37:
352:
265:
22:
2305:
2316:
1733:
197:, therefore a heat engine will always produce a surplus of low-temperature heat. This is commonly referred to as waste heat or "secondary heat", or "low-grade heat". This heat is useful for the majority of heating applications, however, it is sometimes not practical to transport heat energy over long distances, unlike electricity or fuel energy. The largest proportions of total waste heat are from
578:
estimates with different growth rates of anthropogenic heat that have been actualized recently show noticeable contributions to global warming, in the following centuries. For example, a 2% p.a. growth rate of waste heat resulted in a 3 degree increase as a lower limit for the year 2300. Meanwhile, this has been confirmed by more refined model calculations.
464:
system is used, also known as a
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system. Limitations to the use of by-product heat arise primarily from the engineering cost/efficiency challenges in effectively exploiting small temperature differences to generate other forms of energy. Applications utilizing waste heat
97:
Instead of being "wasted" by release into the ambient environment, sometimes waste heat (or cold) can be used by another process (such as using hot engine coolant to heat a vehicle), or a portion of heat that would otherwise be wasted can be reused in the same process if make-up heat is added to the
569:
created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The heat flux is not evenly distributed, with some regions higher than others, and significantly higher in certain urban areas. For example, global forcing from waste heat in 2005 was 0.028 W/m, but was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m for the continental United States
529:
defines it as "Heat released to the atmosphere as a result of human activities, often involving combustion of fuels. Sources include industrial plants, space heating and cooling, human metabolism, and vehicle exhausts. In cities this source typically contributes 15–50 W/m to the local heat balance,
577:
from waste heat is not normally calculated in state-of-the-art global climate simulations. Equilibrium climate experiments show statistically significant continental-scale surface warming (0.4–0.9 °C) produced by one 2100 AHF scenario, but not by current or 2040 estimates. Simple global-scale
530:
and several hundred W/m in the center of large cities in cold climates and industrial areas." In 2020, the overall anthropogenic annual energy release was 168,000 terawatt-hours; given the 5.1Ă—10 m surface area of Earth, this amounts to a global average anthropogenic heat release rate of 0.04 W/m.
138:
effect. The biggest point sources of waste heat originate from machines (such as electrical generators or industrial processes, such as steel or glass production) and heat loss through building envelopes. The burning of transport fuels is a major contribution to waste heat.
108:, which includes technologies both for short- and long-term retention of heat or cold, can create or improve the utility of waste heat (or cold). One example is waste heat from air conditioning machinery stored in a buffer tank to aid in night time heating. Another is
788:
One such promising alternative is radiative cooling, which is a ubiquitous process of losing surface heat through thermal radiation. Instead of releasing waste heat into ambient air as conventional cooling systems, radiative cooling passively discharges it into outer
112:(STES) at a foundry in Sweden. The heat is stored in the bedrock surrounding a cluster of heat exchanger equipped boreholes, and is used for space heating in an adjacent factory as needed, even months later. An example of using STES to use natural waste heat is the
261:, which allow power stations to maintain the low side of the temperature difference essential for conversion of heat differences to other forms of energy. Discarded or "waste" heat that is lost to the environment may instead be used to advantage.
2162:
737:
Although uptake may increase autonomously in the future, relying on air conditioning to deal with the risk is a potentially maladaptive solution, and it expels waste heat into the environment - thereby enhancing the urban heat island
684:
444:
instead of water. The benefit is that this process can reject heat at lower temperatures for the production of electricity than the regular water steam cycle. An example of use of the steam
1026:
Gunawan, A; Lin, CH; Buttry, DA; Mujica, V; Taylor, RA; Prasher, RS; Phelan, PE (2013). "Liquid thermoelectrics: review of recent and limited new data of thermogalvanic cell experiments".
704:
221:
systems are a source of waste heat by releasing waste heat into the outdoor ambient air whilst cooling indoor spaces. This expelling of waste heat from air conditioning can worsen the
642:
679:
257:
is defined as the ratio between the input and output energy. It is typically only 33% when disregarding usefulness of the heat output for building heat. The images show
509:
Waste heat can be forced to heat incoming fluids and objects before being highly heated. For instance, outgoing water can give its waste heat to incoming water in a
662:
2219:
942:
Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M (November 1999). "A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions: the passive system".
