at 1482: 1275:

halt by hundreds of insurgents armed with handguns and Molotov cocktails.

1031: 459: 9105: 8622: 8239: 8093: 6939: 6475: 6465: 6398: 6378: 6308: 6267: 6204: 6189: 6111: 6071: 5960: 5950: 4409:

conditions and hid their photos, writings, and short films in improvised

3299:. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. 2058: 1828: 1136:

The extermination of Jews by means of poisonous gases was carried out at

950: 889: 741: 671: 600: 426: 4970:(in Polish). Dam im imię na wieki . Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe . 1061: 973:

estimates that group at around 10,000 people—"rich industrialists, many

725:, who also supervised the initial Jewish relocations in 1940. He was an 478: 277:

with expellees from Germany, Czechoslovakia and other occupied countries

9094: 8929: 8702: 8480: 6525: 6490: 6046: 5895: 5163: 4336:. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indianapolis. pp. 97–99. 3502:

Courage Under Siege: Disease, Starvation and Death in the Warsaw Ghetto

2865:

Bielawski, Krzysztof; Dylewski, Adam; Kraus, Anna; Laskowska, Justyna.

2496: 1969: 1822: 1438: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1240: 1186:

overnight wait at a layover yard; and the second, in mid-afternoon. Dr

1170: 1055: 718:

The first commissioner of the Warsaw Ghetto, appointed by Fischer, was

643: 5214:

Lecture on Emanuel Ringelblum and the Warsaw Ghetto Dr. Henry Abramson

4304:. Stockholm, Sweden: The Florida Center for Instructional Technology. 2992:

Adama Czerniakowa dziennik getta warszawskiego 6 IX 1939 – 23 VII 1942

1978:– Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter and co-founder of 1614:– cantor known as the "Jewish Caruso". Was killed during the uprising. 1553: 1509: 1385: 1247: 881:

A child dying on the sidewalk of the Warsaw Ghetto, September 19, 1941

430: 93: 8934: 8740: 6782: 6219: 5792: 5244: 5184: 5168: 4406: 4093:, "The August Deportations to Treblinka". pp. 88–96 (115–123 in PDF). 4063:

Erntefest 3–4 Listopada 1943 – Zapomniany Epizod Zagłady, Pp. 183–210

3681:

Hunger disease: studies by the Jewish physicians in the Warsaw Ghetto

2956:

Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation

2816: 2078: 2001: 1834: 1684: 1637: 1601: 1594:. Discovered in Warsaw and executed together with his family in 1944. 1330: 1267: 1174:(September 21) of 1942. The ratio between Jews killed on the spot by 482: 470: 377: 218: 146: 8595: 6807: 6769: 4688: 4413:. In May 1942, the Germans began filming a propaganda movie titled " 4382:

The Warsaw Ghetto Oyneg Shabes—Ringelblum Archive. Catalog and Guide

4378: 4249: 4111:. Uwe Neumärker (Director). Portal to European Sites of Remembrance. 1979: 1957: 1471: 1413: 1299: 875: 8460: 8260: 7222: 4735: 4055: 2035: 1713: 1326: 770:; the SS policies he had followed were systematically anti-Jewish. 588: 5155:

from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"

2929:. Lublin, 3rd edition, revised. pp. 43–44, 54. Archived from 1226:

following an agreement with the Nazi-allied Bulgarian government.

4705: 4686: 4513:

The Yellow Star: The Persecution of the Jews in Europe, 1933–1945

3306:

from the original on October 9, 2022 – via direct download.

2186: 2073: 2043: 1862: 1495: 1182:

during roundups, and those deported was approximately 2 percent.

896: 455: 185: 7460: 5053:

Notes From The Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal Of Emmanuel Ringelblum

4634:[Historic places connected to Jewish people of Warsaw]. 3452:

Christians in the Warsaw Ghetto: An Epitaph for the Unremembered

3391: 3083:. London: Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 41. 2887:. Translated by Magdalena Wójcik. Virtual Shtetl. Archived from 1855:– American steel industrialist and philanthropist. Died in 2009. 1313:

Warsaw Ghetto area after the war. Gęsia Street, view to the west

740:, a "productionist" who served until November 1942. Like in all 8970: 7294: 5410: 4862:. Translated by Emma Harris. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4632:"Miejsca historyczne związane z ludnością żydowską w Warszawie" 4579:

Nazi Conspriracy and Aggression Volume 3 – Document No. 1061-PS

2055:– The Nazi leader responsible for the liquidation of the ghetto 1702: 1695:

internee exchanged for German POWs in March 1944. Died in 2013.

1692: 1651: 1219: 924: 469:

continued until September 29, 1939. On September 10 alone, the

82: 1486:

Borders of the ghetto are marked in remembrance of its victims

8335: 2538:

Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 7 /7 (2007) Pp. 105–114

2287: 1912: 1902: 1498:

when the celluloid factory she was sheltering in caught fire.

1223: 912:, which served at one time as many as 100,000 meals per day. 658:

Warsaw Ghetto wall and footbridge over Chłodna Street in 1942

438: 5851:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

4890:. Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. 4196:(2004). "Treblinka — ein Todeslager der "Aktion Reinhard"". 3923:(in Polish). Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Archived from 3825:. Boston: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 2536:[Gross Aktion – Annihilation of the Warsaw Ghetto]. 5208: 3769:

Wellsprings of Torah: An Anthology of Biblical Commentaries

2864: 1877:– Polish pianist, composer and writer, subject of the film 1783:

Alexander J. Groth – Professor of Political Science at the

1771: 1687:– 15-year-old diarist (in 1939) born to American mother in 1350: 434: 4271:

The King of Children: The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak

3377:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 228–229. 3236:

The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt

2194:. Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. 980: 539: 525:

Karmelicka Street 11 from Nowolipia September/October 1939

4638:. Urząd m.st. Warszawy (official website). Archived from 4361:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from 1590:– historian, politician and social worker, leader of the 1542:– one of the leaders of ŻZW (Żydowski Związek Wojskowy – 1400:, feel that it is thought-provoking, even "educational". 7408:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

2312:

Relics of the Reich: The Buildings The Nazis Left Behind

2031:

Executions in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto (1943–1944)

1780:– Swedish author and the Holocaust remembrance activist. 1197:

to approach the camp area. In the last two weeks of the

7269: 5279: 4887:

Getto warszawskie. Przewodnik po nieistniejącym mieście

4662:"Controversy over Adolf Hitler statue in Warsaw ghetto" 4174:

The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising

3187:. Warsaw: Google Maps. 2016. 52°14'13.0"N 20°59'18.0"E. 2822:

The Diary of Mary Berg: Growing up in the Warsaw Ghetto

1764:– Polish social historian and politician. Died in 2008. 1664:. Was shot and killed in combat in an escape operation. 1118: 1098:

were rounded up, street by street, under the guise of "

8853: 4952: 4356: 4255: 3163: 2278: 2252: 1793:

Democracies Against Hitler: Myth, Reality and Prologue

791:

The Council of Elders was supported internally by the

4687:

Dariusz Libionka; Laurence Weinbaum (June 22, 2007).

4379:

Robert Moses Shapiro; Tadeusz Epsztein, eds. (2009).

2995:. Opracowanie i przypisy Marian Fuks. Warszawa 1983: 1809:– Polish microbiologist and serologist, died in 1954. 1774:

officer and American and French writer. Died in 2016.

1731:– ghetto resistance leader ("Antek"), founder of the 1626:– poet of the Warsaw ghetto; killed in 1943 uprising. 729:

best known for orchestrating an "artificial famine" (

674:. Escapees were shot on sight. German policemen from 52:(left) on the "Aryan" side of the city, May 24, 1941. 5027: 4936:

The Warsaw diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom

4930: 4102: 4026:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 232. 3409: 3397: 3274:. Symposium Presentations, USHMM. 18 of 175 in PDF. 2436:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 118–119, 200. 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 1837:– Israeli author of the semi-autobiographical novel 1701:– leader in Jewish Underground in Warsaw; member of 802: 4581:. The Avalon Project: Lillian Goldman Law Library. 2959:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 191, 475, 543–544. 2704:

No way out: the politics of Polish Jewry, 1935–1939

2208: 2088:– novel focused on a family from Warsaw during the 1801:

Accomplices: Roosevelt, Churchill and the Holocaust

1248:

