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chemical parameters at a defined point along the water column. The water column is the largest, yet one of the most under-explored, habitats on the planet; it is explored to better understand the ocean as a whole, including the huge biomass that lives there and its importance to the global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Studying the water column also provides understanding on the links between living organisms and environmental parameters, large-scale water circulation and the transfer of matter between water masses.
900:
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known to contain animals found nowhere else on earth. It is also abundant in minerals frequently used in manufacturing. The bottom at these depths accounts for about one-third of the planet's seafloor. The sheer size of this area, coupled with the challenges of descending to depths where water pressure can reach 600 atmospheres, makes exploration difficult—but by no means impossible.
271:. In these trenches, the temperature is just above freezing, and the water pressure is enormous. For example, the hadopelagic zone extends into the ocean's deepest trench, the Mariana Trench, located in the western Pacific Ocean basin, with a maximum depth of nearly 11,000 meters. At that depth, the water column above is exerting a pressure of over one thousand atmospheres.
196:
other organisms, the photic zone is home to vital communities of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and algae. These primary producers become the food source for hundreds of other organisms such as sharks, stingrays, tuna, and sea turtles. The epipelagic zone is incredibly important due to its productivity and ability to help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
218:, at depths generally between 200 and 1,000 m (656 and 3,280 ft). The mesopelagic zone receives very little sunlight and is home to many bioluminescent organisms. Because food is scarce in this region, most mesopelagic organisms migrate to the surface to feed at night or live off the falling detritus from the epipelagic ecosystem.
195:
zone, otherwise known as the sunlit zone or the euphotic zone, goes to a depth of about 200 meters (656 feet). It is the depth of water to which sunlight is able to penetrate. Although it is only 2 to 3 percent of the entire ocean, the epipelagic zone is home to a massive number of organisms. Among
46:
is a concept used in oceanography to describe the physical (temperature, salinity, light penetration) and chemical (pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient salts) characteristics of seawater at different depths for a defined geographical point. Generally, vertical profiles are made of temperature, salinity,
247:
zone is the portion of the ocean deeper than about 4,000 m (13,000 feet) and shallower than about 6,000 m (20,000 feet). The zone is defined mainly by its extremely uniform environmental conditions, as reflected in the distinct life forms inhabiting it. The abyss is largely unexplored, but it is
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zone extends from about 1000 to 4000 meters below the surface. The bathypelagic zone receives no sunlight and water pressure is considerable. The abundance and diversity of marine life decreases with depth through this and the lower zones.
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zone, refers to depths below 6000 meters, which occur mostly in the deep ocean trenches. The term hadal is a reference to the Greek god of the underworld
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or mixing of thermal or chemically stratified layers in a lake, stream or ocean. Some of the common parameters analyzed in the water column are
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This article is about the division of different water depths in the ocean. For the railroad device, see
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333:"Why do we explore the water column?: Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
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103:(from Greek Ď€Îλαγος (pĂ©lagos), 'open sea')—from the surface to below the floor.
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to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by
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Conceptual column of water from the surface to the bottom of a body of water
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to describe the vertical space through which divers ascend and descend.
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Descriptively, the deep sea water column is divided into five parts—
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404:"The 5 Ocean Zones And The Creatures That Live Within Them"
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524:"Depth Zones | manoa.hawaii.edu/ExploringOurFluidEarth"
59:
210:
zone is a layer of the oceanic zone lying beneath the
500:"Abyssal Zone - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
365:"Sunlit Zone - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
452:"Definition of bathypelagic zone | Dictionary.com"
1529:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
428:"Definition of mesopelagic zone | Dictionary.com"
2786:
2682:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
2308:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1519:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1840:
571:
2458:List of commercially important fish species
2303:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
1854:
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2430:Regional fishery management organisation
33:
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850:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
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476:"Abyssal zone | geology | Britannica"
27:. For the pressurisation device, see
2313:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
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298:
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121:
90:and a wide variety of chemicals and
2488:Future of Marine Animal Populations
2365:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
2355:Monitoring control and surveillance
388:Foulds, David (November 22, 2019).
50:Water columns are used chiefly for
23:. For the unit of measurement, see
13:
1677:National Oceanographic Data Center
1104:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
992:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
14:
2816:
2687:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
2420:National Marine Fisheries Service
2415:European Fisheries Control Agency
1524:Global Sea Level Observing System
544:
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2079:
1896:Population dynamics of fisheries
1807:
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1787:
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982:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
898:
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390:"What Lives in the Photic Zone?"