501:
systems, as these are operated at ambient temperatures and therefore even low-grade waste heat can be used without needing a heat pump at the producer side.
581:
A 2008 scientific paper showed that if anthropogenic heat emissions continue to rise at the current rate, they will become a source of warming as strong as
2155:
378:), so the heat is qualified as waste heat and rejected to the environment. Economically most convenient is the rejection of such heat to water from a
86:) than the original energy source. Sources of waste heat include all manner of human activities, natural systems, and all organisms, for example,
1402:
640:"Deliverable 10 - Sweden - Preliminary design of a seasonal heat storage for IGEIA – Integration of geothermal energy into industrial applications
1447:. 1st ed.: "Robert Döpel und sein Modell der globalen Erwärmung. Eine frühe Warnung - und die Aktualisierung." Universitätsverlag Ilmenau 2009,
411:
There are many different approaches to transfer thermal energy to electricity, and the technologies to do so have existed for several decades.
2140:
1225:
1140:
701:
313:
120:, Canada, which, by using a cluster of boreholes in bedrock for interseasonal heat storage, obtains 97 percent of its year-round heat from
1418:, "Ăśber die geophysikalische Schranke der industriellen Energieerzeugung." Wissenschaftl. Zeitschrift der Technischen Hochschule Ilmenau,
1987:
1388:
639:
1509:
Cowern, Nick E.B.; Ahn, Chihak (November 2008). "Thermal emissions and climate change: Cooler options for future energy technology".
316:
explains a data center is like a resistor and most of the energy it consumes is transformed into heat and requires cooling systems.
47:
from a dwelling interior with coolant, and transfer it to the dwelling exterior as waste. They emit additional heat in their use of
1116:
2249:
177:
In the majority of applications, energy is required in multiple forms. These energy forms typically include some combination of
1466:
1114:
Simone Buffa; et al. (2019), "5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe",
312:
For example, data centers use electronic components that consume electricity for computing, storage and networking. The French
1229:
2150:
1997:
1452:
394:
or air cooler to reject the waste heat into the atmosphere. In some cases it is possible to use waste heat, for instance in
2264:
418:
device, where a change in temperature across a semiconductor material creates a voltage through a phenomenon known as the
2007:
659:
2330:
2325:
1092:
1982:
1585:
725:
234:
305:
and other electronic components, represents a significant engineering challenge. This necessitates the use of fans,
2244:
2047:
2037:
1952:
1802:
1552:
1144:
526:
359:
109:
1296:
193:
running on a source of high-temperature heat. A heat engine can never have perfect efficiency, according to the
2381:
2145:
2022:
1977:
1069:
Quoilin, Sylvain; Broek, Martijn Van Den; Declaye, SĂ©bastien; Dewallef, Pierre; Lemort, Vincent (1 June 2013).
124:
on the garage roofs. Another STES application is storing winter cold underground, for summer air conditioning.
2042:
2002:
1967:
599:
594:
113:
1253:"Time scales and ratios of climate forcing due to thermal versus carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels"
2340:
2335:
2130:
2067:
2057:
1361:
711:, Effstock 2009 (11th International) - Thermal Energy Storage for Efficiency and Sustainability, Stockholm.
194:
148:
802:
751:
2254:
2224:
2077:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1807:
1625:
2371:
2108:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2032:
2012:
1842:
550:, or loss of evaporative cooling) that might contribute to urban heat islands are not considered to be
91:
2125:
2052:
2017:
1992:
538:
Anthropogenic heat is a small influence on rural temperatures, and becomes more significant in dense
449:
99:
1324:
497:
must be used to reach sufficient temperatures. These are an easy and cheap way to use waste heat in
2376:
619:
582:
269:
29:
2366:
2167:
1195:
1148:
917:
474:
272:. These transform chemical energy into 36–48% electricity and the remaining 52–64% to waste heat.
201:
and vehicle engines. The largest single sources are power stations and industrial plants such as
121:
87:
1444:
1427:
1423:
94:
generates high-temperature exhaust gases, and electronic components get warm when in operation.