Ghetto Uprising and final destruction of the ghetto

682:The ghetto was divided in two along Chłodna Street 5232:Collection of testimonies concerning Warsaw Ghetto 4934:; Staron, Stanislaw; Kermisz, Josef, eds. (1979). 4909: 2730:"Warsaw: Life and Death in the Ghetto during WWII" 2458: 1720:testifies for the prosecution during the trial of 844:. For his actions he was posthumously awarded the 714:guarding the gates of the Warsaw Ghetto, June 1942 5230:'Warsaw Ghetto – hell in the center of the city'. 4699: 4135:on October 19, 2013 – via Internet Archive. 4075:. Transfer szopów Schultza z getta warszawskiego. 4049: 2329: 1831:– ghetto resistance member; author. Died in 2012. 822:Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary 9127: 6770:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 4876: 4850: 4595: 4302:"The Janusz Korczak Living Heritage Association" 3767:Seidman, Hillel. "Alexander Zusia Friedman", in 3463: 2727: 2707:. Hebrew Union College Press. pp. 131–144. 2531: 2293: 1843:recounting his experiences in the Warsaw Ghetto. 1825:activist, later married Cukierman. Died in 1976. 1108:holding area. From there, they were sent aboard 808:people considered themselves Polish, but due to 591:) in Warsaw, a committee of 24 people headed by 8628:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 5209:Warsaw Ghetto poems from the Ringelblum Archive 5185:Topography of Terror: Maps of the Warsaw Ghetto 4860:The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City 4452:. Scholars for Peace in the Middle East (SPME). 3471:Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland 2923:Holocaust – Destruction of the Jews (1939–1945) 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 1939:militant and publisher of the Yiddish language 22:The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City 5028:Potyralska, Bożena; Potyralski, Marek (2000). 4181:"The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, by Marek Edelman" 3649: 3647: 3611: 3542:Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). 3505:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2985: 2936:on April 12, 2013 – via direct download. 2215:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945 2012:Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1945; left, the 1403: 516: 8988:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 7476: 7255: 6755: 5836: 5396: 5265: 4019: 3999:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 114. 3796:. Jewish Historical Institute. Archived from 3541: 3438: 3436: 3366: 3364: 3239:. Indiana University Press. pp. 50, 98. 2755: 2753: 2751: 2379:. Encyclopædia Britannica. pp. 190–200. 1865:activist, post-war Nazi hunter. Died in 2018. 1504:– ghetto resistance leader in the ŻOB (alias 380:. It was established in November 1940 by the 44:Brick wall of the Warsaw Ghetto dividing the 7441:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 4964:Monograph, chapt. 3: Treblinka II Death Camp 4706:Dariusz Libionka; Laurence Weinbaum (2011). 4509: 4463:Patt, Avinoam (2014). Henry, Patrick (ed.). 4217:"Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations" 4105:"Treblinka Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom" 3822:Resistance : the Warsaw Ghetto uprising 3592: 3590: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2780:on May 10, 2019 – via direct download. 2626: 2613: 2534:"Gross Aktion – Zagłada Warszawskiego Getta" 2491: 2489: 2253:Holocaust Encyclopedia (February 22, 2023). 1943:newspaper produced in the Ghetto. Died 2012. 1564:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1293: 1283: 749: 401: 355: 317: 233: 216: 206: 197: 183: 121: 114: 107: 100: 91: 8687:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 5411:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 3791: 3678: 3672: 3644: 3600:. New York: Philosophical Library pp. 222. 3548:. Yale University Press. pp. 260–262. 3151: 3130: 2815: 2559:likwidacji społeczności warszawskich Żydów. 2218:. Cambridge University Press. p. 218. 495:rolled into town. On November 7, 1939, the 360:, "Jewish Residential District in Warsaw"; 7483: 7469: 7262: 7248: 6762: 6748: 5843: 5829: 5403: 5389: 5272: 5258: 5046: 4164: 4162: 3900:Background Information to Survivor Stories 3889: 3887: 3656:Jewish medical resistance in the Holocaust 3537: 3535: 3533: 3433: 3370: 3361: 3285: 3137:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. 3032: 3030: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2877:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 2759: 2748: 2572:"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" 2570:Statistical data compiled on the basis of 2564: 2304: 2302: 2283:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2257:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1815:– Polish-American economist, died in 2011. 1054:holding pen for deportations to Treblinka 638:On the orders of Warsaw District Governor 611:due to "the risk of spreading epidemics." 5094: 4569: 4399:– via Academic Publications of the 4065:. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku: 189–191. 4020:Nicosia, Francis; Niewyk, Donald (2000). 3693: 3687: 3617: 3587: 3474:. Cornell University Press. p. 256. 3253: 3076: 2849: 2525: 2486: 2479:– via Internet Archive, 302 pages. 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2279:Holocaust Encyclopedia (April 17, 2023). 1454:Learn how and when to remove this message 1026: 160: 5070: 4781: 4516:. Fordham Univ Press. pp. 204–205. 4405:For years, Oyneg Shabbos had discreetly 4357:Holocaust Encyclopedia (June 10, 2013). 4176:. Interpress Publishers. pp. 17–39. 4096: 4090: 4043: 3911: 3909: 3731: 3331: 3259: 3169: 3103: 2945: 2943: 2635:Population of Warsaw in the 20th Century 2588:Museum of the History of the Polish Jews 2465:. Published by KTAV Publishing. p. 2344: 2308: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2248: 2246: 2101:Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp 2007: 1911:– psychiatrist, political leader of the 1712: 1481: 1470: 1351:Preserving remnants of the Warsaw Ghetto 1325:The final assault started on the eve of 1316: 1308: 1306:on April 17, 1943, and court-martialed. 1257: 1060: 1044: 1030: 984: 935: 706: 702: 661: 653: 618: 566: 563:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland 520: 297:Museum of the History of the Polish Jews 7366:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 5142:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5003: 4805: 4625: 4623: 4585:from the original on November 26, 2010. 4550: 4401:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 4168: 4159: 4121: 4115: 4013: 3945: 3939: 3893: 3884: 3737: 3530: 3348:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 3223: 3198:Kajczyk, Agnieszka (February 3, 2015). 3197: 3191: 3027: 2914: 2903: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2721: 2542:Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) 2481:300,000 Jews murdered by bullet or gas. 2456: 2299: 1861:– ghetto resistance fighter ("Kazik"), 1849:– German literary critic. Died in 2013. 981:Manufacture of German military supplies 9141:Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland 9128: 7349:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 6709:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 4912:Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4904: 4801:from the original on October 19, 2013. 4604:. Forum Żydów Polskich. Archived from 4563: 4503: 4436: 4430: 4372: 4350: 4267: 4261: 4192: 3992: 3986: 3857: 3818: 3761: 3653: 3494: 3488: 3291: 3229: 3131:Levin, Itamar; Neiman, Rachel (2004). 2700: 2694: 2495: 2450: 2433:Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 2426: 2413: 626:of Jewish men for forced labor by the 8852: 8673: 8304: 7795: 7794: 7464: 7243: 6743: 5824: 5384: 5253: 5138:article in The Holocaust Encyclopedia 4274:. St. Martin's Griffin. 1st edition. 3906: 3747:. Judaica Press. pp. xii–xxiii. 3679:Winick, Myron; Osnos, Martha (1979). 3429:from the original on August 22, 2004. 3357:from the original on October 9, 2022. 3281:from the original on October 9, 2022. 3124: 2949: 2940: 2918:Holocaust – Zagłada Żydów (1939–1945) 2521:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2501:"Treblinka Extermination Camp in the 2372: 2261: 2243: 2132: 1991:The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler 1508:). Died with many of his comrades at 8275:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 5180:Polish Center for Holocaust Research 4999:– via direct download 20.2 MB. 4629: 4620: 4462: 4456: 4326: 4320: 4256:Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik (2011) 3902:. Holocaust Survivors: Encyclopedia. 3896:"Tobbens' Shop in the Warsaw ghetto" 3658:. New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books. 3398:Hilberg, Staron & Kermisz (1979) 2979: 2804: 2717:– via Google Books, 235 pages. 2366: 1956:– Polish resistance activist of the 1947: 1436:adding citations to reliable sources 1407: 1333:soldiers under the field command of 828:who before the war was connected to 9080:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 7270:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 5281:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 5195:Yad Vashem – About the Holocaust – 5159:pre and post-war pictures of Warsaw 5149:– Online exhibition from Yad Vashem 5102:. New York: Philosophical Library. 