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126:
117:
2617:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
2473:Environmental impact of fishing
1712:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1435:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
516:
343:from the original on 2023-03-22
314:from the original on 2023-02-22
221:
2591:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1951:Otolith microchemical analysis
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2586:European Environmental Agency
2576:Grey nurse shark conservation
2483:Destructive fishing practices
1981:Pop-up satellite archival tag
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184:
144:Pelagic_zone#Depth_and_layers
2566:Marine conservation activism
2016:Climate change and fisheries
972:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
942:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
698:Luke's variational principle
281:Hydrological transport model
7:
274:
140:the scope of other articles
10:
2821:
2612:Marine Stewardship Council
2405:EU Common Fisheries Policy
1037:Ocean dynamical thermostat
885:
18:
2766:Glossary of fishery terms
2761:Index of fishing articles
2751:
2700:
2599:
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2478:Fishing down the food web
2453:Maximum sustainable yield
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2011:Match/mismatch hypothesis
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1572:Ocean acoustic tomography
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1385:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1343:
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977:General circulation model
907:
613:Benjamin–Feir instability
593:
110:is also commonly used in
2652:Save Our Seas Foundation
2385:Individual fishing quota
2360:Vessel monitoring system
2006:Hydrographic containment
1702:Ocean surface topography
1077:Thermohaline circulation
1067:Subsurface ocean current
1007:Hydrothermal circulation
840:Wave–current interaction
618:Boussinesq approximation
2298:Exclusive economic zone
1976:GIS and aquatic science
1931:Standard weight in fish
1739:Sea surface temperature
1722:Outline of oceanography
917:Atmospheric circulation
855:shallow water equations
845:Waves and shallow water
738:Significant wave height
2527:Turtle excluder device
2200:Shoaling and schooling
1734:Sea surface microlayer
1099:Wind generated current
337:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
80:total dissolved solids
39:
2795:Environmental science
2551:Marine protected area
2425:Regional fishery body
2051:Census of Marine Life
1946:Catch per unit effort
1567:Deep scattering layer
1549:World Geodetic System
1057:Princeton Ocean Model
937:Coriolis–Stokes force
587:Physical oceanography
158:splitting the content
152:and help introduce a
52:environmental studies
38:Deep sea water column
37:
2390:Minimum landing size
2350:Fisheries management
2325:Magnuson–Stevens Act
2320:Fisheries Convention
2071:Fisheries scientists
1587:Underwater acoustics
1147:Perigean spring tide
1012:Langmuir circulation
723:Rossby-gravity waves
551:Water column ecology
72:hydrostatic pressure
2667:Defying Ocean's End
2571:Salmon conservation
2561:Marine conservation
2501:The End of the Line
2494:The Sunken Billions
2463:Sustainable seafood
2448:Sustainable fishery
2061:Fisheries databases
1991:Age class structure
1961:Fisheries acoustics
1749:Science On a Sphere
1355:Convergent boundary
1027:Modular Ocean Model
987:Geostrophic current
703:Mild-slope equation
160:into a new article.