2361:
1877:
1319:
429:, where a temperature difference gives rise to an electric current in an electrochemical cell.
105:
75:
752:"Colored passive daytime radiative cooling coatings based on dielectric and plasmonic spheres"
1677:
1657:
1396:
858:
498:
433:
250:
71:
2279:
2027:
1872:
1777:
1481:
1370:
1356:
1311:
1264:
1170:
1035:
998:
889:
824:
763:
669:, IDEA/CDEA District Energy/CHP 2011 Conference, Toronto, pp. 1–30, retrieved 21 April 2013
8:
2239:
1827:
1747:
1692:
1590:
1577:
1545:
1530:
1011:
986:
902:
877:
836:
775:
426:
254:
1485:
1374:
1315:
1268:
1039:
1002:
893:
828:
767:
36:
2309:
2284:
2229:
2135:
1924:
1894:
1610:
1514:
1337:
1221:
1051:
967:
840:
814:
779:
724:
Kovats, Sari; Brisley, Rachel (2021). Betts, R.A.; Howard, A.B.; Pearson, K.V. (eds.).
551:
302:
230:
90:
get hot, a refrigerator warms the room air, a building gets hot during peak hours, an
2188:
2118:
2113:
2098:
1889:
1857:
1852:
1832:
1772:
1697:
1448:
1419:
1055:
959:
844:
783:
609:
543:
222:
182:
154:
135:
493:. Depending on the temperature of the waste heat and the district heating system, a
2172:
2103:
1944:
1914:
1904:
1862:
1837:
1817:
1812:
1652:
1620:
1615:
1595:
1569:
1489:
1378:
1341:
1329:
1272:
1121:
1082:
1043:
1006:
971:
951:
897:
832:
771:
614:
490:
395:
351:
345:
337:
264:
218:
40:
25:
565:
are. In 2005, anthropogenic waste heat flux globally accounted for only 1% of the
2274:
2198:
1934:
1929:
1899:
1797:
1782:
1687:
1682:
1642:
1047:
955:
708:
688:
666:
646:
574:
390:. If sufficient cooling water is not available, the plant can be equipped with a
238:
226:
166:
162:
16:
Heat that is produced by a machine that uses energy, as a byproduct of doing work
1440:
1415:
21:
2386:
2320:
2193:
1867:
1847:
1757:
1717:
1605:
1538:
1162:
1126:
1087:
604:
562:
558:
510:
441:
419:
415:
363:
202:
198:
186:
2355:
2304:
2259:
1919:
1667:
478:
466:
445:
391:
355:
258:
74:. All such processes give off some waste heat as a fundamental result of the
1443:
and his Model of Global
Warming. An Early Warning – and its Update." (2013)
2203:
1909:
1787:
1767:
1712:
1070:
987:"Thermal management of thermoelectric generators for waste energy recovery"
963:
878:"Thermal management of thermoelectric generators for waste energy recovery"
803:"Passive sub-ambient cooling: radiative cooling versus evaporative cooling"
573:
Although waste heat has been shown to have influence on regional climates,
461:
333:
290:
286:
282:
237:, the latter of which sends waste heat directly to outer space through the
225:
effect. Waste heat from air conditioning can be reduced through the use of
2234:
1884:
1722:
1637:
1600:
1494:
1383:
1333:
1277:
1252:
566:
514:
470:
329:
206:
190:
48:
702:"Aquifer Thermal Energy Cold Storage System at Richard Stockton College"
127:
On a biological scale, all organisms reject waste heat as part of their
2289:
1632:
539:
525:
Anthropogenic heat is heat generated by humans and human activity. The
325:
128:
2269:
1822:
1561:
1354:
1166:
494:
306:
131:, and will die if the ambient temperature is too high to allow this.
78:. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower
440:, is a very known approach, whereby an organic substance is used as
1792:
1752:
1672:
819:
341:
1519:
301:
Although small in terms of power, the disposal of waste heat from
1762:
117:
83:
63:
1732:
1297:"Integrating anthropogenic heat flux with global climate models"
1707:
1662:
1071:"Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems"
547:
375:
374:
Low temperature heat contains very little capacity to do work (
79:
67:
1702:
1565:
437:
387:
328:. In warm conditions, this heat exceeds a level required for
189:. Often, these additional forms of energy are produced by a
158:
1357:"Impacts of anthropogenic heat on regional climate patterns"
733:
The Third UK Climate Change Risk
Assessment Technical Report
473:. In some cases, cooling can also be produced by the use of
51:
to power the devices that pass heat to and from the coolant.
1068:
801:
Aili, Ablimit; Yin, Xiaobo; Yang, Ronggui (February 2022).
383:
178:
59:
44:
1560:
735:. Prepared for the Climate Change Committee, London: 38.
379:
750:
Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Yan, Hongjie (November 2022).
1025:
324:
Humans, like all animals, produce heat as a result of
557:
Anthropogenic heat is a much smaller contributor to
2220:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1161:
941:
546:. Other human-caused effects (such as changes to
455:
2353:
984:
875:
726:"Health, Communities and the Built Environment"
134:Anthropogenic waste heat can contribute to the
1355:Block, A., K. Keuler, and E. Schaller (2004).
1294:
649:, pp. 38–56 and 72–76, retrieved 21 April 2013
1546:
1226:United States Environmental Protection Agency
723:
460:Waste of the by-product heat is reduced if a
229:building design and zero-energy methods like
1467:"Long-Term Global Heating from Energy Usage"
1401:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1113:
481:or CCHP (combined cooling, heat and power).
406:
800:
749:
1553:
1539:
1290:
1288:
179:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1518:
1508:
1493:
1382:
1323:
1276:
1125:
1086:
1010:
901:
818:
1464:
1196:"What is the Surface Area of the Earth?"
1117:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1075:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
350:
263:
35:
20:
2250:High-level radioactive waste management
1285:
533:
477:for example, in this case it is called
336:animals, and is disposed of by various
276:
142:
32:for waste heat from industrial systems.
2354:
997:(published 1 September 2021): 117291.
888:(published 1 September 2021): 117291.
863:U.S. Energy Information Administration
414:An established approach is by using a
1534:
1250:
786:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
520:
2265:Sewage regulation and administration
1012:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117291
903:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117291
847:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
837:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117909
776:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119125
719:
717:
1171:"Energy Production and Consumption"
1169:; Rosado, Pablo (27 October 2022).
1120:, vol. 104, pp. 504–522,
1095:from the original on 3 October 2016
1028:Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys Eng
918:"New Technologies' Wasted Energies"
681:Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps.
484:
244:
212:
13:
1232:from the original on 20 April 2009
859:"Annual Electric Generator Report"
570:and western Europe, respectively.
14:
2398:
1391:from the original on 6 June 2011.
714:
425:A related approach is the use of
293:are major sources of waste heat.
235:passive daytime radiative cooling
2315:
2314:
2303:
2245:Extended producer responsibility
1731:
638:Andersson, O.; Hägg, M. (2008),
542:areas. It is one contributor to
1803:Mechanical biological treatment
1502:
1458:
1433:
1409:
1348:
1244:
1214:
1188:
1155:
1133:
1107:
1062:
1019:
978:
935:
910:
700:Paksoy, H.; Stiles, L. (2009),
660:"Drake Landing Solar Community"
527:American Meteorological Society
436:, offered by companies such as
360:Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station
309:, etc. to dispose of the heat.
110:seasonal thermal energy storage
1426:, Bd. 19 (1973, H.2), 37-52. (
1222:"Heat Island Effect: Glossary"
869:
851:
794:
743:
694:
672:
652:
632:
504:
456:Cogeneration and trigeneration
296:
281:Industrial processes, such as
169:produce heat as a by-product.
1:
678:Wong B., Thornton J. (2013).
625:
600:Heat recovery steam generator
595:Cost of electricity by source
319:
114:Drake Landing Solar Community
66:, or other process that uses
1362:Geophysical Research Letters
1257:Geophysical Research Letters
1048:10.1080/15567265.2013.776149
985:Fernández-Yáñez, P. (2021).
956:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.5.1957
876:Fernández-Yáñez, P. (2021).
658:Wong, Bill (June 28, 2011),
195:second law of thermodynamics
149:Second law of thermodynamics
7:
2255:History of waste management
991:Applied Thermal Engineering
882:Applied Thermal Engineering
807:Applied Thermal Engineering
756:Applied Thermal Engineering
588:
513:before heating in homes or
369:
10:
2403:
1843:fluorescent lamp recycling
1127:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059
1088:10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.028
489:Waste heat can be used in
172:
146:
92:internal combustion engine
70:, as a byproduct of doing
30:use a regenerative process
2298:
2212:
2181:
2091:
1943:
1740:
1729:
1576:
1141:"Glossary of Meteorology"
450:Cyclone Waste Heat Engine
407:Conversion to electricity
100:heat recovery ventilation
2225:China's waste import ban
1465:Chaisson, E. J. (2008).
1251:Zhang, Xiaochun (2015).
691:Renewable Heat Workshop.
620:Waste heat recovery unit
475:absorption refrigerators
270:coal-fired power station
122:solar thermal collectors
88:incandescent light bulbs
1586:Agricultural wastewater
1295:Flanner, M. G. (2009).
401:
2310:Environment portal
1988:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1878:water recycling shower
366:
273:
106:Thermal energy storage
76:laws of thermodynamics
62:that is produced by a
52:
33:
2382:Atmospheric radiation
1678:Municipal solid waste
1658:Industrial wastewater
645:11 April 2020 at the
585:in the 21st century.
499:cold district heating
434:organic Rankine cycle
358:evaporating water at
354:
267:
251:electrical efficiency
39:
24:
1873:water heat recycling
1778:Garden waste dumping
1495:10.1029/2008eo280001
1384:10.1029/2004GL019852
1334:10.1029/2008GL036465
1278:10.1002/2015GL063514
1151:on 26 February 2009.
554:by this definition.
534:Environmental impact
427:thermogalvanic cells
277:Industrial processes
255:thermal power plants
143:Conversion of energy
2240:Eco-industrial park
1828:appliance recycling
1748:Anaerobic digestion
1693:Post-consumer waste
1591:Biodegradable waste
1486:2008EOSTr..89..253C
1375:2004GeoRL..3112211B
1316:2009GeoRL..36.2801F
1269:2015GeoRL..42.4548Z
1040:2013NMTE...17..304G
1003:2021AppTE.19617291F
894:2021AppTE.19617291F
829:2022AppTE.20217909A
768:2022AppTE.21619125C
231:evaporative cooling
129:metabolic processes
2285:Waste minimisation
2230:Cleaner production
1895:Reusable packaging
1808:Mechanical sorting
1611:Construction waste
1304:Geophys. Res. Lett
1202:. 11 February 2017
707:2014-01-12 at the
687:2013-10-15 at the
665:2016-03-04 at the
552:anthropogenic heat
544:urban heat islands
521:Anthropogenic heat
367:
274:
53:
34:
2372:Energy conversion
2349:
2348:
2280:Waste legislation
2189:Sanitation worker
2163:London Convention
2099:Bamako Convention
1890:Resource recovery
1858:textile recycling
1853:plastic recycling
1833:battery recycling
1773:Ecological design
1698:Radioactive waste
1453:978-3-939473-50-3
1263:(11): 4548–4555.
1175:Our World in Data
865:. 1 January 2018.
610:Thermal pollution
223:urban heat island
183:mechanical energy
155:converting energy
136:urban heat island
26:Thermal oxidizers
2394:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2173:OSPAR Convention
2104:Basel Convention
1915:Waste collection
1905:Sewage treatment
1863:timber recycling
1838:bottle recycling
1818:Reclaimed lumber
1813:Photodegradation
1735:
1653:Industrial waste
1621:Electronic waste
1616:Demolition waste
1596:Biomedical waste
1570:waste management
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1437:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1327:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:. Archived from
1137:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
982:
976:
975:
944:J. Appl. Physiol
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
914:
908:
907:
905:
873:
867:
866:
855:
849:
848:
822:
798:
792:
791:
747:
741:
740:
730:
721:
712:
698:
692:
676:
670:
656:
650:
636:
615:Urban metabolism
563:greenhouse gases
491:district heating
485:District heating
396:district heating
340:methods such as
338:thermoregulation
245:Power generation
219:air conditioning
213:Air conditioning
102:in a building).