4826: 4589: 4056:"Obóz pracy dla Żydów w Trawnikach" 4023:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 3421:. Translated by Christina Manetti. 3210: 3036: 2645:. pp. 191, 193, 195, 202–203. 1212:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 429:lived in the merchant districts of 13: 8674: 7431:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 5147:Photographs from the Warsaw Ghetto 4308:from the original on March 9, 2015 3454:, by Peter Florian Dembowski, 2005 3374:The war against the Jews 1933–1945 1384:There is also a small memorial at 1288:: Jewish Combat Organization) and 867:Homeless children in Warsaw Ghetto 14: 9172: 7490: 7113:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 5164:Historical Sites of Jewish Warsaw 5128: 5066:– via Google Books Preview. 4956:; Rytel-Andrianik, Paweł (2011). 3794:"Polyhymnia in the Warsaw Ghetto" 3792:Marian Fuks (November 25, 2013). 3757:– via Google Books snippet. 3497:"Scenes of Hunger and Starvation" 838:Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof 803:Catholics and Poles in the ghetto 450:. Many Jews left the city during 8643:Polish leaders and intellectuals 8133:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 7290:Population transfers (1944–1946) 6339:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 5032:. Warsaw: B & M Potyralski. 4916:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 4749:"Businessman Sol Rosenthal dies" 4421:" which concerns the making of " 3200:"The bridge over Chłodna Street" 1735:kibbutz in Israel. Died in 1981. 1644:. Executed at Treblinka in 1942. 1412: 1266:. Captured Jews escorted by the 989:Jews working in a ghetto factory 874: 860: 697:the Holocaust in occupied Poland 538: 531: 357:Jüdischer Wohnbezirk in Warschau 162: 38: 7393:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 7305:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 5169:Warsaw Ghetto Internet Database 4775: 4741: 4736:Jewish Political Studies Review 4724: 4680: 4654: 4469:. CUA Press. pp. 414–425. 4466:Resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto 4200:. Osnabrück. pp. 257–281. 3851: 3812: 3785: 3774: 3562: 3457: 3445: 3403: 3175: 3097: 3070: 2179: 2170: 2125: 1785:University of California, Davis 1423:needs additional citations for 1379:Warsaw Ghetto Heroes' monuments 8571:Attack on the twentieth convoy 8384:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 6721:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 6697:36th Estonian Police Battalion 5224:The ramparts of Warsaw 1943–44 5056:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 4575:"The Warsaw Ghetto Is No More" 4510:Schoenberner, Gerhard (2004). 3952:. Da Capo Press. p. 346. 2819:; Pentlin, Susan Lee (2007) . 2627:Gawryszewski, Andrzej (2009). 2457:Shapiro, Robert Moses (1999). 2315:. Pen and Sword. p. 122. 2294:Engelking & Leociak (2013) 1937:Anarchist Federation of Poland 1905:rabbi in Israel. Died in 2019. 1604:. Executed at Trawniki during 1358:Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers 1218:, and from Bulgarian-occupied 505:(SD). The commander of EG IV, 327:Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers 16:Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland 1: 9156:1940 establishments in Poland 7388:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 7218:Human medical experimentation 4938:. New York: Stein & Day. 4244:AZ-LG Dusseldorf, XI-148/69 S 4172:(n.d.). "The Ghetto Fights". 4103:Memorial Museums.org (2013). 3350:. PDF file, direct download. 2997:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 2556:– via direct download. 2236: 1789:Lincoln: Authoritarian Savior 1554:their surrounded command post 1510:their surrounded command post 1466: 1162:, and murdered there between 851: 416: 313:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 8908:Jewish war conspiracy theory 8099:Extermination through labour 5219:Artists of the Warsaw Ghetto 4738:Vol. 22 No. 3-4 (Fall 2010). 3993:Powell, Lawrence N. (2000). 3371:Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1975). 3220:Modern World History Topics. 3040:Ludność żydowska w Warszawie 2885:"The Warsaw Ghetto (part 2)" 2190:; Laurence Weinbaum (2011). 1821:– ghetto resistance leader, 1668: 1662:Jewish Fighting Organization 1375:fragments of the ghetto wall 1017:Poniatowa concentration camp 501:reorganized them into local 398:Treblinka extermination camp 7: 9090:Righteous Among the Nations 8305: 7776:Righteous Among the Nations 7423:Righteous Among the Nations 7310:Ministry of Public Security 6689:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 5299:Related articles by country 4959:Treblinka II – Obóz zagłady 4833:Literature of the Holocaust 4387:Jewish Historical Institute 4268:Lifton, Betty Jean (2006). 4240:AZ-LG Dusseldorf: II 931638 4185:Literature of the Holocaust 3618:Engelking, Barbara (2002). 3495:Roland, Charles G. (1992). 3468:. In Robert Blobaum (ed.). 3344:Before the 'Final Solution' 3218:The Warsaw Ghetto, 1940–43. 3204:Jewish Historical Institute 3107:The Warsaw Ghetto 1940–1945 3045:Jewish population of Warsaw 2842:Chapter I: Warsaw Besieged: 2630:Ludność Warszawy w XX wieku 2024: 1404:People of the Warsaw Ghetto 1285:Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa 1021:Trawniki concentration camp 846:Righteous Among the Nations 517:Establishment of the ghetto 384:authorities within the new 292:Jewish Historical Institute 10: 9177: 8827:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 8797:Lithuanian Security Police 8716:Reich Security Main Office 7683:Evidence and documentation 7335:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 6717:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 5030:Warsaw and Ghetto i ghetto 4837:University of Pennsylvania 4333:Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka 3949:Tobbens Poniatow factories 3570:"In Memoriam: David Guzik" 3545:The Holocaust Encyclopedia 2771:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej 2760:Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). 2038:– Jewish collaborationist 1366:have become office space. 1321:Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto 1251: 1204:Jewish Combat Organization 1088:Chełmno extermination camp 930:Warsaw Ghetto Hunger Study 887: 560: 48:, with view of bombed out 18: 9043:Books and other resources 9030: 8946: 8875: 8871: 8848: 8782: 8754: 8695: 8682: 8669: 8608: 8556: 8509: 8446: 8416: 8354: 8326: 8317: 8313: 8300: 8258: 8217: 8169: 8155: 8117: 8076: 7976: 7933: 7811: 7807: 7790: 7706: 7675: 7575:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 7502: 7498: 7421: 7378: 7348: 7327: 7318: 7275: 7239: 7190: 7170: 7131: 7108:Sobibor perpetrator album 7065: 7056: 6991: 6960: 6953: 6867: 6826: 6775: 6739: 6693:Estonian Auxiliary Police 6675: 6619: 6594: 6458: 6451: 6352: 6296: 6238: 6180: 6009: 5863: 5856: 5820: 5803:Human medical experiments 5785: 5647: 5605: 5544: 5477: 5425: 5416: 5380: 5376: 5287: 5023:– via Google Books. 5013:. Yale University Press. 4596:Robert Mielcarek (2016). 4526:– via Google Books. 4479:– via Google Books. 3858:Mazzeo, Tilar J. (2016). 3596:Wdowiński, David (1963). 3464:Dariusz Libionka (2005). 3423:Adam Mickiewicz Institute 3160:Local Life Warsaw, Guide. 3110:. R. Nowicki. p. 7. 3077:McDonough, Frank (2008). 3009:– via Google Books. 2728:Peter K. Gessner (2000). 2610:by Michael Peters at ARC. 2577:February 8, 2016, at the 2325:– via Google Books. 2147:10.1080/13537120701705924 1840:The Island on Bird Street 1526:Nightingale of the Ghetto 1478:Memorial on Stawki Street 1345:Warsaw concentration camp 1340:Great Synagogue of Warsaw 1295:Żydowski Związek Wojskowy 685:Ulica Chłodna w Warszawie 475:bombing raids on the city 368:) was the largest of the 318: 305: 284: 261: 247: 234: 229: 217: 184: 176: 156: 141: 133: 122: 115: 108: 101: 92: 78: 57: 37: 32: 8633:People with disabilities 8566:Aid and Rescue Committee 7356:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 6701:Latvian Auxiliary Police 6434:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 5936:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 4980:. With list of Catholic 4783:Browning, Christopher R. 4556:Gilbert, Martin (1986), 3019:: CS1 maint: location ( 2915:Grzesik, Julian (2011). 2701:Melzer, Emanuel (1997). 2348:, ed. (2009). "Warsaw". 2309:Philpott, Colin (2016). 2281:"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising" 2118: 1933:Freda Hoffman Zgodzinski 1598:Kalonymus Kalman Shapira 1270:, Nowolipie Street, 1943 797:Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst 785:The War Against the Jews 448:according to 1931 census 394:Nazi concentration camps 274:92,000 inside the ghetto 137:October 1940 to May 1943 8774:Order Police battalions 7446:Garden of the Righteous 7198:Identification in camps 7191:Technical and logistics 6637:Order Police battalions 4689:"A legendary commander" 4359:"Treblinka: Chronology" 3819:Gutman, Israel (1994). 3104:Sakowska, Ruta (1996). 2989:; Fuks, Marian (1983). 2042:, also known as Jewish 1960:organization in Warsaw. 1654:prison, September 1942. 1071:1942 boarding onto the 945:, secretary-general of 632:Krakowskie Przedmieście 628:Order Police battalions 581:the Polish-German front 193:Order Police battalions 9161:1943 disestablishments 9151:Warsaw in World War II 8623:Soviet urban residents 7714:International response 7688:Contemporary knowledge 6859:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 6324:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 5202:March 5, 2016, at the 5174:July 17, 2013, at the 5119:. 