2756:Outline of fishing
2375:Fisheries observer
2026:Aquatic ecosystems
1405:Seafloor spreading
1395:Outer trench swell
1360:Divergent boundary
1260:Continental margin
1245:Carbonate platform
1142:Lunitidal interval
480:www.britannica.com
456:www.dictionary.com
432:www.dictionary.com
304:"The water column"
150:discuss this issue
40:
2805:Fisheries science
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2738:Threatened sharks
2637:Ocean Conservancy
2622:Friend of the Sea
2252:
2251:
2248:
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2160:Lobster fisheries
2105:Diversity of fish
1901:Shifting baseline
1870:Fisheries science
1822:
1821:
1814:Oceans portal
1774:World Ocean Atlas
1764:Underwater glider
1707:Ocean temperature
1370:Hydrothermal vent
1335:Submarine volcano
1270:Continental shelf
1250:Coastal geography
1240:Bathymetric chart
1122:Amphidromic point
810:Wave nonlinearity
668:Infragravity wave
216:bathypelagic zone
175:
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2718:Marine pollution
2522:Cetacean bycatch
2517:Incidental catch
2337:
2283:
2282:
2258:
2257:
2225:Humboldt current
2083:
2001:Trophic cascades
1941:Data storage tag
1926:Fish measurement
1921:Stock assessment
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1729:Pelagic sediment
1667:Marine pollution
1461:Deep ocean water
1330:Submarine canyon
1265:Continental rise
1157:Rule of twelfths
1072:Sverdrup balance
1002:Humboldt Current
927:Boundary current
902:
891:
708:Radiation stress
678:Iribarren number
653:Equatorial waves
608:Ballantine scale
603:Airy wave theory
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2743:Threatened rays
2723:Mercury in fish
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2581:Shark sanctuary
2539:
2436:
2370:Catch reporting
2338:
2329:
2277:
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2150:Krill fisheries
2115:Coral reef fish
2100:Ocean fisheries
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1916:Condition index
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1534:Sea-level curve
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1430:Transform fault
1380:Mid-ocean ridge
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1305:Oceanic plateau
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1197:Tidal resonance
1167:Theory of tides
1108:
1017:Longshore drift
967:Ekman transport
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835:Wave turbulence
768:Trochoidal wave
693:Longshore drift
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2701:Related issues
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2165:Shrimp fishery
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2155:Kelp fisheries
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1971:Coded wire tag
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1911:Fish mortality
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1375:Marine geology
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1357:
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1341:
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1317:
1315:Passive margin
1312:
1310:Oceanic trench
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932:Coriolis force
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753:Stokes problem
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688:Kinematic wave
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635:
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545:External links
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56:stratification
42:The (oceanic)
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2728:Shark culling
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2657:Sea Around Us
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2632:Seafood Watch
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2533:Shrimp-Turtle
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2395:Pulse fishing
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2293:Fisheries law
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2145:Eel fisheries
2143:
2141:
2138:
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2135:Cod fisheries
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Demersal fish
2118:
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2108:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
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1996:Trophic level
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1964:
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1927:
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1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Marine energy
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1655:
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1642:
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1630:
1629:Acidification
1627:
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1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
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1582:SOFAR channel
1580:
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1390:Oceanic crust
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1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Fracture zone
1363:
1361:
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1348:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
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1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:Oceanic basin
1298:
1296:
1293:
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1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
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1256:
1253:
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1243:
1241:
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1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:Abyssal plain
1228:
1226:
1223:
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1198:
1195:
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1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Internal tide
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
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1032:Ocean current
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968:
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948:
945:
943:
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938:
935:
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928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
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914:
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906:
901:
890:
878:
875:
874:
873:
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868:
865:
863:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:Wave shoaling
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:Ursell number
788:
786:
783:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:Internal wave
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:Breaking wave
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
558:
552:
549:
548:
529:
525:
519:
505:
504:www.whoi.edu/
501:
495:
481:
477:
471:
457:
453:
447:
433:
429:
423:
409:
405:
399:
391:
384:
370:
369:www.whoi.edu/
366:
360:
358:
342:
338:
334:
328:
313:
309:
305:
299:
297:
292:
282:
279:
278:
272:
270:
266:
262:
260:
249:
246:
245:
244:abyssopelagic
237:Abyssopelagic
234:
231:
230:
219:
217:
213:
209:
208:
197:
194:
193:
182:
180:
179:pelagic zones
169:
159:
155:
154:summary style
151:
145:
141:
139:
135:This section
133:
124:
123:
118:Pelagic zones
115:
113:
109:
104:
102:
101:
100:pelagic zones
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
45:
36:
30:
26:
25:Inch of water
22:
2544:Conservation
2532:
2499:
2492:
2275:conservation
2230:Algal blooms
2215:Water column
2214:
2130:Pelagic fish
2110:Coastal fish
2056:OSTM/Jason-2
2031:Bioeconomics
1966:Acoustic tag
1936:Fish counter
1769:Water column
1768:
1717:Oceanography
1692:Observations
1687:Explorations
1657:Marginal sea
1650:
1608:OSTM/Jason-2
1440:Volcanic arc
1415:Slab suction
1132:Head of tide
1022:Loop Current
962:Ekman spiral
748:Stokes drift
658:Gravity wave
633:Cnoidal wave
531:. Retrieved
527:
518:
507:. Retrieved
503:
494:
483:. Retrieved
479:
470:
459:. Retrieved
455:
446:
435:. Retrieved
431:
422:
411:. Retrieved
407:
398:
383:
372:. Retrieved
368:
345:. Retrieved
336:
327:
316:. Retrieved
307:
268:
264:
257:
255:
242:
240:
229:bathypelagic
227:
225:
222:Bathypelagic
215:
211:
205:
203:
190:
188:
176:
163:
136:
112:scuba diving
108:water column
107:
105:
98:
96:
49:
44:water column
43:
41:
2468:Overfishing
2380:Catch share
2210:Marine snow
2195:Sardine run
2180:Fish screen
2175:Fish ladder
2125:Forage fish
1759:Thermocline
1476:Mesopelagic
1449:Ocean zones
1420:Slab window
1285:Hydrography
1225:Abyssal fan
1192:Tidal range
1182:Tidal power
1177:Tidal force
1062:Rip current
997:Gulf Stream
957:Ekman layer
947:Downwelling
922:Baroclinity
909:Circulation
805:Wave height
795:Wave action
778:megatsunami
758:Stokes wave
718:Rossby wave
683:Kelvin wave
663:Green's law
259:hadopelagic
252:Hadopelagic
207:mesopelagic
200:Mesopelagic
68:temperature
29:water tower
21:water crane
2789:Categories
2692:Greenpeace
2400:Slot limit
2343:Management
2267:management
2235:Dead zones
2190:Salmon run
2170:Eel ladder
2066:Institutes
1906:Fish stock
1697:Reanalysis
1596:Satellites
1577:Sofar bomb
1425:Subduction
1400:Ridge push
1295:Ocean bank
1275:Contourite
1202:Tide gauge
1187:Tidal race
1172:Tidal bore
1162:Slack tide
1127:Earth tide
1047:Ocean gyre
867:Wind setup
862:Wind fetch
825:Wave setup
820:Wave radar
815:Wave power
713:Rogue wave
643:Dispersion
533:2023-02-22
509:2023-02-22
485:2023-02-22
461:2023-02-22
437:2023-02-22
413:2023-02-22
408:Cape Clasp
374:2023-02-22
347:2023-02-22
318:2023-02-22
287:References
192:epipelagic
185:Epipelagic
138:duplicates
84:pesticides
82:, various
2800:Hydrology
2662:WorldFish
2627:SeaChoice
2240:Fish kill
2220:Upwelling
2185:Migration
2092:fisheries
1886:Fisheries
1559:Acoustics
1511:Sea level
1410:Slab pull
1347:tectonics
1255:Cold seep
1217:Landforms
1094:Whirlpool
1089:Upwelling
872:Wind wave
800:Wave base
728:Sea state
648:Edge wave
638:Cross sea
308:Geo-Ocean
166:July 2024
106:The term
88:pathogens
64:turbidity
2672:HERMIONE
2600:Advocacy
2512:Discards
2046:FishBase
2036:EconMult
1986:EcoSCOPE
1792:Category
1744:Seawater
1471:Littoral
1466:Deep sea
1325:Seamount
1207:Tideline
1152:Rip tide
1082:shutdown
1052:Overflow
785:Undertow
628:Clapotis
341:Archived
312:Archived
275:See also
76:salinity
2708:CalCOFI
2677:PROFISH
2607:FishAct
2507:Bycatch
2041:Ecopath
1956:Biomass
1888:science
1856:Fishery
1802:Commons
1672:Mooring
1622:Related
1613:Jason-3
1603:Jason-1
1486:Pelagic
1481:Oceanic
1456:Benthic
773:Tsunami
743:Soliton
148:Please
2647:Oceana
2410:EU MLS
1491:Photic
1320:Seabed
733:Seiche
265:hadal)
1682:Ocean
1651:Alvin
1501:Swash
1345:Plate
1290:Knoll
1280:Guyot
1235:Atoll
1114:Tides
877:model
763:Swell
595:Waves
269:Hades
92:biota
2535:case
2273:and
2090:Wild
1872:and
1649:DSV
1634:Argo
1496:Surf
952:Eddy
256:The
241:The
226:The
204:The
189:The
177:The
2286:Law
263:or
2791::
2269:,
2265:,
526:.
502:.
478:.
454:.
430:.
406:.
367:.
356:^
339:.
335:.
310:.
306:.
295:^
94:.
86:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
60:pH
1848:e
1841:t
1834:v
579:e
572:t
565:v
536:.
512:.
488:.
464:.
440:.
416:.
392:.
377:.
350:.
321:.
261:(
168:)
164:(
146:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