98:system (as with
41:Air conditioning
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2377:Climate forcing
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2321:Category: Waste
2302:
2294:
2275:Waste hierarchy
2208:
2199:Waste collector
2177:
2168:Oslo Convention
2087:
1939:
1935:Waste-to-energy
1930:Waste treatment
1900:Right to repair
1798:Landfill mining
1783:Illegal dumping
1736:
1727:
1688:Packaging waste
1683:Open defecation
1643:Hazardous waste
1572:
1559:
1529:
1528:
1507:
1503:
1480:(28): 253–260.
1469:
1463:
1459:
1438:
1434:
1414:
1410:
1394:
1393:
1353:
1349:
1325:10.1.1.689.5935
1299:
1293:
1286:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1220:
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728:
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715:
709:Wayback Machine
699:
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689:Wayback Machine
677:
673:
667:Wayback Machine
657:
653:
647:Wayback Machine
637:
633:
628:
591:
575:climate forcing
536:
523:
507:
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458:
409:
404:
372:
322:
299:
279:
247:
239:infrared window
227:passive cooling
215:
175:
167:electric energy
163:mechanical work
151:
145:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2400:
2390:
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2367:Thermodynamics
2364:
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2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Street sweeper
2191:
2185:
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2178:
2176:
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2159:
2158:
2153:
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2121:
2106:
2101:
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2078:United Kingdom
2075:
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2055:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
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1995:
1990:
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1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
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1941:
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1932:
1927:
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1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:tire recycling
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:land recycling
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
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1765:
1760:
1758:Biodegradation
1755:
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1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1730:
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1726:
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1718:Surface runoff
1715:
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1685:
1680:
1675:
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1655:
1650:
1645:
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1630:
1629:
1628:
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1613:
1608:
1606:Chemical waste
1603:
1598:
1593:
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1582:
1580:
1574:
1573:
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1557:
1550:
1543:
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1511:Cowern Science
1501:
1457:
1432:
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1369:(12): L12211.
1347:
1284:
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1213:
1200:Universe Today
1187:
1154:
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1018:
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950:(5): 1957–72.
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909:
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605:Pinch analysis
602:
597:
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587:
559:global warming
535:
532:
522:
519:
511:heat exchanger
506:
503:
486:
483:
457:
454:
442:working medium
420:Seebeck effect
416:thermoelectric
408:
405:
403:
400:
371:
368:
364:United Kingdom
356:Cooling towers
321:
318:
298:
295:
278:
275:
259:cooling towers
246:
243:
214:
211:
203:oil refineries
199:power stations
187:electric power
174:
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43:units extract
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2260:Landfill fire
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2117:
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2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:EU directives
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
2096:
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2090:
2084:
2083:United States
2081:
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2026:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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1994:
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1954:
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1920:Waste sorting
1918:
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1898:
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1668:Marine debris
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1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:(2): L02801.
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1037:
1034:(4): 304–23.
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586:
584:
583:GHG emissions
579:
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571:
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560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
528:
518:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
482:
480:
479:trigeneration
476:
472:
468:
467:swimming pool
463:
453:
451:
447:
446:Rankine cycle
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
412:
399:
397:
393:
392:cooling tower
389:
385:
381:
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365:
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331:
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224:
220:
217:Conventional
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
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188:
184:
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170:
168:
164:
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157:contained in
156:
150:
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137:
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125:
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119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
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69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2213:Other topics
2204:Waste picker
2131:incineration
1910:Urban mining
1788:Incineration
1768:Durable good
1713:Sharps waste
1673:Mining waste
1647:
1510:
1504:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1441:Robert Döpel
1439:H. Arnold, "
1435:
1411:
1397:cite journal
1366:
1360:
1350:
1307:
1303:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1157:
1149:the original
1135:
1115:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1078:
1074:
1064:
1031:
1027:
1021:
994:
990:
980:
947:
943:
937:
925:. Retrieved
921:
912:
885:
881:
871:
862:
853:
810:
806:
796:
787:
759:
755:
745:
736:
732:
696:
680:
674:
654:
634:
580:
572:
556:
537:
524:
515:power plants
508:
488:
469:heating and
462:cogeneration
459:
431:
424:
413:
410:
373:
334:warm-blooded
323:
311:
300:
291:glass making
287:steel making
283:oil refining
280:
248:
216:
176:
152:
133:
126:
104:
96:
55:
54:
18:
2235:Downcycling
2182:Occupations
2151:waste water
2048:Switzerland
2038:South Korea
2028:New Zealand
1953:Afghanistan
1925:Waste trade
1885:Repurposing
1723:Toxic waste
1703:Scrap metal
1638:Green waste
1601:Brown waste
1578:Major types
1081:: 168–186.