1963. Archived from 5117:"And We Are Not Saved" 3894:Menszer, John (2015). 3319:Cite journal requires 2532:Dr. Marcin Urynowicz. 2373:Bains, Alisha (2016). 2021: 2018:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1954:Władysław Bartoszewski 1927:Bread for the Departed 1919:Bogdan-Dawid Wojdowski 1724: 1524:– singer known as the 1487: 1479: 1322: 1314: 1294: 1284: 1271: 1264:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1254:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1144:, which also included 1140:under the auspices of 1102:", and marched to the 1075: 1058: 1042: 1027:Treblinka deportations 990: 842:Wanda Zamenhof-Zaleska 818:St. Augustine's Church 789: 750: 715: 667: 659: 635: 572: 526: 410:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 402: 365: 356: 351: 207: 198: 87:German-occupied Poland 72: 9070:Memorials and museums 9008:Reparations Agreement 9003:Holocaust restitution 8581:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 8104:Human experimentation 7943:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 7398:Majdanek State Museum 6531:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 5435:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 5187:, by Harrie Teunissen 5123:on December 22, 2016. 5114:via sample in Kindle 5080:. New York: Picador. 4813:. London: Bookmarks. 4227:on September 23, 2013 4050:Lenarczyk, Wojciech; 3946:Kurzman, Dan (2009). 3333:Browning, Christopher 3261:Browning, Christopher 3216:John D Clare (2014), 2346:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 2110:Chancellor of Germany 2011: 1976:Zofia Kossak-Szczucka 1923:Chleb rzucony umarłym 1716: 1544:Jewish Military Union 1516:Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum 1485: 1474: 1320: 1312: 1261: 1064: 1048: 1034: 988: 936:Education and culture 772: 731:künstliche Hungersnot 710: 703:Ghetto administration 665: 657: 622: 570: 524: 8270:Jewish Ghetto Police 8139:Politische Abteilung 8034:Risiera di San Sabba 7895:Natzweiler-Struthof 6875:Mordechai Anielewicz 6586:Elisabeth Volkenrath 6471:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 6107:Arthur Liebehenschel 6032:Hermine Braunsteiner 5976:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 5100:And We Are Not Saved 5048:Ringelblum, Emmanuel 4642:on December 20, 2016 4125:(February 4, 2010). 3744:Wellsprings of Torah 3598:And we are not saved 3411:Piotr M. A. Cywinski 3055:on December 20, 2016 2891:on December 20, 2016 2548:on December 20, 2016 2461:Holocaust Chronicles 1899:Menachem Mendel Taub 1847:Marcel Reich-Ranicki 1772:Soviet secret police 1502:Mordechai Anielewicz 1432:improve this article 1208:Mordechai Anielewicz 1159:Grossaktion Warschau 1114:Treblinka death camp 1068:Grossaktion Warschau 1038:Grossaktion Warschau 1013:Jewish slave workers 908:had opened over 250 810:Nazi racial criteria 793:Jewish Ghetto Police 712:Jewish Ghetto Police 268:265,000 at Treblinka 116:Śródmieście Północne 9048:Days of remembrance 8961:Holocaust survivors 8956:Depopulated shtetls 8807:Rollkommando Hamann 8653:Jehovah's Witnesses 8471:Kamianets-Podilskyi 7533:Bohemia and Moravia 7413:March of the Living 7285:Holocaust survivors 7149:Vrba–Wetzler report 6925:Alexander Pechersky 6885:Mordechai Tenenbaum 6334:Alexander Palfinger 6157:Johann Schwarzhuber 5717:Międzyrzec Podlaski 5696:Lviv pogroms (1941) 5597:Sonderaktion Krakau 5072:Szpilman, Władysław 4991:on October 10, 2014 4829:"The Ghetto Fights" 4730:Laurence Weinbaum, 4668:. December 28, 2012 4440:(August 25, 2013). 3927:on October 29, 2018 3705:Feldheim Publishers 3419:Dia-pozytyw: People 3037:Bergman, Eleonora. 2867:"Warszawa (part 7)" 2736:on January 30, 2012 2503:Generalgouvernement 2210:Joshua D. Zimmerman 2106:Warschauer Kniefall 1003:Stickerei Abteilung 999:Többens and Schultz 776:kehilla departments 720:SA-Standartenführer 404:Großaktion Warschau 9146:General Government 9031:History and memory 8935:Forced euthanasia 8883:Nazi racial policy 8586:Danish underground 8433:Operation Reinhard 8428:Wannsee Conference 7328:West German trials 7123:Wannsee Conference 6910:Itzhak Katzenelson 6662:General Government 6147:Franz Reichleitner 6077:Fritz Hartjenstein 6067:Maximilian Grabner 5986:Bruno Streckenbach 5798:Grossaktion Warsaw 5451:Operation Reinhard 4878:Engelking, Barbara 4852:Engelking, Barbara 4759:. January 31, 2009 4221:The Nizkor Project 3800:on August 21, 2020 3294:"Auerswald, Heinz" 3158:The Warsaw Ghetto. 2973:Emanuel Ringelblum 2063:Sicherheitspolizei 2022: 1875:Władysław Szpilman 1871:– book illustrator 1725: 1679:Emanuel Ringelblum 1624:Władysław Szlengel 1592:ghetto chroniclers 1588:Emanuel Ringelblum 1570:Itzhak Katzenelson 1562:– director of the 1488: 1480: 1323: 1315: 1272: 1142:Operation Reinhard 1131:Sammern-Frankenegg 1080:Wannsee Conference 1076: 1059: 1043: 991: 943:Alexander Friedman 716: 668: 660: 636: 585:General Government 577:September campaign 575:By the end of the 573: 527: 425:, the majority of 386:General Government 271:42,000 at Majdanek 19:For the book, see 9123: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9114: 8966:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 8913:Jewish emigration 8903:Hitler's prophecy 8898:Haavara Agreement 8844: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8832:Ypatingasis būrys 8729:Sicherheitsdienst 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8604: 8603: 8524:Bielski partisans 8296: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8127:Totenkopfverbände 7786: 7785: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7374: 7373: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7186: 7185: 7178:Sonderaktion 1005 7052: 7051: 6735: 6734: 6713:Ypatingasis būrys 6615: 6614: 6556:Johanna Langefeld 6551:Hildegard Lächert 6447: 6446: 6283:Alfred Trzebinski 6248:Franz von Bodmann 6200:Lorenz Hackenholt 6042:Theodor van Eupen 5981:Jakob Sporrenberg 5816: 5815: 5540: 5539: 5197:The Warsaw Ghetto 5109:978-0-8022-2486-6 5020:978-0-89604-004-5 4977:978-83-7257-496-1 4897:978-83-63444-27-3 4869:978-0-300-11234-4 4811:The Ghetto Fights 4794:. Penguin Books. 4757:Monroe, Louisiana 4608:on August 6, 2019 4419:A Film Unfinished 4396:978-0-253-35327-6 4365:on June 5, 2012. 4242:, p. 49 ff., and 4207:978-3-929-75983-9 4072:978-83-925187-5-4 4052:Libionka, Dariusz 3921:Getto Warszawskie 3917:"database search" 3739:Frydman, A. Zisha 3695:Farbstein, Esther 3665:978-1-78238-417-5 3516:978-0-19-506285-4 3415:"Adam Czerniakow" 3117:978-83-904639-1-9 3090:978-1-137-02048-2 2763:Intelligenzaktion 2652:978-83-61590-96-5 2596:"Getta Żydowskie" 2359:978-0-253-35328-3 2067:Sicherheitsdienst 2048:Abraham Gancwajch 1948:Associated people 1887:(survivor of the 1762:Bronisław Geremek 1756:Dos Yiddishe Vort 1752:Joseph Friedenson 1733:Lohamei HaGeta'ot 1729:Yitzhak Zuckerman 1718:Yitzhak Zuckerman 1660:– fighter in the 1618:Cecylia Słapakowa 1600:– grand rabbi of 1560:Yitzhak Gitterman 1522:Maria Ajzensztadt 1464: 1463: 1456: 1398:Michael Schudrich 1394:Maurizio Cattelan 1237:Polish resistance 1222:, Macedonia, and 1082:near Berlin, the 826:Marceli Godlewski 814:All Saints Church 366:getto warszawskie 352:Warschauer Ghetto 335: 334: 50:Lubomirski Palace 9168: 9015:Holocaust denial 8993:Nuremberg trials 8983:Postwar violence 8938: 8873: 8872: 8850: 8849: 8812:Special Brigades 8802:Nederlandsche SS 8769:Police Regiments 8693: 8692: 8671: 8670: 8531:Ghetto uprisings 8519:Jewish partisans 8466:Harvest Festival 8438:Holocaust trains 8324: 8323: 8315: 8314: 8302: 8301: 8167: 8166: 8063: 8041: 8023: 8004: 7986: 7809: 7808: 7792: 7791: 7500: 7499: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7340:Treblinka trials 7325: 7324: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7241: 7240: 7139:Graebe affidavit 7132:Witness accounts 7078:Frank memorandum 7063: 7062: 6958: 6957: 6945:Szmul Zygielbojm 6935:Frumka Płotnicka 6895:Leon Feldhendler 6880:Icchak Cukierman 6834:Ghetto uprisings 6764: 6757: 6750: 6741: 6740: 6685:Schutzmannschaft 6506:Feodor Fedorenko 6456: 6455: 6364:Wolfgang Birkner 6152:Heinrich Schwarz 6142:Josef Oberhauser 6117:Heinrich Matthes 6001:Dieter Wisliceny 5991:Richard Thomalla 5966:Heinz Reinefarth 5916:Heinrich Himmler 5861: 5860: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5786:Other atrocities 5423: 5422: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5241:Warszawa, Poland 5124: 5113: 5096:Wdowiński, Dawid 5091: 5067: 5043: 5024: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4990: 4982:rescuers of Jews 4969: 4949: 4927: 4915: 4901: 4873: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4827:Edelman, Marek. 4824: 4802: 4800: 4793: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4745: 4739: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4567: 4561: 4560:, pages 522–523. 4554: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4288:on March 7, 2016 4284:. Archived from 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4223:. Archived from 4211: 4188: 4177: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4077: 4076: 4060: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3615: 3609: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3539: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3305: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3269: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3051:. Archived from 3034: 3025: 3024: 3018: 3010: 2987:Czerniaków, Adam 2983: 2977: 2976: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2928: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2880: 2862: 2847: 2846: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2757: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2669: 2640: 2624: 2611: 2605: 2593: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2544:. Archived from 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2509: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2464: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2424: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2342: 2327: 2326: 2306: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2230: 2229: 2205: 2188:Dariusz Libionka 2183: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2129: 2090:Second World War 2085:The Silver Sword 2069:(KdS) for Warsaw 2000:– Polish-Jewish 1998:Szmul Zygielbojm 1941:Kul fun Frayhayt 1807:Ludwik Hirszfeld 1797:Holocaust Voices 1640:daughter of Dr. 1606:Aktion Erntefest 1459: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1416: 1408: 1304:Heinrich Himmler 1297: 1287: 1110:Holocaust trains 1073:Holocaust trains 878: 864: 834:Ludwik Hirszfeld 753: 693: 609:communal prayers 542: 535: 503:Security Service 493:Einsatzkommandos 407: 359: 346: 323: 322: 239: 238: 222: 221: 212: 203: 189: 188: 172: 168: 166: 165: 127: 126: 118: 117: 111: 110: 104: 103: 97: 96: 67: 60: 46:Iron-Gate Square 42: 30: 29: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9111: 9026: 8942: 8936: 8925:Madagascar Plan 8918:Kindertransport 8867: 8866: 8836: 8778: 8750: 8735:Ordnungspolizei 8691: 8678: 8657: 8600: 8552: 8505: 8476:Maly Trostenets 8447:Mass executions 8442: 8412: 8350: 8309: 8284: 8254: 8213: 8151: 8113: 8072: 8061: 8039: 8021: 8002: 7984: 7972: 7929: 7803: 7782: 7702: 7693:Hidden children 7671: 7529:Czechoslovakia 7494: 7489: 7459: 7450: 7417: 7370: 7361:Stutthof trials 7344: 7314: 7271: 7268: 7227: 7213:Holocaust train 7182: 7166: 7154:Witold's Report 7144:Gerstein Report 7127: 7093:Katzmann Report 7073:Auschwitz Album 7048: 6987: 6949: 6915:Michał Klepfisz 6863: 6822: 6771: 6768: 6731: 6671: 6641:Ordnungspolizei 6611: 6590: 6571:Erich Muhsfeldt 6501:Margot Dreschel 6486:Alexander Bülow 6443: 6439:Udo von Woyrsch 6429:Hermann Schaper 6424:Emanuel Schäfer 6409:Josef Meisinger 6369:Helmut Bischoff 6348: 6304:Heinz Auerswald 6292: 6234: 6182: 6176: 6172:Christian Wirth 6082:Gottlieb Hering 6005: 5971:Julian Scherner 5956:Georg Michalsen 5941:Franz Kutschera 5901:Odilo Globocnik 5852: 5849: 5812: 5781: 5643: 5601: 5582:Kielce cemetery 5536: 5473: 5412: 5409: 5372: 5283: 5278: 5204:Wayback Machine 5176:Wayback Machine 5131: 5115: 5110: 5088: 5064: 5040: 5021: 5005:Korczak, Janusz 4994: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4967: 4954:Kopówka, Edward 4946: 4924: 4898: 4870: 4841: 4839: 4821: 4798: 4791: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4704: 4700: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4590: 4568: 4564: 4555: 4551: 4539: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4492: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4438:Seeman, Mary V. 4435: 4431: 4397: 4377: 4373: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4230: 4228: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4189: 4179: 4167: 4160: 4148: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4123:Kopówka, Edward 4120: 4116: 4101: 4097: 4091:Browning (1998) 4089: 4080: 4073: 4058: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3996:Troubled Memory 3991: 3987: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3892: 3885: 3870: 3856: 3852: 3837: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3736: 3732: 3715: 3703:. Vol. 1. 3692: 3688: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3652: 3645: 3630: 3616: 3612: 3595: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3540: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3339: 3320: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3267: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3231:Gutman, Yisrael 3228: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3196: 3192: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3170:Browning (1998) 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3075: 3071: 3058: 3056: 3035: 3028: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2999:. p. 101. 2984: 2980: 2967: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2913: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2863: 2850: 2837: 2814: 2805: 2793: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2766: 2758: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2653: 2638: 2625: 2614: 2603: 2591: 2579:Wayback Machine 2569: 2565: 2551: 2549: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2512:Aktion Reinhard 2507: 2494: 2487: 2477: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2425: 2414: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2343: 2330: 2323: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2277: 2262: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2202: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2061:– Chief of the 2053:Odilo Globocnik 2027: 1994:. Died in 2008. 1982:. Died in 1968. 1950: 1909:Dawid Wdowiński 1895:. Died in 2000. 1758:. Died in 2013. 1709:– died in 1978. 1681:. Died in 1976. 1671: 1469: 1460: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1429: 1417: 1406: 1371:Nożyk Synagogue 1353: 1262:Suppression of 1256: 1250: 1129:, on behalf of 1123:Sturmbannführer 1096:ghettoised Jews 1029: 983: 938: 892: 886: 885: 884: 883: 882: 879: 870: 869: 868: 865: 854: 848:medal in 2009. 805: 780:Lucy Dawidowicz 760:Chaim Rumkowski 746:occupied Poland 738:Heinz Auerswald 705: 687: 605:a white armband 593:Adam Czerniaków 565: 559: 558: 557: 545: 544: 543: 519: 511:Warsaw District 507:Josef Meisinger 498:Reichsführer-SS 467:Siege of Warsaw 419: 390:occupied Poland 342: 331: 301: 280: 225: 163: 161: 73:Ghetto Warschau 63: 58: 53: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9174: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9020:trivialization 9012: 9011: 9010: 9000: 8998:Eichmann trial 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8893:Nuremberg Laws 8890: 8885: 8879: 8877: 8876:Early elements 8869: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8857:Early elements 8854: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8792:Arajs Kommando 8788: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8763:Einsatzgruppen 8758: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8713: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8690: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8676:Responsibility 8667: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8515: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8455:Einsatzgruppen 8450: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8419:Final Solution 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8321: 8311: 8310: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8280:Ústredňa Židov 8277: 8272: 8266: 8264: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8245:Theresienstadt 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8164: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8130: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8084:Einsatzgruppen 8080: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8017: 8012: 8007: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7890:Mittelbau-Dora 7887: 7878: 7873: 7871:Kraków-Płaszów 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7817: 7815: 7805: 7804: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7761:Rescue of Jews 7758: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7496: 7495: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Sobibór Museum 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7160:Sonderkommando 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7103:Posen speeches 7100: 7098:Korherr Report 7095: 7090: 7088:Höfle telegram 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6930:Witold Pilecki 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6905:Henryk Iwański 6902: 6900:Paweł Frenkiel 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6705:Arajs Kommando 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6634: 6627:Einsatzgruppen 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6581:Alice Orlowski 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6496:John Demjanjuk 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6394:Gerhard Flesch 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6355:Einsatzgruppen 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6297:Ghetto command 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Horst Schumann 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6137:Johann Niemann 6134: 6129: 6124: 6122:Hermann Michel 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6097:Karl-Otto Koch 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6037:Irmfried Eberl 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926:Fritz Katzmann 5923: 5918: 5913: 5911:Arthur Greiser 5908: 5906:Richard Glücks 5903: 5898: 5893: 5891:Ludwig Fischer 5888: 5883: 5881:Adolf Eichmann 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5545:Mass shootings 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5532:Danzig-Matzkau 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5497:Kraków-Płaszów 5494: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5178:hosted by the 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5130: 5129:External links 5127: 5126: 5125: 5108: 5092: 5086: 5068: 5063:978-1786257161 5062: 5044: 5038: 5025: 5019: 5001: 4976: 4950: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4906:Gutman, Israel 4902: 4896: 4882:Leociak, Jacek 4874: 4868: 4856:Leociak, Jacek 4848: 4819: 4807:Edelman, Marek 4803: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4740: 4723: 4716: 4698: 4679: 4653: 4619: 4588: 4562: 4549: 4522: 4502: 4476:978-0813225890 4475: 4455: 4429: 4395: 4371: 4349: 4342: 4319: 4280: 4260: 4248: 4206: 4194:Musiał, Bogdan 4170:Edelman, Marek 4158: 4114: 4095: 4078: 4071: 4042: 4032: 4012: 4005: 3985: 3959:978-0786748266 3958: 3938: 3905: 3883: 3868: 3850: 3835: 3811: 3784: 3773: 3760: 3753: 3730: 3713: 3707:. p. 31. 