567:energy flux
505:Pre-heating
471:paper mills
330:homeostasis
297:Electronics
207:steelmaking
191:heat engine
49:electricity
2356:Categories
2290:Zero waste
2092:Agreements
2023:Kazakhstan
1978:Bangladesh
1763:Composting
1648:Heat waste
1633:Food waste
1626:by country
1167:Roser, Max
820:2107.04151
813:: 117909.
762:: 119125.
626:References
326:metabolism
320:Biological
303:microchips
147:See also:
82:or higher
56:Waste heat
2270:Upcycling
2136:landfills
2126:framework
2119:Recycling
2114:batteries
2043:Sri Lanka
2003:Hong Kong
1968:Australia
1945:Countries
1823:Recycling
1741:Processes
1562:Biosolids
1520:0811.0476
1424:0043-6917
1320:CiteSeerX
1056:120138941
922:CNRS News
845:235790365
784:251420566
495:heat pump
398:systems.
307:heatsinks
153:Machines
2331:Journals
2146:vehicles
2068:Thailand
2058:Tanzania
1793:Landfill
1753:Balefill
1416:R. Döpel
1389:Archived
1230:Archived
1228:. 2009.
1206:24 March
1180:24 March
1093:Archived
964:10562642
705:Archived
685:Archived
663:Archived
643:Archived
589:See also
465:include
370:Disposal
342:sweating
209:plants.
1998:Georgia
1973:Belgium
1963:Armenia
1958:Albania
1482:Bibcode
1371:Bibcode
1342:8371380
1312:Bibcode
1265:Bibcode
1236:6 April
1036:Bibcode
999:Bibcode
972:5751821
890:Bibcode
825:Bibcode
764:Bibcode
738:effect.
448:is the
346:panting
173:Sources
118:Alberta
84:entropy
64:machine
2319:
2073:Turkey
2063:Taiwan
2033:Russia
2013:Israel
1983:Brazil
1708:Sewage
1663:Litter
1568:, and
1451:
1445:online
1428:online
1422:
1340:
1322:
1054:
970:
962:
927:6 July
843:
789:space.
782:
548:albedo
376:Exergy
80:exergy
68:energy
2387:Waste
2336:Lists
2326:Index
2053:Syria
2018:Japan
2008:India
1993:Egypt
1566:waste
1515:arXiv
1470:(PDF)
1338:S2CID
1300:(PDF)
1099:7 May
1052:S2CID
968:S2CID
841:S2CID
815:arXiv
780:S2CID
729:(PDF)
561:than
540:urban
438:Ormat
388:river
159:fuels
2156:WEEE
2141:RoHS
1449:ISBN
1420:ISSN
1403:link
1238:2009
1208:2023
1182:2023
1101:2018
960:PMID
929:2018
432:The
402:Uses
384:lake
344:and
314:CNRS
249:The
233:and
205:and
185:and
72:work
60:heat
45:heat
28:can
1490:doi
1474:Eos
1379:doi
1330:doi
1273:doi
1145:AMS
1122:doi
1083:doi
1044:doi
1007:doi
995:196
952:doi
898:doi
886:196
833:doi
811:202
772:doi
760:216
386:or
380:sea
332:in
289:or
253:of
165:or
161:to
116:in
58:is
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