3686: 3671: 3664: 3643: 3628: 3610: 3586: 3561: 3554: 3529: 3515: 3487: 3480: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3413:, ed. (2004). 3402: 3390: 3383: 3360: 3321:|journal= 3284: 3252: 3245: 3222: 3209: 3190: 3184:Chłodna Street 3174: 3162: 3150: 3143: 3123: 3116: 3096: 3089: 3069: 3049:Virtual Shtetl 3026: 3005: 2978: 2965: 2939: 2902: 2872:Virtual Shtetl 2848: 2836:978-1851684724 2835: 2803: 2747: 2720: 2713: 2693: 2651: 2612: 2584:Virtual Shtetl 2563: 2524: 2485: 2475: 2449: 2442: 2428:Gutman, Israel 2412: 2386:978-1680483529 2385: 2365: 2358: 2328: 2322:978-1473844254 2321: 2298: 2286: 2260: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2225:978-1107014268 2224: 2200: 2178: 2169: 2135:Israel Affairs 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2103: 2098: 2092: 2081: 2070: 2056: 2050: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1983: 1973: 1967: 1964:Henryk Iwański 1961: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1930: 1916: 1906: 1896: 1885:Roman Polanski 1872: 1866: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1832: 1826: 1819:Zivia Lubetkin 1816: 1810: 1804: 1781: 1778:Mietek Grocher 1775: 1765: 1759: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1722:Adolf Eichmann 1711: 1710: 1696: 1682: 1675:Rokhl Auerbakh 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1658:Yitzhak Suknik 1655: 1645: 1642:L. L. Zamenhof 1630:Lidia Zamenhof 1627: 1621: 1615: 1612:Gershon Sirota 1609: 1595: 1585: 1579: 1576:Janusz Korczak 1573: 1567: 1557: 1547: 1540:Paweł Frenkiel 1537: 1531: 1528: 1519: 1513: 1499: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1420: 1418: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1352: 1349: 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1216:Theresienstadt 1193:Sonderkommando 1188:Janusz Korczak 1168:(July 23) and 1084:Final Solution 1028: 1025: 995:war profiteers 982: 979: 947:Agudath Israel 937: 934: 880: 873: 872: 871: 866: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 853: 850: 804: 801: 723:Waldemar Schön 704: 701: 640:Ludwig Fischer 561:Main article: 546: 537: 536: 530: 529: 528: 518: 515: 491:EG IV and the 452:the depression 441:. Over 90% of 418: 415: 333: 332: 330: 329: 324: 315: 309: 307: 303: 302: 300: 299: 294: 288: 286: 282: 281: 279: 278: 275: 272: 269: 265: 263: 259: 258: 249: 245: 244: 231: 227: 226: 224: 223: 214: 204: 200:Einsatzgruppen 195: 190: 180: 178: 174: 173: 158: 154: 153: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 129: 128: 119: 112: 105: 98: 80: 76: 75: 61: 55: 54: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9173: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9136:Warsaw Ghetto 9134: 9133: 9131: 9107: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8888:Nazi eugenics 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8817:Topf and Sons 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8784:Collaborators 8781: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8722:Referat IV B4 8720: 8719: 8718: (RSHA) 8717: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8709:Schutzstaffel 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696:Organizations 8694: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8638:Romani people 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8591:Working Group 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8576:Kastner train 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8415: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8363:Kristallnacht 8360: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8146:Sanitätswesen 8143: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8109:Death marches 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7935:Extermination 7932: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7910:Sachsenhausen 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:Herzogenbusch 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7826:Bergen-Belsen 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7813:Concentration 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:United States 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7589:and colonies 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7492:The Holocaust 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7300:Kielce pogrom 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7265: 7260: 7258: 7253: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Stroop Report 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7058:Documentation 7055: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890:Marek Edelman 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776:Organizations 6774: 6765: 6760: 6758: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6677:Collaboration 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620:Organizations 6618: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:Eduard Lorenz 6564: 6562: 6561:Anton Lechner 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6546:Josef Kollmer 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Kurt Gerstein 6514: 6512: 6511:Hans Hoffmann 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6481:Juana Bormann 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6419:Erich Naumann 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Lothar Beutel 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6344:Jürgen Stroop 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314:Josef Blösche 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6288:Eduard Wirths 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:Josef Mengele 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Horst Fischer 6261: 6259: 6258:Karl Gebhardt 6256: 6254: 6253:Carl Clauberg 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225:Ludwig Plagge 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:Herbert Lange 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Kurt Bolender 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6167:Gustav Wagner 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:Franz Hössler 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6057:Karl Fritzsch 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6027:Wilhelm Boger 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Erwin Lambert 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:Wilhelm Koppe 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5921:Hermann Höfle 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Theodor Eicke 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Aktion Krakau 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5557:Bloody Sunday 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5479:Concentration 5476: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5427:Extermination 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295:The Holocaust 5293: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5153:Warsaw Ghetto 5151: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5087:0-312-31135-4 5083: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5039:83-901501-2-3 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4945:9780812825237 4941: 4937: 4933: 4932:Hilberg, Raul 4929: 4925: 4923:0-395-60199-1 4919: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825:Full text in 4822: 4820:0-906224-56-X 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4758: 4754: 4753:The News-Star 4750: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4719: 4717:9788393220281 4713: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4630:UMSW (2016). 4626: 4624: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4598:"Book review" 4592: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571:Jürgen Stroop 4566: 4559: 4558:The Holocaust 4553: 4545: 4533: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4498: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411:time capsules 4408: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4343:9780253342935 4339: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4328:Arad, Yitzhak 4323: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4287: 4283: 4281:0-312-15560-3 4277: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4258:, p. 94. 4257: 4252: 4246:, pp. 111 ff. 4245: 4241: 4238: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3981: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3942: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3869:9781476778501 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714:9789657265055 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3629:9780567342775 3625: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3606:0-8022-2486-5 3603: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3386: 3384:9781453203064 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3313: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3172:, p. 41. 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3080:The Holocaust 3073: 3066: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3016: 3008: 3006:9788301030421 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2951:Trunk, Isaiah 2946: 2944: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2845: 2843: 2839:. Hardcover. 2838: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2689: 2677: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2608:"Ghetto List" 2601: 2597: 2594:, as well as 2589: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2547: 2543: 2540:(in Polish). 2539: 2535: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2476:0-88125-630-7 2472: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2303: 2296:, p. 71. 2295: 2290: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2201:9788393220281 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2111: 2108:– gesture by 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095:Stroop Report 2093: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2040:secret police 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986:Irena Sendler 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1889:Kraków Ghetto 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869:Uri Shulevitz 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1853:Sol Rosenberg 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813:Morton Kamien 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739:Marek Edelman 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648:Nathalie Zand 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582:Simon Pullman 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1476:Umschlagplatz 1473: 1458: 1455: 1447: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1421:This section 1419: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1363:Próżna Street 1359: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1335:Jürgen Stroop 1332: 1328: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1232:Oyneg Shabbos 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127:Hermann Höfle 1125: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1105:Umschlagplatz 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1051:Umschlagplatz 1047: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 987: 978: 976: 972: 967: 966:Israel Gutman 963: 961: 957: 952: 948: 944: 933: 931: 926: 922: 921:Romani people 917: 913: 911: 910:soup kitchens 907: 903: 900:As a result, 898: 891: 877: 863: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 800: 798: 794: 788: 787: 786: 781: 777: 771: 769: 765: 761: 755: 752: 747: 743: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 721: 713: 709: 700: 698: 694: 691: 686: 680: 677: 673: 664: 656: 652: 649: 648:the Holocaust 645: 641: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 569: 564: 556: 553:for awaiting 552: 551: 550:Umschlagplatz 541: 534: 523: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499: 494: 490: 489: 488:Einsatzgruppe 484: 480: 476: 473:conducted 17 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 414: 411: 406: 405: 399: 395: 391: 388:territory of 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 354:, officially 353: 349: 345: 340: 339:Warsaw Ghetto 328: 325: 321: 320:Umschlagplatz 316: 314: 311: 310: 308: 304: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 287: 285:Documentation 283: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 264: 260: 257: 253: 250: 246: 243: 237: 236:Schutzstaffel 232: 230:Organizations 228: 220: 215: 211: 210: 205: 202: 201: 196: 194: 191: 187: 182: 181: 179: 175: 171: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 142:Incident type 140: 136: 132: 125: 120: 113: 106: 99: 95: 90: 89: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59:Also known as 56: 51: 47: 41: 36: 33:Warsaw Ghetto 31: 28: 24: 23: 9100:Yizkor books 8761: 8708: 8453: 8401:in Lithuania 8361: 8259: 8208: 8144: 8137: 8126: 8060: 8038: 8019: 8000: 7983: 7766:by Catholics 7635:Soviet Union 7503:By territory 7159: 7083:Höcker Album 7066:Nazi sources 6954:Victim lists 6920:Miles Lerman 6727:Trawniki men 6667:Hotel Polski 6576:Detlef Nebbe 6541:Oswald Kaduk 6536:Karl Jeschke 6414:Bruno Müller 6404:Felix Landau 6389:Ernst Damzog 6384:Karl Brunner 6353: 6329:Franz Konrad 6230:Adolf Theuer 6183:executioners 6162:Franz Stangl 6132:Robert Mulka 6102:Josef Kramer 6052:Karl Frenzel 6022:Richard Baer 6017:Hans Aumeier 6010:Camp command 5996:Otto Wächter 5876:Josef Bühler 5871:Viktor Brack 5857:Perpetrators 5776: 5449: 5291:Main article 5135: 5121:the original 5099: 5076: 5052: 5029: 5010:Ghetto Diary 5009: 4993:. Retrieved 4986:the original 4963: 4958: 4935: 4911: 4886: 4859: 4840:. Retrieved 4832: 4810: 4787: 4776:Bibliography 4763:December 12, 4761:. Retrieved 4752: 4743: 4726: 4707: 4701: 4692: 4682: 4670:. Retrieved 4666:The Guardian 4665: 4656: 4646:December 11, 4644:. Retrieved 4640:the original 4635: 4612:December 11, 4610:. Retrieved 4606:the original 4601: 4591: 4578: 4565: 4557: 4552: 4512: 4505: 4465: 4458: 4449: 4443: 4432: 4422: 4414: 4404: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4363:the original 4352: 4332: 4322: 4312:February 24, 4310:. Retrieved 4298: 4292:February 24, 4290:. Retrieved 4286:the original 4270: 4263: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4231:December 21, 4229:. Retrieved 4225:the original 4220: 4213: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4173: 4133:the original 4128:The Memorial 4127: 4117: 4108: 4098: 4062: 4059:(PDF / HTML) 4045: 4037: 4022: 4015: 3995: 3988: 3948: 3941: 3931:December 19, 3929:. Retrieved 3925:the original 3920: 3899: 3859: 3853: 3821: 3814: 3802:. Retrieved 3798:the original 3787: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3743: 3733: 3718: 3699: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3655: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3577:. Retrieved 3574:JDC Archives 3573: 3564: 3544: 3520:. Retrieved 3501: 3490: 3470: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3418: 3405: 3393: 3373: 3343: 3329: 3312:cite journal 3292:Yad Vashem. 3287: 3271: 3255: 3235: 3225: 3212: 3193: 3183: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3133: 3126: 3106: 3099: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3059:December 14, 3057:. Retrieved 3053:the original 3044: 3039: 2991: 2981: 2970: 2955: 2931:the original 2922: 2917: 2895:December 15, 2893:. Retrieved 2889:the original 2881: 2870: 2841: 2840: 2821: 2775:the original 2762: 2740:December 12, 2738:. Retrieved 2734:the original 2723: 2703: 2696: 2634: 2629: 2599: 2592:(in English) 2582: 2566: 2557: 2552:December 11, 2550:. Retrieved 2546:the original 2537: 2527: 2511: 2502: 2480: 2460: 2452: 2432: 2376:World War II 2375: 2368: 2349: 2311: 2289: 2214: 2206: 2191: 2181: 2172: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2113:Willy Brandt 2083: 2072: 1989: 1940: 1926: 1922: 1879: 1859:Simcha Rotem 1838: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:. Author of 1755: 1754:– editor of 1699:Adolf Berman 1550:Mira Fuchrer 1534:Paweł Finder 1525: 1505: 1492:Tosia Altman 1450: 1444:October 2020 1441: 1430:Please help 1425:verification 1422: 1390:Adolf Hitler 1383: 1368: 1354: 1324: 1277: 1273: 1230: 1228: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1138:Treblinka II 1135: 1117: 1103: 1100:resettlement 1091: 1077: 1066: 1049: 1036: 1007: 1002: 992: 974: 971:Tilar Mazzeo 964: 959: 955: 939: 918: 914: 902:black market 893: 806: 796: 790: 783: 773: 763: 756: 742:Nazi ghettos 734: 730: 727:attritionist 726: 719: 717: 683: 681: 676:Battalion 61 669: 637: 634:, March 1940 574: 555:death trains 548: 496: 486: 464: 423:World War II 420: 374:World War II 370:Nazi ghettos 338: 336: 177:Participants 157:Perpetrators 27: 21: 9106:Never again 8937:(Action T4) 8863:Remembrance 8648:Homosexuals 8618:Soviet POWs 8546:Częstochowa 8094:Gas chamber 7905:Ravensbrück 7846:Gross-Rosen 7841:Flossenbürg 7724:Philippines 7656:Yugoslavia 7615:Netherlands 7543:Sudetenland 7203:Gas chamber 7171:Concealment 7162:photographs 7009:Gross-Rosen 6978:Lviv (Lwów) 6940:Roza Robota 6844:Częstochowa 6476:Herta Bothe 6466:Hans Anhalt 6459:Camp guards 6399:Ludwig Hahn 6379:Paul Blobel 6319:Franz Bürkl 6309:Hans Biebow 6268:Fritz Klein 6205:Josef Klehr 6190:Erich Bauer 6181:Gas chamber 6127:Karl Möckel 6112:Maria Mandl 6087:Rudolf Höss 6072:Otto Hantke 5961:Oswald Pohl 5951:Ernst Lerch 5762:Stanisławów 5672:Częstochowa 5562:Bronna Góra 5492:Gross-Rosen 5487:Auschwitz I 4995:February 9, 4540:|work= 4493:|work= 4442:"Review of 4149:|work= 4109:Remembrance 3976:|work= 3579:October 10, 3522:January 25, 2794:|work= 2684:|work= 2604:(in Polish) 2403:|work= 2141:(1): 6–28. 2059:Ludwig Hahn 2014:Krasiński's 1891:) based on 1880:The Pianist 1829:Vladka Meed 1768:Martin Gray 1638:Esperantist 1386:ul. Miła 18 951:Bais Yaakov 890:Hunger Plan 768:Łódź Ghetto 688: [ 672:barbed wire 613:Food stamps 601:Jewish star 439:Stara Praga 427:Polish Jews 9130:Categories 9095:Yad Vashem 9075:Uniqueness 8930:Nisko Plan 8703:Nazi Party 8511:Resistance 8481:Ninth Fort 8346:Vel' d'Hiv 8118:Nazi units 8056:Westerbork 8046:Amersfoort 7900:Neuengamme 7881:Mauthausen 7861:Kaiserwald 7831:Buchenwald 7610:Luxembourg 6526:Irma Grese 6521:Paul Götze 6491:Luise Danz 6240:Physicians 6047:Kurt Franz 5896:Hans Frank 5864:Organizers 5808:Heidelager 4842:January 7, 4672:August 11, 4523:0823223906 4423:Das Ghetto 4415:Das Ghetto 4407:chronicled 4389:, Warsaw. 4033:0231528787 4006:0807825042 3836:0395601991 3754:0910818045 3555:0300138113 3481:0801489695 3246:0253205115 3144:0275976491 2966:080329428X 2817:Berg, Mary 2769:. Warsaw: 2714:0878204180 2641:. Warsaw: 2497:Yad Vashem 2443:0395901308 2237:References 2077:– book by 1970:Jan Karski 1893:his memoir 1823:Aliyah Bet 1467:Casualties 1241:Jan Karski 1171:Yom Kippur 1165:Tisha B'Av 1056:death camp 1008:Werkschutz 888:See also: 852:Conditions 644:Hans Frank 417:Background 9053:Education 8948:Aftermath 8860:Aftermath 8822:Trawnikis 8746:Wehrmacht 8741:Waffen-SS 8541:Białystok 8369:Bucharest 8341:Marseille 8218:Elsewhere 8179:Białystok 7991:Breendonk 7968:Treblinka 7821:Auschwitz 7605:Lithuania 7380:Memorials 7277:Aftermath 7044:Treblinka 6999:Auschwitz 6854:Treblinka 6839:Białystok 6827:Uprisings 6607:Treblinka 6452:Personnel 6220:Otto Moll 6210:Hans Koch 6062:Amon Göth 5793:Action T4 5757:Sosnowiec 5727:Nowy Sącz 5662:Białystok 5629:Szczuczyn 5577:Erntefest 5567:Bydgoszcz 5552:Białystok 5467:Treblinka 5343:Lithuania 5245:JewishGen 4884:(2013) . 4785:(1998) . 4542:ignored ( 4532:cite book 4495:ignored ( 4485:cite book 4151:ignored ( 4141:cite book 3978:ignored ( 3968:cite book 3878:928481017 3741:(1986) . 3638:741690863 3015:cite book 2796:ignored ( 2786:cite book 2686:ignored ( 2676:cite book 2661:1643-2312 2405:ignored ( 2395:cite book 2163:144134946 2155:1353-7121 2079:Leon Uris 2046:, led by 2002:socialist 1835:Uri Orlev 1685:Mary Berg 1669:Survivors 1602:Piaseczno 1331:Waffen-SS 1268:Waffen SS 735:Kommissar 483:Wehrmacht 471:Luftwaffe 460:Piłsudski 443:Catholics 378:Holocaust 344:‹See Tfd› 306:Memorials 252:Treblinka 219:Waffen-SS 147:Treblinka 109:Nowolipki 65:‹See Tfd› 9038:Academia 8491:Piaśnica 8461:Babi Yar 8389:Jedwabne 8328:Roundups 8261:Judenrat 8225:Budapest 7996:Mechelen 7958:Majdanek 7915:Stutthof 7876:Majdanek 7771:by Poles 7729:Portugal 7707:Response 7698:Timeline 7676:Overview 7538:Slovakia 7525:Bulgaria 7223:Zyklon B 7039:Trawniki 7034:Stutthof 7019:Majdanek 5767:Tarnopol 5707:Lubartów 5619:Jedwabne 5522:Trawniki 5512:Stutthof 5502:Potulice 5445:Majdanek 5363:Slovakia 5200:Archived 5172:Archived 5098:(1985). 5074:(2003). 5050:(2015). 5007:(2003). 4908:(1994). 4858:(2009). 4809:(1994). 4796:Archived 4583:Archived 4330:(1987). 4306:Archived 4054:(2009). 3845:29548576 3724:Amos 5:3 3720:Friedman 3697:(2007). 3683:. Wiley. 3427:Archived 3352:Archived 3335:(2005). 3301:Archived 3276:Archived 3263:(2005). 3233:(1989). 2953:(1972). 2665:Archived 2575:Archived 2516:Archived 2430:(1998). 2255:"Warsaw" 2212:(2015). 2065:and the 2036:Group 13 2025:See also 1929:, 1998). 1608:in 1943. 1327:Passover 1239:officer 1150:Majdanek 997:such as 975:Judenrat 820:and the 764:Ältester 751:Ältester 589:Judenrat 479:Żoliborz 413:ghetto. 376:and the 256:Majdanek 209:Trawniki 151:Majdanek 79:Location 9065:Lessons 8501:Rumbula 8374:Dorohoi 8355:Pogroms 8307:Victims 8157:Ghettos 8089:Gas van 8077:Methods 8051:Schoorl 8029:Bolzano 7977:Transit 7963:Sobibor 7953:Chełmno 7920:Vaivara 7856:Hinzert 7801:ghettos 7754:Vatican 7660:Croatia 7650:Ukraine 7640:Belarus 7630:Romania 7582:Hungary 7565:Germany 7555:Estonia 7550:Denmark 7520:Belgium 7515:Austria 7510:Albania 7208:Gas van 7024:Sobibór 6961:Ghettos 6868:Leaders 6849:Sobibor 6602:Sobibor 6595:By camp 5742:Siedlce 5649:Ghettos 5634:Tykocin 5606:Pogroms 5592:Palmiry 5517:Szebnie 5462:Sobibor 5440:Chełmno 5368:Ukraine 5353:Romania 5333:Germany 5323:Estonia 5318:Denmark 5313:Croatia 5308:Belgium 5303:Belarus 4693:Haaretz 4636:Judaica 3804:July 4, 3047:]. 2827:2–5, 38 2074:Mila 18 2044:Gestapo 2020:in 1943 1925:(1971; 1903:Kaliver 1863:Berihah 1506:Aniołek 1496:Gestapo 1154:Sobibór 1112:to the 1094:). The 1092:Kulmhof 1015:to the 897:gentile 830:Endecja 766:of the 744:across 624:Roundup 458:" post- 456:endecja 435:Powązki 431:Muranów 421:Before 400:during 372:during 262:Victims 186:Gestapo 170:Germany 102:Powązki 94:Muranów 8971:Bricha 8737:(Orpo) 8610:Others 8596:Żegota 8558:Rescue 8536:Warsaw 8496:Ponary 8406:Kaunas 8209:Warsaw 8194:Lublin 8184:Kraków 8171:Poland 8015:Drancy 7948:Belzec 7925:Warsaw 7836:Dachau 7744:Turkey 7739:Sweden 7665:Serbia 7645:Russia 7625:Poland 7620:Norway 7600:Latvia 7570:Greece 7560:France 7320:Trials 7295:Bricha 7029:Soldau 7014:Izbica 7004:Bełżec 6983:Warsaw 6968:Kraków 6808:Żegota 5777:Warsaw 5752:Słonim 5747:Sambor 5722:Mizocz 5712:Lublin 5687:Kraków 5682:Kielce 5677:Grodno 5657:Będzin 5639:Wąsosz 5615:(1946) 5613:Kielce 5527:Warsaw 5507:Soldau 5457:Belzec 5358:Russia 5348:Norway 5338:Latvia 5328:France 5136:Warsaw 5106: 5084: 5060: 5036: 5017: 4974: 4966:] 4942: 4920: 4894: 4866: 4817: 4714: 4520: 4473: 4393: 4340: 4278: 4204: 4069: 4030: 4003: 3956: 3876: 3866: 3843: 3833: 3751: 3711: 3662: 3636: 3626: 3604: 3552: 3513: 3507:99–104 3478: 3381: 3243: 3141: 3114: 3087: 3003: 2963: 2925:] 2833: 2711: 2659: 2649: 2637:] 2602: 2600:Gedeon 2590: 2473: 2440: 2383: 2356: 2319: 2222: 2198: 2161: 2153: 1980:Żegota 1958:Żegota 1799:, and 1707:CENTOS 1703:Zegota 1693:Pawiak 1652:Pawiak 1634:Baháʼí 1300:Żagiew 1220:Thrace 1199:Aktion 1152:, and 1146:Bełżec 960:Femina 956:Femina 925:typhus 485:, the 437:, and 382:German 362:Polish 348:German 240:(SS), 167: 83:Warsaw 69:German 9085:Humor 9058:Films 8755:Units 8486:Odesa 8336:Izieu 8250:Vilna 8235:Minsk 8230:Kovno 8204:Radom 8068:Sereď 7885:Gusen 7866:Kauen 7797:Camps 7734:Spain 7719:Japan 7593:Libya 7587:Italy 6992:Camps 6652:RKFDV 5772:Wilno 5737:Radom 5732:Pińsk 5667:Brest 5572:Dynów 5418:Camps 4989:(PDF) 4968:(PDF) 4962:[ 4799:(PDF) 4792:(PDF) 3355:(PDF) 3340:(PDF) 3304:(PDF) 3297:(PDF) 3279:(PDF) 3268:(PDF) 3043:[ 2934:(PDF) 2927:(PDF) 2921:[ 2778:(PDF) 2767:(PDF) 2668:(PDF) 2639:(PDF) 2633:[ 2519:(PDF) 2508:(PDF) 2159:S2CID 2119:Notes 1913:Irgun 1745:2003. 1224:Pirot 906:Joint 692:] 124:Mirów 8976:List 8731:(SD) 8711:(SS) 8394:Lviv 8379:Iași 8319:Jews 8240:Riga 8199:Lwów 8189:Łódź 8161:list 8010:Gurs 7883:and 7799:and 7435:List 6973:Łódź 6793:Bund 6657:VoMi 6647:WVHA 5702:Łódź 5692:Lwów 5624:Lviv 5104:ISBN 5082:ISBN 5058:ISBN 5034:ISBN 5015:ISBN 4997:2014 4972:ISBN 4940:ISBN 4918:ISBN 4892:ISBN 4864:ISBN 4844:2024 4815:ISBN 4765:2019 4712:ISBN 4674:2016 4648:2016 4614:2016 4544:help 4518:ISBN 4497:help 4471:ISBN 4391:ISBN 4338:ISBN 4314:2024 4294:2024 4276:ISBN 4233:2016 4202:ISBN 4178:via 4153:help 4067:ISBN 4028:ISBN 4001:ISBN 3980:help 3954:ISBN 3933:2016 3874:OCLC 3864:ISBN 3841:OCLC 3831:ISBN 3806:2019 3749:ISBN 3709:ISBN 3660:ISBN 3634:OCLC 3624:ISBN 3602:ISBN 3581:2019 3550:ISBN 3524:2008 3511:ISBN 3476:ISBN 3379:ISBN 3325:help 3241:ISBN 3139:ISBN 3112:ISBN 3085:ISBN 3061:2016 3021:link 3001:ISBN 2961:ISBN 2897:2016 2831:ISBN 2798:help 2742:2016 2709:ISBN 2688:help 2657:ISSN 2647:ISBN 2606:and 2554:2016 2471:ISBN 2438:ISBN 2407:help 2381:ISBN 2354:ISBN 2317:ISBN 2220:ISBN 2196:ISBN 2151:ISSN 1705:and 1689:Łódź 1369:The 1214:via 1180:Sipo 1178:and 1176:Orpo 1065:The 1041:1942 1035:The 840:and 465:The 337:The 248:Camp 242:RSHA 149:and 134:Date 8125:SS- 6818:ŻZW 6813:ŻOB 6803:PKB 6788:AOB 5243:at 2598:by 2581:by 2143:doi 1883:by 1434:by 1290:ŻZW 1280:ŻOB 213:men 9132:: 8062:sk 8040:nl 8022:it 8003:fr 7985:be 6798:GL 6783:AK 6719:/ 6715:, 6711:, 6707:, 6703:, 6699:, 6695:/ 6691:, 6631:SS 5140:— 4880:; 4854:; 4835:. 4831:. 4755:. 4751:. 4734:, 4691:. 4664:. 4622:^ 4600:. 4577:. 4573:. 4536:: 4534:}} 4530:{{ 4489:: 4487:}} 4483:{{ 4448:. 4403:. 4219:. 4183:. 4161:^ 4145:: 4143:}} 4139:{{ 4107:. 4081:^ 4061:. 4036:. 3972:: 3970:}} 3966:{{ 3919:. 3908:^ 3898:. 3886:^ 3872:. 3839:. 3829:. 3827:87 3717:. 3646:^ 3632:. 3589:^ 3572:. 3532:^ 3509:. 3499:. 3435:^ 3425:. 3417:. 3363:^ 3346:. 3342:. 3316:: 3314:}} 3310:{{ 3270:. 3202:. 3063:. 3029:^ 3017:}} 3013:{{ 2969:. 2942:^ 2905:^ 2875:. 2869:. 2851:^ 2829:. 2806:^ 2790:: 2788:}} 2784:{{ 2750:^ 2680:: 2678:}} 2674:{{ 2663:. 2655:. 2615:^ 2514:. 2510:. 2499:. 2488:^ 2469:. 2467:35 2415:^ 2399:: 2397:}} 2393:{{ 2331:^ 2301:^ 2263:^ 2245:^ 2157:. 2149:. 2139:14 2137:. 1935:– 1901:– 1795:, 1791:, 1770:– 1691:; 1632:– 1546:). 1347:. 1148:, 1119:SS 1023:. 962:. 836:, 816:, 782:, 762:, 699:. 690:pl 630:, 597:zł 513:. 433:, 364:: 350:: 254:, 85:, 71:: 9108:" 9104:" 8421:" 8417:" 8163:) 8159:( 7484:e 7477:t 7470:v 7437:) 7433:( 7263:e 7256:t 7249:v 6763:e 6756:t 6749:v 6723:) 6687:( 6643:) 6639:( 6633:) 6629:( 5844:e 5837:t 5830:v 5698:) 5694:( 5404:e 5397:t 5390:v 5273:e 5266:t 5259:v 5112:. 5090:. 5042:. 4948:. 4926:. 4900:. 4872:. 4846:. 4823:. 4767:. 4720:. 4695:. 4676:. 4650:. 4616:. 4546:) 4499:) 4446:" 4346:. 4316:. 4296:. 4235:. 4210:. 4187:. 4155:) 4009:. 3982:) 3962:. 3935:. 3880:. 3847:. 3808:. 3668:. 3640:. 3583:. 3558:. 3526:. 3484:. 3400:. 3387:. 3327:) 3323:( 3249:. 3206:. 3147:. 3120:. 3093:. 3023:) 2899:. 2879:. 2800:) 2744:. 2690:) 2505:" 2446:. 2409:) 2389:. 2362:. 2228:. 2204:. 2165:. 2145:: 1803:. 1636:- 1556:. 1512:. 1457:) 1451:( 1446:) 1442:( 1428:. 1292:( 1282:( 1121:- 1090:( 795:( 341:( 25:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index